Fundamentals of Conservation Biology

Chapter

Nov 2023

Ian Swingland

Biodiversity, Definition of Ian R. Swingland The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Abstract An unequivocal, precise, and generally accepted definition of biodiversity still does not exist and the vast increase in publications since 2000 remains mostly overly complex, imprecise, unmeasurable or involves increasingly subjective definitions or measurements, vulnerable to interpretation, and of little practical application. However the need for such a definition that is both scientifically sensible and universally applicable is imperative to help guide the design of policy and programs for the future, as well as to make critical decisions in the present. One of the many reasons for this state of affairs is that the definition of biodiversity affects objectives in national and regional research and conservation management, and in international funding priorities. Because so much is now formally invested in using the word biodiversity, its definition will continue to play a crucial role in both biodiversity conservation planning and public policy. Key points/objectives box. • To review all the pertinent and major publications contributing to a definition of biodiversity. • To refine and clarify all the different aspects and measurements of biodiversity identified within the natural and social sciences. • To reduce the authoritative publications to their key points and conclusions. • To provide a simpler synthesis that would advance a more useful definition of biodiversity to aid its conservation.

Spatial Distribution Patterns of Invasive Plants in an Ecologically Heterogeneous Landscape: A Modelling Approach

Thesis

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Ugyen Thinley

Invasive plants have become one of the menaces in the twenty first century, due mainly to globalised trades and trafficking of plants, compounded by climate change. Various empirical researches state that the invasion has caused so many negative impacts on human and animal health, heavy costs in managing the invasion, biodiversity loss and disruption of ecosystem services. However, no quantitative and scientific assessments were available in Bhutan, such as ecological niche modelling, using biogeographic information, that provides both the past and predicted geographical distributions of invasive plants. Officially, out of 46 invasive plants, 11 were recognised as alien invasive plants in the country. Six globally noxious alien invasive plants (Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus) were selected as target species for the study. The objectives of this study were to i) map the distribution of the species with the past climate scenario using the ensemble models of Desktop GARP, Openmodeller GARP and Maxent in order to enhance the accuracy of predictions; ii) assess the impact of climate change on the distributions of invasive plants; and iii) characterise and compare the ecological niches of the invasive plants that may provide better understanding of coexistence or divergence of the species. In the first modelling, three algorithms (Desktop GARP, Openmodeller GARP and Maxent) of ecological niches were combined to generate an ensembled ecological niche model for every species. The results indicated that A. adenophora and A. conyzoides with highest ecological amplitude, ranging their potential suitable habitat of invasion from the Tropical, Subtropical, Warm temperate, Cool temperate to Cold temperate ecoregions and P. hysterophorus with the most restricted ecological range. The results also suggested the higher confidence of invasion by all the target species along the southern lowlands and valleys of agricultural lands in the country. The assessment of distributional changes in invasion was conducted using two time series of bio-climatic variables i) past scenario being the average of 1960-1990 and ii) future scenario being the average of 2041-2060 projection. Although, there was no statistical significance in the overall distributional changes due to climate change, by proportion most species tended to increase. On the contrary and intriguingly, P. hysterophorus decreased in its area and shifted latitudinally northward. The niche characterisation modelling was conducted using the ENMTools that is capable of comparing species niche breadth, niche overlap and niche similarity. A. adenophora, A. conyzoides and C. odorata had the wider niche breadths compared to the rest. While all the species overlapped in their ecological niches, they would not be considered equivalent in their ecological niche identity, since more than half of the species pairs diverged significantly. Overall, the study points out that the invasion successes among the invasive species differ both in static or dynamic climatic scenarios, due to differences in their niche characteristics. Therefore, this study provides the basis for prioritising management strategies as well as leaves some questions on what physiological or the genetic traits drive the differences in invasion capabilities of the target species. The incorporation of physiological and genetic traits in ecological niche modelling still remains a challenge although recognised as essential parameters to enhance the model prediction confidence.

Biologia de la conservacion: Balance y perspectivas

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1999

Jose Luis Tellería

Conservation Biology: balance and perspectives. Conservation Biology was born twenty years ago to prevent the world-wide depletion of biodiversity (Table 1). The multidisciplinary approach that inspired this science assumes that biodiversity is composed by genes, species and ecosystems and that its main role is to diagnose and prevent the factors that are depleting diversity at these biological levels. There are two new issues in this discipline that have improved the traditional conservation concern of Biology in general and Ornithology in particular. The first one is the incorporation of evolutionary issues into conservation, i.e., the claim that the protection of evolutionary processes is a basic tool for developing management strategies. In this way, the avoidance of intra- and inter-specific hybridisation, inbreeding or loss of genetic diversity in small populations have become popular issues in conservation, a fact that in turn has improved a focus on populations as the proper management units. This has also produced the incorporation of scientists and of methods which have been usually outside the field of conservation (population genetics, molecular methods, etc.; Fig. 1). The second issue refers to the increasing role of scientists in the conservation arena because of the usefulness of scientific method as a way of knowing the causes of population declines (Table 2). A balance of the last two decades of Conservation Biology shows, however, pros and cons. The pros refer to the conceptual and methodological consolidation of this new discipline, as well as the increasing interest of the scientific community in conservation issues. The cons refer to the still limited usefulness of evolutionary approaches in conservation issues, given that their main effects will occur in extremely depleted populations. This is the reason why special concern must be put in the early preservation of populations and habitats. There are also other problems related to the limited scope of many studies in this field (Table 3), which restrain the development of this discipline, and the problems related to the incorporation of scientific approaches in gubernamental or non-gubernamental conservation agencies.

Twenty years of ecological research in Nova Scotia wilderness areas and nature reserves: A review of studies, 2002 to 2022

Article

Sep 2022

Robert Cameron

The following paper is a review of the research undertaken over the last twenty years in Wilderness Areas and Nature Reserves in Nova Scotia. A brief summary is presented of the main findings of each research project conducted by the author or contributed to by the author in a significant way. Inventories have included eleven bioblitzes and over four thousand plots from systematic transects. These have revealed significant new records for species including those of conservation concern. Results suggest there are many species than have not been identified in protected areas. Geographical Information System (GIS) Ecological Land Classification was completed for Nova Scotia and this led to ecosystem gap analysis to determine ecosystems that are not well represented in the current protected areas system. Long-term monitoring, using biodiversity transects and lichens, indicates that air quality is good throughout the protected areas system. Forests are returning to a more climax condition and with the exception of a few instances, non-native plants are generally not problematic. Carbon modeling of protected areas suggests that they will be a carbon sink for the next one hundred years and would be a carbon source if managed for forestry. Protected areas are well suited to provide ideal optimal settings in which climate change adaptation and mitigation can take place. Planning for climate change within protected areas can be facilitated by a Climate Change Adaptation Framework.Research on species of special concern in protected areas has included turtles, Mainland Moose, Canada Lynx, America Marten, Lichens, Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora, forest plants and Piping Plover. Research on rare, sensitive, vulnerable ecosystems has involved predictive modeling and identification and characterization of heathlands, forest wetlands and Jack pine woodlands. Old Growth Forest research has included predictive modeling, biological inventories, dendrochronology studies and scoring using indicators. Human activities adjacent to protected areas can cause deleterious edge effects. An ongoing study in the Cloud Lake Wilderness Area is measuring the effect of adjacent forestry on birds and plants within the Wilderness Area. Several studies on connectivity have looked at the increase in connectivity caused by the establishment of protected areas in Nova Scotia. Other efforts on connectivity have identified key nodes of connectivity within the province which require protection. Human use of protected areas can lead to damage of ecosystems and so investigations on human use of protected areas has been focussed on motorized vehicles and to a lesser extent on human foot traffic. Although there have been many ecological studies in protected areas over the last twenty years, it is evident that there still is a great deal that is unknown about the biodiversity of protected areas.

Quantifying Land Use Land Cover Change in Pench Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh, India): A Landscape Approach

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Anthropogenic activities and natural events are known to affect land use land cover changes (LULCC), which are also responsible for ecosystem instability in forest ecosystems. The study evaluates LULCC in Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), Madhya Pradesh between 1977 and 2006 using geospatial tools. Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/cover changes were quantified using the Hybrid Classification Algorithm and post classification change detection technique in GIS. Change detection revealed that there was significant increase in the teak dominant forest during 1977-2006. Landscape metrics was calculated using Fragstats to understand the landscape pattern and thereby providing insight about the structural integrity and health of the ecosystem. The result of landscape metrics analysis and field visits showed that the landscape composition of study area mainly composed of Teak dominant forest with high heterogeneous patch properties.

