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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Morphological characters and molecular data reveal two new
species of Postia (Basidiomycota) from China
Lu-Lu Shen &Hong-Xia Liu &Bao-Kai Cui
Received: 22 August 2014 /Revised: 23 February 2015 /Accepted: 25 February 2015
#German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Abstract Two new species of Postia are described from
China based on morphological characters and molecular data.
Postia gloeopora sp. nov. is characterized by pileate and white
flabelliform basidiomata, glue pores when dry, gelatinous hy-
phae at the dissepimental edge, abundant oily substances in
context and trama, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–4.5 ×2–
2.5 μm). Postia ochraceoalba sp. nov. is characterized by
imbricate basidiomata, ochraceous pileal surface with concen-
tric zones, white pore surface, small angular pores (6–7per
mm) with dentate dissepiments, and allantoid basidiospores
(4–4.5×1–1.5 μm). Phylogenetic analysis based on the inter-
nal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit ribosomal
RNA gene regions confirmed the affinity of the new species
in Postia and indicated their relationships withother species in
the genus.
Keywords Brown-rot fungi .Fomitopsidaceae .Polypore .
Tax ono my
Introduction
Postia Fr. was established by Fries (1874); it belongs to
Fomitopsidaceae of Polyporales and contains about 60 species
(Jülich 1982; Larsen and Lombard 1986; Renvall 1992;
Buchanan and Ryvarden 2000; Wei and Dai 2006; Hattori
et al. 2011;Dai2012). Species in the genus have an annual
growth habit, a monomitic or dimitic hyphal system with
clamped generative hyphae, allantoid to cylindrical or ellip-
soid basidiospores, which are usually thin-walled, negative in
Melzer’s reagent and acyanophilous in Cotton Blue, and cause
a brown-rot decay (Hattori et al. 2011; Cui and Li 2012).
Previously, most species in Postia were placed in
Tyromyc e s P. Karst.; however, Tyromyce s is restricted to spe-
cies causing a white rot (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1987;
Ryvarden 1991; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994), which has
been supported by phylogenetic studies (Yao et al. 1999;
Binder et al. 2005), while species in Postia cause a brown
rot (Jülich 1982;Niemelä2005). Species in Postia were ad-
dressed in Oligoporus Bref. by Gilbertson and Ryvarden
(1987), Ryvarden and Gilbertson (1994), and Núñez and
Ryvarden (2001), but other mycologists prefer to use Postia
instead (Renvall 1992; Niemelä 2005; Wei and Dai 2006;
Hattorietal.2011;CuiandLi2012; Pildain and
Rajchenberg 2013; Shen and Cui 2014). For more detailed
discussion on the nomenclature of Postia and Oligoporus,
see Donk (1960), Larsen and Lombard (1986), Walker
(1996), and Pildain and Rajchenberg (2013), who support
the use of Postia, and Ryvarden (1991), who supports the
use of Oligoporus. Recent phylogenetic studies supported
the independent use of Oligoporus and Postia (Binder et al.
2013; Ortiz-Santana et al. 2013; Cui et al. 2014). Therefore, in
the current paper, we prefer to use Postia according to Wei and
Dai (2006) and Ortiz-Santana et al. (2013).
In recent years, taxonomy and phylogeny of Postia have
been carried out in China; nine new species were described,
and a total of 32 species were found (Wei and Dai 2006;Dai
et al. 2009; Wei and Qin 2010;Yuanetal.2010; Cui and Li
2012;Dai2012; Shen and Cui 2014;Shenetal.2014). As a
continuation of these studies, two additional species of Postia
were newly described based on morphological characters and
phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
L.<L. Shen :H.<X. Liu :B.<K. Cui (*)
Institute of Microbiology and Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest
Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
e-mail: baokaicui2013@gmail.com
Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7
DOI 10.1007/s11557-015-1032-4
combined the nuclear large subunit (nLSU) rRNA gene re-
gions, both were discovered on gymnosperm wood in subal-
pine forests at high altitude of southwest China.
Materials and methods
Morphological studies
The studied specimens were deposited at the herbaria of the
Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University (BJFC)
and the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences (IFP). The microscopic routines followed Li et al.
