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Effects of Continuous Application of Farmyard Manure on Physics-chemical Characteristics of the Soil and the Root System, Nutrient Absorption, Yield of Rice Cultured with Minimal Agricultural Chemicals
Abstract
From 1991 to 2000, a rice cultivar Koshihikari was grown in the field, with either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizer continuously applied using a minimum of agricultural chemicals. After six years of continuous application of the manure, grain yield was the highest (63.7 kg/a) in the field supplemented with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. Continuous application of the farmyard manure increased the pH, available phosphorus content and gas phase of the soil, and also the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by plants although it slightly decreased the nitrogen absorption. Extension of the period of continuous application of the farmyard manure beyond five years did not change the soil properties or nutrient absorption by plants, but decreased the grain yield. Continuous application of 200 kg/a manure is inadequate for raising the soil fertility, but it may be possible to increase the yield by applying nitrogen at appropriate stages, because the continuous application of farmyard manure improved the soil conditions and increased the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by plants.
... Farmyard manure application enhances the drainage and soil structure which make soil simpler for plants to absorb more nutrients. Farmyard manure contains nutrients that can help plants grow more by supplying their nutritional demands (Maeda andHirai, 2002, Ma et al., 2020). ...
... It can provide more accessible of nutrients to the plants that can maintain the soil pH. Farmyard manure also helpful to increase the microbial activities in the soil and can detoxify the negative effect of copper (Maeda and Hirai, 2002;Chahal, 2020). B. subtilis and farmyard manure can therefore be applied together for improved soil chemical and physical qualities, even in the presence of copper stress. ...
Copper (Cu) stress is a serious problem in contaminated soils that causes significant reduction in okra growth and production. To determine the toxic effect of Cu on okra plant and identify an effective way to mitigate Cu toxicity on okra, seeds of okra were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and sown with farmyard manure. There were 13 treatments (T 0 = Control, T 1 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 2 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 3 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 4 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM, T 5 = 450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 6 = 450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 7 =450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 8 =450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM, T 9 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 10 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 11 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 12 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM) planned with the complete randomize design (CRD). Results of this research reveal that the okra production and soil physiological properties decreased with the addition of Cu in the soil, this is a new approach for sustainable crop production under Cu stress condition. 500 mg kg − 1 of Cu in the soil have the more negative effect on plant growth but negative effect of Cu can be control with the addition of B. subtilis and FYM. Combine application of B. subtilis and FYM improve the soil properties and plant growth by improving the microbial activities, nutrients availability in the soil and production of growth hormones.
... Thus, CDC appears to be the better organic matter to apply to paddy fields in terms of GHG emissions, especially in cold temperate regions of Japan. CDC application also improves the fertility of paddy soil (Maeda and Hirai 2002;Sumida, Kato, and Nishida 2002;Miura and Kusaba 2013;Shahid et al. 2013). ...
... Outside of mixed crop-livestock systems, there are many long-term experiments in research fields that have compared the effect of RS application to that of CDC application on paddy soil fertility. Most of these studies reported better soil fertility under CDC application than RS application (Shiga et al. 1985b;Izuoka et al. 1996;Sakai et al. 1999;Maeda and Hirai 2002), but some noted that whether soil fertility was better under CDC or RS application depended on the soil parameters (Katou et al. 1985;Shibahara et al. 1999). National survey data of Japan showed that CDC supplies more nutrients to fields than RS (Miura and Kusaba 2013). ...
After the rice harvest in Japan, rice straw (RS) is usually cut by combine harvester and incorporated into the soil to improve its fertility. In mixed crop–livestock systems, however, RS is collected and used as livestock feed, and cow dung compost (CDC) is then applied to the soil. This system utilizes the residual organic matter from both rice production and livestock husbandry to make each product. CDC application is also considered to improve the fertility of paddy soil. However, the nutrient input from CDC and the effect of CDC application on soil fertility vary among regions and/or soil types. We compared soil fertility between RS application (RS treatment, avg. 32 years) and RS removal plus CDC application (CDC treatment, avg. 21 years) in 79 paddy fields in Mamurogawa town, Yamagata Prefecture, a cold temperate region of Japan, and measured the nutrient contents in the applied RS and CDC. The total C content of RS was significantly higher than that of CDC, whereas the N, P, K, and Si contents of CDC were significantly higher than those of RS. However, there was no significant difference in paddy soil fertility – as measured by soil organic C, total N, CEC, available N, P, and Si, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, base saturation percentage, pH, and bulk density – between the treatments. The soil fertility of most fields was adequate by RS or CDC treatment. Thus, leaving RS in paddy fields or removing it and then adding CDC to the paddy fields has a similar effect in maintaining adequate soil fertility for single rice production or rice–livestock production systems.