The Role of Conventional and Molecular Techniques for Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) Improvement

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2018

Tibebu Belete Chane

Aspecto y estructura de la vegetación en fragmentos forestales

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2005

Silvina Manrique

SWOT Analysis of the Sustainable Development Concept

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Magdaléna Drastichová

Sustainability, a nebulous but attractive concept, poses an essential question for every activity – if it can continue. The concept of sustainability is broad, and it is also often used interchangeably with the concept of sustainable development (SD). These two concepts are analyzed in their interrelations and in relation to the concepts of the green economy (GE) and green growth (GG). The aim of the work is to define and clarify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the concept of SD in its interrelation with sustainability. The focus is also on the possibilities of their practical application, with the aim of sustaining or increasing wellbeing and quality of life within ecological limits. The concepts of SD and sustainability are regarded as fundamental notions and as a basic philosophy in relation to which the remaining concepts are analysed. Efforts were also made to clarify the most crucial relations of the transformation discourses to SD. The use of the concepts as a basic philosophy, including the balance of the three pillars of sustainability/SD, are the main strengths identified. Important opportunities arise from exploiting these strengths and moving closer towards the aims of SD, which include quality of life and wellbeing. With the goal of sustaining sources of wellbeing for people, opportunities for crucial practical applications and methods of measurement of SD, including the development of sustainability science, are identified.

Ecotourism, wildlife conservation, and agriculture in Costa Rica through a social-ecological systems lens

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Parks and protected areas have long been promoted for their environmental conservation benefits, opportunities for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism, and associated economic opportunities. However, conservation biologists and ecologists are increasingly embracing the idea that achieving their conservation goals requires working outside these protected areas and within more developed agricultural lands occupied and used by people. This shift toward a systems perspective for conservation involves working within integrated social and ecological systems. Outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism operate within these same linked systems across a range of scales. Ecotourism in particular is a complex social-ecological system (SES) that relies on environmental resources such as protected areas, tourism industry elements such as lodging and transportation, and locals who obtain their livelihoods in the surrounding regions. To understand this complex system, we apply a framework for situating disciplines within an SES across scales. This framework includes two-way interactions between nested hierarchical levels of social and ecological systems. Interactions range from positive to negative, forming a four-quadrant framework. We argue that this framework is more representative of this highly complex system of ecotourism than traditional human-impact research and provides a more holistic understanding of the nature-based recreation ecosystem. We apply this SES to a case study in Costa Rica, where ecotourism has become an important source of income for residents and thus generates conservation success. Our study area comprised the upper Guacimal watershed, a regional tourism hub in northwestern Costa Rica. We apply this SES framework to interview data regarding missions, goals, and management practices from representatives of 20 government and non-government organizations active in conservation, and thus engaged in ecotourism, in the area. Applying our SES framework to the Costa Rican case study revealed the dimension of varied challenges and benefits of ecotourism for and by local conservation organizations as compared with ecotourist visitors. The framework reveals opportunities for identifying trade-offs and maximizing benefits to social and ecological systems while minimizing negative impacts. Through this framework, we also discuss how ecotourism can contribute toward conservation of unregulated lands. Considering ecotourism as an SES can enable more comprehensive decision-making around an ecotourism system.

Polymorphism of Microsatellite markers and Their Association with Egg Production Traits in Iraqi Chickens

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

The present study was conducted on local Iraqi chickens and two strains of commercial laying hens (ISA Brawn and Ross Hen) as control. To estimate genetic Diversity using microsatellites and their association with egg production traits, three microsatellites markers, located on 1, 5 and E5C10 chromosomes were used in pesent study. A total of 100 varieties of three chicken populations were genotyped for three microsatellite markers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the genetic Diversity (GD) among populations using Nei Index similarity mean. The present study show that local chicken populations were more diverse than control populations. Genetic Diversity among populations was obtained using Nei Index similarity mean. The present results indicate that the Highest GD among local chickens (0.82) and the lowest GD (0.4) and when comper local chickens with control strains found that the highest GD was (0.76) when comper with ISA Brawn, and (0.702) when comper the study population with Ross Hen strain and the lowest GD was (0.673) when comper with ISA Brawn strain, (0.661) when comper the study population with Ross Hen strain, that's mean the Three microsatellite genetic markers applied in the present study success to reveal high degree of similarity among the three population used here. The genetic distance revealed that local chickens are mostly related to ISA Brawn strain more than Ross Hen strain. ‫الخالصة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫يت‬ ‫أجر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫التنوع‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫لغرض‬ ‫اثن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫المحمي‬ ‫اقي‬ ‫العر‬ ‫مدجاج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫ية‬ ‫التجار‬ ‫السالالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ساللة‬ (‫البياض‬ ‫لمدجاج‬ ISA Brawn ‫ساللة‬ ‫و‬ Ross Hen) ‫ك‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫ة‬ ‫سيطر‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ microsatellite ‫و‬ ‫لم‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫من‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تم‬ ‫و‬ ‫البيض‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عالقتها‬ ‫كروموسومات‬ 1 ، 5 ، E5C10. ‫ت‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫ضمنت‬ 111 ‫اجن‬ ‫لمدو‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫من‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫استخدام‬ microsatellite ‫التنوع‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫بوساطة‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ممر‬ ‫التسمسمي‬ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ‫الكروموسومية.‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫لمتو‬ ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫وجد‬ ‫ة.‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫ساللتي‬ ‫مجتمعي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬ ‫بالمقار‬ ‫اختالفا‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫االختالف‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫تم‬ (GD) ‫باستخدا‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫م‬ ‫دليل‬ Nei ‫لمتماثل‬ ‫بان‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫اشارت‬. ‫الجيني‬ ‫أعمى‬ ‫جيني‬ ‫اختالف‬ (GD) ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫كان‬ (‫بمقدار‬ 8.02 ‫اقل‬ ‫و‬) ‫اختالف‬ ‫جيني‬ (‫بمقدار‬ ‫كان‬ 8.4 ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫بسالالت‬ ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫و‬) (‫أعمى‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وجد‬ GD) (‫كان‬ 8.016) ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ISA Brawn ‫و‬ ‫كان‬ (GD () 8.010 ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬) Ross Hen ‫أوطئ‬ ‫و‬ GD (8.100) ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ISA Brawn ‫كان‬ ‫و‬ GD (8.116 ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬) Ross Hen ‫و‬ ، ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫إن‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫هذا‬ microsatellites ‫الثالثة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫لمستخدمة‬ ‫عمى‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫في‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫بين‬ ‫(تماثل)‬ ‫تقارب‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أعمى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اسة.‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫المفتاحية:‬ ‫الكممات‬ ‫البياض،‬ ‫الدجاج‬ ‫اجن،‬ ‫لمدو‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫اقي،‬ ‫العر‬ ‫الدجاج‬ ‫الجيني،‬ ‫االختالف‬ ‫الكروموسومية،‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫البياض.‬ ‫لمدجاج‬ ‫عالمية‬ ‫سالالت‬ Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences/ No.(2)/ Vol.(26): 2018 226

International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2021; 9(5): 89-94 Determination on fish diversity indices from Chalan Beel, Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

An assessment was carried out to determine the fish diversity indices from Ruhul beel 1, 2 and Bamonji beel 1, 2 under Chalan beel in Pabna district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from selected sanctuary sites, focus group discussion, personal and group contract as well as Government and Non-Government organizations with prepared and pretested questionnaire. The fish diversity of the study areas was calculated by various methods namely Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H0), Species evenness (E) and Simpson's diversity Index (D) of fish observed in Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel during the whole study period. The highest species richness was found in Ruhul beel whereas it was less amount in Bamonji beel during the study period. Overall species richness was higher in Ruhul beel. The monthly species richness was significantly (P<0.01) varied among the months. The highest values were found 37 in November and December for Ruhul beel-1 and in October and November for Ruhul beel-2. On the other hand, the highest value was found in November and December for Bamonji beel-1 and same value in November for Bamonji beel-2. The lowest values were found 13, 15, 9 and 8 for Ruhul beel-1, Ruhul beel-2, Bamonji beel-1 and Bamonji beel-2, respectively in January.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity Using Morphometric Traits in Littlemillet (Panicum sumatrense)

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2015

Littlemillet is widely grown in marginal areas and predominantly as rainfed crop with poor management by resource poor farmers. The crop is strongly associated with tribal agriculture. Sparse and irregular cultivation of littlemillet has led to less understanding of genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic divergence among 30 littlemillet genotypes was evaluated based on 12 morphometric traits. The research work was performed during summer, 2013 (Jan – May) in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Substantial variability among 30 genotypes was evident from the estimates of mean sum of square. Thirty littlemillet genotypes formed 20 distinct clusters with high inter cluster distances. Cluster mean confirmed the results of divergence analysis. Genotypes in cluster XX had the highest mean value for all the desirable traits. Single plant grain yield contributed the most to genetic diversity. The intra cluster distance was the highest in cluster X (17.6). The highest inter cluster distance was noticed between clusters V and XX (210.5). The genotypes identified to be highly diverse in the present study could be exploited in future breeding programs of little millet.