(2014). Sections were studied at magnification up to ×1000
using a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope and phase contrast il-
lumination (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Drawings were made with
the aid of a drawing tube. Microscopic features, measure-
ments, and drawings were made from slide preparations
stained with Cotton Blue and Melzer’sreagent.Sporeswere
measured from sections cut from the tubes. In presenting the
variation in the size of the spores, 5 % of measurements were
excluded from each end of the range, and were given in pa-
rentheses. In the text, the following abbreviations were used:
IKI = Melzer’sreagent,IKI–= both inamyloid and
indextrinoid, KOH = 5 % potassium hydroxide, CB =
Cotton Blue, CB–= acyanophilous, L = mean spore length
(arithmetic average of all spores), W = mean spore width
(arithmetic average of all spores), Q = variation in the L/W
ratios between the specimens studied, n (a/b) = number of
spores (a) measured from given number (b) of specimens.
Special color terms followed Petersen (1996).
Molecular study and phylogenetic analysis
A CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit (Aidlab, Beijing,
China) was used to extract total genomic DNA from dried
specimens and performed the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The
ITS regions were amplified with the primers ITS5 and ITS4
(White et al. 1990), and the nLSU regions with the primers
LR0R and LR7 (http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/
mycolab/primers.htm). The PCR procedure for ITS was as
follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by
34 cycles at 94 °C for 40 s, 54 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 1 min,
and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR procedure
for nLSU was as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for
1 min, followed by 34 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 50 °C for
1 min, and 72 °C for 1.5 min, and a final extension of 72 °C
for 10 min. The PCR products were purified and directly
sequenced in Beijing Genomics Institute, China, with the
same primers. All newly generated sequences were
submitted to GenBank and are listed in Table 1.
Tabl e 1 A list of species, specimens, and GenBank accession numbers
of sequences used in this study
Species name Sample no. Location GenBank No.
ITS nLSU
Antrodia albida FP 105979 UK EU232189 EU232272
Postia alni Cui 10094 China KF699116 KJ684972
Postia alni Dai 10854 China KF699117 KJ684973
Postia balsamea JV 8609-9 unknown JF950570 –
Postia balsamea Cui 8207 China KF699118 KJ684974
Postia carbophila MR 10758 Argentina JX090114 JX090132
Postia carbophila MR 12281 Argentina JX090115 –
Postia caesia MR12276 UK JX090109 JX090129
Postia caesia MR12421 UK JX090110 JX090130
Postia dissecta CIEFAP 328 Argentina JX090106 JX090134
Postia dissecta MR 12423 Argentina JX090107 JX090135
Postia duplicata Cui 10366 China KF699124 KJ684975
Postia duplicata Dai 13411 China KF699125 KJ684976
Postia floriformis X1295 Finland KC595936 KC595936
Postia floriformis Cui 10292 China KM107899
a
KM107904
a
Postia fragilis JV 0610-8 unknown JF950573 –
Postia fragilis Cui 10088 China KF699120 KJ684977
Postia gloeopora Cui 9517 China KM107900
a
KM107905
a
Postia gloeopora Cui 9507 China KM107901
a
KM107906
a
Postia guttulata Cui 10018 China KF727432 KJ684978
Postia guttulata Cui 10028 China KF727433 KJ684979
Postia hibernica K(M) 17352 Austria AJ006665 –
Postia hibernica Cui 8248 China KF699126 KJ684980
Postia hirsuta Cui 11237 China KJ684970 KJ684984
Postia hirsuta Cui 11180 China KJ684971 KJ684985
Postia lactea K(M) 31289 UK AJ006664 –
Postia lactea Dai 12643 Finland KF699121 KJ684981
Postia lateritia KUO 020197 unknown JF950566 –
Postia lateritia KUO 021153-1 unknown JF950567 –
Postia leucomallella Cui 9599 China KF699122 KJ684982
Postia leucomallella Cui 9577 China KF699123 KJ684983
Postia lowei X1373 Finland KC59 5941 –
Postia lowei X1417 Finland KC59 5942 –
Postia ochraceoalba Cui 10825 China KM107902
a
KM107907
a
Postia ochraceoalba Cui 10802 China KM107903
a
KM107908
a
Postia pelliculosa MR 10671 Argentina JX090101 JX090123
Postia pelliculosa MR 10592 Argentina JX090102 JX090124
Postia pileata Cui 5721 China KF699127 –
Postia pileata Cui 5715 China KF699128 –
Postia placenta JV 0108/98 Slovakia JN592501 –
Postia placenta Wei 1406 China KF699129 –
Postia punctata MR 11100 Argentina JX090112 JX090128
Postia punctata MR 12398 Chile JX090111 JX090127
Postia rennyi MR 10497 Argentina JX090117 –
Postia rennyi KEW 57 unknown AY218416 AF287876
Postia sericeomollis MJL-3788-Sp USA KC585366 KC585195
Postia sericeomollis L-15571-Sp China KC585363 KC585192
Postia stiptica BRFM 1151 France JX082382 –
Postia stiptica Cui 9268 China KF727431 –
Postia venata MR 12368 Argentina JX090113 JX090133
Postia zebra Dai 7131 China KF727430 KM190902
a
a
Sequences newly generated in this study
7 Page 2 of 8 Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7
The combined ITS and nLSU sequences were aligned with
other related sequences downloaded from GenBank (Table 1)
using BioEdit (Hall 1999) and ClustalX (Thompson et al.
