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Control of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System
Abstract and Figures
In modern contest the world is moving from conventional energy sources to the renewable one. It is due to its greater abundance and environment friendly characteristics. Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable resources that can be used to produce electric energy through photovoltaic process. A significant advantage of photovoltaic (PV) systems is the use of the abundant and free energy from the sun.
Power electronic devices used as interface between renewable power and its user. It makes the power generated by renewable sources suitable for utilization.
Solar power contribution in power generation has been increasing very fast and cost of power generated by solar photovoltaic is falling rapidly. Solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy directly into dc power. Power is mostly transmitted and utilized in ac form because of advantages associated with it. To convert the dc power into ac, a highly efficient converter is required for optimum utilization of energy. Power electronic devices can be used for this purpose, because they are highly efficient, light weight, small size, very fast and most reliable. Power electronic devices used as a switch.
Power electronics devices required control signal for its operation. These signals may require continuously or at the time of switching. There are many controllers which generate control signal and has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The characteristic of solar photovoltaic cell is such that it has a point on curve which corresponds to maximum power. So it becomes necessary to design a controller which not only convert dc power of solar to ac but convert peak power.
This work demonstrates a new method that can be used for transferring solar energy into the grid. This consists of designing of line commutated inverter and microcontroller based control circuit. The microcontroller has been used to design the control circuit because of its greater reliability, flexibility and versality. Besides the delay angle can be controlled according to requirement by just changing the program not the hardware setup.
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... One such installation is a bungalow (used as a PV research center) built within the compound of TNB Research, in October 1999. PV modules of 3.6 kWp capacities were used as the roof of the bungalow [7,10,11]. Other examples include the BIPV installations found at TNB Research's nursery, several local universities, and at a private school in Damansara. ...
... Photovoltaic cells are usually made from semiconductor materials such as silicon. The amount of electricity that one single PV cell can produce is just around 2 watts, which is too small even for a small calculator or watch [8][9][10]. Therefore a series of PV cells are connected together and this series of PV cells is called a module. ...
Renewable energy plays an important role in the national energy policy especially in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For a photovoltaic (PV) system, one important consideration is the cost of the system. One needs to select the best PV array from a range of selection, that is, the one which is the most efficient and with a best price. This article illustrates a method to compute the size and cost of a required PV array, and then after to compute the required battery for the case of a photovoltaic building in Malaysia. The computation is simulated using Matlab integrated with suitable mathematical equations. The generated current and power of the PV array are calculated for daily solar irradiation in Malaysia. The computation enables the user to quickly compute the initial cost needed to be spent if a given PV system is to be installed. A typical building requiring 12 kWh daily energy with 6 kW peak demand load was shown to need at least 114 solar modules at a cost of about RM53k. It is noted that the main cost of the whole PV system is mainly contributed by the cost of the chosen PV array. Hence, the right choice of a PV module is vital in achieving the minimum cost.
... Between 1992 to 2001, 928MWp of solar PV had been installed in twenty of IEA-PVPS [8] participating countries. Almost 70% of these installations are connected to the grid. ...
This paper is to present 84 panels of amorphous silicon (a-Si) Solar cells that has 58 W 63 V per panel (Kaneka Solar PV) and the total power is 4.872 kW. The solar panels installed on building top of the Electrical Engineering Building at Rajamangala University of Technology (RMUT), Nonthaburi, THAILAND is 71 m 2 . This project has two important objectives. 1. Installation and testing results of 4.872kW Grid-Connected PV System (GPV), to find out the efficiency of PV array , Inverter and Overall. 2. Measurement generating energy in 12 months and calculate generating cost , save cost and average power generation. Three 2.2 kW single-phased Grid-connected inverter generated supply to the distribution system. The control and monitoring system use the Leonics Apollo View Software. The 4.872kW GPV can potentially produce 6,444 kWh of electricity per year and it can save electric cost for Bt15,010.40 (US$375.26) per year. The cost for generated electric energy is Bt8 (US$0.2) per kWh , average power generation is 0.25 kWh/m 2 /day. The overall efficiency of this system is 32.60% , efficiency of PV arrays is 40.12% and efficiency of Grid-Connected inverter is 81.39%.
