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Larvae of Insects, Part I, Lepidoptera and Plant Infesting Hymenoptera.
... Concerning setae, previous studies have documented that they can serve the insect as a protective barrier between its body and the treated surface, while the absence of setae can make an insect susceptible (Peterson 1948(Peterson , 1951Hadaway 1956;Carlson and Ball 1962;Athanassiou et al. 2006). This statement can be supported by the results of this study since T. granarium larvae (that have many large setae) were more tolerant than T. confusum, T. castaneum, A. diaperinus, O. surinamensis, and T. molitor larvae (that have few small setae) (Peterson 1951;Rees 2004). ...
... Concerning setae, previous studies have documented that they can serve the insect as a protective barrier between its body and the treated surface, while the absence of setae can make an insect susceptible (Peterson 1948(Peterson , 1951Hadaway 1956;Carlson and Ball 1962;Athanassiou et al. 2006). This statement can be supported by the results of this study since T. granarium larvae (that have many large setae) were more tolerant than T. confusum, T. castaneum, A. diaperinus, O. surinamensis, and T. molitor larvae (that have few small setae) (Peterson 1951;Rees 2004). ...
... Concerning setae, previous studies have documented that they can serve the insect as a protective barrier between its body and the treated surface, while the absence of setae can make an insect susceptible (Peterson 1948(Peterson , 1951Hadaway 1956;Carlson and Ball 1962;Athanassiou et al. 2006). This statement can be supported by the results of this study since T. granarium larvae (that have many large setae) were more tolerant than T. confusum, T. castaneum, A. diaperinus, O. surinamensis, and T. molitor larvae (that have few small setae) (Peterson 1951;Rees 2004). ...
Developing sustainable control tools for managing noxious pests attacking stored foodstuffs is a timely research challenge. Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen is a crop widely cultivated for its multiple usages on an industrial level. In this study,
the extracts prepared with A. oleracea aerial parts were applied on wheat kernels for the management of eight important arthropod pests attacking stored products, i.e., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tenebrio molitor, Oryzaephilus surinamensis,
Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Alphitobius diaperinus (adults/larvae), and Acarus siro (adults/nymphs). Extraction of A. oleracea was optimized on the base of the yield and content of spilanthol and other
N-alkylamides which were analysed by HPLC–DAD-MS. Two concentrations of n-hexane or methanol extracts (500 ppm and 1000 ppm), obtained through Soxhlet extraction, were tested to acquire mortality data on the above-mentioned pests after 4, 8, and 16 h and 1 to 7 days of exposure. Both extracts achieved complete mortality (100.0%) of C. ferrugineus adults. In the case of A. diaperinus adults, mortalities were very low at any concentrations of both extracts. In general, the n-hexane extract was more efficient than methanol extract against almost all species and stages. Considering both extracts, the susceptibility order, from most to least susceptible species/stage, was C. ferrugineus adults > A. diaperinus larvae > C. ferrugineus larvae > T. granarium adults > T. molitor larvae > O. surinamensis adults > O. surinamensis larvae > T. confusum larvae > T. castaneum larvae>A. siro adults>T. molitor adults>A. siro nymphs>T. granarium larvae>T. castaneum adults>T. confusum adults>A. diaperinus adults. Our research provides useful knowledge on the efficacy of N-alkylamides-rich A. oleracea extracts as grain protectants, pointing out the importance of targeting the most susceptible species/ developmental stages.
... However, most of these studies focus on quantifying immature longevity, weight and food consumption (e.g. Wadley 1921;Walkden 1950;Snyder 1954;Finney 1964;Harper 1970;Capinera 1978;Berry & Shields 1980;Oliver & Chapin 1981;Simonet et al. 1981;Ulloa & Hernández 1981;Shields 1983;Shields & Wyman 1984;Shields et al. 1985;Moreno & Serna 2006;Scott-Dupree et al. 2007;Floate 2017), while the morphology of P. saucia remains only superficially described, based on populations from North America (Chittenden 1901;Mosher 1916, Crumb 1929Walkden 1950;Peterson 1962Peterson , 1964Rings 1977a;Capinera 1978;Oliver & Chapin 1981;Salkeld 1984;Lafontaine 2004;Capinera 2008;Floate 2017) and Europe (Döring 1955;Molinari et al. 1995;Amate et al. 1998). The Neotropical studies of P. saucia are from Chile (Angulo & Weigert 1975;Angulo & Jana-Sáenz 1984;Angulo et al. 2008), and Argentina (Rizzo et al. 1992) but none provide detailed ultra-structure of immatures and chaetotaxy. ...
... Through optical and electronic microscopy, it is possible to observe spots of tubercular granule distributed on the thorax and abdomen of the larvae on the first instar, especially on lateral and ventral regions. Crumb (1929) mentions these granular spots on the fifth instar, but other studies on Neartic and Neotropical populations describe the larvae as totally smooth, using this condition not only in larval descriptions (Peterson 1962;Angulo et al. 2008), but also in identification keys (Walkden 1950;Stehr 1987). The interpretation of this character is of extreme relevance to the systematics of Agrotini because it is used to support Austrandesiina Angulo & Olivares 1990, the subtribe in which Peridroma Hübner, [1821] is currently assigned (Lafontaine 2004). ...
... Reticular spots and H-shaped spots on the head capsule are not described in detail or related to a specific instar in the Nearctic studies (Chittenden 1901;Crumb 1929;Walkden 1950). When described, both the mandible and spinneret have the same pattern as here observed (Crumb 1929;Walkden 1950;Peterson 1962;Stehr 1987;Angulo et al. 2008), including the presence of similar setae on mandibula (Peterson 1962;Stehr 1987). Unfortunately, high-quality illustration is lacking in most of these studies, thus preventing more detailed comparisons. ...
Peridroma saucia
(Hübner, [1808]) or ‘variegated cutworm’ is a cosmopolitan owlet moth pest resilient and abundant in agroecosystems. However, the morphology of their immatures is only briefly described, and information from distinct life stages is fragmentary. This study describes in detail all immature stages of the species based on a Neotropical population and compares it with populations from other continents and with other cutworm pests found in the Neotropical region. The eggs present useful characters to distinguish P. saucia from other noctuinae pests, such as the number of micropylar openings, and the number and location of aeropyles. The larvae also have unique characters, concentrated on the head capsule (mainly mandibles and spinneret), general color pattern and several aspects on the chaetotaxy. On the other hand, the pupae are remarkably similar to those of cutworms species, although the number of spines on cremaster is potentially a diagnosable character. In general, immature characters can therefore be useful to identify P. saucia regardless of the life stage. These results confirm the relevance of detailed morphological studies on immature of pest species that may be useful to identify and distinguish these individuals without the need of obtaining adults.
... We used a light camera connected to a stereomicroscope to analyze and illustrate the structures. The interpretation and terminology of the larval morphology followed Peterson (1962) and Stehr (1987), while the analysis of the ultrastructure of the egg chorion followed Downey and Allyn (1981). Voucher material is deposited at the MZSP. ...
... The presence of crochets distributed in uniordinal mesoseries in early instars contradicts the generalization found by Peterson (1962), which featured the hawkmoths' crochets as biordinal mesoseries. A likely explanation for this is that the author may not have carefully analyzed the early instars, assuming this feature reaches another state over the ecdysis (as, in fact, occurs in other groups of Lepidoptera -see Duarte et al., 2005). ...
... Hawkmoths typically have solitary offspring (Peterson, 1962;Janzen, 1984;Stehr, 1987). Although it was not possible to investigate this feature with our specimens, the presence of only three larvae in a bush reported by Zikán (1928), as well as other closely related taxa displaying this behavior (L.W. Cardoso, personal observation of a Protambulyx sp. ...
Orecta lycidas (Boisduval, 1875) is found in the Atlantic Forest of southern and southeastern Brazil and from southern Uruguay to Argentina. Brazilian populations are identified as O. l. lycidas, while in the other parts of its distribution it is known as O. lycidas eos (Burmeister, 1878). The poor representation of the species in scientific collections has led specialists to treat it as rare and to contemplate its inclusion in the list of vulnerable species to the extinction for the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. With the objective to increase knowledge of this species and considering the importance of the immature morphology to understand the biology and evolutionary history of these moths, and the difficulty of obtaining samples for this purpose, a study of the external morphology of the egg and first instar of O. l. lycidas was conducted. For the first time the chaetotaxy of an Ambulycini is described. This work will serve for future studies to allow the use of hawkmoth egg and larval characteristics in the construction of phylogenetic hypotheses.
