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Mohawk Watershed
Symposium 2015
Abstracts and Program
College Park Hall, Union
College Schenectady NY
20 March 2015
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
i
Mohawk Watershed Symposium
2015
Abstracts and Program
College Park Hall
Union College
Schenectady, NY
20 March 2015
Edited by:
J.M.H. Cockburn and J.I. Garver
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Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
ii
PREFACE
A healthy ecosystem runs on clean water. There is clearly a growing appreciation for the Mohawk River,
and there is a tremendous growth in stakeholder involvement in the watershed in terms of flood mitigation,
improving water quality, community revitalization, and recreation. This is an interesting and exciting time
for the Mohawk, because it is finally getting the attention it deserves. To ensure engagement and interest in
the Watershed, we need to focus part of our efforts on water quality because with clean water we have
exciting opportunities in community revitalization and recreation.
Rivers are important to society and there is a resurgence in interest in preserving rivers, maintaining clean
and healthy ecosystems, and re-engaging our communities with them. Communities are looking to the river
as a source of recreation, transportation, and inspiration.
We live in an interconnected watershed and maintaining water quality is a shared basin-wide responsibility.
These concepts were captured in the Hudson-Mohawk River Basin Act of 2013 (H.R. 2973), which was
introduced to Congress by Congressman Tonko in August 2013. Two key passages of that Bill that are
especially relevant to a goal of clean water in a interconnected Hudson-Mohawk watershed:
(i) There has been little integration of planning and program implementation to address the Hudson-
Mohawk River Basin in a holistic manner.... and (ii) Development and implementation of projects to
control flooding and improve water quality must be done with the full participation of local communities
and citizens, address the needs they identify, and be conducted in a manner that respects private property
and is consistent with the authorities of state and local jurisdictions.
The Mohawk Watershed Symposium at Union College, now in its seventh year, has made a difference in
unifying stakeholders in the basin. This symposium has made a difference because it has brought together
key stakeholders in the basin and leveled the playing field for advocacy and action in the basin.
We are happy to welcome you back to Union College for our annual meeting. We are indebted to our
sponsors NYS DEC and Union College for their continued support, which helps to make each Symposium
a success. The changes we have been witness to at our annual symposium and within the watershed,
changes that go beyond the history of the Mohawk Watershed Symposium, are astounding. The
accomplishments should be celebrated and the hard work continued.
At this year’s symposium we are pleased to feature over twenty poster presentations, and over a dozen
invited and volunteered oral presentations. Our invited speakers represent interests within and from around
the Mohawk Watershed and work to shape this year’s program. Once again we are grateful to have
Congressman Tonko give a plenary address and introduce our keynote speaker. Assistant Commissioner of
Water Resources, James Tierney will lead off our afternoon sessions with a special address and summary of
the important efforts made in the catchment and reaching beyond the Mohawk to the Hudson.
The Keynote speaker this year is John Lipscomb, Riverkeeper Patrol Boat Captain, who brings an
important message of protecting water quality and working together in the basin. In 2000 he began
patrolling the Hudson for Riverkeeper with a central effort to monitor water quality. In 2014, he conducted
Riverkeeper's first exploratory patrols on the Mohawk River to gage the interest of local Mohawk
advocates and explore a potential partnership with Riverkeeper for the future. His efforts are symbolic of
the theme of the conference this year: water quality as a priority for all and making connections throughout
the Hudson-Mohawk watershed.
John I. Garver Jaclyn Cockburn
Union College University of Guelph
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
iii
Major Financial support for MWS 2015
Redefining Liberal Education for the 21st Century. Founded in 1795, Union College
was the first college chartered by the Board of Regents of the State of New York. We
are a small, independent liberal arts college committed to integrating the humanities
and social sciences with science and engineering in new and exciting ways.
Major Financial support for MWS
2015 was provided by the NY State
Department of Environmental
Conservation though the Mohawk
River Basin Program
The Mohawk River Basin Program
(MRBP) is a multi-disciplinary
environmental management program focused on conserving, preserving and restoring the
environmental, economic, and cultural elements of the Mohawk River Watershed.
Through facilitation of partnerships among local, state and federal governments, the
MRBP works to achieve the goals outlined in the Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda
(2012-2016). The MRBP sees the continuation of the Union College Mohawk Watershed
Symposium as an ideal platform for communication among stakeholders at all levels.
The MRBP partners with organizations such as the New York State Water Resources
Institute (WRI), a government mandated institution located at Cornell University, whose
mission is to improve the management of water resources. This year, through the
cooperative relationship between the MRBP and Cornell University (WRI), funding was
offered to help support and sponsor the Symposium.
Mohawk Watershed Symposium - 2015
20 March 2015, College Park, Union College, Schenectady NY
Oral session (College Park) - Registration and Badges required
8:30 AM 8:55 AM
Registration, Coffee, College Park
8:55 AM 9:00 AM
Introductory Remarks
Jackie Cockburn, Geography Department, University of Guelph
9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Swimming the Entire Length of the Mohawk River, Special Presentation
Christopher Swain*, Brave Swimmer
9:20 AM 9:35 AM
Lock 7 Dam Fixed Design Endangers Schenectady Area… What to do?