1997). Antrodia albida (Fr.) Donk was used as outgroup.
Prior to phylogenetic analysis, ambiguous sequences at the
start and the end were deleted and gaps were manually adjust-
ed to optimize the alignment. Sequence alignment was depos-
ited at TreeBase (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/; submission
ID 16159).
Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference
(BI) methods were used to analyze the alignment.
Substitution models suitableforeachpartitioninthe
dataset were determined using Akaike Information
Criterion implemented in MrMODELTEST2.3 (Nylander
2004). RAxML v7.2.6 (Stamatakis 2006) was used for
ML analysis. All parameters in the ML analysis used
the default setting, and statistical support values were
obtained using nonparametric bootstrapping with 1,000
replicates. BI was calculated with MrBayes3.1.2
(Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003), with a general time-
reversible model of DNA substitution and an invgamma
distribution rate variation across sites. Eight Markov
chains were run from the random starting tree for 8 mil-
lion generations of the combined ITS and nLSU dataset.
Trees were sampled every 100 generations. The burn-in
was set to discard the first 25 % of the trees. A majority
rule consensus tree of all remaining trees was calculated.
Branches that received bootstrap values for ML ≥75 %
and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥0.95 (BPP) were
considered significantly supported.
Results
Tax ono my
Postia gloeopora L.L. Shen, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai,sp. nov.
(Figs. 1a–b,2)
MycoBank no.: MB 811121
Postia gloeopora is characterized by pileate and white
flabelliform basidiomata, glue pores when dry, gelatinous hy-
phae at the dissepimental edge, abundant oily substances in
context and trama, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–4.5 ×2–
2.5 μm).
Type . CHINA. Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet), Bomi
County, on stump of Pinus densata, 19 September 2010, Cui
9507 (Holotype in BJFC).
Etymology. gloeopora (Lat.): refers to the glue pores when
dry.
Basidiomata. Annual, sessile, solitary, soft corky, without
odor or taste when fresh, hard corky and light in weight when
dry. Pileus flabelliform, projecting up to 3 cm, 4 cm wide, and
0.8 cm thick at base. Pileal surface velutinate and white col-
ored when fresh, becoming glabrous and cream to buff when
dry, with shallow radial furrows; margin concolorous with
pileal surface, thin and fimbriate when fresh, becoming acute
upon drying. Pore surface white when fresh, becoming buff to
olivaceous buff when dry; sterile margin narrow to almost
lacking; pores angular, 3–4 per mm; dissepiments thin, lacer-
ate. Context white to cream, corky, up to 6 mm thick. Tubes
concolorous with pore surface, soft corky when fresh, brittle
upon drying, up to 2 mm long.
Fig. 1 Basidiomata of Postia
gloeopora (a–b)and
P. ochraceoalba (c–d). Bars
a–d=1 cm
Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7 Page 3 of 8 7
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system monomitic; generative
hyphae with clamp connections, IKI–,CB–; hyphae un-
changed in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-
walled with a wide lumen, frequently branched, loosely inter-
woven, 3–6μm in diam. Abundant oily substance present
among hyphae.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly
thick-walled with a wide lumen, occasionally branched,
2–4μm in diam. Hyphae at the dissepiment edge
strongly gelatinous, thin-walled. Cystidia absent, some
fusoid cystidioles occur in the hymenium, hyaline,
thin-walled, 10–24.5× 2–4μm. Basidia clavate, bearing
four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 12–20×
4–5μm; basidioles dominant, in shape similar to
basidia, but smaller. Abundant oily substance present
in trama.
Spores. Basidiospores ellipsoid, slightly curved, hyaline,
thin-walled, smooth, IKI–,CB–,(3.5–)4–4.5×2–2.5 μm, L=
4.04 μm, W= 2.13 μm, Q=1.86–2.16 (n=60/2).