... However, placing the insects in the noctuid group (and naming them as Sesamia) cannot be justified. Instead, the insects should be placed in the pyralid group based on the following morphological reasons (Peterson, 1984). Their crochets are typical of the Family Pyralidae, i.e. arranged in full circles in all but the last abdominal prolegs and the arrangement in the last abdominal prolegs is more perpendicular than parallel to the mesal body axis. ...
... Their crochets are typical of the Family Pyralidae, i.e. arranged in full circles in all but the last abdominal prolegs and the arrangement in the last abdominal prolegs is more perpendicular than parallel to the mesal body axis. Further examination on the spesimen should place them in the genus Ostrinia (Pyrausta) based on the fact that (Peterson, 1984) (1) all setae on their abdominal segments 1-8 are arised from disklike pigmented pinacula and (2) the length of their coronal suture is less than one third of the mesal length of their frons. ...
Serangga hama pada pertanaman jagung yang dibudidayakan dengan olah tanah konservasi di Natar Lampung Selatan pada musim tanam 2001. Penelitian sebelumnya (musim penghujan 2000) menunjukkan bahwa serangga yang berpotensi menjadi hama tanaman jagung di Lampung Selatan adalah lalat bibit jagung (LBJ) (Atherigona sp.) yang tidak selalu dapat diatasi dengan perlakuan benih dan penggerek tongkol (Helicoverpa armigera) yang serangannya terbatas pada ujung tongkol. Penelitian pada tahun ini (musim kemarau 2001) dilakukan untuk menjawab beberapa pertanyan berikut: (1) Apakah ada serangga lain yang berpotensi menjadi hama pada tiga varietas jagung yang dibudidayakan dengan olah tanah konservasi (OTK) versus olah tanah penuh (OTP)? dan (2) Sejauh manakah serangan lalat bibit jagung dan Helicoverpa pada tahun ini? Informasi terkini yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut. Selain diserang oleh LBJ dan Helicoverpa, pertanaman jagung tahun ini diserang pula oleh wereng coklat (WCJ) (Nilaparvata sp.) dan penggerek batang (PBJ) (Ostrinia sp.) Serangan LBJ dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya populasi tanaman produktif sebesar < 1% dan 4—12%, berturut-turut pada sistem OTK dan OTP. Dibandingkan dengan pemulsaan (kegiatan utama dalam OTK), perlakuan benih menggunakan insektisida imidacloprid kurang efektif untuk mengendalikan serangan LBJ. WCJ cenderung lebih menyerang pertanaman jagung (apa pun varietasnya) yang dibudidayakan dengan OTK. Belum nampak adanya kecenderungan serangan PBJ pada salah satu varietas jagung atau pada satu di antara dua sistem olah tanah yang diuji. Selain menyerang tongkol seperti pada tahun sebelumnya, Helicoverpa pada tahun ini juga menyerang daun. Pada tahun ini serangan pada tongkol berlanjut sehingga menimbulkan kerusakan biji.
... For the measurements of the cephalic capsule, the mean of the largest width (measured between the first and second stemma) and height (measured from the apex to the ventral margin of the labrum) were averaged for each instar. Terminology for the eggs, chaetotaxy of the head, and thoracic and abdominal segments of the immature followed Peterson (1961Peterson ( , 1962, Stehr (1987), Blaik & Malkiewicz (2003), and Dias (2006). Mosher (1916) for the characterization of the pupae and Butt & Cantu (1962) for differentiation between the sexes. ...
... The mandible of Mythimna (P.) sequax is quite similar to that of Mythimna (P.) unipuncta, illustrated by Peterson (1962). Although the mandibles and structures of the hypopharyngeal complex provide characters that allow the (Lafontaine & Poole 1991), the complexity of the hypopharyngeal apparatus and mandibular modifications during the larval ontogeny of Mythimna require further studies including different species. ...
Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont, 1951 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidade) is the most important armyworm in the American tropics and subtropics. In this study, we describe the external morphology of the immatures and adults, based on larvae fed on quicuio grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov - Poaceae). The external morphology of the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults is described and illustrated. Important taxonomic structures of the larvae are described, including hypopharynx, spinneret, and mandible. Adult structures that allow the differentiation of the species, such as male genitalia and scent brushes, are also described. The results are compared and discussed based on morph functionality and with publications on the congeneric species.
... Terminology and notation are based on the following contributions: Peterson (1961Peterson ( , 1964 for eggs; Stehr (1987) for chaetotaxy; Peterson (1962) for larval body area; Blaik & Malkiewickz (2003) for labral, maxillary, and thoracic leg setae; Grimes & Neunzing (1986) and Baker et al (1986) for maxillary palp sensillae; Mosher (1916) for pupae; Pierce (1909), Comstock (1918), Snodgrass (1935), Casagrande (1979), Scoble (1992), Speidel et al (1996), Hallberg et al (2003), Kristensen (2003), and Fibiger & Lafontaine (2004) for adult external morphology; and Butt & Cantu (1962) for sex determination. The taxonomic classification follows Hemming (1937). ...
... The presence of an exocrine jugular gland in the last instar larvae of H. armigera agrees with previous contributions concerning other species of Noctuidae, as well as other Lepidoptera families, such as Hesperiidae, Notodontidae, Nymphalidae, and Pieridae. These glands act as a defense mechanism (Peterson 1962 ...
The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a widespread lepidopteran pest found in various crops worldwide. This highly polyphagous species, commonly found both in the Old and New World, has caused significant economic damage as an invasive agricultural pest in Brazil since 2013. The goal of the present study is to provide a detailed morphological assessment of adults and immature stages of H. armigera, as this species is often confused with H. zea (Boddie), a congeneric species that is native to the New World. The biology data were acquired during four full life cycles, and observations on general behavior, nocturnal habits of larvae and adults, and sensitivity of larvae to humidity were recorded. Larval chaetotaxy differs between the first and the remaining instars, which bear L2 on the meso- and metathorax and L3 on A3 through A6, along with conspicuous chalazae and longitudinal bands. Important morphological characters of this species include the following: eggs with four micropylar openings, lined with 12 cells arranged in the shape of a rosette; pupa adecticous and obtect, with prominent spiracles; adults with the distal antennomere striate. Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism in the number of setae on the frenulum and spines on the prothoracic leg. Illustrations of the critical morphological features of this species are provided.
... The width of the heads was measured based on the distance between the stemmata 3. For the terminology of chaetotaxy, we followed Hinton (1946), with adaptations of Stehr (1987) and Peterson (1962). ...
The subgenus Anicla, commonly known as green cutworms, harbours some of the owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuinae), whose larvae are notable for their economic importance. Knowledge of the immature stages for this group is available for three of the nine described species. Anicla infecta Ochsenheimer, 1816 is widely distributed in the Americas and is especially abundant in agricultural ecosystems. However, in the Neotropics, its economic damage can be confused with sympatric species, including Anicla ignicans (Guenée, 1852), whose distributions overlap in most parts of the American continent. In this sense, here, the identity of A. ignicans is investigated through its geographical distribution, based on molecular and morphological data. Additionally, the morphological and behavioural traits of immature stages were described in detail, information about its geographical distribution and larval host plants was gathered, and the species’ biological parameters from larvae reared on an artificial diet were determined. Anicla ignicans is distributed throughout the Neotropical region, preferably in areas with xeric and/or grass-dominated ecosystems. The eggs present valuable characters to distinguish A. ignicans from other owlet moth species, such as the reduced number of ribs, the way the micropyle openings are arranged and the shape of the aeropyles. However, the larvae show very similar chromatic polymorphisms to other Anicla species. Although A. ignicans prefer to feed on grasses, it was observed that more than 85% of the larvae that were fed with a modified bean-based Greene diet survived. Additionally, the percentage of time for each phase of development obtained here is very similar for the different species of Anicla, regardless of the temperature or feeding of the larvae.
... 2, 1986, Kettlewell (1973: pl. 17. Quail (1900aQuail ( , 1903, Bouskell (1901), Annandale (1905), Adkin (1912), Kusnezov (1914), Schultz (1914), Tsou (1914), Fracker (1915), Forbes (1916, Walle (1917), Fryer (1920), Eyer (1921), Eckstein (1923), Gerasimov (1939), Pierce & Beirne (1941), Agenjo (1942), Janse (1942), Murray (1943), Hinton (1946), Stokoe & Stovin (1948), Viette (1948a), Toll (1949), Bourgogne (1951), Peterson (1962), D'Aguilar (1966), Stekolnikov (1967), Hasenfus (1969), Stresemann (1969), Kettlewell (1973), Birket-Smith (1974), Sukhareva (1978), Ueda (1978Ueda ( , 1980, Carter (1984), Kozlov (1986), Pyatin (1989), Speidel (1994) (Staudinger, 1887: 193) (Hepialus); junior synonym TL: Russia: Askold; TC: unknown syn. var. ...