James E. Duggan* Consultant (retired registered architect/urban planner)
9:35 AM 9:50 AM
Flood Inundation Maps for the Schoharie Creek at Prattsville, New York
Elizabeth Nystrom*, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center
9:50 AM 10:05 AM
The New York State Mesonet
Chris Thorncroft*, E. Joseph, and J. Brotzge, University at Albany, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental
Sciences, Albany, NY
10:05 AM 10:31 AM
Flood Warning and Optimization System for the Mohawk Watershed (invited)
Howard Goebel* New York State Canal Corporation
10:31 AM 11:11 AM
COFFEE and POSTERS (see below for listing)
11:11 AM 11:37 AM
Spatial Differences in Contemporary Fish Assemblages of the Mohawk River (Invited)
Scott George*, Barry Baldigo, and Scott Wells, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center
11:37 AM 11:52 AM
How Common is "Textbook" Migration in the Blueback Herring? A Look at the Hudson-Mohawk Population
through Otolith Chemistry
Karin E. Limburg*, and Sara M. Turner, Dept of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental
Science and Forestry
11:52 AM 12:07 PM
Response of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages to Extreme Floods in Tributaries to the Mohawk River, New York
Mirian Calderon* A.J. Smith, B. Baldigo, and T. Endreny, Dept of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College
of Environmental Science and Forestry
12:07 PM 12:33 PM
Clean Water Planning and TMDL Vision (Invited)
Angus Eaton*, Department of Environmental Conservation
12:33 PM 2:03 PM
- LUNCH and Poster Sessions - Lunch at College Park
2:03 PM 2:13 PM
Partnership Efforts in the Mohawk Watershed (Special Address)
Jim Tierney*, New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation, Water and Watershed Assistant
Commissioner
2:13 PM 2:39 PM
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in the Mohawk River Basin (invited)
Alexander J. Smith*, Margaret A. Novak, and Gavin M. Lemley, New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, Division of Water
2:39 PM 2:54 PM
Using Geospatial Data to Analyze Trends in Onsite Wastewater Systems Use
Sridhar Vedachalam*, Tim Joo, and Susan J. Riha, New York State Water Resources Institute, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY
2:54 PM 3:09 PM
Inspiring Residents to Address Watershed Pollution through Citizen Science
Dan Shapley*, John Lipscomb, and Jen Epstein, Water Quality Program
3:09 PM 3:48 PM
COFFEE and POSTERS (see below for listing)
3:48 PM 4:14 PM
Mohawk River Watershed Coalition Update: Management Plan - Long Term Vision (Invited)
Peter M. Nichols*, Mohawk Watershed Coalition
4:14 PM 4:40 PM
Accomplishments and Status of NY Rising (Invited)
Sarah Crowell*, New York State Department of State
4:40 PM 5:00 PM
After the Response, a Sustainable Plan for Our Future (Plenary Address)
Congressman Paul Tonko, 20th District
5:00 PM 5:10 PM
Hudson-Mohawk: One River Interconnected and Inseparable
Keynote Speaker: John Lipscomb, Riverkeeper Patrol Boat Captain
5:10 PM 5:15 PM Closing Remarks
John I. Garver, Geology Department, Union College
Symposium Reception (Old Chapel) 5:30pm-6:30pm
Old Chapel is on the main part of the campus, limited parking near the building is available
Symposium Banquet (Old Chapel) 6:30pm - 8:30pm, registration and tickets required
Riverkeepers model for Citizen Patrols: protecting the Watershed
Keynote Speaker: John Lipscomb, Riverkeeper Patrol Boat Captain
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
iv
Poster session (all day)
P1
Common Core: An Uncommon Approach Workshops for Educators on How to Bring Environmentally Based
Experiential Learning to Schools and Beyond
Scott Hadam* and John M. McKeeby, Schoharie River Center, Inc.
P2
An Investigation of Tree-ring Response to Extreme Flood Events Along the Schoharie Creek, New York
A. Bartholomew*, J. Rayburn, and A. Walag, Department of Geology, SUNY New Paltz, New Paltz, NY
P3
Sedimentological Record of Large Magnitude Floods Recorded in Collins Pond, Scotia, NY
Corey M. Hedges* and Don T. Rodbell, Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY
P4
Flooding Prediction in Large Watersheds: An Example from the Mohawk River in New York
Antonios Marsellos* and Katerina Tsakiri, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, UK
P5
The New York Streamflow Estimation Tool
Chris L. Gazoorian*, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY
P6
Incapacity of Current Release Works at the NYPA Blenheim/Gilboa Pumped Storage Project to Pass the
Probable Maximum Flood as Estimated by the NYC Department of Environmental Protection
Howard Bartholomew*, Dam Concerned Citizens, Inc.
P7
Cartographic Mapping of Water-Related Environmental and Societal Indicators
Ashraf M. Ghaly*, Department of Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY
P8
Water: The New Oil That Fuels International Conflicts
Ashraf M. Ghaly*, Department of Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY
P9
Utilizing GIS to Study Erosion, Mitigation Reliability, Costs, and Effective Coastal Engineering Practices
Chrisopher C. Kelly* and Ashraf M. Ghaly, Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY
P10
USGS Ice Jam Monitoring System, Mohawk River, Schenectady, NY - An Update
Gary R. Wall*, and Chris Gazoorian, U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY
P11
A Web GIS-Based Mohawk River Watershed Project Implementation Tracking System
Katie Budreski*, Stone Environmental, Montpelier, VT
P12
The Mohawk River Watershed Management Plan: Engaging the Community
Elizabeth C. Moran*, Linda P. Wagenet, and A. Thomas Vawter, EcoLogic LLC, Cazenovia NY
P13
The Canajoharie and Otsquago Creeks: A Rapid Bio-Assessment of Two Tributaries of the Mohawk River
Bryce Boylan, Zoe D’Arcangelis, Sarah Hoffman, Hans Hudyncia, Spencer Mang, Julia Stockwell, Noah Sweet,
Lexi Veitch, Madeline Elliott, Cassie O’Connor, Abbey Welsh, Lance Elliott* John McKeeby and Scott Hadam,
Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team
P14
Schoharie County Streams: A Long Road Toward Recovery?
Dakota J. Raab,* Eric W. Malone, Mark D. Cornwell, John R. Foster, and Benjamin P. German, Department of
Fisheries, Wildlife & Environmental Science State University of New York, Cobleskill, NY
P15
USGS Streamgage Network Expansion in the Mohawk River Watershed
Travis Smith* and Gary R. Wall, U.S. Geological Survey, NY Water Science Center, Troy, NY
P16
Monitoring the Hudson and Beyond with HRECOS (Hudson River Environmental Conditions Observing
System)
Gavin M. Lemley* and Alexander J. Smith, Hudson River Estuary Program, New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY
P17
Small Things in Small Streams in Small Towns Causing Big problems
H. Bachrach, A. Gubbins, M. Pfeffer, J. Stark, S. Turner, C. Gibson*, Environmental Studies Program, Skidmore
College, Saratoga Springs, NY
P18
Surface Water Quality Measurements Upstream and Downstream of Concentrated Human Activity on Flood-
Impacted Line Creek in Middleburgh, New York
Melissa A. Miller, Barbara L. Brabetz*, and Neil A. Law, Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, SUNY
Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY
P19
Tracking Pollution in New York Streams Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Primary
Producers
Michelle Berube* and Anouk Verheyden-Gillikin, Geology Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
P20
Role of Invasive European Water Chestnut as a Nutrient Bioextractant From Wastewater Outfalls in The
Hudson River Estuary
K. Hu, N. Jesmanitafti, Y. Yang, and S. Rogers*, Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
v
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
vii
KEYNOTE SPEAKER
John Lipscomb
Riverkeeper Patrol Boat Captain
John Lipscomb became
Riverkeeper's boat captain in 2000.