This article illustrates a simulation method to find a sizing and economic of a required photovoltaic array for a photovoltaic building in Malaysia. This paper represents the result using by Matlab software and also mathematic equation. It is known that the important factor for photovoltaic system is cost of a system, and because of several kinds of the photovoltaic array we have the right to select the best array with the best efficiency and best price. The popular types of materials are crystalline and thin films, which have differences in terms of light absorption efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, manufacturing technology and cost of production. Different kinds of crystalline materials like a mono-crystalline, polycrystalline are available. In this paper, the generated current and generated power by the photovoltaic array is calculated according to daily solar irradiation when the case study is Malaysia. Think over generated power of each array's and also according to required energy for a typically building, the number of photovoltaic array is estimated then the cost of the solar array is calculated. System is simulated by Matlab software, and the results are discussed. The simulation is about sizing and economic in order to select the best array for photovoltaic system to have a optimize system according to size and price of the system.
This article illustrates a simulation method to find a sizing and economic of a required photovoltaic array for a photovoltaic building in Malaysia. This paper represents the result using by Matlab software. It is known that the important factor for photovoltaic system is cost of a system, and because of several kinds of the photovoltaic array we have the right to elect the best array with the best efficiency. The popular types of materials are crystalline and thin films, which have differences in terms of light absorption efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, manufacturing technology and cost of production. Different kinds of crystalline materials like a mono-crystalline, polycrystalline are available. In this paper, the generated current and generated power by the photovoltaic array is calculated according to daily solar irradiation when the case study is Malaysia. Think over generated power of each array's and also according to required energy for a typically building, the number of photovoltaic array is estimated then the cost of the solar array is calculated. System is simulated by Matlab software, and the results are discussed. The simulation is about sizing in order to select the best array for photovoltaic system to have a optimize system according to size of the system.
This paper presents an advanced method of generating triggering pulse using Microcontroller (8051) whose delay angle is controlled by the feedback signal given by Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to Microcontroller (8051). The use of microcontroller based control circuit provides us large number of advantages. It reduces size and cost of controller significantly. The efficient control of delay angle is the main advantage. Besides this it provide more versality and greater scope for further improvement just by changing the program but not hardware configuration. Its long life and no fatigue are the most appreciated characteristics. The generated triggering pulse is synchronised with supply frequency and recorded for various delay angle. Zero Crossing detector (ZCD) is used to detect the zero crossing of the supply. The performance of controller is found satisfactory. In general switching control mode as well as specific application mode.
A grid interfaced solar photovoltaic (SPV) power generating system is proposed in a three-phase four-wire (3P4W) distribution system. It consists of a SPY, a boost converter, a three-leg VSC and a transformer connected at AC mains with power quality improvement. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is utilized to extract the maximum power point (MPP) of a SPV system through control of an IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) switch of the boost converter. This system is used for compensation of neutral current, harmonic currents, reactive power and to provide load balancing. Performance of the proposed FLC is fast in finding the MPPT than the conventional techniques used for MPPT. The dc bus voltage of the VSC is controlled to its reference value at the time of unbalanced load conditions. Performance of a 3P4W SPV generating system is tested for power factor correction, voltage regulation along with neutral current mitigation. Similar results are also verified for harmonic rejection and load balancing using MATLAB/Simulink and sim power system (SPS) block set.