International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2021; 9(5): 89-94 Determination on fish diversity indices from Chalan Beel, Bangladesh

Article

Oct 2021

An assessment was carried out to determine the fish diversity indices from Ruhul beel 1, 2 and Bamonji beel 1, 2 under Chalan beel in Pabna district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from selected sanctuary sites, focus group discussion, personal and group contract as well as Government and Non-Government organizations with prepared and pretested questionnaire. The fish diversity of the study areas was calculated by various methods namely Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H0), Species evenness (E) and Simpson's diversity Index (D) of fish observed in Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel during the whole study period. The highest species richness was found in Ruhul beel whereas it was less amount in Bamonji beel during the study period. Overall species richness was higher in Ruhul beel. The monthly species richness was significantly (P<0.01) varied among the months. The highest values were found 37 in November and December for Ruhul beel-1 and in October and November for Ruhul beel-2. On the other hand, the highest value was found in November and December for Bamonji beel-1 and same value in November for Bamonji beel-2. The lowest values were found 13, 15, 9 and 8 for Ruhul beel-1, Ruhul beel-2, Bamonji beel-1 and Bamonji beel-2, respectively in January.

Determination on fish diversity indices from Chalan Beel, Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

A Survey of Amphibian Fauna in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Review on Population Status and Conservation Activity of Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Esubalew Shitaneh

Ethiopia has the home to at least 27 cattle breeds and an estimated 59.5 million head of cattle due to its diversified agroecology and topography and directly serves as for millions of people. Indigenous cattle breed has many important traits compared with exotic cattle breeds. Bos indicus breeds can effectively regulate their body temperature against thermal stress and are better adapted to hot weather than Bos taurus breeds. In addition, several breeds of Zebu and Zenga are able to withstand very harsh environmental conditions, and those characteristics have arisen through evolutionary adaptation. For examples, Begait cattle (Large East African Zebu) found in NorthWestern Ethiopia are well adapted to very dry climates and they can survive if they are able to drink only once every two days. However, despite the potential of the indigenous livestock currently, the genetic resources are becoming seriously endangered due to high genetic erosion resulting from biotic and abiotic factors. The objective of this review was to highlight threats, conservation methods and improvement activities currently done for indigenous cattle genetic resources in Ethiopia. Based on the review, among the world 1458 breeds all domestic mammalian and avian species, 17% are classified as being at risk and 58% are classified as unknown risk status. The major threats of livestock genetic resources are genetic dilution through the use of exotic germ plasma, feed shortage, illegal trafficking, inbreeding and interbreeding, and trypanosomiasis disease. This situation demands immediate action to save deteriorating genetic resources in the country. Some of endangered indigenous cattle breeds were conserved in ex-situ method at different state ranches, the Borana cattle breed as Did Tuyura Ranch, Horro cattle breed at Horro Ranch, Fogera cattle breed at Metekel Ranch and Andassa Agricultural Research Centre, and Menz sheep breed at Amed Guya Research Centre but, the results were not enough. Therefore, phenotypic and genotypic categorization of breeds will be further characterized, monitor the current population statistics, conservation of breeds under natural niche, and improvement programs will be implemented for all breeds and also improve the productivity of grazing land.

Amenazas a la Biodiversidad

Chapter

Full-text available

Jun 2010

Las amenazas a la biodiversidad son multifactoriales y éstas en su conjunto pueden tener un efecto adverso de tipo sinérgico por lo cual, en la mayor a de las ocasiones, es difícil establecer con evidencias una relación causa-efecto. Aunque el estado de Campeche se encuentra entre los estados con la menor densidad de población, se han identificado actividades humanas y procesos que tienen un efecto adverso directo o indirecto sobre la biodiversidad.

Distribution, ecology and conservation of crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2016

Aspects of Procambarus acanthophorus burrowing behavior were studied by an interdisciplinary investigation group, which approached different aspects of the biology of this crayfish. Three topics are emphasize including, the description of its habitat; the impact of the flooding dynamic on the population and the physiology of P acanthophorus, and the exploitation of this species as a food resource.

High genetic differentiation in the endemic and endangered freshwater fish Achondrostoma salmantinum Doadrio and Elvira, 2007 from Spain, as revealed by mitochondrial and SNP markers

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021
CONSERV GENET

Achondrostoma salmantinum is a small, endangered freshwater fish endemic to Spain. Although the species is a member of the widely distributed family Leuciscidae, its geographic range is restricted to a few rivers in the southwestern Duero Basin. Its populations are in decline, with some now extirpated from rivers within its historical distribution. A captive breeding program has already been implemented for the species; however, there are no population genetic studies on A. salmantinum, despite the importance of information on genetic variability and variation as fundamentals tools for management and conservation efforts. Here, we assessed the genetic diversity of A. salmantinum and defined its Operational Conservation Units (OCUs). We sampled throughout the entire known distribution area of A. salmantinum, and analysed both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and 4123 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Contrary to expectations, due to its small distribution area within the same basin, A. salmantinum showed signs of marked genetic erosion and a strong population structure that is not associated with the current hydrogeographic configuration of the region, but rather with historical geomorphological processes. On the basis of our genetic analyses, we identified four OCUs for the species: (I) Águeda Sub-basin; (II) Uces Sub-basin, Huebra River and the right-bank tributaries of Huebra Sub-basin; (III) left-bank tributaries of Huebra Sub-basin and (IV) Camaces River, a small left-bank tributary of the Huebra River. Overall, our findings provide insight on the population genetic structure of A. salmantinum and on some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that threaten the viability of the species.

Polymorphism of Microsatellite markers and Their Association with Egg Production Traits in Iraqi Chickens