Having grown up in Irvington and
Tarrytown, he learned to swim and
sail in the Hudson River. Most of
Mr. Lipscomb's career has revolved
around boats. In the early 1970's, he
apprenticed for "old time" WWII-
era boat builders to learn wooden
boat maintenance and repair at
Petersen's Boatyard in Nyack. He
has worked in boat building and
repair on both wood and fiberglass
vessels, and as a rigger. In 1991 Mr.
Lipscomb became General Manager
of Petersen's until 2000. He has
sailed as Captain aboard a number of 30' to 65' blue water sailing vessels in the Mediterranean,
North Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and South China Sea. His ocean voyages include three Trans
Atlantic crossings and one Trans Pacific from Los Angeles to Singapore. Mr. Lipscomb has also
worked as a soundman and co-producer on a number of documentary TV specials. Made for
National Geographic, Audubon, Turner and ABC, the films featured subjects such as the polar
bears in Hudson Bay, a Yukon River raft expedition, conservationists working to protect lions in
The Kalahari Dessert, the debate over the harvest of "old growth" forests in the Pacific
Northwest, and sail training in the North Atlantic aboard the 250' square rigged ship "Danmark."
In September 2000, Mr. Lipscomb began patrolling the Hudson for Riverkeeper aboard the "R.
Ian Fletcher", a 36-foot Chesapeake Bay style wooden vessel. From April into December each
year, he travels approximately 4,000 to 5,000 nautical miles between New York Harbor and Troy
or Fort Edward, searching out and deterring polluters, monitoring tributaries and waterfront
facilities, conducting a sampling program to measure fecal contamination and supporting
other scientific studies, and taking regional decision makers and media out on the river so that
"the river has a chance to advocate for itself."
In 2014, he conducted Riverkeeper's first exploratory patrols on the Mohawk in order to gauge
the logistical challenges of operation on the Mohawk/Erie and the interest of local Mohawk
advocates in a potential partnership with Riverkeeper for the future.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................................................. ii*
Schedule .......................................................................................................................................................... iv*
Keynote Speaker ........................................................................................................................................... vii*
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... viii*
Abstracts are organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author
Small Things in Small Streams in Small Towns Causing Big Problems*
H. Bachrach, A. Gubbins, M. Pfeffer, J. Stark, S. Turner, C. Gibson ......................................................... 1*
An Investigation of Tree-ring Response to Extreme Flood Events Along the Schoharie Creek, New York*
A. Bartholomew, J. Rayburn, A. Walag ....................................................................................................... 2*
Incapacity of Current Release Works at the NYPA Blenheim/Gilboa Pumped Storage Project to Pass the
Probable Maximum Flood as Estimated by the NYC Department of Environmental Protection*
Howard R. Bartholomew .............................................................................................................................. 3*
Tracking Pollution in New York Streams Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of
Primary Producers*
Michelle Berube and Anouk Verheyden-Gillikin ........................................................................................ 4*
The Canajoharie and Otsquago Creeks: A Rapid Bio-Assessment of Two Tributaries of the Mohawk River*
Boyan et al., Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team ............................................................... 7
A Web GIS-Based Mohawk River Watershed Project Implementation Tracking System*
Katie Budreski ............................................................................................................................................ 12*
Response of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages to Extreme Floods in Tributaries to the Mohawk River, New
York*
M. Calderon, A.J. Smith, B. Baldigo, T. Endreny ..................................................................................... 13*
Accomplishments and Status of NY Rising*
Sarah Stern Crowell ................................................................................................................................... 14*
Lock 7 Dam Fixed Design Endangers Schenectady Area*
James E. Duggan ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Clean Water Planning and TMDL Vision*
Angus Eaton ............................................................................................................................................... 19
The New York Streamflow Estimation Tool*
Chris L Gazoorian ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Spatial Differences in Contemporary Fish Assemblages of the Mohawk River*
Scott George, Barry Baldigo, and Scott Wells ........................................................................................... 21
Cartographic Mapping of Water-related Environmental and Societal Indicators*
Ashraf Ghaly .............................................................................................................................................. 22
Water: The New Oil that Fuels International Conflicts*
Ashraf Ghaly .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Flood Warning and Optimization System for the Mohawk Watershed*
Howard M. Goebel ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Common Core: An Uncommon Approach - Workshops for educators on how to bring environmentally
based experiential learning to schools and beyond*
Scott Hadam and John M. McKeeby ......................................................................................................... 26
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
ix
Sedimentological Record of Large Magnitude Floods Recorded in Collins Pond, Scotia, NY*
C.M. Hedges and D.T. Rodbell .................................................................................................................. 27
Role of Invasive European Water Chestnut as a Nutrient Bioextractant From Wastewater Outfalls in The
Hudson River Estuary*
K. Hu, N. Jesmanitafti, Y. Yang, and S. Rogers ........................................................................................ 28
Utilizing GIS to Study Erosion, Mitigation Reliability, Costs, and Effective Coastal Engineering Practices*
Christopher J. Kelly and Ashraf M. Ghaly ................................................................................................. 30*
Monitoring the Hudson and Beyond with HRECOS (Hudson River Environmental Conditions Observing
System)*
Gavin M. Lemley and Alexander J. Smith ................................................................................................ 31
How Common is “Textbook” Migration in the Blueback Herring? A Look At the Hudson-Mohawk
Population Through Otolith Chemistry*
Karin E. Limburg, Sara M. Turner ............................................................................................................ 32
Flooding Prediction in a Large Watershed: An Example from the Mohawk River in New York*
Antonios Marsellos and Katerina Tsakiri .................................................................................................. 35
Surface Water Quality Measurements Upstream and Downstream of Concentrated Human Activity on
Flood-Impacted Line Creek in Middleburgh, New York*
Melissa A. Miller, Barbara L. Brabetz, Neil A. Law ................................................................................. 39
The Mohawk River Watershed Management Plan: Engaging the Community*
Elizabeth C. Moran, Linda P. Wagenet, and A. Thomas Vawter .............................................................. 40
Mohawk River Watershed Coalition Update: Management Plan- Long Term Vision*