Type o f rot. Brown rot.
Additional specimen (paratype) examined. CHINA.
Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet), Bomi County, on fallen
trunk of Pinus densata, 20 September 2010, Cui 9517
(BJFU).
Postia ochraceoalba L.L. Shen, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, sp.
nov. (Figs. 1c–d,3)
MycoBank no.: MB 811122
Postia ochraceoalba is characterized by imbricate
basidiomata with ochraceous and concentrically zonate pileal
surface and white pore surface, small angular pores (6–7per
mm) with dentate dissepiments, and allantoid basidiospores
(4–4.5×1–1.5 μm).
Typ e . CHINA. Sichuan Province, Luding County,
Hailuogou Forest Park, on fallen trunk of Picea sp., 20
October 2012, Cui 10802 (Holotype in BJFC).
Etymology. ochraceoalba (Lat.): refers to ochraceous pileal
surface and white pores.
Basidiomata. Annual, pileate, imbricate, soft to fibrous
when fresh, without odor or taste, corky to slightly fragile
when dry. Pileus semicircular, projecting up to 5.5 cm,
11 cm wide, and 1.2 cm thick at base. Pileal surface clay-buff,
ochraceous to greyish brown when fresh, glabrous, concentri-
cally zonate with fuscous zones, longitudinally grooved, be-
coming pale mouse-grey or deep-olive; margin acute, undu-
late, white when fresh, pale vinaceous grey and incurved
when dry. Pore surface white when fresh, becoming cream
to buff when dry; sterile margin narrow, greyish brown, up
to 0.5 mm wide; pores angular, 6–7 per mm; dissepiments
thin, dentate. Context white, hard corky to slightly fragile,
Fig. 2 Microscopic structures of
Postia gloeopora (drawn from the
holotype). aBasidiospores. b
Basidia and basidioles. c
Cystidioles. dHyphae from
trama. egelatinous hyphae at the
dissepimental edge. fHyphae
from context. Bars a=5 μm,
b–f=10 μm
7 Page 4 of 8 Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7
up to 1 cm thick. Tubes white to cream, corky, paler than pore
surface, fragile, up to 2 cm long.
Hyphal structure. Hyphal system monomitic; generative
hyphae with clamp connections, IKI–,CB–; hyphae un-
changed in KOH.
Context. Generative hyphae hyaline, slightly thick-walled
with a wide lumen, frequently branched, loosely interwoven,
3–5.5 μmindiam.
Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-
walled, occasionally branched, subparallel among the tubes,
2–3.5 μm in diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia
clavtae, bearing four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection,
12–18×4–6μm; basidioles dominant, in shape similar to
basidia, but smaller.
Spores. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled,
smooth, occasionally bearing one guttule, IKI–,CB–,4–
4.5(−5)×1–1.5 μm, L=4.46 μm, W=1.37 μm, Q = 3.18–
4.02 (n=90/3).
Type o f rot. Brown rot.
Additional specimens (paratypes) examined. CHINA.
Sichuan Province, Luding County, Hailuogou Forest Park,
on fallen trunk of Picea sp., 20 October 2012, Cui 10825;
Cui 10827 (BJFC).
Molecular phylogeny
The combined ITS and nLSU dataset included sequences from
51 fungal samples representing 27 taxa. ML and BI analyses
yielded nearly congruent tree topologies, and thus only the BI
tree was provided. Both bootstrap values (≥50 %) and BPPs
(≥0.95) were showed at the nodes (Fig. 4).
Discussion
Postia gloeopora and P. ochraceoalba are herein described
based on morphological characters and molecular data. The
phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 4) showed that each of the two
species formed a distinct lineage and is different from other
taxa in the genus.
Phylogenetically, Postia gloeopora grouped with
P. floriformis (Quél.) Jülich and P. zebra Y. L . W e i & W. M .
Qin forming a weakly supported lineage (Fig. 4). In morphol-
ogy, both P. gloeopora and P. floriformis produce pileate and
white basidiomata when fresh and similarly sized ellipsoid
basidiospores, but P. floriformis differs by its imbricate growth
habit, smaller pores (6–8 per mm), and lack of gelatinous
hyphae and cystidioles (Ryvarden and Melo 2014). Postia
zebra and P. gloeopora share annual, pileate basidiomata with
white pore surface and similarly sized ellipsoid basidiospores,
but P. zebra has grey-brown zonate pileal surface, smaller
pores (7–8 per mm), thin-walled tramal hyphae, and lacks
gelatinous hyphae and cystidioles (Wei and Qin 2010).