Research

Full-text available

Feb 2021

The present study was conducted on local Iraqi chickens and two strains of commercial laying hens (ISA Brawn and Ross Hen) as control. To estimate genetic Diversity using microsatellites and their association with egg production traits, three microsatellites markers, located on 1, 5 and E5C10 chromosomes were used in pesent study. A total of 100 varieties of three chicken populations were genotyped for three microsatellite markers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the genetic Diversity (GD) among populations using Nei Index similarity mean. The present study show that local chicken populations were more diverse than control populations. Genetic Diversity among populations was obtained using Nei Index similarity mean. The present results indicate that the Highest GD among local chickens (0.82) and the lowest GD (0.4) and when comper local chickens with control strains found that the highest GD was (0.76) when comper with ISA Brawn, and (0.702) when comper the study population with Ross Hen strain and the lowest GD was (0.673) when comper with ISA Brawn strain, (0.661) when comper the study population with Ross Hen strain, that's mean the Three microsatellite genetic markers applied in the present study success to reveal high degree of similarity among the three population used here. The genetic distance revealed that local chickens are mostly related to ISA Brawn strain more than Ross Hen strain. ‫الخالصة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫يت‬ ‫أجر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫التنوع‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫لغرض‬ ‫اثن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫المحمي‬ ‫اقي‬ ‫العر‬ ‫مدجاج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫ية‬ ‫التجار‬ ‫السالالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ساللة‬ (‫البياض‬ ‫لمدجاج‬ ISA Brawn ‫ساللة‬ ‫و‬ Ross Hen) ‫ك‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫ة‬ ‫سيطر‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ microsatellite ‫و‬ ‫لم‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫من‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تم‬ ‫و‬ ‫البيض‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عالقتها‬ ‫كروموسومات‬ 1 ، 5 ، E5C10. ‫ت‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫ضمنت‬ 111 ‫اجن‬ ‫لمدو‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫من‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫استخدام‬ microsatellite ‫التنوع‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫بوساطة‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ممر‬ ‫التسمسمي‬ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ‫الكروموسومية.‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫لمتو‬ ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫وجد‬ ‫ة.‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫ساللتي‬ ‫مجتمعي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬ ‫بالمقار‬ ‫اختالفا‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫الجيني‬ ‫االختالف‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫تم‬ (GD) ‫باستخدا‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫م‬ ‫دليل‬ Nei ‫لمتماثل‬ ‫بان‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫اشارت‬. ‫الجيني‬ ‫أعمى‬ ‫جيني‬ ‫اختالف‬ (GD) ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫كان‬ (‫بمقدار‬ 8.02 ‫اقل‬ ‫و‬) ‫اختالف‬ ‫جيني‬ (‫بمقدار‬ ‫كان‬ 8.4 ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫بسالالت‬ ‫المحمية‬ ‫اجن‬ ‫الدو‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫و‬) (‫أعمى‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وجد‬ GD) (‫كان‬ 8.016) ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ISA Brawn ‫و‬ ‫كان‬ (GD () 8.010 ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬) Ross Hen ‫أوطئ‬ ‫و‬ GD (8.100) ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬ ISA Brawn ‫كان‬ ‫و‬ GD (8.116 ‫ساللة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫عند‬) Ross Hen ‫و‬ ، ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫إن‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫هذا‬ microsatellites ‫الثالثة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫لمستخدمة‬ ‫عمى‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫في‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫بين‬ ‫(تماثل)‬ ‫تقارب‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أعمى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اسة.‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫المفتاحية:‬ ‫الكممات‬ ‫البياض،‬ ‫الدجاج‬ ‫اجن،‬ ‫لمدو‬ ‫الكروموسومية‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫اقي،‬ ‫العر‬ ‫الدجاج‬ ‫الجيني،‬ ‫االختالف‬ ‫الكروموسومية،‬ ‫ابع‬ ‫التو‬ ‫البياض.‬ ‫لمدجاج‬ ‫عالمية‬ ‫سالالت‬ Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences/ No.(2)/ Vol.(26): 2018 226

Biodiversité fongique dans une nouvelle cuverie et dynamique des populations en cuverie (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) et en cave d'élevage (Brettanomyces bruxellensis)

Thesis

May 2020

Hany Abdo

La biodiversité fongique interspécifique (Illumina Mi-Seq) et la dynamique des espèces Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Brettanomyces bruxellensis ont été étudiées au sein d’une nouvelle cuverie et/ou dans 3 caves d’élevage, plus particulièrement sur le sol, les murs, le matériel vinaire et l’extérieur des fûts. Dans la nouvelle cuverie, un consortium fongique (levures et moisissures) de départ est déjà présent sur tous les environnments étudiés avant l’arrivée de la première vendange. Ce consortium est constitué de genres tels que Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Didymella et Filobasidium. Ces genres qui persistent pendant deux millésimes, ne sont pas spécifiques de l’environnement de la cuverie et semblent être adaptés à tous les environnements naturels ou anthropiques au regard de leur caractère ubiquiste. Le consortium de départ est enrichi par des genres œnologiques (exemple : Hanseniaspora, Saccharomyces) qui sont introduits dans la cuverie soit par les vendanges, soit par des transferts potentiels entre les différents environnements de la cuverie. Cependant, ces genres ne semblent pas persister ou s’implanter probablement dû à leur faible adaptation aux conditions stressantes de l’environnement de la cuverie. La dynamique de la flore indigène S. cerevisiae dans la nouvelle cuverie a été également étudiée. Aucun isolat appartenant à cette espèce n’a été retrouvé avant l'arrivée de la première vendange confirmant que cette espèce n’est pas spécifique de l'environnement de la cuverie et que sa présence est en lien avec l'activité des fermentations alcooliques. Cependant, les résultats obtenus suggèrent une colonisation potentielle de l’environnement de la nouvelle cuverie par certaines souches de S. cerevisiae. Ces souches dites « colonisatrices » ont présenté une capacité plus élevée à former des biofilms comparée à celle de souches non implantées. Cette étude met en évidence l’importance de l’environnement de la cuverie qui constitue une véritable niche écologique pour les populations fongiques capables de s’implanter au cours du processus de vinification. Dans l’environnement des 3 caves d’élevage, le matériel vinaire et l’extérieur des fûts (en contact direct avec le vin) sont les environnements qui semblent favorables au développement et à l’installation des populations microbiennes cultivables (levures totales et bactéries lactiques) et des microorganismes d’altération (bactéries acétiques et B. bruxellensis), contrairement au sol et aux murs où des populations faibles ont été trouvées. Des souches récurrentes de B. bruxellensis ont été retrouvées sur le matériel et sur l’extérieur des fûts et pourraient être à l’origine de la contamination de vins au cours de l’élevage. Ces souches récurrentes présentent des capacités de formation de biofilms et de résistance plus importantes qui pourraient expliquer la persistance de B. bruxellensis dans des caves d’élevage. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance du nettoyage du matériel vinaire et du suivi microbien régulier des vins au cours de l’élevage afin de limiter les contaminations.

Preliminary taxonomic survey of aquatic plants of Feni district, Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Preliminary taxonomic survey of aquatic plants of Feni district was conducted between July 2016 and June 2017. Traditional taxonomic techniques and random meander methods were applied to record and collect aquatic plant species. A total of 56 aquatic plant species under 29 families were recorded from Feni district. Ecological habitats of aquatic plant species showed variations. Among them, 30% species prefer to grow near the edge of water, 20% as rooted submerged, 18% as rooted emergent, 16% as free floating, 12% as rooted floating and 4% surface creeper in the aquatic habitat. The uses of aquatic plants were showed that 27% species were used as fodder, 14% as medicinal, 11% as vegetable, 11% as edible fruits, 5% as duck weeds, 2% as artifacts and 30% as others purposes in the study area. Abundance of aquatic plant species in the habitat was showed variations. Among them 9% was found very abundant, 30% found common and 61% found rare in the study area. Based on the field observations and discussion with local people we were able to identify a good number of threats to aquatic plants and also pointed out some conservation measures for them. It was seemed that the species Achyranthes aquatica (thuash), Oenanthe javanica (painnaadani), and Chumannianthus dichotomus (patipata) were found to be limited in distribution outside Feni. These rare species need to be given priority for in situ and ex situ conservation.

Ecología, uso, manejo y conservación del venado cola blanca en Colombia

Book

Full-text available

Feb 2020

El libro “Ecología, uso, manejo y conservación del venado cola blanca en Colombia” contiene 17 artículos independientes elaborados por 18 autores. Los artículos se organizaron en las siguientes cuatro secciones: “Biología y ecología del venado cola blanca”, “Genética y constantes fisiológicas del venado cola blanca”, “Aspectos arqueozoológicos del venado cola blanca” y “Herramientas y estrategias para la conservación del venado cola blanca”. Este libro pretende ser un referente e inspiración para todos los interesados en trabajar con la especie, no solo en Colombia, sino en América Latina, tanto en aspectos biológicos como culturales.

Nature conservation management in voluntary set-aside forests in Sweden: practices, incentives and barriers

Article

Feb 2020
SCAND J FOREST RES

In Sweden, there is a lack of knowledge about nature conservation management (NCM) practices in voluntary set-aside forests. Estimates indicate that, for unknown reasons, only a small proportion of the NCM needed is carried out. The aims of this study are to (1) describe current practices for NCM of voluntary set-aside areas in Sweden and (2) identify factors affecting whether NCM of these areas is carried out. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews were held with professional forestry practitioners and the responses analysed applying thematic analysis. NCM in Sweden generally has two main aims: (1) creation of dead wood and (2) promotion of domestic broadleaf tree species. Simplified, these aims are attained through removal of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). The decision to implement NCM is influenced by few incentives and many barriers. Incentives include certification scheme obligations and commitment from dedicated individuals, while barriers include weak internal company incentives, the experienced or anticipated risk of high costs, and experienced or anticipated criticism from internal company experts or public actors. Based on the results, a set of managerial implications was drawn up, aimed at increasing the extent of NCM.