... When N alone was applied, available P and K declined from the initial level of 11.8 and 220 kg.ha -1 to 7.5 and 183 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Maeda and Hirai (2002) reported rice was grown, with either farmyard manure (FYM) or chemical fertilizer continuously applied using a minimum of agricultural chemicals. After six years of continuous application of FYM, grain yield was highest (63.7 kg.a -1 ) in the field supplemented with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. ...
A field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC). Sakha, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt during 2003 and 2004 rice seasons to investigate the effect of different levels of farm yard manure (FYM) as organic fertilizer namely 0, 2 and 4 ton fed-1 combined with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer namely 0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N fed-1 in the urea form under different irrigation intervals namely continuous flooding , irrigation every 6 day and irrigation every 9 day on rice yield and yield component of Sakha 101 rice cultivar and the behavior of some elements (N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Mn) in soil and plant as well as water relations.The study concluded that, good management irrigation water and rationalizing the use chemical fertilizers has to be considered for the sake of saving some of irrigation water and reduce the contamination of daring water besides the sustainability of soil fertility. the study concluded also that switching from continuous flooding to irrigation every 6 days can reduce the amount of water consumed by rice with minimum reduction of yield. the combination between organic and inorganic fertilize is a good way for increasing fertilizer use efficiency and decreasing the adverse effect of inorganic fertilizer on the environment. The application of organic fertilizer was found to increase the availability of most of nutrient elements needed by the rice crop.
... INM with 75 % RDN [10]. INM with 75 % RDN through organic and 25 % RDF through chemical fertilizers helped in mitigating the nutrients demand of upland rice due to speedy release of nutrients from inorganic fertilizer at the early stages and slow release of nutrients from organic manure throughout the growing period of rice [11,18,23]. LAI and DMA showed positive and significant correlations with grain yield. ...
A field experiment on integrated nutrient management in rainfed upland rice was conducted during kharif season (July to October) of 2007 and 2008 in the farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirap (27°26′N latitude, 95°27′E longitude and at 185 m a.s.l.), Arunachal Pradesh, India. The experimental soil is sandy loam in texture (55 % sand, 26 % silt and 17 % clay), acidic in reaction (pH 5.4), medium in available N (290 kg ha−1), but low in available P (7.7 kg ha−1) and K (125 kg ha−1). The results showed that integrated use of 75 % recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farm yard manure (FYM)/vermicompost (VC) and 25 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) produced taller plants, higher number of tillers m−2, higher leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate than those of other treatments. It recorded markedly greater number of panicles m−2 and grains panicle−1 that led to higher grain yield by 89.6 % over control and by 29.9–35.6 % over other treatments. The growth parameters showed strong and positive correlations with grain yield. Use of 75 % RDN through FYM/VC and 25 % RDF through chemical fertilizer seems to be conducive for improving growth and productivity of rainfed upland rice in the hill region of northeastern India.
... Application of an extremely large amount of compost (CA) increased rice yield only slightly compared to non-fertilization (NF) in the experiment at S2. Previous studies have also shown small yield increases following treatment with organic components, as compared to mineral fertilizer, over short-term periods (Maeda, 2001;Dawe et al., 2003). This indicates that organic fertilizer may not represent the ideal substitute for mineral fertilizer as a nutrient source. ...
The system of rice intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar in the 1980s has been promoted as an integrated crop and resource management approach to rice-cultivation, especially for resource-limited smallholder farms. While advocates have claimed that SRI could boost rice yields with less external input, many criticisms have challenged its effectiveness regarding yields and applicability to larger-scale rice farming systems. In this study, we conducted a field survey and on-farm experiments to assess rice yield performance and key management practices on a few of the early SRI-practicing smallholder farms in the central highland of Madagascar.
Agroecological typologies are indispensable for sustainable agricultural production. In recent years, agroecology has gained worldwide attention as a new holistic farming model, based on its principles. Many farmers and stakeholders in the global farming business face several obstacles when trying to switch to agroecology, such as a lack of a structured theoretical knowledge base, supportive regulations, and necessary technical equipment. To overcome the aforementioned challenges and accelerate the transition, a long-term vision backed up with indigenous knowledge as well as a joint financial effort by the states is needed. This chapter comprehensively documents existing rice agroecological typologies. We reviewed published papers on rice cropping systems, including articles, theses, reports, journal papers, and other relevant publications. Our findings consolidate a broad range of well-defined effective evidence of agroecological typologies for adoption within the rice farming communities. They include integrated rice–animal farming, the system of rice intensification, organic manure, crop rotation systems, rice polycultures, and pest management. Prior to upscaling, it is necessary to evaluate the typologies on a site-specific basis in rice growing regions, as agroecology emphasizes the importance of tailoring practices to individual sites in order to achieve optimal results. This chapter is relevant not only to food system actors but also to researchers and social activists.
