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The effect of isotopic composition of water on biological organisms analyzed by a cytological method
Abstract
The cytological analysis of conditioned waters with modified isotope composition has been performed. For the first time the effect of light and heavy waters on the organism and fish cells has been described. The heavy water is shown to have a negative effect, unlike the light one producing a positive effect.
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As micronuclei (MN) derive from chromosomal fragments and whole chromosomes lagging behind in anaphase, the MN assay can be used to show both clastogenic and aneugenic effects. The distinction between these phenomena is important, since the exposure studied often induces only one type of MN. This particularly concerns the use of MN as a biomarker of genotoxic exposure and effects, where differences in MN frequencies between exposed subjects and referents are expected to be small. A specific analysis of the induced type of MN may considerably improve the sensitivity of detecting the exposure effect. MN harbouring chromosomes can be distinguished from those harbouring acentric fragments by the presence of a centromere. The proportion of centromere-positive MN in human lymphocytes increases with age, which primarily reflects an age-dependent micronucleation of the X and Y chromosomes. The X chromosome especially tends to lag behind in female lymphocyte anaphase, being micronucleated more efficiently than autosomes. There is some evidence for an enhanced prevalence of fragments from chromosome 9 in spontaneous human lymphocyte MN and from chromosomes 1, 9 or 16 in MN induced in vitro by some clastogens; the breakage appears to occur in the heterochromatic block of these chromosomes. Although there are indications that centromere identification can improve the detection of clastogenic effects in humans in vivo, smokers have not shown an increase in centromere-negative MN in their cultured lymphocytes, although smoking is known to produce chromosomal aberrations. This may suggest that fragment-containing MN and chromosomal aberrations cover partly different phenomena. Understanding the mechanistic origin and contents of MN is essential for the proper use of this cytogenetic end-point in biomarker studies, genotoxicity testing and risk assessment.
Micronucleus assays with fish have been shown to be useful in vivo techniques for genotoxicity testing, and show potential for in situ monitoring of water quality. In this paper, we review the literature on the clastogenic effects of chemical and physical agents on fish cells, with emphasis on the induction of micronuclei in teleosts. Included in the review is a description of the mechanisms for formation of micronuclei in cells, and a summary of the various techniques that have been used for micronucleus analysis in fish. This review is directed to assisting laboratories in the development of fish genotoxicity assays for water quality monitoring.
Mice fed for 15 days with Deuterium-Depleted Water (30 ppm deuterium) had a statistically significant increased survival rate compared with control groups fed with normal distilled water (150 ppm deuterium), after 8.5 Gy irradiation (61% survival in the test group versus 25% in the control group). The hematological picture showed that normal WBC, RBC and platelet counts were maintained in the test groups. Immunological parameters (serum opsonic and bactericidal capacity, bactericidal capacity of the peritoneal macrophages) showed a marked increase in the test groups compared to a severe decrease in the control groups. Auxiliary tests using chemical radiomimetics (hydrochloric embihine) and immunosuppressors (cyclophosphamide) showed a strong protective effect of deuterium-depleted water against the decrease of the leukocyte counts and other immunologic parameters. In conditions of experimental inflammation induced with subcutaneous-implanted pellets, deuterium-depleted water feeding resulted in a statistically significant increase of the inflammatory response, demonstrated by increased percentages of PMN and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the increased phagocytic capacity of the peripheral blood PMN. Experimental infections induced with K. pneumoniae 506 and S. pneumoniae 558 in mice irradiated or treated with cyclophosphamide showed increased, non-specific immunity parameters. All results show a marked intensification of the immune defenses and increased proliferation of the peripheral blood cells, probably accounting for the radioprotective effects.
Heavy water containing deuterium displays toxic property. It is stated that any quantity of a heavy isotope of hydrogen--deuterium--is undesirable to animals and plants. It was earlier shown by us that physical-chemical life support systems on board the "MIR" station fractionate (change) isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Therefore, the problem of regenerative systems in habitable space objects should include removal, from water, of a heavy stable isotope of hydrogen--deuterium. In this article we consider one method of obtaining deuterium-free water--decomposition of distillate water in an electrolyser to hydrogen and oxygen with subsequent synthesis in a catalytic or high-temperature reactor. The influence of deuterium-free water on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana and Japanese quail is investigated. It is shown that with the help of the electrolysis method it is possible to fabricate water containing 80% less deuterium in comparison with SMOW. Experimentally, it is proved on a culture of Arabidopsis thaliana and Japanese quail that water with reduced contents of deuterium (80%) displays positive biological activity.
Izotopnye effekty D 2 O v biologicheskikh sistemakh (Isotopic Effects of D2O in Biological Systems)
- V N Lobyshev
- L P Kalinichenko
- VN Lobyshev
Rastvoriteli i effekty sredy v organicheskoi khimii (Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry)
- C Reichardt
Prysviacheno: 90-richchiu vid chasu zasnuvannia Ukrainskoi Akademii nauk (Factors of Experimental Evolution of Organisms. Dedicated to: 90-Anniversary of the Foundation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences)
- M R Vergolyas
- V V Goncharuk
- Faktory
- Organizmiv
- MR Vergolyas
Atlas kletok krovi ryb (Atlas of Blood Cells of Fish), Moscow: Legkaya i pishch. promys-st
- N T Ivanova
Suchasni problemy biologii, ekologii ta khimii
- M R Vergolyas
- V F Bezrukov
- L G Manylo
- Materialy Mizhnar
- MR Vergolyas