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Polymorphism among Finger Millet Accessions Evaluated for Blast Disease (Magnaporthe oryzea) Reaction

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

A total of 134 finger millet accessions were evaluated in the field for blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzea) reaction and also characterized using a set of 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The test accessions were mainly from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Zambia and Zimabwe. Based on the head blast disease severity index, only one accession (Acc. BKFM0031) was resistant, 8 accessions were moderately resistant and the remaining 125 fall in the range of moderately susceptible to highly susceptible. SSR based clustering using weighted neighbor joining method grouped the 134 accessions into three major clusters apart from the main node, and the grouping was independent of agro-ecological proximity or similarity in response to blast disease reaction. Analysis of population structure grouped the 134 finger millet accessions into four subpopulation (í µí± =4). The first, second, third and fourth group comprised accessions from the different geographical locations with variable level of reaction to blast disease and with membership proportion of 36.5%, 14%, 13.1% and 36.3%, respectively. The preset study revealed that finger millet accessions collected either from the same region of origin or with similar level of reaction to blast disease did not often grouped entirely together within a given major cluster or sub cluster constructed using the 20 SSR molecular markers. Therefore, it can be suggested that molecular markers should be identified specifically for finger millet blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzea) resistant gene.

STATUS OF THE GREEN SALAMANDER (ANEIDES AENEUS) IN THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS

Thesis

Full-text available

Dec 2001

Christopher Randall Wilson

Populations of the green salamander (Aneides aeneus) in the Blue Ridge Mountains declined 98% in abundance between 1970 and 1999 and are being considered for Candidate Species status by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The present study was designed to ascertain the current distribution and status of A. aeneus populations throughout the Blue Ridge Mountains. A spatially explicit multivariate model of A. aeneus occurrence was developed for a portion of the salamander’s range. Ten habitat layers were sampled from 24 A. aeneus localities using Geographic Information Systems and 30-m geographic data. Mahalanobis Distance (D2) was calculated for each pixel within the study area to assess the likelihood of A. aeneus occurrence across the landscape. Diagnostic tests and field-truthing surveys demonstrated that, while the model was very coarse, it was significantly better than random at delineating and sub-dividing A. aeneus habitat into categories of suitability. Status surveys of A. aeneus were conducted during 2000 and 2001. In all, 38 occupied sites and eight breeding populations were confirmed throughout the Blue Ridge Mountains. Across all sites, densities were dramatically lower than those reported in 1970. Among 20 historic sites visited, 15 (75%) were occupied and seven (35%) showed evidence of reproduction. Although statistically insignificant, fewer than expected breeding populations were observed (0.10 > P > 0.05) and the number of breeding populations decreased between 1991 and 2001 (P = 0.07), suggesting that a biologically relevant decline is still in progress. Based on criteria provided in the current World Conservation Union Red List Categories, this study indicates that populations of A. aeneus are at a high risk of extinction in the Blue Ridge. The data and analyses presented here will provide critical information needed to assess the legal status of A. aeneus populations in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Additionally, the occurrence model should provide a valuable tool for directing future field surveys and conservation efforts.

The First observation of the Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) (Family: Sturnidae, Class: Aves) in the wild in Iraq

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2019

The Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) is a member of the Acridotheres Genus of the Family Sturnidae (Passeriformes). This species spreads within the northern parts of South Asia around or close to the human settlements with recent expanding towards southern India. It can be distinguished from its analogous Common Myna Acridotheres tristis, that was observed for the first time in Iraq at 1997, mainly by the orange skin patch around the eye with some other fine morphological features. Since it was observed for the first time in Iraq in the bird-markets at 2001, some individuals of Bank Myna have been occasionally found in the cages. The first records for this species in the wild in Iraq were unconfirmed observations in the wild at 2005 and 2008. This paper document the first confirmed observation of the Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus for Iraq.

Phenotypic Variability and Evaluation of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Landraces from Southwest Ethiopia by Multivariate Analysis

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

Yams(Dioscoreaspp.)are food security and socioeconomic importance crop indifferent areas of the world. Although it is cultivated and consumed in sub-Saharan Africa, still neglected by scientific research and development program in many countries including in Ethiopia. To fill in the knowledge gaps, the present study conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center during 2015. The objectives of the study were to characterize and assess the level of diversity within farmers and reference collection of yamlandracescollected from major growing areas of Southwest Ethiopia. Thirty-six landracesof yam tested by using 6 x6 simplelattice design with two replications. Data on 32 qualitative morphological traits collected and subjected to multivariate analyses. Cluster analysis based on qualitative characters revealed seven distinct clusters with varyingsizes and presence of variability, based on their foliar and subterranean traitswhich will be highly useful in the genetic improvement. The result of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H`) indicated, the existence of a high level of diversity among Dioscorea spp. landracesbased on the frequency distribution of phenotypic traits that considered.The results of PCA indicated that characters that have a good contribution to the variability. The first seven principal components explained 88.4% of the total variation, while PC-Iand PC-II accounted 55.30% of the total variability. Thus, this utmost phenotypic variability between landraces is vital for hybridization and to produce potential and meaningful hybrids and desirable segregants of yams in Ethiopia.

Prevalence of Seed-dispersers in a Semi-deciduous Forest of Ghana

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2013

Congruence between arthropod and plant diversity in a biodiversity hotspot largely driven by underlying abiotic factors

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019
ECOL APPL

Plants often form the basis of conservation planning and management. The effectiveness of plant diversity as a surrogate for arthropod diversity was assessed in natural areas in the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, a floral endemism hotspot in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa. Arthropods and plants were sampled across 30 topographically heterogeneous sites in a spatially nested design. The relationship between plants and arthropods were quantified in terms of species richness, assemblage variation, and assemblage turnover. The influence of arthropod trophic groups, habitat association, and spatial scale were also explored. Generalized dissimilarity modelling was used to investigate differential influence of explanatory groups (geology, disturbance, local site characteristics, refuge, mesoclimate, terrain) on arthropod and plant turnover. Congruence in assemblage variation was restricted to local scales, and only present between plants and those arthropods associated with the foliar component of the habitat. Weak congruence in species turnover was due to differences in the relative importance of explanatory groups, with different variables within each explanatory group being important, and similar variables predicting different turnover patterns. For both groups, variables related to geology and fire history were important for assemblage turnover. These variables are already incorporated in conservation planning and management for plant diversity across the CFR. Overall plant diversity was a weak surrogate for the arthropod groups included in this study, suggesting that as an alternative, environmental surrogates for arthropod diversity perform better.

Mapping of voluntary set-aside forests intended for nature conservation management in Sweden

Article

Dec 2018
SCAND J FOREST RES

In Sweden, an estimated 0.3–0.6 million hectares (1.2–2.4% of the entire Swedish forest area) of forests are voluntary set-asides for nature conservation management (NCM). Even though these areas are crucial in Swedish biodiversity conservation, no analysis has yet been carried out of their conservation values and spatial distribution. The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe areas intended for NCM in Sweden. Based on existing habitat descriptions, six NCM area categories were defined. The occurrence of each category was determined through GIS analysis of a spatially explicit dataset containing information on 26,953 stands (136,672 ha) set aside for NCM. Of the analysed area, 86% met the criteria of at least one category. The most common category was “Old coniferous forests”, which was found to be abundant in northern Sweden, and often the only category met in stands. Out of the remaining five categories, four were more frequent in southern Sweden. In the southern regions, stands often met the criteria of two or three categories simultaneously. This mapping is a resource for further research and development of policies and strategies aimed at increasing the extent and improving the quality of nature conservation management.

Inventario florístico del Parque Nacional El Impenetrable, Chaco, Argentina. Relevamiento fotográfico de marzo de 2013

Technical Report

Full-text available

Mar 2018

Eduardo Haene

El relevamiento botánico de marzo de 2013 permitió registrar 94 especies vegetales, de las cuales 86 fueron fotografiadas, en la Estancia La Fidelidad (Provincia de Chaco, Argentina), donde se proyectaba en ese momento el hoy creado Parque Nacional El Impenetrable. El sitio resguarda una muestra en buen estado del vinalar, formación típica del Chaco Seco. El palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) resulta una de los vegetales silvestres más interesantes en el área, de gran valor cultural y con potencial de convertirse en “especie bandera”, de importancia estratégica para la conservación del sitio.

