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Sviluppo psichico: peculiarità dell'infanzia o processo in continuo divenire?
L’Autore sostiene che nel corso dell’analisi lo psicoanalista ricerchi implicitamente (seguendo teorie implicite) l’essere del paziente e ciò sarebbe auspicabile ma, seguendo il pensiero di Heidegger, lo ritiene anche difficile o forse impossibile a causa di un oblio dell’essere operato attraverso i secoli dalla metafisica tradizionale fondata sul pensiero cartesiano. Quindi espone, in estrema sintesi, parte del pensiero del filosofo e ipotizza di portare l’ontologia Heideggeriana all’interno della stanza d’analisi. Attraverso l’apertura del proprio essere l’uomo ‘esiste’ e l’esistenza indica unicamente l’ex-sistere della vita umana, il suo carattere ‘estatico’ nel senso del suo ‘stare fuori’ ed essere esposta a ‘possibilità’, al suo ‘non ancora’, che esige di essere ‘progettato’ e deciso. L’Autore propone un parallelismo con alcuni concetti della meta-teoria dell’Io-soggetto di Michele Minolli e accenna anche ad una rivisitazione del concetto di investimento inteso come significazione ed espressione d’essere; infine, si chiede se nel processo analitico la coppia paziente e analista possa divenire in contatto con il reciproco ‘essere’ o se ciò sia invece pura utopia.
The last decade’s research has revolutionized our view of the capacities of the human infant in the early months, forcing a recognition of his considerable receptivity to environmental stimulation and his own capacity to seek stimulation and initiate social interactions. Particularly significant has been an appreciation of the central role of the infant’s capacity for vis-a-vis orientation and sustained visual regard, which are considered to be among the most fundamental paradigms of communication, and central to the developing attachment between mother and infant (Walters & Parke, 1965; Robson, 1967).
Il contributo mette in risalto alcuni presupposti teorici alla base dei modelli psicoanalitici sullo sviluppo ed evidenzia come il lavoro e la ricerca di Daniel Stern abbiano sovvertito tali presupposti spingendo la psicoanalisi ad una profonda rivisitazione concettuale. Nella seconda parte dello scritto viene proposta una critica epistemologica al pensiero Chusman, si evidenzia la tendenza, sottostante la teoria di Stern, a concepire lo sviluppo del bambino nella direzione di un"intrinseca e universale costituzione di un "sè autonomo". In fine, sulla base della prospettiva teorica di Michele Minolli fondata sull'epistemologia della complessità, vengono suggeriti alcuni principi per una concezione dello sviluppo definita "contestuale".
This paper addresses an intersubjective issue that arises out of our model of therapeutic change: Why do humans so strongly seek states of emotional connectedness and intersubjectivity and why does the failure to achieve connectedness have such a damaging effect on the mental health of the infant? A hypothesis is offered—the Dyadic Expansion of Consciousness Hypothesis—as an attempt to explain these phenomena. This hypothesis is based on the Mutual Regulation Model (MRM) of infant–adult interaction. The MRM describes the microregulatory social-emotional process of communication that generates (or fails to generate) dyadic intersubjective states of shared consciousness. In particular, the Dyadic Consciousness hypothesis argues that each individual, in one case the infant and mother or in another the patient and the therapist, is a self-organizing system that creates his or her own states of consciousness (states of brain organization), which can be expanded into more coherent and complex states in collaboration with another self-organizing system. Critically understanding how the mutual regulation of affect functions to create dyadic states of consciousness also can help us understand what produces change in the therapeutic process. © 1998 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health
Moments of spontaneity and surprise create opportunities for change to occur through perturbations in the analyst-analysand system. These moments of authentic person-to-person contact violate anticipated patterns of intersubjective engagement. Mutative potential arises from the coconstruction of new relational configurations and the resultant modifications in the procedural memory system of both members of the analytic dyad. Three moments of spontaneity and surprise from the analysis of a man with a rigid character structure are presented and discussed.