This review-paper focuses on the latest
development of modelling and control of grid connected
photovoltaic energy conversion system. Modelling of
photovoltaic systems include modelling of SPV array, power
electronics inverter/converter based on
MATLAB/SIMULINK. This present control algorithm of a
three-phase and single phase grid-connected photovoltaic
(PV) system including the PV array and the electronic power
conditioning (PCS) system, based on the MATLAB/Simulink
software. It also discussed advances in MPP tracking
technologies, the synch
This paper presents a method to extract the internal parameters
such as ideality factor, series and shunt resistance of any solar
PV cell using block diagram modeling of photovoltaic
cell/module using Matlab/simulink model. Some of these
parameters are not provided by manufactures. This model is
based on mathematical equations and is described through an
equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a
series resistor and a shunt resistor. The model is simulated at
standard condition (Solar irradiation 1000 W/m2 and
temperature 298 K) using various parameters of BP SX150S
module. The characteristics curves obtained by the simulation
of Matlab/simulink model is matched the characteristics
curves given by manufactures by changing the value of
mentioned internal parameters. The model can also be used to
obtain I-V & P-V Characteristics for varying solar insolation
and varying cell temperature. Also, the point indicating
module Voltage Vmpp & Current Impp corresponding to
maximum power Pmax is obtained. The proposed model is
designed with a user friendly icon.
Multilevel voltage source inverters offer several advantages compared to their conventional counterparts. By synthesising the AC output terminal voltage from several levels of DC voltages, staircase waveforms can be produced, which approach the sinusoidal waveform with low harmonic distortion, thus reducing filter requirements. The need of several sources on the DC side of the converter makes multilevel technology attractive for photovoltaic applications. This paper provides an overview on different multilevel topologies and investigates their suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems. Several transformerless photovoltaic systems incorporating multilevel converters are compared regarding issues such as component count and stress, system power rating and the influence of the photovoltaic array earth capacitance.
The power–voltage characteristic of photovoltaic (PV) arrays operating under partial-shading conditions exhibits multiple local maximum power points (MPPs). In this paper, a new method to track the global MPP is presented, which is based on controlling a dc/dc converter connected at the PV array output, such that it behaves as a constant input-power load. The proposed method has the advantage that it can be applied in either stand-alone or grid-connected PV systems comprising PV arrays with unknown electrical characteristics and does not require knowledge about the PV modules configuration within the PV array. The experimental results verify that the proposed global MPP method guarantees convergence to the global MPP under any partial-shading conditions. Compared with past-proposed methods, the global MPP tracking process is accomplished after far fewer PV array power perturbation steps.
This paper presents an energy-balance control strategy for a cascaded single-phase grid-connected H-bridge multilevel inverter linking n independent photovoltaic (PV) arrays to the grid. The control scheme is based on an energy-sampled data model of the PV system and enables the design of a voltage loop linear discrete controller for each array, ensuring the stability of the system for the whole range of PV array operating conditions. The control design is adapted to phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier pulsewidth modulations to share the control action among the cascade-connected bridges in order to concurrently synthesize a multilevel waveform and to keep each of the PV arrays at its maximum power operating point. Experimental results carried out on a seven-level inverter are included to validate the proposed approach.
The exploitation of renewable sources is expected to become the most promising solution to the environmental issues and to the permanent increase of prices of the fossil energy. Since most of renewable energy sources are widely distributed and the energy converters generally do not provide electric power at main grid frequency and voltage, a DC bus is suggested to be used for integrating them into a DC grid and further transfer it into an AC grid (usually available at a certain distance). Due to differences among the technical parameters of the power supply equipment, their outputs have to be firstly conditioned and then connected in parallel to a DC bus via appropriate power electronics. The aim of this paper is to suggest practical solutions for RES integration into distribution networks. The proposed DC link is simulated and different methods for load sharing and droop control is discussed. The standard model is a 6 kV, 1 MW electrical hydro generator with six phases YDelta connected, and having the output rectified by six phase diodes and paralleled to a 10 kV DC cable underground line. Three levels DC-AC, front-end bi-directional converters are used as interface with the AC grid. The connection of the low voltage grid (connecting the output of different power sources) to the medium voltage DC link is done by means of a DC-DC quasi-resonant converter provided with an internal high frequency insulation transformer. For the further connection of the DC link to the medium voltage AC distribution grid a solution employing IGBT four legs, front-end converter is proposed. A low voltage DC grid model, in the tens of kW range, 400/230 V AC - 720/320 V DC is under commissioning