Capítulo V - Aves

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2017

José Antonio González-Oreja

Distribution, ecology, harvest and conservation of procambarus acanthophorus (villalobos, 1948)

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2016

The native crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus (Villalobos, 1948) is geographically distributed in Southeast Mexico, in the states Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This crayfish inhabits freshwater ecosystems such as creeks, lagoons, and wetlands. Procambarus acanthophorus builds and inhabits complex burrows during dry periods and lives in open water during rainy seasons when wetland flooding occurs. These annual environmental variations appear to be predicted by this species to determine their population dynamics, possibly by detection of cyclic changes in the water level or variations in the water temperature. Under laboratory conditions, this crayfish maintains its ability to dig burrows and build chimneys, permitting us to study the influence exerted by sediment availability on behavioral and physiological processes. P. acanthophorus is consumed and could be considered as an economic resource. In this regard, when this crayfish emerges into open water, persons living in the wetland catch it with artisanal traps and sell it. Thus, in addition to modification of the ecosystem through the construction of roads, which reduces the connection between the river and the floodplain, the abundance of this species has diminished, at least in some localities, suggesting the need to establish a conservation strategy permitting the sustainable management of this resource.

Parasitoid community structure of leaf miner Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and the rate of parasitization on vegetable crops in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017

Parasitoids such as leafminer have long been known to play an important role in reducing potential pest populations. However, detailed information about the parasitoid community in many agroecosystems is still very limited. To attempt to address this data gap, we assessed the rate of parasitism, diversity, abundance and dominance of leafminer parasitoids in different agroecosystems. The survey was carried out from February to July 2015 in Lesser Sunda islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Timor. Samples were taken from three different vegetable ecosystem types the forest edge (H1), agricultural (H2) and settlement (H3). In each ecosystem, 50 leaves were sampled from 20 kinds of vegetable crops attacked by Liriomyza spp. Samples were taken five times per location every week. The sampling results found three distinct species of leafminer flies present: Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and Chromatomyia horticola. The sampling also successfully identified 7 other parasitoids with parasitization rates between 0.09%-32.58% i.e. Neochrysocharis formosa (8.20%-32.58%), Hemiptarsenus varicornis (4.57%-24.21%), Opius chromatomyiae (0.88%-22.35%), Opius dissitus (0.49%-5.08%), Neochrysocharis okazakii (0.69 %-1.24%), Asecodes deluchii (0.51%-5.89%) and Gronotoma micromorpha (0.09%-0.34%). Indices of abundance (R) and diversity (H') were also calculated, with the highest species abundance being found on the Lombok and the lowest on the Sumbawa. Neochrysocharis formosa abundance was found in all the islands sampled, while the dominance (D = 0.43) was found on the Sumbawa. N. formosa was found to have the highest population abundance and parasitism rate, and was found on every island in Lesser Sunda including on the Lombok (1853 adult; 31.16%), Sumbawa (472 adult; 8.2%), Flores (1117 adult; 15.96 %) and Timor (984 adult; 22.18%). The results of these studies suggest a strong need for effective pest control policies for Liriomyza spp. in the research locations, as well as for other vegetable crops in Indonesia © 2017, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.

Sustainable Development and Sustainable Science. Where We Came From, Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading? Part II: An In-Depth Analysis of the Concept of Sustainable Development

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Magdaléna Drastichová

The concept of sustainable development (SD) is broad and moreover, it is often interchangeably used with the more general, but sometimes also more specific, concept of sustainability. The concept of SD is analysed on the basis on its development (analysed in the first part: Drastichová, 2022) and relationships with sustainability and related scientific (theoretical) and practical concepts. The rationale behind this work lies in clarifying the meaning of SD, including the concept of sustainability, and, on the basis of this, identifying the main ways of moving closer towards the aims of SD, including quality of life and wellbeing. The limitations of the concept are identified and summarized, as are the alternatives to SD and sustainability. The rationale behind this work lies not only in the clarifying of the SD concept, but also in the normative evaluation of this concept in relation to the wellbeing and quality of life of the Earth’s population for an infinite time period, while maintaining the supply of ecosystem services which the planet provides, taking into account that these resources are not only a source of people’s wellbeing, but are essential for people’s survival in general. Hence, this work includes an in-depth sophisticated consideration of the SD concept based on its historical development, as well as normative assessments of the concept resulting from this knowledge. Alternative concepts and the possibilities of sustain-ability science are also summarized. A significant effort has been made to identify the relationships of the SD concept with sustainability and to the main related scientific (theoretical) and practical concepts, as well as to the alternative concepts to them. These outcomes were again obtained from a detailed analysis of history and relevant scientific works. Finally, a possible design of the SD concept is outlined on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of the knowledge.

Anthropogenic drivers of plant species coexistence in selected riparian systems, Kumawu district, Ashanti region (Ghana)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Anthropogenic drivers have long been recognized as influencing species coexistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in riparian ecosystems among others. Despite their important role, riparian zones have been subjected to progressive alteration. This study aimed at evaluating how anthropogenic drivers influence plant species coexistence in riparian zones differing in scale of disturbance – intact zone (Amobia), slightly disturbed zone (Onwame), moderately disturbed zone (Ninian) and degraded zone (Pame), respectively, located in the Kumewu District of Ahanti Region (Ghana). Plots were randomly laid perpendicular to the anthropogenic gradients such as fire, grazing pressure, erosion, farming, animal trampling, bare ground and logging. Number of individuals was counted per plot and the percentage cover estimated per species. Species packing model was employed to quantify how competing species for resources coexisted, while Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate the effect of anthropogenic drivers on the variability of species assemblages. High number of species heterogeneity at Amobia riparian zone was a reflection of their tolerance to species coexistence than in the severely disturbed Pame riparian zone. However, species optimum and maximum probability of occurrence tend to be highest in Pame and lowest at Amobia riparian zone. This may be that widespread driver like fire, grazing pressure, farming and logging created conditions in gaps suitable for the recruitment of diverse species, with functional traits facilitating coexistence. These anthropogenic disturbances were responsible for 53.48% variability in species composition and coexistence. Thus, to enhance species coexistence, restoration of severely disturbed Pame, should be of priority concern by park managers.

Polymorphic Microsatellite markers with Egg Production Traits in local Chickens: Review

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Egg production traits are quantitative trait in nature that control by regions of the genome are termed microsatellites that considered to be association with this trait. This review was aimed to provide information related to polymorphism egg production trait of local chickens and association with microsatellites markers.

A global assessment of amphibian and reptile responses to land-use changes ☆

Article

Jan 2021
BIOL CONSERV

Human land-use changes represent the most important drivers of biodiversity loss, and amphibians and reptiles represent the most threatened groups of vertebrates globally. However, today there is a general lack of knowledge and little consensus on how land-use changes affect amphibians and reptiles. In order to fill this gap, here we conduct the most comprehensive systematic quantitative review of primary research to date. By means of hierarchical meta-analyses we assessed the effects of the most common land-use changes (agriculture, cattle-raising, urbanization, deforestation, silviculture and selective logging) on the richness of amphibian and reptile communities. Our results show that almost all of the analyzed types of land-use changes have negative effects on these groups, but with different degree of magnitude. We also show that the time elapsed in disturbed conditions does not ameliorate the effects on species richness, indicating a low recovery capacity of herp communities. Another important finding is that the richest communities are the most negatively affected ones, varying the response according to the type of biome. Our synthesis provides updated empirical evidence indicating that current prevalent human land-use changes strongly reduce the richness of amphibian and reptile species as well as revealing important knowledge gaps in certain biomes of the world. These results should help providing a basis for the development of future research and contextualizing the need for effective conservation measures for these two vertebrate groups.

Soil Fauna and Sustainable Agriculture

Chapter

Mar 2020

In general, about 80–90% of the soil biological activity is carried out by soil fauna. Soil fauna has proved potentiality in soil formation and decomposition of waste materials. Of late, the importance of soil fauna in the functioning of soil ecosystem has been increasing gradually with integrated farming systems. Soil fauna mediate minute functions in soil viz., organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, C-storage, energy flow, water and oxygen infiltration and storage in soil. Due to intensification of agriculture, several undesirable side effects in soil have resulted in the degradation of environmental quality and natural resources and economic insecurity for the traditional farming families. Some of them are: loss of soil biodiversity due to continuous mono-cropping practices, top soil erosion, soil toxicity due to salinity, alkalinity and toxic mineral levels that are detrimental to soil biota. Further, dependence on synthetic fertilizers and scanty use of organic manures lead to the break-up of natural nutrient cycles and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals affecting human health, wild life and environment quality. The positive effects of soil biota on ecological function include organic matter decomposition and soil aggregation, inorganic transformations that release available N, P, S, Fe, Mn, etc., nitrogen fixation, detoxification of agrochemicals and toxic compounds by microbes.