... The distinctive larva of L. integra has a dark reniform spot posterior to seta XD2 on the prothorax (Figs. 12,13), among other characteristics (Peterson 1962, Allyson 1984, Passoa 1985. The equally distinctive pupa has a "shouldered appearance" anteriorly (Figs. ...
Abstract.—Three species of Lineodes Guenée were discovered feeding on four solanaceous host plants in Peru: L. integra Zeller on tomato (Solanum lycopersi-cum L.), L. undulata Walsingham on aji (Capsicum baccatum L.) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and L. vulcanalis Landry on wild tobacco (Nicotiana glauca Graham). Lineodes integra, the most well-known and widely distributed species in the Western Hemisphere, reportedly feeds on a wide diversity of solanaceous plants, but this is the first report of host plants for L. undulata and L. vulcanalis. Sexual dimorphism in L. undulata and L. vulcanalis is reported for the first time, and this is the first report of L. undulata since it was described from Peru over 100 years ago. Additional new Peruvian Lineodes species, Lineodes leuschneri Solis, new species, and Lineodes ravenalis Solis, new species, discovered at the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, are described. A lectotype is newly designated for Lineodes contortalis Guenée, 1854 described from Brazil. Images of adults and their genitalia, as well as some of the immatures, are provided.
Resumen.—Tres especies de Lineodes Guenée fueron descubiertas alimentán-dose de quatro plantas hospedantes solanáceas en Perú: L. integra Zeller en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), L undulata Walsingham en ají (Capsicum baccatum L.) y en pimiento morrón (Capsicum annuum L.), y L. vulcanalis en tabaco silvestre (Nicotiana glauca Graham). Lineodes integra, se informa que es la especie más cono-cida y ampliamente distribuída en el hemisferio occidental, se alimenta de una amplia diversidad de plantas solanáceas, pero este es el primer reporte de plantas hospederas para L. undulata y L. vulcanalis. Se reporta por primera vez dimorfismo sexual en L. undulata and L. vulcanalis, y es es el primer reporte de L. undulata desde que fue descrita de Perú hace más de 100 años. Dos nuevas especies peruanas de Lineodes leuschneri Solis, nueva especie, and L. ravenalis Solis, nueva especie, descubi-ertas en El Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Washington, DC, se describen en este documento. Se designa recientemente un lectotipo para Lineodes contortalis Guenée, 1854 descrito en Brasil. Se aportan imágenes de adults y sus genitales, así como de algunos de los immaduros.
... However, this does not apply to A. diaperinus, since larvae are its susceptible developmental stage, and adults are more tolerant than larvae [56,57]. Susceptibility differences among species and their developmental stages occur because of the variability of their cuticle's lipid composition and/or variety, their setae, their morphology, and their behavior [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]. In a more recent study, Kavallieratos et al. [55] treated concrete surfaces with d-tetramethrin plus acetamiprid against A. diaperinus small and large larvae. ...
Simple Summary
This study evaluated the minimum as well as the maximum label dose of d-tetramethrin plus acetamiprid applied on plastic, glass, metal, wood, and ceramic surfaces, against adults of both species, in terms of immediate and delayed mortality. All T. molitor died after a 7-day exposure to the maximum dose at all tested surfaces when food was absent. In the presence of food, only glass-, metal-, and ceramic-treated surfaces killed all adults at the same dose. Even the minimum dose provided 100% mortality on glass, metal, and ceramic surfaces in both food scenarios. In the case of A. diaperinus, only the maximum dose caused the death of all exposed individuals on glass (with food) and on glass and plastic (no food). Overall, the maximum dose of d-tetramethrin plus acetamiprid is effective against the tested species on certain types of surfaces.
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are two common tenebrionids occurring in grain storages. In this study, we assessed the immediate and delayed mortalities caused by d-tetramethrin plus acetamiprid on five different surfaces, i.e., plastic, glass, metal, wood, and ceramic, against adults of the two species. The tests included two label doses of the insecticide (minimum and maximum) and two food scenarios (food and no food). Generally, the maximum dose was more efficient than the minimum dose, and the presence of food resulted in lower observed mortalities than when food was absent. Tenebrio molitor was more susceptible than A. diaperinus, at all dose, food, and surface scenarios. At delayed bioassays, both doses killed all T. molitor on plastic, while on wood, mortality ranged between 80.6 and 100.0%, regardless of the food scenario. Concerning A. diaperinus, delayed mortalities ranged among treated surfaces, food scenarios, and dose from 58.3 to 100.0%. The insecticide killed the most individuals when it was treated on glass, while when it was applied on wood caused the death of the least individuals. Concerning plastic, metal, and ceramic surfaces, no general trend was observed. The maximum dose of the tested insecticide provides elevated mortalities for both species when food is absent.
... The area that is concave and accommodates the base of a segment (HAO). acetabulum by Peterson (1948) articular pan by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotula by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyla by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyle by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) apodeme: The process that is internal (HAO). apodeme by Ronquist & Nordlander (1989) apophysis: The apodeme that is tubercle-like or spine-like (HAO). ...
The mesopleuron of Bethylidae has morphostructural characters that remain poorly understood, explored, and defined. The wide range of variability of this sclerite has generated confusion both in taxonomic and cladistic studies. Aiming to solve this issue, we describe the general mesopleural anatomy of Bethylidae. Our goal is to propose primary homologies by matching external and internal structures (muscles and apodemes). We reconstruct the ancestral state of the main mesopleural structures by applying the maximum-likelihood method on ten selected character states. The phylogeny of Bethylidae is built by analyzing a dataset of COI and 28S sequences, using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The Bethylidae and all subfamilies are recovered as monophyletic in both resulting phylogenies, with high clade support values. Although the two analyses yielded similar results, we used the tree resulting from the Bayesian inference to map the evolution of the morphological characters, as it is better supported. The study of mesopleural anatomy allows exploration and discussion of the evolution of characters and their present states in Bethylidae and Hymenoptera in general. Reconstruction of the ancestral states shows that many characters arose independently in Bethylidae subfamilies.
... Dry or shriveled larvae, larval exuviae, and carcasses remaining after parasite emergence may be identifiable after softening in 5% potassium hydroxide solution. For a broader discussion of methods for larval preservation see Peterson (1948) or Stehr (1987). ...
... Terminology (including abbreviations) of immature stages is as follows: Nichols [16], Peterson [17], Stehr [18], Passoa [19] and Albertoni et al. [20]. Additionally, a description of longitudinal black dots series on the forewing of adults by Moriuti [21] was referred to. ...
The genus Yponomeuta is widely known as a forestry insect pest group; however, it is extremely difficult to identify it at the species level because of its small size and morphological complexity. Thus far, only a few major species and host plants, as well as natural enemy information, are known through European research within the limited eastern Palearctic region. In this study, Yponomeuta meguronis Matsumura is revealed to be a severe forestry insect pest for Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (Celastraceae) in Korea, which constitutes part of the western Palearctic region. We observed that numerous tiny larvae caused serious damage to its leaves and partially or entirely covered the tree by making communal silk webs. To rapidly and accurately identify this insect pest in the future, new descriptions of immature stages, including larva and pupa, were provided, along with their adult forms, based on ecological photographs and morphological illustrations. Two natural enemies of Y. meguronis were also recognized for the first time in this study: Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was revealed as a parasitoid, and Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was presented as a predator.
... However, the lack of prolegs casts some doubt on the identification. Most likely, at least the holotype and paratype I, but possibly also paratype II, represent late or last instars and prolegs would be expected on A3, A4 and A5 (Potts and Peterson 1960;Fracker 2015). However, the prolegs may be too tiny to be detectable with respect to the preservation state. ...
Fossil leaf-mining caterpillars from amber are firstly described as the new species Phyllocnistis cretacea from Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber and Phyllonorycter inopinata from Eocene Baltic amber. Both show typical traits of leaf-miners, and specifically, of later instars of caterpillars of their respective genera. The findings give further evidence for these being quite old and conservative genera of Gracillariidae. These are basal Ditrysia which retained the larval feeding and mining live mode. The findings also represent direct fossil evidence of individual stages of hypermetamorphosis known from extant Gracillariidae. The finds from the Upper Cretaceous and their putative identifications give direct evidence for a minimal geological age for the genus Phyllocnistis (Phyllocnistinae) and, by indirect conclusion based on their divergence, also for the genus Phyllonorycter in a sister clade (Lithocolletinae). It also predates mining habit closer to the time of radiation of their angiospermous host plants.