In the paddy fields derived from an allophanic Andosol, continuous application experiments of cattle manure and the chemical fertilizer were performed in order to 1) monitor the annual change of the phosphate availability throughout two years and 2) investigate the relationship between the phosphate contents of the rice plants and the soil characteristics. As a result, the following findings were observed ; 1) the phosphate availability in the paddy fields examined tended to decrease gradually during the flooded condition (under reductive condition), while it tended to increase drastically after harvest (under oxidic condition). 2) The available phosphate contents were continuously larger in the soils developed under the cattle manure-based organic farming than in the soils developed under chemical fertilizer-based ordinary cultivation. 3) The phosphate contents of the ears in the ripening stage were significantly correlated (p<0.001) with the values of the available phosphate extracted from the field-moist soils taken at the late stage of the paddy soil flooding (the panicle formation stage of the rice plant). 4) Based on the observation of the soil profiles, some distinct thready iron mottles were observed in the plow layer of the soils developed under the organic farming, while no thready iron mottle was observed but the α-α' dipyridyl reaction was positive in the plow layer of the soils developed under the chemical fertilizer based cultivation. Thus, it was suggested that the continuous application of the cattle manure in the organic farming should keep the soil rhizosphere relatively oxidic and increase phosphate availability as compared to the soils developed under the continuous application of the chemical fertilizer.
The present study was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Aman season of 2012. There were altogether six treatments viz. T o : Control, T 1 : STB-CF (HYG), T 2 : Cowdung 5 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 3 : Poultry manure 3 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 4 : Compost 5 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 5 : Farmer's practice (FP). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The results revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents in grain and straw of BRRI dhan49 were significantly influenced due to the application of manures and fertilizers. The maximum N content in grain of 1.288% was observed in T 3 and that in straw of 0.776 was also in T 3. P and K contents in grain were the highest in T 4 and that in straw was observed in T 3. S content in grain (0.077%) was the maximum T 3 and that in straw (0.055%) was found in T 5. The minimum concentration of NPKS was found in control. The nutrient uptake by grain and straw of BRRI dhan49 was also enhanced due to application of cowdung, poultry manure, compost and fertilizers. N P and S uptake was the highest in T 3. K uptake by grain and straw was the highest in T 4 and T 1 , respectively. The lowest value for NPKS uptake was observed in T o : Control.
The present study was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Aman season of 2012. There were altogether six treatments viz. T o : Control, T 1 : STB-CF (HYG), T 2 : Cowdung 5 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 3 : Poultry manure 3 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 4 : Compost 5 t ha-1 + STB-CF (HYG), T 5 : Farmer's practice (FP). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The results revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents in grain and straw of BRRI dhan49 were significantly influenced due to the application of manures and fertilizers. The maximum N content in grain of 1.288% was observed in T 3 and that in straw of 0.776 was also in T 3. P and K contents in grain were the highest in T 4 and that in straw was observed in T 3. S content in grain (0.077%) was the maximum T 3 and that in straw (0.055%) was found in T 5. The minimum concentration of NPKS was found in control. The nutrient uptake by grain and straw of BRRI dhan49 was also enhanced due to application of cowdung, poultry manure, compost and fertilizers. N P and S uptake was the highest in T 3. K uptake by grain and straw was the highest in T 4 and T 1 , respectively. The lowest value for NPKS uptake was observed in T o : Control.
We cultivated a forage rice Momiroman and an ordinary paddy rice Nipponbare with poultry manure compost or chemical fertilizer. Three types of plots were prepared: standard-quantity compost (N: 2.1%, 1.8 tDM/10 a), large-quantity compost (3.6 tDM/10 a), and chemical fertilizer. We investigated the effects of compost application on high yielding ability of Momiroman: nitrogen uptake and dry matter production at the ripening period. The results showed that nitrogen uptake and dry weight were greater in Momiroman than in Nipponbare in both chemical fertilizer and compost plots. The results also showed that the ear weight increases with the increase in assimilation during the ripening period. The leaf area was large and leaf nitrogen concentration was high in Momiroman in the large-compost plot, even during the ripening period. Momiroman had longer plant length than Nipponbare, and its leaves were widely distributed from the lower to upper part of the stem: this structure reduced the loss of relative light intensity regardless of the leaf area increase and maintained good radiation interception. Consequently, although Momiroman has a smaller leaf area than Nipponbare, the dry matter production per leaf area and dry matter production are larger in Momiroman than in Nipponbare at the ripening period. From these results, we conclude that application of poultry manure compost in a large quantity increases the assimilation at the ripening period; thus compost in a large-quantity compost can increase the yield and protein of Momiroman.
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