Population Size and Trend of Yellow-Billed Loons in Northern Alaska

Article

May 2005

The Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii) is of conservation concern due to its restricted range, small population size, specific habitat requirements, and perceived threats to its breeding and wintering habitat. Within the U.S., this species breeds almost entirely within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, nearly all of which is open, or proposed to be opened, for oil development. Rigorous estimates of Yellow-billed Loon population size and trend are lacking but essential for informed conservation. We used two annual aerial waterfowl surveys, conducted 1986–2003 and 1992–2003, to estimate population size and trend on northern Alaskan breeding grounds. In estimating population trend, we used mixed-effects regression models to reduce bias and sampling error associated with improvement in observer skill and annual effects of spring phenology. The estimated population trend on Alaskan breeding grounds since 1986 was near 0 with an estimated annual change of−0.9% (95% CI of−3.6% to +1.8%). The estimated population size, averaged over the past 12 years and adjusted by a correction factor based on an intensive, lake-circling, aerial survey method, was 2221 individuals (95% CI of 1206–3235) in early June and 3369 individuals (95% CI of 1910–4828) in late June. Based on estimates from other studies of the proportion of loons nesting in a given year, it is likely that <1000 nesting pairs inhabit northern Alaska in most years. The highest concentration of Yellow-billed Loons occurred between the Meade and Ikpikpuk Rivers; and across all of northern Alaska, 53% of recorded sightings occurred within 12% of the area. Tamaño y Tendencia Poblacional de Gavia adamsii en el Norte de Alaska Resumen. Gavia adamsii es una especie cuyo estado de conservación es preocupante debido a su rango de distribución restringido, su pequeño tamaño poblacional, sus requerimientos de hábitat específicos y a la inminente amenaza sobre sus hábitats reproductivos y de invernada. Dentro de los Estados Unidos, esta especie se reproduce casi enteramente dentro de la Reserva Nacional de Petróleo en Alaska, área que está disponible, o estará disponible para ser la explotación de petróleo. Actualmente, existe una carencia de estimadores rigurosos de los tamaños poblacionales y de sus tendencias, a pesar de que estos parámetros son esenciales para la conservación informada de esta especie. Utilizamos dos conteos aéreos anuales de aves acuáticas, uno realizado entre 1986–2003 y el otro entre 1992–2003, para estimar el tamaño poblacional y su tendencia en los territorios reproductivos del norte de Alaska. Para estimar la tendencia poblacional utilizamos modelos de regresión de efectos mixtos, de manera de reducir el sesgo y el error de muestreo asociados a la mejora de las aptitudes del observador y a los efectos anuales de la fenología de primavera. La tendencia poblacional estimada en los territorios reproductivos de Alaska desde 1986 fue cercana a 0, con un cambio anual estimado del−0.9% (95% IC de−3.6% a +1.8%). El tamaño poblacional estimado, promediado a lo largo de los 12 años y ajustado mediante un factor de corrección basado en un método de muestreo aéreo intensivo de vuelos circulares, fue de 2221 individuos (95% IC de 1206–3235 individuos) a inicios de junio y de 3369 individuos (95% IC de 1910–4828 individuos) a fines de junio. Con base en estimaciones de otros estudios sobre las proporciones de G. adamsii que se encontraban nidificando en un año determinado, es probable que hayan habitado <1000 parejas nidificantes en el norte de Alaska en la mayoría de los años. La mayor concentración de G. adamsii fue observada entre los ríos Meade y Ikpikpuk; y a través de todo el norte de Alaska, el 53% de los avistamientos fue registrado en un 12% del área.

Research on Differentiation of Visual Communication for Endangered Animal Conservation Campaigns

Thesis

Full-text available

Aug 2019

Wenjun Su

Endangered animal-related conservation campaigns have a long history since the later 19th century when natural resources were severely over-exploited. Through ages, endangered animal-related campaigns have gone through the era of legislation, resource management, environmentalism, and modern landscape-scale conservation. Since the situation of endangered species is getting worse, which the extinction rate is 1000 times higher than the background rate, the issue of wildlife conservation is becoming more and more significant. As a result, the popularity of this issue increased in present societies, accompanied by the investment increase of nature documentaries and related campaigns. However, the visual communication strategy of these campaigns remains unchanged for a long time, which is based on violence and conflict. Through this research, it can be known that more than 80% of the endangered animal-related campaigns preferred to display conflicting human-nature relationships, by showing violent, cruel, or bloody scenes to the audience. Even more, scientifically confusing or incorrect information, even thoughts of radical environmentalism were concealed in some of the campaign designs. By reviewing the history of western societies, the philosophy of binary opposition has a significant contribution to the current design preference, profoundly influencing on the public. Recent research of psychology also gives evidence that using horror and terror is a beneficial strategy to arouse the public's attention. To avoid its increasingly apparent disadvantages, and to adapt to the changing situation of conservation education, a differentiated approach must be made. Through the discussion of the features, the motivation, and the influence of the current violence-conflict-based strategy, combining traditional oriental philosophy and art is an ideal option of offering a different design proposal for the endangered animal-related campaign. By utilizing the thoughts of Confucianism, a more harmonious relationship between human and nature will be created in the final project, using symbolic visual elements to build a bridge linking human and endangered species. Also, positive visual elements and nudges will be utilized in the final project to encourage the audience to act more positively and actively.

Comparing individual raptor species and coarse taxonomic groups as biodiversity surrogates in desert ecosystems

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019
BIODIVERS CONSERV

Prioritizing biodiversity conservation strategies is urgently needed. Surrogate species have been used for that purpose as a means to lower costs/effort to assess representation of other species important for conservation planning. Such strategy should include multiple species and habitats within a given landscape or geographic area. The use of surrogates provides an appealing shortcut to monitoring biodiversity as it enables an efficient use of limited resources. As a group, raptors feed on a very wide range of prey sizes and, therefore, on a high diversity of prey species, which should improve their surrogacy complementarity. The aim of this paper is to identify a suitable approach that can be used as an efficient surrogate of regional diversity in desert ecosystems. First, through assemblage concordance analysis we tested two alternative approaches either using: (a) a single raptor species or (b) the entire group of raptor species as surrogates of biodiversity. Second, through correlation analysis we also tested whether the species richness of single target groups (raptors, other birds, reptiles, mammals and plants), or of two-group combinations, was correlated with the pooled species richness of the remaining groups, and then determine each of the taxonomic groups as surrogates of the entire biodiversity at the regional scale. Four single raptor species showed significant concordance with the entire bird community but, overall, most comparisons between single raptor species and other taxonomic groups failed to show any consistent correlation. A remarkable finding from the single species approach was that the strongest significant positive association was that found between caracara C. cheriway and bird species richness. This raptor is a habitat and diet generalist, thus contradicting the hypothesis that specialist species make the best bioindicators. Raptor species were significantly associated with non-raptor birds, vegetation and rodents, but not with the mammal or reptile communities. Plant species richness showed a statistically significant concordance with most of the other groups except for reptiles. Reptiles were the group that showed less concordance with the others. Between-groups comparisons showed that the species richness was strongly correlated between birds and plants, followed by between raptors and birds; correlations between birds and mammals, reptiles and mammals and raptors and plants were weak albeit statistically significant. Species richness of some individual groups, namely other birds, plants and mammals, were significantly correlated with their corresponding remaining richness values. The pooled species richness of two-group combinations were strongly correlated for raptors and other birds, raptors and plants, other birds and mammals, and reptiles and plants, and their corresponding remaining richness. We propose an approach using the combined species richness of two taxonomic groups given the high, statistically significant correlation with their corresponding remaining richness in the Baja California peninsula and possibly in other desert ecosystems too.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Deforestation in Three Communities of the Lacandon Rainforest

Chapter

Jan 2019

Ernesto Chancayun Kin

This chapter is based on my thesis to obtain the Bachelor of Science in Environmental and Resource Management at the Technological University of the Rainforest. I conducted research in three communities of the Lacandon Rainforest with the purpose of understanding vegetation cover changes due to anthropic activities. Data was collected on several field trips. A tree cover analysis using satellite images was conducted to obtain data of the changes in the area reserved for forest use.