... Pese a su gran calidad, el trabajo de Döring no estimuló la formación inmediata de equipos nuevos de investigación sistemática basada en el exocorion. Esto ha cambiado, paulatinamente, con los trabajos de Peterson en Estados Unidos (Peterson 1948(Peterson , 1960(Peterson , 1961(Peterson , 1962(Peterson , 1963a(Peterson ,b, 1964(Peterson , 1965a(Peterson ,b, 1966(Peterson , 1967a(Peterson ,b, 1968(Peterson , 1970, García-Barros, Hernández-Roldán y Munguira en España (García-Barros y Martín 1995, Hernández-Roldán et al. 2012, Munguira et al. 2015, Freitas, Leite y cols. en Brasil (Leite et al. 2012a(Leite et al. ,b, 2014, Dolinskaya en Ucrania (Dolinskaya y Geryak 2010, Dolinskaya 2019) y Llorente-Bousquets y cols. ...
Se presenta una panorámica de la propuesta actual de Llorente-Bousquets y cols., sobre el empleo de caracteres exocoriónicos en sistemática de Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera), con énfasis en sus técnicas de producción de imágenes. Se incluye: 1) breve historia del interés taxonómico de Llorente-Bousquets en estructuras ovocíticas; 2) resúmenes de sus técnicas estandarizadas para el estudio e ilustración del exocorion; 3) discusión sobre el uso de imágenes en la conceptualización, representación y empleo de caracteres exocoriónicos; 4) prospectos a futuro en investigación exocoriónica de Papilionoidea.
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We present a panoramic view of the current proposal by Llorente-Bousquets et al., on the use of exochorionic characters in systematics of Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera), with an emphasis on their imaging techniques. It includes: 1) a brief history of the taxonomic interest of Llorente-Bousquets in oocytic structures; 2) summaries of their standardized techniques for the study and illustration of the exochorion; 3) discussion about their use of images in the conceptualization, representation, and use of exochorionic characters; 4) future prospects in exochorionic research of Papilionoidea.
... Certain larval characters, such as setal pinacula, chaetotaxy and crochets, appeared to be valid and useful in lepidopteran taxonomic utility (Kitching 1984;Miller 1991;Deml & Dettner 2002;Hasenfuss & Kristensen 2003;Vegliante & Zilli 2004;Beck 2009;Mutanen et al., 2009;Cardoso et al., 2017;Xue & Hua 2018). The chaetotaxy of the lepidopteran caterpillars was divided into three categories: primary, subprimary and secondary setae (Hinton 1946;Peterson 1962;Stehr 1987). The primary setae of the first instar larvae were considered as the basis of homology of setae in mature larvae (Dyar 1905;Fracker 1915). ...
Spodoptera depravata (Butler) is an important lawn pest in northeastern Asian countries, and its larvae mainly target the leaves of Gramineae crops. However, the morphological traits of egg and larva of this species have not been well elucidated. In this study, we examined the external morphology and ultrastructure of egg and larva of S. depravata using light and scanning electron microscopy. The egg is subspherical and covered with abundant female hair silk (modified scales). The upper exochorion sculpture consists of a dense network of irregular contiguous polygonal cells, with 2–3 micropyles at the top. Three types of sensilla were observed on larval antenna and maxilla: sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica and sensilla styloconica. The larva, eruciform, bears three pairs of thoracic legs, and five pairs of prolegs on abdominal segment III to VI and X (anal prolegs), respectively. The crochets of prolegs are arranged in uniordinal mesal penellipse, and protected by membranous stripes. Besides, the head and body chaetotaxy of S. depravata were illustrated and described in details. This study also briefly discussed the application of morphological traits of eggs and larvae to classification and systematic studies on Spodoptera species.
... His contribution also includes comparisons and comments on systematics based on the chorionic order; his general conclusion is that the chorion can be useful to differentiate between different species and supraspecific groups. Along with Döring (1955), the works of Alvah Peterson (1948Peterson ( , 1960Peterson ( , 1961Peterson ( , 1962Peterson ( , 1963aPeterson ( , b, 1964Peterson ( , 1965aPeterson ( , b, 1966Peterson ( , 1967aPeterson ( , b, 1968Peterson ( , 1970 can be considered of importance; even when they only contain superficial and imprecise descriptions of the exochorion, they present photographs with various techniques, and in color, of numerous taxa of this order of insects. ...
We describe and compare the morphology of the chorion in nine species belonging to five genera of the tribe Anthocharidini (Pieridae: Pierinae), from a sample of 12 females with mature eggs, the bibliographic record of oviposited eggs, and photographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The eggs examined come from Mexico, Spain, Brazil and Costa Rica. Its characterization was made considering the main structural features of the chorion in this tribe; it includes a distinction of structures in the apical zone and differentiation between the chorionic regions. We attached to this work sheets, diagrams, and terminology to understand and clarify the descriptions. Our results agree with the proposal of Anthocharidini as the least derived tribe of the Pierinae, considering that Hebomoia, a specialized genus, is not part of it. Tribes such as Leptosiaini, Elodinini or Nepheroniini also have more chorionic characteristics related to more derived tribes of the Pierinae.
... The area that is concave and accommodates the base of a segment (HAO). acetabulum by Peterson (1948) articular pan by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotula by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyla by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyle by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) apodeme: The process that is internal (HAO). apodeme by Ronquist & Nordlander (1989) apophysis: The apodeme that is tubercle-like or spine-like (HAO). ...
Bethylinae are a morphologically well-defined subfamily of Bethylidae, with remarkable characters, such as strongly convex clypeal carina and bifid and angled tarsal claws. However, there is no consensus about the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the family, regarding mainly Eupsenella and Lytopsenella . To resolve this problem, a phylogeny of the Bethylinae is inferred based on parsimony analyses separately of 43 and 44 morphological characters for males and females, respectively. We performed combined analyses of both sexes with 49 morphological characters, including genitalia. We present a phylogenetic analysis, including a total 118 species of Bethylinae. Male and female characters were included in these analyses. We discuss wing morphology and deformability of forewings for the first time. In summary, the basal polytomy was solved for the first time. Seven of the eight genera were recovered as monophyletic groups. The unique exception is Goniozus , which was retrieved as paraphyletic in all topologies.
... However, there are very detailed monographs on all stages of species in the genera Heliozela (Prota 1962), Antispila (Dziurzyński 1948(Dziurzyński , 1952 and especially for immatures in Holocacista (Marchi 1956). For the last genus, the recent taxonomic paper provides further information (van Nieukerken and Geertsema 2015) and for Coptodisca a number of papers deal with various aspects (Snodgrass 1922;Peterson 1948;Maier 1988;Bernardo et al. 2015). Some information is also provided in the paper describing the genus Plesiozela (Karsholt and Kristensen 2003), but as that genus has now been shown to belong to Incurvariidae (Milla et al. 2019), it is only partly relevant. ...
The new genus Aspilanta gen. n. is described to harbour Nearctic heliozelid moths with reduced venation, previously placed in Antispila Hübner, 1825, with type species Antispila oinophylla van Nieukerken & Wagner, 2012. The erection of this genus has become possible now that monophyly has been supported by a recent phylotranscriptomics analysis. Six species are combined in this genus: Aspilanta oinophylla (van Nieukerken & Wagner, 2012), comb. n., A. hydrangaeella (Chambers, 1874), comb. n., A. ampelopsifoliella (Chambers, 1874), comb. n., A. voraginella (Braun, 1927), comb. n., A. argentifera (Braun, 1927), comb. n., A. viticordifoliella (Clemens, 1860), comb. n. and two candidate species are recognised. DNA barcode COI sequences of Malaise trapped specimens suggest a rich fauna of Aspilanta in Central America. All are leafminers, with Vitaceae as main host family, and single species feeding respectively on Hydrangeaceae and Myricaceae. The species are briefly diagnosed, and data on biology, DNA barcodes and distribution are provided. To place the genus in context, a review of heliozelid morphology and phylogeny is presented and a key to Nearctic genera is given. The genus is confined to North and Central America, possibly also occurring in South America. Aspilanta oinophylla is also an invasive species on grapevine in Italy. The genus is sister to Coptodisca Walsingham, 1895. Another species is removed from Antispila: Heliozela eugeniella (Busck, 1900), comb. n., feeding on Eugenia (Myrtaceae), from Florida.
... The area that is concave and accommodates the base of a segment (HAO). acetabulum by Peterson (1948) articular pan by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotula by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyla by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) cotyle by Zombori & Steinmann (1999) apodeme: The process that is internal (HAO). apodeme by Ronquist & Nordlander (1989) apophysis: The apodeme that is tubercle-like or spine-like (HAO). ...