Geographically, P. floriformis is widely distributed in
Europe, North America and northern China (Gilbertson and
Ryvarden 1987;Dai2012; Ryvarden and Melo 2014), while
P. gloeopora and P. zebra are known only from China so far
(Wei and Qin 2010).
Postia dissecta (Cooke) Rajchenb. may be confused with
P. gloeopora in producing white applanate pileus with fimbri-
ate margin and similar basidiospores, but it is different from
P. gloeopora by its light brown pore surface, slightly smaller
pores (4–5 per mm) with entire to incised dissepiments, a
dense yellowish protoplasm in some hyphae and absence of
gelatinous hyphae and cystidioles (Rajchenberg 1987).
Moreover, the two species are different in the ITS combined
nLSU rDNA-based phylogeny (Fig. 4).
Postia ptychogaster (F. Ludw.) Vesterh. and
P. wakefieldiae (Kotl. & Pouzar) Pegler & E.M. Saunders also
have pileate basidiomata with similar ellipsoid basidiospores.
However, P. ptychogaster differs from P. gloeopora in the
absence of gelatinous hyphae and cystidioles (Ryvarden and
Melo 2014), and P. wakefieldiae is separated from
P. gloeopora by having a zonate pileus with darker brownish
Fig. 3 Microscopic structures of Postia ochraceoalba (drawn from the
holotype). aBasidiospores. bBasidia and basidioles. cHyphae from
trama. dHyphae from context. Bars a=5 μm, b–d=10 μm
Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7 Page 5 of 8 7
concentric zones, slightly smaller pores (4–5 per mm), and
absence of cystidioles (Pegler and Saunders 1994).
Moreover, P. ptychogaster is widely distributed in North
America and northern and central Europe, while
P. wakefieldiae is known only from England and France
(Ryvarden and Melo 2014;GilbertsonandRyvarden1987).
In the ITS combined nLSU rDNA-based phylogeny
(Fig. 4), Postia lactea (Fr.) P. Karst is closely related to
P. ochraceoalba. Both species have annual, pileate
basidiomata, slightly thick-walled generative hyphae with a
wide lumen in context, and similarly sized basidiospores,
but P. lactea has solitary basidiomata, convex to ungulate
pileus with azonate pileus, and bigger pores (4–6 per mm;
Lowe and Lombard 1973).
Postia cana H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai may be confused with
P. ochraceoalba, and both species produce pileate, imbricate
basidiomata, semicircular pilei with undulate, incurved mar-
gin when dry, zonate pilei surface, and similarly sized
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic positions of
Postia gloeopora and
P. ochraceoalba inferred by
Bayesian inference based on ITS
combined nLSU sequence data.
Bootstrap proportions (before the
slash markers)higherthan50%
and Bayesian posterior
probabilities (after the slash
markers)morethan0.95are
labeled in branches
7 Page 6 of 8 Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7
basidiospores. However, P. cana can be readily distinguished
from P. ochraceoalba by its clay pink to fawn pileal surface
when fresh, pale brownish pore surface when bruised, bigger
pores (4–6 per mm) and its swollen hyphae in KOH (Yuan
et al. 2010).
Postia ochraceoalba is similar to P. japonica Y. C . D a i & T.
Hatt., which has imbricate basidiomata, an indistinctly con-
centrically zonate pileus, and white pores when fresh, but
P. japonica differs in droplets of amber liquid on pore surface,
bigger pores (2–3 per mm), dextrinoid skeletal hyphae in
trama, and ellipsoid basidiospores tapering toward apiculus
(4.5–5.5×3–3.5 μm, Dai and Hattori 2007).
Postia is a large and important genus in the brown-rot
fungal group, and there are still many unknown species in
the genus need to be discovered. Several phylogenetic studies
were focused on Postia, it is clustered with other brown-rot
genera, such as Antrodia P. Karst. and Fomitopsis P. K a rs t . i n
the antrodia clade (Binder et al. 2005; Ortiz-Santana et al.
2013; Pildain and Rajchenberg 2013; Cui et al. 2014), but
only limited samples were included. In the current study, no
distinct morphological features or geographic information
could be assigned to the phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary
information from more samples and more gene markers is
needed to make a comprehensive understanding of the phylo-
genetic relationships within species in Postia and related spe-
cies in other genera.