Forest Landscape Characterization for Biodiversity Conservation Planning and Management Gaps in Northwestern Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology

Chapter

Jan 2019

Sarnam Singh

Himalaya is one of the four biodiversity hotspots in India with high level of endemism. The Himalayan arc, commonly referred to as ‘Water Tower’, spreads from east of Afghanistan (Hindu Kush Region) to west of Myanmar through Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet and China and is broadly divided into Hindu Kush, Western, Central and Eastern regions representing nine of ten world’s highest and youngest mountains. The sudden rise in height and its terrain complexity make Himalaya environmentally, climatically, ecologically, physically, physiographically as well as biologically unique fostering myriads of life forms, niches and habitats with host of microclimatic conditions across 2500 km and up to 400 km in length and breadth, respectively. The Himalaya supports a great variety of forest ecosystems and other life forms, which vary ecologically, phytosociologically, architecturally, physiognomically, functionally, etc. from east to west and from low to high elevations. For millions of years, these forests have traditionally played a vital role in conserving the environment and have provided the much-needed long-term ecological security to the Indian subcontinent. The forest ecosystems are highly significant to protect wildlife, soil development, erosion and conservation to sustain the livelihood of mankind, to stabilize climate, to optimize water yield and to purify water (Singh and Singh 1992). Northwestern Himalaya (NW Himalaya) is the western part of the Himalayan arc. It is the farthest from sea and latitudinally much higher than the rest of the Himalaya spreading NW to SE directions and has very diverse phytoclimatic patterns quite dissimilar to the areas lying eastwards. Being a part of the youngest mountain ranges of the world, these are very fragile ecosystems due to physiographic, edaphic and climatic conditions. Shivalik ranges, frontal Himalaya, the youngest hill range in the world, are one of the biodiversity micro-endemic centres in India. Present communication also includes frontal Himalaya (Shivalik ranges) and Trans-Himalayan regions, ecosystems, biodiversity and their conservation issues.

Angiospermic plant resources and folk uses in district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2018

Ethnobotanical survey of angiosperms was undertaken in district Karak KP, Pakistan during March, 2010 through April, 2011.The aims and objectives of the study were to document the indigenous knowledge of plants particularly medicinal, fuel, timber, vegetables, ornamentals and fruit plants. A total of 88 genera and 103 species belonging to 43 families were collected from district Karak, KP, Pakistan. Out of 103 plant species, 76 species (74%) were herbs, 15 species (14%) were trees and 12 species (12%) were shrubs. Among these 103 plants, 70 (67.9%) plants are used as a fodder for cattle, 52 (50.4%) medicinal, 38(36.8%) fuel, 8 (7.7%) timber, 8 (7.7%) vegetables, 7 (6.8%) ornamental and 4 (3.8%) as edible fruits. Out of these, 6 (5.8%) used as a hedge plants and 10 (9.7%) used for miscellaneous purposes. © 2018, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved.

Molecular Pharmacognosy—A New Borderline Discipline Between Molecular Biology and Pharmacognosy

Chapter

Jun 2018
Prog Rech Pharm

Anm Alamgir

Molecular pharmacognosy is based on molecular identification technologies and has provided an identification basis of crude drugs at the gene level. Molecular pharmacognosy includes the systematic assortment of varieties of traditional herbal medicine and Chinese herbs, and studies quality, standardization, conservation, and diversity of medicinal plants. The molecular pharmacognosy in twenty-first century embraces many items from the study of molecular taxonomy, phylogenetic evolution of medicinal plants and animals, conservation of endangered species, molecular identification of medicinal raw materials, controlling metabolic pathways and biosynthetic regulation of secondary metabolites in plants, conservation of biodiversity, genetic engineering, tissue culture technology, production of pollution-free medicinal plants, structure-activity relationships with a drug potential, etc. to genetic engineering technology based on molecular cloning and the related tissue culture technology, especially molecular marker technology based on PCR. Molecular pharmacognosy is a rising discipline combining molecular biology and pharmacognosy, and its development depends on systems biology with reference to genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, and also involved methods of modern biotechnology. Molecular biology has become vital to drug discovery from medicinal plants, through the determination and accomplishment of appropriate screening assays directed toward physiologically relevant molecular targets. DNA markers based tools for molecular identification of traditional medicinal materials are considered more reliable for authentication of herbal materials.

Conceptualizing Communities as Natural Entities: A Philosophical Argument with Basic and Applied Implications

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017
BIOL PHILOS

Recent work has suggested that conservation efforts such as restoration ecology and invasive species eradication are largely value-driven pursuits. Concurrently, changes to global climate are forcing ecologists to consider if and how collections of species will migrate, and whether or not we should be assisting such movements. Herein, we propose a philosophical framework which addresses these issues by utilizing ecological and evolutionary interrelationships to delineate individual ecological communities. Specifically, our Evolutionary Community Concept (ECC) recognizes unique collections of species that interact and have co-evolved in a given geographic area. We argue this concept has implications for a number of contemporary global conservation issues. Specifically, our framework allows us to establish a biological and science-driven context for making decisions regarding the restoration of systems and the removal of exotic species. The ECC also has implications for how we view shifts in species assemblages due to climate change and it advances our understanding of various ecological concepts, such as resilience.

Gefährdung der Biodiversität

Chapter

Dec 2014

Trotz, aber auch aufgrund ihrer großen Nutzbarkeit ist die Biodiversität weltweit stark gefährdet. Diverse Untersuchungsmethoden (Abschn. 11.1) ergaben direkten Zugriff (11.2) und anthropogene Standortveränderungen inkl. Lebensraumvernichtung und Nutzungswandel (11.3) als Hauptursachen. Großen Einfluss besitzen zudem invasive Arten (Neobiota: 11.4), denen mit Schwarzen Listen begegnet werden soll. Für manche Arten stellen auch Sport- und andere Freizeitaktivitäten Gefahren dar (11.5). Der Klimawandel (Kap. 12) spielt demgegenüber bis heute noch eine geringere Rolle. Gefährdung der Biodiversität geht auch von Verkehrswegen (11.6) sowie von „Lichtverschmutzung“ aus (11.7). Auswirkungen des direkten Zugriffs und z.T. auch der Biotopvernichtung werden durch eine Liste der ausgerotteten Vögel und Säugetiere sowie Zahlen zur Überfischung der Meere belegt. Auf anthropogene Standortvernichtung wird insbesondere am Beispiel der nordwestdeutschen Hochmoore und des allgemeinen Diversitätsverlustes der mitteleuropäischen Kulturlandschaft eingegangen (Beispiele: Rückgang von Strukturelementen in einer Schweizer Gemeinde, von Feuchtgrünland in NW-Deutschland und Niederösterreich). Die Frage, ob und inwieweit der Landwirtschaft die alleinige Verantwortung hierfür zugerechnet werden darf, wird diskutiert. Außereuropäische Beispiele für eklatanten Diversitätsverlust sind der Rückgang des tropischen Regenwaldes und der Savannen sowie der ökosystemare Einfluss des Nilbarsches im Viktoria-See.

Theorie und Praxis des Arten- und Biotopschutzes

Chapter

Dec 2014

Maßnahmen zum Schutz und zur Förderung der Biodiversität umfassen ein breites Spektrum, das sich von Artenschutz- und Artenhilfsmaßnahmen über den Schutz und die Restaurierung naturnaher Lebensräume, den Schutz und die Pflege von Lebensräumen der Kulturlandschaft bis zum Naturschutz im besiedelten Bereich erstreckt. Dazu gehören die Berücksichtigung der Bedeutung von Störungen, die Biotopvernetzung, das Thema Partizipation, die Effizienzkontrolle und wirksames Monitoring ebenso sowie der Klimaschutz im Rahmen von Naturschutzmaßnahmen. Die planerischen, wissenschaftlichen und administrativen Grundlagen wie auch die nationalen Biodiversitätsstrategien sind dabei ebenso wichtig wie deren sachgerechte Umsetzung. Naturschutzfachliche Praktiken und Schutzgebietskategorien sowie Begriffe wie Flaggschiff-, Schlüssel-, Schirm-, Indikator- und Zielarten werden in ihrer jeweiligen Bedeutung an sich und als „Vehikel“ zum Biotopschutz anhand von zahlreichen Fallbeispielen erläutert.

Fundamentals of Conservation Biology

No full-text available

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