The world fauna of the flat wasps (Bethylidae) is represented by about 3,000 valid species. The skeletal morphology of bethylids is still not adequately understood and the terminology is generally not standardized between its internal taxa and with other Hymenoptera families. The same scenario exists in most of the families in this order. To address this problem, we describe the external skeletal morphology of Bethylidae. We review the terms used to describe skeletal features in the Hymenoptera in general and a consensus terminology is proposed for Bethylidae, which is linked to the online Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology. The morphology of the studied specimens is illustrated with photos and line drawings. We also discuss the morphological variation at both subfamilial and generic ranks. Our analyses challenge hundreds of inappropriate, confused or imprecise terms traditionally used for Hymenoptera morphology. As a result, we have applied hundreds of updates of the terminology available online at the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology.
... Döring (1955) was a pioneer, describing and illustrating many taxa. Other notable works are those by Peterson (1948Peterson ( , 1960Peterson ( , 1961Peterson ( , 1962Peterson ( , 1963aPeterson ( ,b, 1964Peterson ( , 1965aPeterson ( , b, 1966Peterson ( , 1967aPeterson ( ,b, 1968Peterson ( , 1970, with general descriptions and illustrations of eggs of several families of Lepidoptera. Most recently, some studies have discussed the eggs in butterfly species, although they often include only brief descriptions with minimal information regarding size, color, and time of development of the embryo before hatching; almost all of them refer to the starting of the life cycle or oviposition (see Leite et al. 2012;Salik et al. 2015). ...
We studied the chorionic morphology of six species of Hamadryas, and together with previous studies, we compared our results with previously published phylogenies for the genus. Samples were obtained from 19 females collected between 2013 and 2017 whose abdomens were sectioned and preserved for later dissection. Eggs were extracted from those dissections and used for the descriptions and illustrations of the chorion. The Hamadryas egg is of the globose type; it is quasi-spheroidal and has multiple polygonal grids with differentiation in specific zones/regions, and knolls with macrocells in their summits that arise in the apical third. These characteristics are very different from those found in the majority of Biblidinae and for those reported in the literature for Batesia and Panacea, which belong to the same subtribe as Hamadryas (Ageroniina, now Ageroniini). Chorionic characters support a previously suggested division of the genus (februa, feronia and laodamia groups) and they agree with the phylogenetic proposal based on morphological characters. Our study expands previous morphological work focused on this genus and compiles all the information available to date about the exochorion of Hamadryas, which now includes data for 10 species and that of Ectima thecla thecla, the putative sister group of Hamadryas.
... Larva. Length approximately 5-9 mm; pinacula small, fuscous; crochets on abdominal prolegs in a complete biordinal circle, weaker laterally; anal crochets in a complete biordinal series or broken line; anal fork present (Freeman 1967;Keifer 1932Keifer , 1933Keifer , 1936McLeod 1966;Opler 1974;Peterson 1977;Stevens et al. 1978). ...
The 25 genera of Teleiodini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) occurring in the Holarctic Region are revised. A new genus and new species, Arcutelphusa talladega, are described from Alabama and Mississippi, United States. Evippe Chambers (1873a) is synonymized with Agnippe Chambers (1872a), Hapalosaris Meyrick (1917) is synonymized with Coleotechnites Chambers (1880b), and Laris Omelko (1988) is synonymized with Parastenolechia Kanazawa (1985). Telphusa is restricted to three species, and Teleiodes is restricted to four species. A key to genera and a checklist of species, which includes 28 new combinations, are provided. Each generic treatment includes descriptions of imagos, including venation and genitalia, and immature stages so far as known, larval hosts, diversity and distribution, and illustrations of selected species.
... These include the insertion of D setae of segments A1-8 on large conical chalazae, which are often larger on segments A1, A2, and A8 than on the rest of the body; highly variable body color, but usually with lines and stripes and sometimes a black bar joining the D setae of segments A1 or A2; absence of microspines on D setal bases (pinacula) of A1, A2, and A8 (most species); and absence of a large retinaculum on the mandible (Hardwick 1965;Matthews 1999;Passoa 2014a,b). Larvae of C. virescens are similar, although the D setal bases of A1, A2, and A8 are covered in microspines and there is usually a large retinaculum on the mandible (Peterson 1962, Passoa 2014a. Various authors (e.g., Chu et al. 1965, Hardwick 1965, Beck 1999, Matthews 1999 diagnose H. armigera larvae with respect to other Old World species (e.g., H. punctigera and H. assulta), but historically there has been no direct comparison to the larvae of New World Heliothinae. ...
Heliothine larvae, especially early instars, are difficult to identify, and determinations sometimes rely on indirect information such as origin and host data. The introduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) into the New World has undermined the reliability of host and origin data to identify intercepted Helicoverpa larvae, and suspect Heliothinae/Helicoverpa larvae intercepted at U.S. ports of entry are now screened for H. armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) using molecular methods. Here, we analyze heliothine larvae intercepted during 2014-2106 to identify nontargets and evaluate morphological characters traditionally used to separate taxa. In total, nine species were identified, with Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) making up the bulk of interception records. The majority of heliothine suspects originate from Mexico and Peru on pigeon pea, chickpea, tomatillo, pea, and corn. Helicoverpa armigera is commonly intercepted from Peru on pea. Chloridea virescens is recorded from every country where interceptions were identified for this study except Guatemala and is found on multiple hosts. Identification issues and specific host/origin associations are discussed in detail. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2019.
... Hymenoptera is the sister group to all the remaining holometabolous orders (Misof et al., 2014;Peters et al., 2014). In Hymenoptera most Symphyta larvae possess a pair of stemmata (Peterson, 1948), whose anatomical structures have been reported in Tenthredinidae and Pergidae (Hesse, 1901;Corneli, 1924;Meyer-Rochow, 1974;Paulus, 1979;Gilbert, 1994). The stemmata of Argidae, however, have not been documented to date. ...
Stemmata are peculiar visual organs of most larvae in holometabolous insects. In Hymenoptera, Symphyta larvae exclusively possess a pair of stemmata, whose cellular organizations have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this paper, the morphology and fine structure of stemmata were investigated in the large rose sawfly Arge pagana (Panzer, 1798) using light and electron microscopy. The larvae possess a pair of stemmata, which belong to the “unicorneal composite eye” or single-chamber stemmata. Each stemma is composed of a biconvex cornea lens, a layer of corneagenous cells, numerous pigment cells, and hundreds of retinula cells. According to the number of retinula cells forming a rhabdom, the stemma can be divided into two regions, the larger Region I and the smaller Region II. The former occupies the largest area of the stemma and contains the majority of rhabdoms, each of which is formed by the rhabdomeres of eight retinula cells. The latter occupies a narrow posterior margin, where each rhabdom consists of nine retinula cells. Based on the different cellular organizations of rhabdoms, the stemma of Argidae is likely developed by the fusion of two types of ommatidial units.
... A JEOL JSM-5510LV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to take images of fifth instar larval morphology. We follow Peterson (1962) for the terminology used in the immature stages description below. ...
The immature stages of the Neotropical nymphalid butterfly Splendeuptychia quadrina (Butler, 1869) are documented herein based on a population found in Madre de Dios, Peru. Larval morphology is illustrated for the first time for the genus. The host plant is a species of bamboo, identified as Rhipidocladum racemiflorum (Steud.) McClure (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).
Resumen: Se documentan los estados inmaduros de la mariposa Neotropical de la familia Nymphalidae Splendeuptychia quadrina (Butler, 1869) basándose en una población encontrada en Madre De Dios Peru. La morfología larval es ilustrada por primera vez para el género. La planta hospedera es una especie de bambú, identificada como Rhipidocladum racemiflorum (Steud.) McClure (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).
... Trabajos clásicos sobre el relieve en el corion de varias familias de Lepidoptera son autoría de Alvah Peterson, quien fotografió huevos en el laboratorio o en campo durante los años sesenta (Peterson, 1948(Peterson, , 1960(Peterson, , 1961(Peterson, , 1962(Peterson, , 1963ab, 1964(Peterson, , 1965ab, 1966(Peterson, , 1967ab, 1968(Peterson, , 1970. Posterior a ellos, el empleo de microscopía electrónica de barrido permitió la exploración de la zona perimicropilar en varios taxones: Downey y Allyn (1980, 1981, 1984 y Munguira et al. (2015) en Riodinidae y Lycaenidae, respectivamente; Kitching (1985) en Danainae; García-Barros y Martin (1995) en Satyrinae; Freitas y Brown (2004) -Roldán et al. 2012). ...