Peter M. Nichols ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Flood Inundation Maps for the Schoharie Creek at Prattsville, New York*
Elizabeth Nystrom ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Schoharie County Streams: A Long Road Toward Recovery?*
Dakota Raab, Eric Malone, Mark Cornwell, John Foster, & Benjamin German ...................................... 44
Inspiring Residents to Address Watershed Pollution through Citizen Science*
Dan Shapley, John Lipscomb, Jen Epstein ................................................................................................ 45
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in the Mohawk River Basin*
Alexander J. Smith, Margaret A. Novak, and Gavin M. Lemley .............................................................. 46
USGS Streamgage Network Expansion in the Mohawk River Watershed*
Travis Smith and Gary R. Wall .................................................................................................................. 48
Swimming the Entire Length of the Mohawk River*
Christopher Swain ...................................................................................................................................... 49
The New York State Mesonet*
C. Thorncroft, E. Joseph and J. Brotzge .................................................................................................... 50
Using Geospatial Data to Analyze Trends in Onsite Wastewater Systems Use*
Sridhar Vedachalam, Tim Joo, Susan J. Riha ............................................................................................ 51
USGS Ice Jam Monitoring System, Mohawk River, Schenectady NY – An Update*
Gary R Wall and Chris Gazoorian ............................................................................................................. 52*
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
x
NOTES:
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
1
SMALL THINGS IN SMALL STREAMS IN SMALL TOWNS CAUSING BIG PROBLEMS
H. Bachrach, A. Gubbins, M. Pfeffer, J. Stark, S. Turner, and C. Gibson
Environmental Studies Program, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Pharmaceuticals and plastics are widespread in aquatic environments, but the effects of these low-level
contaminants are relatively unexplored. We used diffusing substrates to explore the effects and interactions
of a heavy metal and an anti-biotic on microbial biofilms in three sites: a forested stream (Black Creek), a
storm-water dominated urban stream (Spring Run), and a stream with legacy industrial use (Cayadutta
Creek). In addition, we assessed presence of microplastics upstream and downstream of small wastewater
treatment plants and in storm-water dominated urban streams. Heavy metals from old industrial activities
and aging infrastructure are common in many small towns in upstate New York. Metals have the potential
to create interactive effects with anti-biotics, and aging infrastructure can contribute these types of
contaminants. Microbial biofilm respiration rate was significantly lower in the presence of a heavy metal,
an anti-biotic, and metal+ anti-biotic in the forest stream but not in the two urban streams. Microplastics
were present in all samples and were highest in the storm-water dominated stream during stormflow.
Collectively, these results demonstrate that these common, low-level, novel contaminants may influence
streams in non-additive ways and result in changes in ecosystem function and potentially trophic level
responses.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
2
AN INVESTIGATION OF TREE-RING RESPONSE TO EXTREME FLOOD EVENTS ALONG
THE SCHOHARIE CREEK, NEW YORK
A. Bartholomew, J. Rayburn, and A. Walag
Department of Geology, SUNY New Paltz, New Paltz, NY barthola@newpaltz.edu
As a result of Hurricane Irene, the Schoharie Creek in central New York experienced what has been
estimated to be at least a 500-year flood on August 28, 2011. The flood stage was as much as 3 m higher
than the previously recorded high stage of January 19, 1996, causing significant property damage and
threating the Gilboa dam. In an effort to determine the potential of tree rings as indicators of past flood
events in the Schoharie Creek, two flood plain locations ~7 km apart were visited, and 28 cores were
collected from 15 white ash (Fraxinus americana) trees.
Tree ring widths in each core were measured and analyzed using the ANTEVS time-series analysis
program (Vollmer, 2015). Ring sequences were detrended using a 10 year spline to remove longer wave-
length growth signals unrelated to flooding events, i.e.: natural lifetime variability and changes in canopy
cover. Four trees which did not have multiple cores achieving a cross-correlation of R > 0.60 were removed
from the data set. Averaged sequences for each of the two sites were then generated and found to cross-
correlate at R=0.43. Although the trees at one site are about 2 m higher above creek bankfull level, there
appears to be significant correlation between the two sites. A master sequence constructed from all
accepted trees provides annual ring growth trends from 1907-2013. We then compared ring growth to
annual (water year) peak discharge from 1927-2013 using ANTEVS. There was no statistically significant
correlation.
Visually, larger floods (>50,000 cfs) appear to coincide with diminished ring growth, however decreased
tree ring widths can be seen in both low discharge years as well as extreme flood years (Fig. 1). Less
extreme flood years appear to correlate positively with ring width. At this point, it is not possible to
differentiate between small rings caused by drought vs. floods, but a current work is focusing on
comparison between floodplain and upland trees may help to tease this apart.
Figure 1: ANTEVS plot showing normalized tree-ring signal (thin line) vs. the normalized peak annual
flood discharge along the Schoharie Creek (thick line) as recorded at Breakabeen. Large floods
(>50,000cfs), shown as arrows with a star, appear to coincide with diminished ring growth.
References:
Vollmer, F. W., 2015, http://www.frederickvollmer.com/antevs/
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
3
INCAPACITY OF CURRENT RELEASE WORKS AT THE NYPA BLENHEIM/GILBOA
PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT TO PASS THE PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD AS ESTIMATED
BY THE NYC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Howard R. Bartholomew
Dam Concerned Citizens, Inc., P.O. Box 310 Middleburgh, NY 12122
The Blenheim/Gilboa Pumped Storage Project (hereafter: B/G), owned and operated by the NY Power
Authority (NYPA), is located on the Schoharie Creek five miles downstream of the Schoharie Reservoir
that is impounded by the Gilboa Dam, owned and operated by the NYC Department of Environmental
Protection (NYC-DEP) (see Table 1 below for reservoir data).
The NYC-DEP has been conducting major renovations at the Gilboa Dam over the past decade and has
increased its capacity for a probable maximum flood (PMF) to 312,000 cfs (see Table 1), equivalent to an
overtopping of the masonry spillway of the Gilboa Dam of 17.8’. The NYC-DEP estimate of a 0.5PMF
equates to an overtopping of the spillway by 9.9’, only 2.2’ higher than the largest recorded flood in the
basin associated with Hurricane Irene on August 28th, 2011. The PMF estimation for the NYPA B/G
reservoir is 181,809 cfs, ~40% lower than the PMF at Gilboa.
The response of water level at B/G to Hurricane Irene was to rise to an elevation of less than 2’ from a full
pool on an earthen dam, less than 10’ from the crest of the dam. Given that flows associated with
Hurricane Irene approached a 0.5PMF for the Schoharie Reservoir 5 miles upstream, it is questionable if
the earthen dam at B/G could sustain flows associated with a 0.5PMF at Gilboa. As the Schoharie
Reservoir has been adapted to cope with increased regional precipitation, so should the NYPA B/G project
take similar steps to increase its carrying capacity, especially those of its release works, to accommodate
larger future floods.