Key to known species of Postia in China
1. Basidiocarps effused-reflexed, pileate, or stipitate·······2
1. Basidiocarps resupinate·············································28
2. Basidiocarps stipitate or substipitate····························3
2. Basidiocarps effused-reflexed or pileate······················5
3. Pores 1–3 per mm·····································P. subundosa
3. Pores >3 per mm··························································4
4. Basidiocarps fragile when dry; pores 3–5per
mm·····································································P. ceriflua
4.Basidiocarps tough to bone hard when dry; pores 6–8
per mm··························································P. floriformis
5. Basidiocarps with distinct grey to bluish tints··············6
5. Basidiocarps white, cream, yellowish, or brown··········8
6. On angiosperm wood··········································P. alni
6. On gymnosperm wood·················································7
7. Basidiospores <1.8 μm wide···························P. caesia
7. Basidiospores >1.8 μm wide····················P. luteocaesia
8. Basidiocarps becoming brown when bruised or
dry····················································································9
8. Basidiocarps unchanged when bruised or dry············12
9. Gloeocystidia present·················································10
9. Gloeocystidia absent··················································11
10. Context duplex··········································P. duplicata
10. Context homogeneous·······················P. leucomallella
11. Basidiospores <1.6 μm wide······················P. lateritia
11. Basidiospores >1.7 μm wide························P. fragilis
12. Basidiocarps chalky when dry···················P. calcarea
12. Basidiocarps fragile, corky or woody hard when
dry··················································································13
13. Cystidia present························································14
13. Cystidia absent·························································16
14. Cystidia thin-walled································P. amurensis
14. Cystidia thick-walled···············································15
15. Cystidia amyloid in Melzer’s reagent··········P. pileata
15. Cystidia inamyloid in Melzer’sre-
agent·······························································P. balsamea
16. Pores 1–3 per mm····················································17
16. Pores >3 per mm······················································19
17. Gelatinous hyphae present······················P. gloeopora
17. Gelatinous hyphae absent········································18
18. Pileus hirsute················································P. hirsuta
18. Pileus smooth···············································P. undosa
19. Gloeocystidia present···············································20
19. Gloeocystidia absent················································21
20. Hyphal pegs abundant····················P. gloeocystidiata
20. Hyphal pegs absent····································P. qinensis
21. Pileal surface more or less pink when fresh··············22
21. Pileal surface never pink when fresh························23
22. Basidiospores >1.5 μm wide···················P. persicina
22. Basidiospores <1.5 μm wide···························P. cana
23. Pileal surface zonate·················································24
23. Pileal surface azonate···············································25
24. Pore surface brownish when dry····················P. zebra
24. Pore surface white when dry·············P. ochraceoalba
25. Basidiocarps mild, upper surface greyish
brown··························································P. tephroleuca
25. Basidiocarps bitter, upper surface cream or yellow-
brownish········································································26
26. Basidiospores >2 μm wide·······················P. guttulata
26. Basidiospores <2 μm wide······································27
27. Basidiocarps woody hard when dry············P. s t i p t i c a
27. Basidiocarps fragile when dry·······················P. lactea
28. Basidiocarps becoming reddish to rusty brown when
bruised·······························································P. lateritia
28. Basidiocarps unchanged when bruised····················29
29. Basidiospores mostly >2 μm wide···························30
29. Basidiospores mostly <2 μm wide···························34
30. Cystidia present··································P. sericeomollis
30. Cystidia absent·························································31
31. Basidiocarps salmon pink; basidiospores 2–3μm
wide··································································P. placenta
31. Basidiocarps white or cream; basidiospores 2–2.5 μm
wide···············································································32
32. Basidiocarps with rancid smell···················P. rancida
32. Basidiocarps without rancid smell···························33
33. Basidiocarps large, gloeopleurous hyphae
present································································P. obliqua
33. Basidiocarps small, gloeopleurous hyphae
absent··························································P. subplacenta
Mycol Progress (2015) 14:7 Page 7 of 8 7
34. Pores 5–6 per mm; basidiospores mostly <1 μm
wide····································································P. simanii
34. Pores 3–4 per mm; basidiospores mostly >1 μm
wide································································P. hibernica
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Prof. Yu-Cheng Dai
(BJFC, China) for collecting specimens and improving the text. Drs.
Shuang-Hui He and Chang-Lin Zhao (BJFC, China) are acknowledged
for companionship during field collections. The research was financed by
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Project No.
JC2013-1) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project
No. 31170018).
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