We described and compared the macro and micro exochorionic grid of three species of the genus Colias: C. croceus, C. alfacariensis, and C. lesbia mineira, under methylene blue staining techniques and with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The size, shapes, as well as diverse aspects of the grid in its region or zones, are different for each species. The differences occur in the micropyle, perimicropylar area, relative thickness between axes and ribs, the arrangement and number of polygons that make up the micro-grid, among other characters we detailed. All these characters are illustrated in drawings and SEM photographs. The results are compared between each species and those of earlier works. © 2018 Southwestern Entomological Society. All rights reserved.
... In Lepidoptera, the first comparative study on chorionic morphology was presented by Döring (1955) in his monograph Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingseier, in which he refers to the type, shape, structure, size, and coloration of many species, and includes illustrations, comparisons, and systematic comments. Subsequently, Alvah Peterson, during the 1960s, illustrated the eggs of dozens of species in more than 35 families (Peterson 1948(Peterson , 1960(Peterson , 1961(Peterson , 1962(Peterson , 1963a(Peterson ,b, 1964(Peterson , 1965a(Peterson ,b, 1966(Peterson , 1967a(Peterson ,b, 1968(Peterson , 1970. He presented simple descriptions considered superficial or imprecise, useless for systematic purposes at the infra-generic level; nonetheless, his work includes color data and photographic techniques for eggs. ...
This is the second exploration, comparison, and analysis of the chorion of species (45 sspp.) of the subfamily Dismorphiinae (Pieridae). This study includes nearly 50% of the species of the subfamily, including six of the seven genera in its two subtribes: Leptidea (Leptideini), Enantia, Pseudopieris, Lieinix, Moschoneura, and Dismorphia (Dismorphiini). The material studied originates from more than three dozen localities in six different countries on three continents (America, Asia, and Europe) and two biogeographical regions, the Palearctic and Neotropical, over the last 20 years. We have corrected and added information regarding several morphological aspects of the chorion. The precision of the citriform configuration and the elimination of the meloniform shape in the egg of Dismorphiini were determined with detailed observations on the maturation of the chorion in the ovarioles where each stage appears in a linear sequence. We discerned that the meloniform states correspond to incompletely differentiated or immature eggs. This was confirmed by the study of new samples of Dismorphia amphione, D. eunoe, and D. lewyi. The chorion of Dismorphiinae is basically plesiomorphic with respect to those of Coliadinae and Pierinae because it lacks several typical synapomorphies of these subfamilies, such as the presence of micro-grid and/or perimicropylar and apex differentiation, respectively. The eggs of each Dismorphiinae genus can be diagnosed by a combination of chorionic features, although sometimes by one or more plesiomorphies or apomorphies in each genus, with respect to the form or character states in axes, ribs, and poles in the grid of the three regions of the egg - two polar regions and one equatorial (basal, medial, and apical). Leptidea and Enantia show the most generalized grid pattern; however, two genera retain several plesiomorphies with respect to the undifferentiated axes or a small number of short axes (Pseudopieris), as well as many equidistant ribs (Lieinix). The chorionic grid of Moschoneura, although practically lacking short axes, shows the fewest number of axes in the entire subfamily (eight aligns it with Pseudopieris). The chorionic grid in Dismorphia is highly diverse, as it shows the most derived states; however, it comprises symplesiomorphies or atavisms in two groups of species, which aligns them closer to Lieinix or Pseudopieris, but we do not take them into account in some cases where they are convergences or structural parallelisms. It seems that the combination of the shape and its length:width ratio is correlated with the alar configuration (design, sexual dimorphism, and coloring patterns) and separates three groups of species in Dismorphia, and often correlates with the number of ribs. This also coincides with the Batesian participation in the number of mimetic complexes in which a subgroup of species and their stenoecy are integrated within the primary forests. Finally, two schemes are presented that synthesize and illustrate the changes or progression of the form and chorionic grid in the genera of the subfamily.
... Measurements and head capsule drawings were made with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope equipped with micrometric lenses and camera lucida, respectively (Wild-Heerbrugg M5, www.wild-heerbrugg.com). Nomenclature follows Scoble (1992) for eggs; Hinton (1946), Peterson (1962), Stehr (1987) for larval chaetotaxy and body areas, with modifications for the chaetotaxy of the anal legs proposed by Huertas-Dionisio (2006); and Mosher (1916) for pupal morphology. Voucher specimens were retained at the Coleção Entomológica Pe. ...
... The body of T. granarium larvae, as all Dermestidae, is densely pubescent by long or shorter hair (Hadaway, 1956) that hold the DE particles and consequently prevent their attachment to the epicuticle (Carlson and Ball, 1962). In fact, it has been documented that the much less hairy larvae of T. confusum and E. kuehniella (Peterson, 1948(Peterson, , 1951 are susceptible to silicoSec (Vayias and Athanassiou, 2004;Athanassiou et al., 2006). Contrary to adults, larval mortality was low or average with the exception of pirimiphos-methyl. ...
We evaluated the following six insecticides: cypermethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, silicoSec, s-methoprene and spinosad, that are registered as grain protectants, against adults or larvae of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on wheat, barley, maize and rough rice. Three doses were tested: the half of the label dose, the label dose and the double label dose for each insecticide and mortality was assessed after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days (d) post exposure. For parental adults, progeny production was estimated after an additional period of 46 d of exposure. All tested insecticides were able to suppress T. granarium adults, even at the lowest dose. Pirimiphos-methyl and silicoSec were found to be most effective than the other insecticides, as these were the only ones that caused application resulted in 100% mortality at the 7-d exposure interval, at the half label or label dose. Conversely, the majority of the insecticides tested were found to be ineffective against T. granarium larvae. Pirimiphos-methyl was the only insecticide on which larval mortality reached 100% on all commodities tested and by far more effective than the other insecticides. For both adults and larvae, mortalities were generally higher on wheat and barley, than on rough rice and maize, for most of the combinations tested. Our findings indicate that the biological stage (i.e., adults or larvae) and the type of infected commodity should be seriously considered when insecticidal management strategies with cypermethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, silicoSec, s-methoprene or spinosad are planned against T. granarium.
... Head capsules and pupal exuviae were kept dry and placed in glass tubes. Terminology followed Scoble (1992) for eggs, Hinton (1946), Peterson (1962), Stehr (1987), andHuertas-Dionisio (2006) for larvae, and Mosher (1916) for pupae. ...
The external morphology and life cycle of the immature stages of Temenis laothoe meridionalis Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae), associated with Serjania laruotteana (Sapindaceae) in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, are described and illustrated with photographs and images from scanning electron microscopy. Special aspects of the external morphology are compared to the immature stages of other species of Biblidinae. (C) 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.
... Immature stages were measured and observed in detail with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope equipped with micrometric lenses and camera lucida. Nomenclature follows Mosher (1916), Peterson (1962), and Stehr (1987) for larval and pupal morphology. Eggs, head capsules and pupal skins were dehydrated and preserved; voucher specimens were retained at the Coleção Entomológica Pe. ...
The external morphology of the last instar and pupa of Dismorphia melia (Godart, [1824]) are described from specimens collected at São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided on the basis of observations through stereoscopic microscope attached to camera lucida; results are compared and discussed with immature stages of other species of Dismorphiinae, Coliadinae and some tribes of Pierinae with the “type I” pupae. Moreover, the taxonomy of the species is discussed, on the basis of informations and illustrations of the intraspecific variability of the imagoes, the morphology of the genitalia of both sexes, and the geographic distribution.
... Asterocampa larvae (figured in: Boisduval and Le Conte, 1829-1833[-1837]; Comstock, 1953Comstock, , 1961Edwards, 1884bEdwards, , 1897Langlois and Langlois, 1964;Mitchell and Zim, 1964;Peterson, 1962;Pyle, , 1985Riley, 1874;Scott 1986) are fusiform and without body scoli. The body tapers anteriorly towards the laterally expanded head capsule and posteriorly towards 2 short anal horns, much like satyrine caterpillars. ...
... n/a = data not available. Coenophlebia archidona n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DZ20270 DZ20270 Hinton (1946), Peterson (1962), and Stehr (1987) for larval chaetotaxy and morphology, with modifications proposed by Huertas-Dionisio (2006) for the chaetotaxy of the anal legs; and Mosher (1916) for pupal morphology. ...