Table 1: Overview of Reservoirs along the Schoharie Creek
Reservoir
(Owner)
Dam
Type
Catchment
Area
(mi.2)
Volume
(gal.)
Release
Works
Mean
Annual
Precip. at
completion
Mean
Annual
Precip.
2014
PMF
(cfs)
Schoharie
(NYC-
DEP)
Completed
1927
Concrete
and
earthen
314
19.5
billion
2 Siphons,
Low level
outlet
scheduled
2020
36”
42”
312,000
Blenheim-
Gilboa,
Lower
Res.
(NYPA)
Completed
1973
Earthen
356
5 billion
3 Tainter
Gates
32”
36”
181,809
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
4
TRACKING POLLUTION IN NEW YORK STREAMS USING STABLE CARBON AND
NITROGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF PRIMARY PRODUCERS
Michelle Berube and Anouk Verheyden-Gillikin
Geology Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
Introduction:
Organic pollution of water bodies has become an increasingly important issue over the past decade in the
United States and around the globe. Human induced nutrient pollution, can lead to eutrophication and algal
blooms, which creates oxygen-depleted zones, and produces toxins in the water that can kill aquatic life
and disturb water distribution for consumption. In 2014, the US EPA rated 55% of the US nation’s streams
and rivers in “poor condition”, meaning they “do not support healthy populations of aquatic life” (EPA,
2014). Monitoring water quality and nutrient loading is a significant part of determining potential sources
of organic pollution, drafting management plans to reduce pollution in the watersheds, and in the long term,
evaluating the success of the actions taken.
Nitrogen isotopic composition of primary producers has been used as an indicator of nutrient loading, and
as a way to evaluate the effectiveness of sewage upgrades (Costanzo et al., 2005). Sewage and animal
waste can be distinguished from other nitrogen sources because of relatively high δ15N value, which is
achieved largely through trophic enrichment and further through ammonia volatilization preceding
nitrification (Silva et al 2002). It has been stated in previous studies that the analysis of δ15N values can be
closely related to anthropogenic pollution in water, and enriched values of δ15N greater than about 5 ‰ can
be considered as indicating pollution (Aravena et al. 1993, Waldron et al. 2001).
The purpose of this study is to use stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of primary producers as
well as ion analysis of water to monitor nutrient loading and water quality of watersheds in and around the
Capital District of New York. The goal of this research is to determine potential sources of pollution in the
watersheds as well as provide insight to monitoring and tracking harmful sources of pollution in other
waterways across the country.
Methods:
In total 60 streams were sampled from various locations around the Schenectady, Schoharie, Adirondacks,
Albany and Catskills areas. When present, filamentous algae were collected, cleaned, dried and
homogenized. Water samples were collected and filtered into 50 ml falcon tubes using a 0.2 micron mini
SART high-flow single use syringe filter. YSI and ODO meters were used to assess the physicochemical
parameters of the stream, such as salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. In addition, important
attributes of the stream were described, access to sunlight, sediment size, stream depth, width, location,
surrounding area, and water clarity.
The macroalgae Cladophora, was specifically selected for use in this study because it is a non-rooted
filamentous algae and gets its nitrogen directly from the water column rather than from the sediment, which
is crucial for this study. The algae were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N via a Thermo Delta Advantage mass
spectrometer in continuous flow mode connected to a Costech Elemental Analyzer via a Con Flo IV at
Union College, Geology Department. The total alkalinity of the water samples was measured using a
Metrohm 888 Titrator, and the cation and anion concentration of the water samples were measured using
the DIONEX Ion Chromatograph ICS-2100, both located at Union College Geology Department.
Results:
The δ15N values of algae ranged from 0‰ to 10‰ with the highest most enriched values obtained from
Schenectady streams (Fig. 1). The δ13C values ranged from -17.2 ‰ to - 44.9 ‰ with little geographic
distinction (Fig. 2). The results of the ion chromatograph analysis of anions and cations shows the highest
concentrations of all ions were found in Schenectady streams (Fig. 3). This study also found that the
Schenectady region had the highest alkalinity values and the Schoharie sites were lower than expected.
Discussion:
Overall, this study shows that the streams in the Schenectady area have a very different chemical signature
than the other regions. The δ15N values ranged from 0‰ to 10‰ with the highest values from Schenectady,
indicating that Schenectady was the most impacted by anthropogenic pollution (Fig. 1). Although we
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
5
expected high alkalinity in the Schoharie region due to the presence of limestone, this study interestingly
found the highest alkalinity values were from samples in the Schenectady region. Schoharie sites were
lower than expected.
The source of water for the City of Schenectady is the groundwater aquifer Great Flats Aquifer. The water
is treated with chlorination, fluorination and inorganic phosphates prior to distribution. Significant elevated
concentrations of chlorine and fluorine were found in the Schenectady streams. The elevation of fluorine
and chlorine in the Schenectady streams most likely indicates water pipe leakage (low δ15N and high
chlorine) as well as wastewater or septic tank leakage (high δ15N and chlorine) (Fig. 4). These nutrients
lost to the waterways could be negatively impacting influencing the watershed and its ecosystem.
Figure 1:
𝛿
15 N values of Schenectady, Schoharie, and Catskillls
Figure 2:
𝛿
13C values of Schenectady, Schoharie, and Catskills
Figure 3: Na concentration for sites in the Capital Region, similar trends found for other measured ions: Cl,
F, NH4, Mg, Ca, NO3, and SO4.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
6
Figure 4:
𝛿
15 N and Chlorine concentration for sites in the Capital Region
References:
Aravena, R., Evans, M. L., and Cherry, J. A,. 1993. Stable isotopes of oxygen and nitrogen in source
identification of nitrate from septic systems. Ground Water 31: 180-186
Costanzo, Simon D., James Udy, Ben Longstaff, and Adrian Jones. "Using Nitrogen Stable Isotope Ratios
Delta 15 N of Macroalgaw to Determine He Effectiveness of Sewage Upgrades: Changes in the Extent of
Sewage Plumes over Four Years in Moreton Bay, Australia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 51 (2005): 212-17.
Web.
Department of Water. "Annual Drinking Water Quality Report." City of Schenectady Department of
Water (2013) http://www.cityofschenectady.com/pdf/Water/2013AnnualDrinkingWaterQualityReport-
CityOfSchenectady.pdf
Silva, S. R., P. B. Ging, R. W. Lee, J. C. Ebbert, A. J. Tesoriero, and E. L. Inkpen. "Forensic Application of
Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes Tracing Nitrate Sources in Urban Environments." Environmental
Forensics. 3 (2002): 125-130.