The physics and biology that found psychoanalysis account for discontinuous experience only in the presence of nonmeasurable, metaphysical operators; these include the ego and its subsystems as well as biological experience inherited through Lamarckian principles. Complex, self-organizing systems, however, can link biology to experience without metaphysics. They can also account for psychoanalytically relevant behaviors without appealing to stable internal representations. These behaviors include what W. R. Bion called transformation in O and its corollary, the appearance of the selected fact. By dimensionally exploding the double-headed arrow that he used to link the states Ps and D in his model for thinking (Ps D), we can generate a space that is, at once, psychoanalytically imaginal and dynamically coadapting. Isomorphic to D. W. Winnicott's transitional space, it is self-organizing. It is describable according to dynamics formulated by W J. Freeman, S. Kauffman and C. Langton and it can generate instantaneous conscious contents by way of a selective process analogous to spatio-temporal binding. As a whole, this model supports a clinical stance advanced by D. W. Winnicott as play, within transitional space.
"...a blend of erudition (fascinating and sometimes obscure historical minutiae abound), popularization (mathematical rigor is relegated to appendices) and exposition (the reader need have little knowledge of the fields involved) ...and the illustrations include many superb examples of computer graphics that are works of art in their own right." Nature
Adaptation has been defined and recognized by two different criteria: historical genesis (features built by natural selection for their present role) and current utility (features now enhancing fitness no matter how they arose). Biologists have often failed to recognize the potential confusion between these different definitions because we have tended to view natural selection as so dominant among evolutionary mechanisms that historical process and current product become one. Yet if many features of organisms are non-adapted, but available for useful cooptation in descendants, then an important concept has no name in our lexicon (and unnamed ideas generally remain unconsidered): features that now enhance fitness but were not built by natural selection for their current role. We propose that such features be called
exaptations
and that adaptation be restricted, as Darwin suggested, to features built by selection for their current role. We present several examples of exaptation, indicating where a failure to conceptualize such an idea limited the range of hypotheses previously available. We explore several consequences of exaptation and propose a terminological solution to the problem of preadaptation.
Includes index.; At foot of title page: The right of Translation is reserved.; Advertisements on p. [1]-32 (3rd group); Freeman, R.B. Darwin, 112, variant b.; Electronic reproduction Canberra, A.C.T. : National Library of Australia, 2009.; One of the earliest known surviving copies of the first ed. to arrive in Australia.; The first edition of Origin was published on November 24, 1859. This copy is believed to have arrived in Australia by March 10, 1860.; Inscriptions on front end paper: "Parramatta N.S.W. William Woolls, March 17/60, H.S. Mort, 2/10/00. 1250 copies printed with the misprint "species" on page 20. 2 sets of last half on Murray's General list of works, pp 17-32 bear story on page 184". This copy has been extensively annotated by Woolls. Some of the annotations are faded and rubbed.; Includes book plate of previous owners, H.S. Mort and Robert L. Usinger.; Condition: Some foxing to text, a good copy in original publisher's blindstamped green cloth, spine lettered and decorated in gilt, binder's ticket of Edmonds & Remnants on rear paste-down, minor repairs to joints, a little worn. The binding is in Freeman's variant b. In this copy there is an unrecorded anomaly in Murray's advertisements at the end.The 'c' gathering has been duplicated in error replacing the 'b' gathering, so that the pagination of the advertisements runs 17-32 ;17-32. On the origin of species Preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
The contemporary literature on change in psychoanalysis has struggled to integrate recent developments in theory. Reasons for its limitations are discussed. The present article brings to bear relevant concepts drawn from postmodernism and complexity theory on ideas about how change occurs in psychoanalysis. In elaborating these two skeins, it looks critically at some recent attempts to incorporate them and considers their relationship to each other. A general description of complexity theory is offered because it has not yet been well documented in the analytic literature. Postmodern theory is talked about in relation to change; it has been discussed more generally in the author's earlier work. Ways in which postmodernism and complexity theory can inform psychoanalysis but also constrain some of its assumptions are explored. The nature and occurrence of qualitative events of psychoanalytic change are described. Four kinds of such events are described and illustrated with clinical vignettes. Analytic change viewed from a macro rather than a micro level is also discussed.
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