The external morphology of immature stages of Zaretis strigosus (Gmelin, [1790]) and Siderone galanthis catarina Dottax and Pierre, 2009 comb. nov. from southern Brazil are described. Additionally, morphology of the adults and sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase, subunit I, were analyzed in order to evaluate the taxonomy of Siderone galanthis Hübner, [1823]. Immatures were collected on Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, and Barra Velha, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and reared at the laboratory. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided, based on observations through stereoscopic and optic microscopes attached to camera lucida; results are compared and discussed and immature stages of some other species of Charaxinae. The results indicates that the morphology of the immature stages of the studied species differ greatly from other Anaeini, representing a distinct lineage of leafwings butterflies. Morphology and molecular evidence indicate that S. nemesis mexicana Dottax and Pierre, 2009 and S. nemesis catarina Dottax and Pierre, 2009 are conspecific with S. galanthis (Cramer, 1775); additionally, S. thebais C. Felder and R. Felder 1862, S. nemesis var. confluens Staudinger, 1887, S. nemesis f. leonora Bargmann, 1928 and S. nemesis f. exacta Bargmann, 1929 are synonymized with S. galanthis galanthis (Cramer, 1775).
... Ontogenetic changes in the mandibular morphology are documented with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mandibles of grass-feeding specialists (Isely 1944, Godfrey 1972, Brown & Dewhurst 1975, Bernays 1986) as well as of species feeding on other monocotyledonous plants (Peterson 1962, Casagrande 1979, DeVries et aL 1985, Ackery et al. 1999) have been characterized as having chisel-like edges (this is the terminology used by Bernays 1986; other names can be found elsewhere), SpeCimens used in this study were obtained from eggs (n = 26) laid by a single female collected on 28 March 1999, at noon, in an urban lawn next to the railroad in the neighborhood of Cristo Rei , Curitiba, Parana State, Brazil (49°16'15''W and 25°2.5' 48//S, elevation 900 m ), Before netting we observed ovipOSition behavior of H. p. phyleus for approXimately 10 minutes, Our field observations corroborated the results of Tashiro & Mitchell (1985 ) who stated that "females [of a Hawaiian population of H. phyleus J alight on the turf for a few seconds for ovipOSition before flying a short distance to repeat the process". ...
... Descriptions of the adults are based on the terminology of BLANDIN (2007), while STEHR (1987) and DIAS (2006) were used for the external morphology of the larva and pupa respectively. Additionally, terminology adaptations based on other morphological studies of immature Lepidoptera were also used (MOSHER, 1916; PETERSON, 1962; CASAGRANDE, 1979; SCOBLE, 1992; DUARTE et al., 2005; SPECHT & PALUCH, 2009). Adults and two independent egg batches were collected in Poço Azul (7º 13'S, 46º 27'W, 390 m), Riachão, Maranhão, Brazil. ...
The description of a new subspecies, Morpho telemachus miersi Leite, Carneiro, Mielke & Casagrande, ssp.
n., based on morphological and natural history data of adults and immatures from a forest fragment in savanna of
northeast Brazil is presented. Illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscopy images are also included.
KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, life cycle, Menispermaceae, Morpho telemachus miersi, taxonomy,
Brazil.
... Measurements and drawings of head capsule were made with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope equipped with micrometric lenses or a camera lucida. Nomenclature follows Scoble (1992) for eggs; Hinton (1946), Peterson (1962), and Stehr (1987) for larval chaetotaxy and morphology, with modifications proposed by Huertas-Dionisio (2006) for the chaetotaxy of the anal legs; and Mosher (1916) and Casagrande (1979) ...
The biology and the external morphology of Memphis appias (Hübner) immature stages collected on Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) in various localities in the state of Paraná, Brazil, are described. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are given, based upon observations through stereoscopic and optic microscopes attached to camera lucida. Results are compared and discussed with immature stages of other species of Fountainea and Memphis known to date. Resumo Descreve-se a biologia e a morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de Memphis appias (Hübner) coletados em Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) em diversas localidades do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Características morfológicas são descritas e ilustradas, como resultado de observações em microscópios estereoscópico e ótico acoplados a câmara clara. Resultados são comparados e discutidos com estágios imaturos de outras espécies de Fountainea e Memphis conhecidos.
Females of the uncommon Antheraea compta Rothschild, 1899 were collected at the natural habitat in the Tibetan Sub-Himalayas, descendants of which were reared on Quercus yunnanensis (Fagaceae) successfully, with all the preimaginal instars recorded morphologically. Correlated characters revealed a close relationship between this taxon and New World Antheraea spp., suggesting more attention and protection towards this key species is necessary in the future.
Lasiocampidae belongs to superfamily Lasiocampoidea and contains more than a thousand species nearly distributed worldwide. Despite the great species richness and wide distribution, this group has internal phylogenetic relationships still little explored and with few studies on the morphology and biology of its immatures. This study describes the immature stages of the neotropical species Tolype medialis (Jones, 1912), focusing on the morphology and natural history. The eggs of T. medialis are oviposited freely inside a conical structure, and the larvae showed gregarious behavior in all instars. The seventh and eighth instar bear a pair of abdominal rounded flattened reddish brown glands on the segments A1, A2, A7, and A8 that produce a wax-like secretion that covers the pupae and the internal walls of the cocoon. In order to add information to the Lasiocampidae family, we compare and discuss these and other traits from the morphology and natural history of T. medialis immatures.
Em atendimento à Chamada 2 do Programa SISBIOTA-Brasil, o projeto atual visa desenvolver pesquisa científica para ampliar o conhecimento e entendimento sobre a biodiversidade brasileira, principalmente através de: 1) inventário da diversidade genética, filogenética, funcional e morfológica de Lepidópteros em áreas insuficientemente amostradas, incluindo UCs; 2) da localização de populações de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e com dados insuficientes; 3) Monitoramento de populações conhecidas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção.
Os dados levantados através deste projeto serão de grande importância para a melhoria da capacidade preditiva de respostas às mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra e mudanças climáticas. A ampliação do esforço de coleta de Lepidópteros no Brasil servirá de subsídio para a modelagem de áreas prioritárias para inventários. A determinação da ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas e endêmicas sob diferentes panoramas de uso do solo servirá como modelo indicativo para criação de UCs em áreas carentes de esforços de conservação. Já a modelagem da vulnerabilidade de espécies de Lepidópteros, especialmente aquelas de áreas montanhosas, às mudanças climáticas possibilitará a criação de cenários futuros para mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas.
O projeto também atuará fortemente na formação de recursos humanos através do fortalecimento das instituições envolvidas na conservação e manejo dos lepidópteros e do fomento a estudos e capacitação de sistematas, taxonomistas e parataxonomistas para atuar com lepidópteros. Vários dos produtos gerados no âmbito deste projeto servirão para ações e campanhas de educação ambiental visando à sensibilização da sociedade para a conservação dos lepidópteros.
Será dada ênfase à divulgação do conhecimento científico, principalmente através da sistematização e divulgação das informações sobre lepidópteros, particularmente as espécies ameaçadas de extinção e da publicação e difusão de informações sobre ocorrência e distribuição de Lepidópteros. A criação de um repositório de informações biológicas sobre os Lepidópteros é de importância fundamental para a integração das bases de dados existentes no Brasil de forma a possibilitar a avaliação do panorama nacional de conhecimento e estado de conservação dos organismos deste grupo e de seus hábitats.
Grupo taxonômico: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda.
Biomas de atuação: Pampa, Mata Atlântica, Cerrado, Caatinga e Amazônia.
We present a proposal on the standards used on ootaxonomy practices and techniques in the butterfly family Pieridae Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in five stages: 1) getting the specimens, 2) integration into a collection, 3) dissections to recover the exochorion, 4) elaboration of images of it, and 5) the preparation of its description with the necessary diagrams and tabulations. Also, we present the detailed techniques applied in observation and graphic representation, based on the methylene blue staining techniques and those required for the use with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). We compare the result of the standardized techniques with those from macro photography, drawings, and photographs with SEM—all of them found in books with descriptions and images of eggs of the Pieridae. We present a glossary and general aspects of the exochorion in the Pieridae as an Appendix to this article. Standardized techniques show more accurate and extensive character retrieval for systematics. For the scale in which they work, these techniques recovered more information than those present from oviposited eggs, where the exochorionic base is not seen. Also, the descriptions contain detailed data on more structures—which are comparable to each other—than are absent in the references mentioned. We present the recovered characters with the techniques found in the literature as three synthetically supplementary materials.