"US Environmental Protection Agency." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014.
http://www.epa.gov/
Waldron, S., Tatner, P., Jack, I., and Arnott, C., 2001. The impact of sewage discharge in marine
embayment: A stable isotopic reconnaissance, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 52: 111-115.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
7
THE CANAJOHARIE AND OTSQUAGO CREEKS: A RAPID BIO-ASSESSMENT OF TWO
TRIBUTARIES OF THE MOHAWK RIVER
Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team
Bryce Boylan1, Zoe D’Arcangelis1, Sarah Hoffman1, Hans Hudyncia1, Spencer Mang1, Julia
Stockwell1, Noah Sweet1, Lexi Veitch1, Madeline Elliott2, Cassie O’Connor2, Abbey Welsh2
Lance Elliott3, John McKeeby4, and Scott Hadam4
1Fort Plain High School Member of the Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team
2Canajoharie High School Member of the Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team
3Fort Plain/Canajoharie Environmental Study Team Advisor – F.P.H.S. Fort Plain, NY
4 Schoharie River Center - Burtonsville, NY
Introduction
On June 28th, 2013 the village of Fort Plain suffered a massive flood of the Otsquago Creek, which had
devastating effects on the local infrastructure and economy. Flood events involving the Mohawk River and
its tributaries have increased in recent years, each time carrying man-made debris, agricultural runoff, and
suspended matter with it. One obvious question to be asked is how these floods have impacted stream
health.
Materials and Methods
The Fort Plain/Canajoharie EST performed multiple water and site evaluation tests on both the Otsquago
and Canajoharie Creeks. Sites were chosen based on their proximity to potential polluters as well as
accessibility (for safety concerns). Using water chemistry test kits, teams determined pH, alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, and turbidity levels of two sites from the Canajoharie Creek and three
sites from the Otsquago Creek. While one group tested water chemistry, another was assigned to collect
macro-invertebrates for further study to help determine water quality.
Using the DEC Wadeable Assessments by Volunteer Evaluators (WAVE) method, teams collected and
classified macro-invertebrates into “most wanted”, “least wanted”, and “other.” Teams used kick nets, ice
cube trays, tweezers, plastic spoons, isopropyl alcohol, microscopes, and the WAVE datasheet to capture
and organize macro-invertebrates. We determined the cleanliness of each site based on the species of
macro-invertebrates that inhabited that area. Macro-invertebrates that are less tolerant to pollution can’t
survive in unhealthy streams. By comparing the ratio of macro-invertebrates tolerant to pollution versus
intolerant, we can determine the quality of the five different sites we tested. Teams also visually assessed
the habitat of both streams to determine riparian diversity as it relates to overall stream health.
Results and Discussion
In the Canajoharie Creek, alkalinity tested greater than 20 mg/L at both sites meaning it is not sensitive and
therefore in the healthy range. Dissolved oxygen levels supported a healthy environment and possible trout
spawning. The pH of site 1 was slightly above the optimal range for life, making it not fit for class A, B,
and C waters. The measures of turbidity did not show any problems that will cause a visible contrast to
natural conditions. Phosphate levels tested in the “impact certain” range for algae growth which may have
a negative impact. Nitrates* tested above the typical natural levels for fresh water and above NY DEC
standards.
For all three Otsquago Creek sites the alkalinity tested above 20 mg/L, similar to our results from the
Canajoharie Creek. Dissolved oxygen levels proved a healthy home for aquatic organisms at levels
between 6.4 mg/L to 8.6 mg/L. All three sites had pH levels above NYS standards, however turbidity was
normal. Phosphate levels tested in the “impact certain” range for sites 1 and 3. Nitrate* levels were above
the standards potentially effecting sensitive fish species.
Macro-invertebrate collection and identification for all sites at both the Canajoharie Creek and Otsquago
Creek show a considerably greater number of “most wanted” species than “least wanted.”
*Retesting needs to be done due to possible equipment malfunctions*
Conclusion
Although the Canajoharie Creek and Otsquago Creek sites appear to have some water chemistry values in
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
8
the impactful range, other values were supportive of a healthy stream environment. Macro-invertebrate
data from both creeks support this conclusion. One interesting observation to note was the higher number
of “least wanted” macro-invertebrate species collected in the Otsquago Creek. One year prior to collecting
our data, the Otsquago Creek experienced flooding of record proportions. This flooding also affected the
Canajoharie Creek, but to a much lesser extent. It appears the Otsquago Creek may still be recovering from
this event as shown by a higher population of “least wanted” macro-invertebrate species, however further
study and comparisons between both creeks will be needed to reach any conclusions.
The goal of the Environmental Study Team (EST) is to encourage environmental awareness within the
local community. Members consist of Canajoharie and Fort Plain High School students ranging from
grades 9-11. In the future our team plans to further monitor both streams and consistently evaluate changes
in water quality. Additionally, our team hopes to assess different areas within the Mohawk Watershed.
Canojoharie Creek Sites
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
9
Water Quality Results for Canajoharie Creek Sites
Canajoharie Creek
Site 1
Site 2
Temperature (°F)
72
74
pH
8.7
n/a
Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3)
155
124
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
9.6
9.2
Nitrate-N* (mg/L)
6.2
4.9
Orthophosphate as PO4 (mg/L)
0.07
0.01
Turbidity
11
8
Canajoharie Creek Most Wanted Site One
Few
(only 1)
Some (2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Athericidae
Watersnip Fly Larva
x
Heptageniidae
Flat Head Mayfly Nymph
x
Isonychiidae
Brushlegged Mayfly Nymph
x
Perlidae
Common Stonefly Nymph
x
Philopotamidae
Finger Net Caddisfly Larva
x
Psephenidae
Water Penny
Canajoharie Creek Other Site One
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Coleoptera
Beatle
x
Decaeoda
Crayfish
x
Hydropsychidae
Common Net-Spinner
Caddisfly Larva
x
Tipulidae
Crane Flies
*No least wanted for Site One*
Canajoharie Creek Most Wanted Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Athericidae
Watersnip Fly Larva
x
Heptageniidae
Flat Head Mayfly Nymph
x
Isonychiidae
Brushlegged Mayfly Nymph
x
Perlidae
Common Stonefly Nymph
x
Philopotamidae
Finger Net Caddisfly Larva
x
Psephenidae
Water Penny
Canajoharie Creek Least Wanted Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Chironomidae
Red Midge Larva
Canajoharie Creek Other Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Annelidae
Aquatic Worm
x
Coleoptera
Adult/Larva Beatle
x
Decaeoda
Crayfish
x
Hydropsychidae
Common Net-Spinner Caddisfly Larva
x
Tipulidae
Crane Flies
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
10
Otsquago Creek Sites
Water Quality Results for Otsquago Creek Sites
Otsquago Creek
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Temperature (°F)
74
74
77
pH
8.5
8.6
8.5
Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3)
124
142
126
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
6.4
8
8.6
Nitrate-N* (mg/L)
2.7
n/a
2.1
Orthophosphate as PO4 (mg/L)
0.13
0
0.1
Turbidity
7
0
2
Otsquago Creek Most Wanted Site One
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Athericidae
Watersnip Fly Larva
x
Heptageniidae
Flat Head Mayfly Nymph
x
Isonychiidae
Brushlegged Mayfly Nymph
x
Leptohyphidae
Little Stout Mayfly
x
Philopotamidae
Finger Net Caddisfly Larva
x
Psephenidae
Water Penny
Otsquago Creek Least Wanted Site One
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Chironomidae
Red Midge Larva
x
Lynnaeidae
Ear Pond Snail
x
Simuliidae
Black Fly
Otsquago Creek Other Site One
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Coleoptera
Adult/Larva Beatle
x
Hydropsychidae
Common Net-Spinner Caddisfly Larva
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
11
Otsquago Creek Most Wanted Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Leptophlebiidae
Prong-gilled Mayfly
x
Heptageniidae
Flat Head Mayfly Nymph
x
Philopotamidae
Finger Net Caddisfly Larva
x
Psephenidae
Water Penny
Otsquago Creek Least Wanted Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific
Name
Common Name
x
Haliplidae
Crawling Water Beetle
Otsquago Creek Other Site Two
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Coleoptera
Adult/Larva Beatle
x
Hydropsychidae
Common Net-Spinner Caddisfly Larva
Otsquago Creek Most Wanted Site Three
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Athericidae
Watersnip Fly Larva
x
Heptageniidae
Flat Head Mayfly Nymph
x
Philopotamidae
Finger Net Caddisfly Larva
x
Psephenidae
Water Penny
Otsquago Creek Least Wanted Site Three
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Chironomidae
Red Midge Larva
Otsquago Creek Other Site Three
Few
(only 1)
Some
(2-10)
Many
(>10)
Scientific Name
Common Name
x
Coleoptera
Adult/Larva Beatle
x
Hydropsychidae
Common Net-Spinner Caddisfly Larva
x
Baetidea
Small Minnow Mayfly
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
12
A WEB GIS-BASED MOHAWK RIVER WATERSHED PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION TRACKING SYSTEM
Katie Budreski
Senior GIS Specialist, Stone Environmental, Montpelier, VT
The use of web-based geographic information systems (GIS) has played a significant role in the
characterization of the Mohawk River Watershed, the development of the watershed management plan, and
the prioritization of projects to protect and restore portions of the basin. The Mohawk River Basin Coalition
of Conservation Districts (MRWC) was established in March 2009 with the mission of conserving the
natural resources within the basin in coordination with local, state, and federal entities. MRWC was
awarded a Title 11 Environmental Protection Fund Local Waterfront Revitalization Program grant from the
NYS Department of State to develop a Management Plan for the Mohawk River Watershed.
In 2012, a Mohawk River Watershed Web Mapping application was developed to aid in the development of
the watershed management plan. In 2014, Stone expanded the Mohawk River Watershed Web Map with a
secure, user updatable application that tracks implementation of watershed projects outlined and
recommended in the management plan. Project information is updated and managed using a separate
password-protected web GIS project tracking system by MRWC members. Watershed projects can be
interactively created, updated, and viewable within the project tracking system and also instantly viewable
in the public-facing Mohawk River Watershed Web Map (http://mohawkriver.stone-env.net/). Watershed
project details are stored and viewable at the sub-watershed scale and include information about the goals
addressed, estimated timeline, estimated cost, potential funding sources, responsible party, and project
status/progress, where available.
The system allows stakeholders to visualize progress of sub-watershed management activities and to
evaluate progress over the Mohawk River watershed as a whole. Additionally, watershed projects can be
viewed in conjunction with other Mohawk River Watershed Web Map data layers, such as watershed
assessment scores, environmental data, and demographic information. Links to the management plan
documents are also available through the project tracking dataset, such as sub-watershed management
recommendation reports and grant information, where available.
Data updated through the secured implementation tracking web interface can be instantly viewed in the
public-facing Mohawk River Watershed Web Map allowing users to track project progress
Featured Poster Display
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
13
RESPONSE OF MACROINVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES TO EXTREME FLOODS IN
TRIBUTARIES TO THE MOHAWK RIVER, NEW YORK
M. Calderon1, A.J. Smith2, B. Baldigo3, and T. Endreny1
1State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York
2Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State, Troy, New York
3 United States Geological Survey, Troy, New York
The increase in the occurrence of hurricanes in the US, and the following flooding, raises the need for a
better understanding of their ecological consequences in our aquatic ecosystems. Floods constitute a major
disturbance to streams, causing changes in ecosystem, community or population structure through the
modification of their habitats. Macroinvertebrates are particularly susceptible to changes of flow, and
although some communities have co-evolved with the stream geomorphology and are relatively resilient to
extreme hydrologic events, macroinvertebrates have showed mixed responses to changes in peak flow,
mean discharge, baseflow or hourly flow. In general, invertebrate communities often exhibit low resistance
to extreme floods and the threshold at which flow alteration causes negative impact is still unknown.
In August 2011, remains of Hurricane Irene hit New York State, bringing torrential rainfall. River flooding
records were broken in several tributaries of the Mohawk River basin, making this event one of the most
devastating ever recorded in the Mohawk Watershed. After the storm retreated, mitigation plans included
channelization and sinuosity reduction in some of the affected streams.
The objective of this study was to increase the understanding of the impacts of extreme floods on benthic
macroinvertebrate communities and determine how flood magnitude and flood-remediation efforts help
either to resist adverse effects or recovery (increase resilience or resistance) from extreme hydrologic
events. Macroinvertebrates data were collected in 13 sites along the Mohawk River Basin in August 2011,
as part of the DEC-NYS Rotating Integrated Basin Studies (RIBS). In October 2011, six weeks after the
floods, a second set of samples were taken at the same sites in order to assess the flood impacts. New data
sets were collected in July and October 2014. The metrics used to estimate the effect of the flood include:
taxa richness, EPT richness, Hilsenhoff’s Biotic Index (HBI), Percent Model Affinity (PMA), Nutrient
Biotic Index-Phosphorus and Biological Assessment Profile (BAP).