Lycium cooperi (Solanaceae) is a woody shrub found along the eastern, northern, and western edges of the Mojave Desert in Arizona, Nevada, and California and along the western edge of the Sonoran Desert in California and Mexico. The plant produces funnel-shaped flowers during spring with stamens and a pistil that extend to near the top of a greenish-white corolla. I investigated the pollination of L. cooperi in southern Nevada during 30 March–21 April 2019 by aspirating insects from flowers, determining where they carried pollen on their bodies, and estimating the proportions of conspecific pollen in their pollen loads. Flowers were mostly visited at night by 8 species of moths (Lepidoptera) in Noctuidae and Geometridae and less frequently during the day by 3 species of flies (Diptera) in Syrphidae. The most frequent visitor to flowers was Euxoa serricornis (Noctuidae), followed by Digrammia colorata (Geometridae) and Peridroma saucia (Noctuidae), a widespread agricultural pest. Most flies at flowers were 2 large species of Copestylum. Flowers were also visited by the migratory butterfly Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pollen was carried mainly on the proboscis of moths and butterflies and on the anterior thorax of flies. Lycium cooperi pollen grains in brightfield microscopy are trilobed in polar view, elliptic in equatorial view, and grainy in appearance. A higher mean proportion of L. cooperi pollen was carried by moths and butterflies (0.50) compared with flies (0.21), and moths in Noctuidae carried a higher proportion of conspecific pollen (0.59) compared with moths in Geometridae (0.25). Insects pollinated only 19.8% of the profuse flowers produced by shrubs. Pollination of L. cooperi primarily by moths corresponds with the shrub's partially white and tubular flowers. Similar flowers on most other Lycium species in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts indicate a likelihood of similar pollination by moths.
Borradores Inéditos del Inventario Biológico Nacional, Número 6a.
Larvae are a peculiar developtmental stage of holometabolous insects, occupy a considerable part of the insect life history, and contribute significantly to the prosperity of
Holometabola. The insect larvae are important to the study of insect taxonomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology, and cause direct injury to crops and other valuable materials of humans. However, since larvae are more difficult to obtain compared with adults, the most reliable way to get larvae is to rear the identified adults. For these reasons, the knowledge of insect larvae is far from satisfactory, especially for some small groups like Mecoptera.
Mecoptera is one of the most primitive lineages of Holometabola, remarkable for bearing
a pair of compound eyes on the larval head capsule, and is considered important to the study of the evolutionary origion of holometabolous insects. The Mecoptera contains more than 600 extant speceis across the world, assigning to nine families. The larvae of these families exhibit dramatically morphological and biological diversity, including the aquatic campodeiform larvae of Nannochoristidae, the herbivorous scarabaeiform larvae of Boreidae, and the edaphic eruciform larvae of Bittacidae and Panorpidae. These larvae are even more diverse morphologically and biologically on familial or generic levels, and may provide valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis.
In this study, the larvae of 33 species in Panorpidae, two species in Bittacidae, and one species in Panorpodidae were obtained through rearing in the past six years. The larvae were examined and compared morphologically using light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of larval mouthparts in related to their feeding behaviour, and the morphological diversity associated with habitat divergence were discussed. The phylogenetic analysis of Panorpidae was conducted on the basis of these larval morphological characters.
The larval feeding habits vary among Bittacidae, Panorpidae, and Panorpodidae, and the
larval mouthparts are also diverse morphologically among these families. In Panorpidae the larvae are saprophagous, consuming both the soft tissues and chitinous cuticle of dead insects. The molar regions of panorpid larvae bear numerous tuberculate teeth for grinding solid food. In Bittacidae the larvae are also saprophagous, feeding especially on the inner semi-fluid tissues of dead insects, and discard the empty exoskeleton on the ground. The molar regions of bittacid larvae are furnished with long spines for preventing larger particles from entering the pharynx. In Panorpodidae, however, the larval feeding habits are unknown. The molar regions of panorpodid larvae are glabrous, likely unsuitable for ginding solid food. It is more likely that these edaphic larvae of Panorpodidae feed on tissue of juice of the tender roots of
some specific host plants.
The larvae of Panorpidae are usually edaphic, living in/on the soil. However, based on
our current investigations, the specific living habits of larvae are diverse significantly on the generic level. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa are epedaphic, living predominantly on the soil surface. The larvae of Cerapanorpa are semi-epedaphic, staying either on the soil surface or beneath the soil horizon. The larvae of Panorpa are nocturnally active, staying in the soil during the day and crawling on the soil surface in the night. The larvae of Neopanorpa are euedaphic, living concealedly in the soil. The larval morphological features in these genera are also diverse associated with their living habits. In order to increase their survival opportunities, the larvae of Dicerapanorpa and Cerapanorpa all have darkish dorsal integuments, simulating the coloration of the soil as camouflage. The larvae of Panorpa are even nocturnally active to decrease the predation risk from the visually hunting predators. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa, Cerapanorpa, and Panorpa, all possess well-developed visual organs (prominent compound eyes) and locomotive organs (thoracic legs and prolegs). However, the euedaphic larvae of Neopanorpa adopt no camouflage strategy, but have additional shallow furrows on their head capsules to enhance the mechanical strength during locomotion beneath the soil horizon.
The phylogenetic analysis of Panorpidae was conducted on the basis of the larval
morphological characters for the first time. The phylogeny of 33 panorpid species was
reconstructed with maximum parsimony based on 52 larval morphological chararcers,
including 27 numeric characters and 25 continuous characters, employing Panorpodes
kuandianensis (Panorpodidae) and Bittacidae as the outgroups. The result shows that the
larval morphological characters support the current taxonomical system of Panropdiae. Most of the panorpid genera, including Neopanorpa, Dicerapanorpa, Sinopanorpa, and
Cerapanorpa, were reconfirmed to be monophyly. Panorpa, however, is supposed to be a
paraphyletic group and may need further split. The topology of the phylogenetic tree shows that the Panorpidae are basally splited into two clades, Neopanorpa is the sister group of all the other species. The monotypic genus Furcatopanorpa is the basal lineage of the latter. The genus Cerapanorpa is the sister group of the monophy comprising Dicerapanorpa and Sinopanorpa.
Partial life histories are presented for Spialia kituina (Karsch), S. spio (Linnaeus), S. diomus (Hopffer), S. colotes transvaaliae (Trimen), S. dromus (Plötz), S. ploetzi (Aurivillius), S. zebra bifida Higgins and Gomalia elma elma (Trimen). All feed on species of Malvaceae. An earlier record from Kenya of Melhania velutina as the food plant of S. depauperata depauperata (Strand) was based on a misidentification and there are no known records of the food plant of this subspecies. Spialia ferax (Wallengren) stat. rev. is considered a valid species rather than a subspecies of S. diomus, based on significant differences in wing patterns, the shape of the valves, a zone where neither occurs, no signs that a cline is involved, and differences in the colouring and markings of the caterpillars. The convergence of the biology of the chequered skippers of the tribes Carcharodini, Pyrgini and Celaenorrhini is discussed.
The external features of egg, larva and pupa of Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus. 1758) are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.
The larva and pupa of Rupela albinella (Cramer) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae: Schoenobiinae) are described. Differences between larvae and pupae of this rice pest and other known Schoenobiinae species are discussed. /// Se describe la larva y la pupa de Rupela albinella (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Schoenobiinae). Se discuten las differencias entre las larvas y las pupas de esta plaga del arroz y de otras conocidas especies de Schoenobiinae.
Tebenna micalis è un microlepidottero appartenente alla famiglia dei Choreutidae presente in Europa occidentale e meridionale. I danni sono stati rilevati su carciofeti allevati con la tecnica della forzatura in diversi comuni del Foggiano e nella valle dell' Ofanto. L' adulto ha un' apertura alare di 11- 13 mm ed è di colore castano-rossiccio con screziature ocracee e nere; sulle ali e sul corpo sono presenti vistose squamule argentee metallizzate. La larva lunga 10-11 mm è verdognola con capo giallastro e placca protoracica quasi incolore. Le larve sono attive prevalentemente sulla pagina inferiore delle foglie dove formano una mina dapprima serpentiforme e successivamente a chiazza, ricoprendo le parti attaccate con un velo sericeo ampio. A sviluppo più avanzato le larve, divenute ectofaghe, producono rosure irregolari e multiple.
The genus Opsiphanes Doubleday occurs in the Neotropics. Adults belong to the guild of frugivorous butterflies and use as host plants some genera of Arecaceae and Musaceae. The present study provides information on the biology and describes the external morphology of immatures of the species Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger obtained from females collected in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. The development of immatures was monitored and photographed in the laboratory. The larvae were fed with leaves of Dypsis lutescens (Arecaceae), an ornamental plant. The egg stage lasted, on average, 7.2 days. The larval stage had five instars, with an average duration of 48.5 days. The pupal stage lasted 16.5 days. The average growth rate of the head capsule was 1.5 mm.
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