StreamStats Program for New York State was used to estimate peak discharges, Annual Exceedence
Probabilities (AEP) and Recurrence Intervals (RI) of the storm at the ungagged sites.
This study aims to increase the understanding of the damages caused by floods, and provide substantial
evidence about the recovery of these natural systems.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
14
ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND STATUS OF NY RISING
Sarah Stern Crowell, AICP
New York State Department of State, Office of Planning and Development, Albany, NY
The NY Rising Community Reconstruction Program (NYRCR), which was announced by Governor
Andrew M. Cuomo in April 2013, is a $650 million planning and implementation process established to
promote rebuilding and resiliency in communities severely damaged by Sandy, Irene and Lee. Aiming to
empower and support storm-impacted communities, the program is a unique blend of bottom-up
community participation and State-provided technical expertise. Since the inception of the program, over
500 New Yorkers have served on planning committees and thousands of community members have
attended more than 125 Public Engagement Events throughout the State.
Thirteen of the NY Rising communities are in the Mohawk Valley watershed, including eight in Schoharie
County, three in Montgomery County, and two in Schenectady County. Through the bottom-up NYRCR
planning process, NY Rising Community Reconstruction Plans (NYRCR Plans) were developed to identify
projects and initiatives that that incorporate and capitalize on local needs, strengths, and challenges to help
communities to recover and become more resilient to future flooding. With the completion of the plans, the
13 NY Rising Communities in the Mohawk Valley watershed are now eligible for up to $39 million to
support implementation of eligible projects identified in their NYRCR plans.
This presentation will include an overview of the planning process and a discussion of the implementation
process currently underway with a focus on six communities in the Schoharie Valley: the towns and
villages of Esperance, Schoharie, and Middleburgh. The Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery is working
local partners to implement projects in all six communities, ranging from streambank restoration to
stormwater system improvements to construction of a new firehouse. Each of these projects will contribute
to the overarching goal of a more resilient region in which critical assets are less likely to experience
flooding, emergency response is efficient and effective, and residents and businesses are able to recover
quickly in the event of another extreme flood.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
15
LOCK 7 DAM FIXED DESIGN ENDANGERS SCHENECTADY AREA
James E. Duggan
Consultant (retired registered architect/urban planner), Scotia, New York
Prior to construction of the NYS Barge Canal’s concrete Lock 7 Dam, free-flow runoffs from the Mohawk
River’s watershed reportedly passed the Stockade, Scotia and eastern Glenville without notable flooding.
How could that have happened? Ice-jamming is more complex, but this dam is a major influence in
forming jams.
Since this high, obstructing dam’s completion in 1913 with no regulating means to increase flow past it, the
long “Niskayuna Pool” for deep-barge navigation (also reservoir for electric power) has raised the elevation
of any watershed-runoff, a matter proven crucial along especially the upstream Schenectady area.1
As a given runoff-volume moves downstream, its anticipated peak elevations become visible in a “profile”,
a varying lengthwise counterpart to a cross-section. It “slices” along the flowpath’s widths, depths and
sharp turns, as well as flow-restricting structures and other conditions. Computing with these factors
results in defining peak runoff-elevations, place-by-place. Threading a series of individual elevations
together forms the runoff’s peak profile. A free-flow peak’s gravity-flow resembles a slow, stretched-out
tsunami requiring time to evolve. Thus, a profile is not a full-length instant snapshot. It is a useful basis to
define the extent of a “floodplain” for a given runoff-volume. The Schenectady-area “floodplain” begins
with the non-regulatable nature of the Lock 7 Dam’s long crest and the corresponding surface of its lengthy
reservoir-pool, including further influence by overflow-height and accompanying miles of backwater.
Figure 1 is the composite peak-runoff profile from Lock 9 to Lock 7 for the "10-Year" volume2 from the
“Hydraulic Assessment Report” (Bergmann and associates, 2012). Flow is right to left. The central
portion between Lock 8 and Freemans Bridge contains SCCC, Scotia and Schenectady. The static low-
velocity reservoir-pool’s volume (the added horizontal line) impounded by the Lock 7 Dam forces all
runoff to over-ride it (the uppermost “present peak” line).
Figure 1: Lock 7 Dam’s reservoir-pool severely limits watershed-runoff drainage (modified from FEMA
2009)
The underlying reservoir-pool’s flat volume dictates a corresponding flatness in the runoff-profile above it.
The Report’s severely condensed 1:200 horizontal scale disguises the harmful lack of slope and inadequate
runoff-drainage as its elongated peak- wave approaches from upstream and slowly traverses the
Schenectady area, particularly between the indicated Lock 8 Dam (lifted) and Freemans Bridge.
The overall more-sloped dark line added across the left two-thirds illustrates a likely pre-Lock 7 Dam
natural runoff-profile along the reservoir-pool (Figure 1). The difference in elevation between the two
profiles illustrates the additional vulnerability the Lock 7 Dam has imposed on the canal-side Schenectady
area.
From the FEMA FIS runoff-profile, less-condensed at 1:100 horizontally, following (right) is a similar
(two-page) excerpt3. Its focus is Schenectady/Scotia and, independently, its (upper) “present” runoff-
profile clearly confirms a harmful flatness. FEMA data for cross-sections and velocities enable projecting
the “pre-Lock 7 Dam” and “reservoir-pool” indications. Datum is North American Vertical Datum 1988.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
16
Figure 2: Lock 7 Dam’s reservoir-pool at Lock 8 and Lock 7 Dam-raised “10-Year” runoff-profile
(modified from FEMA 2009).
Locations “8” and “A” (Figure 2) represent the lifted Lock 8 Dam and the AMTRAK Bridge, respectively.
The SCCC buildings, Scotia and the Stockade are located approximately above the words “surface of”.
The forthcoming Galesi “Mohawk Harbor” redevelopment is to the left. Across the bottom of the grid are
small hexagonal symbols; they identify locations of FEMA-studied cross-sections significant to possible
inundation nearby or beyond.
The five cross-sections downstream from the right margin are meaningful to the Schenectady area. Each of
the three upstream from Lock 8 is smaller per its respective nearness to this dam’s relative narrowness.
Their increased velocities naturally restrain any significant rise in peak surface elevation. Thus they
maintain the basic draining slope to the overall location of Lock 8, but this slope quickly flattens atop the
flat reservoir-pool and remains higher than had been natural, thus inadequately draining and endangering
properties/functions downstream (Figure 2).
Figure 3: Upper-half of flat post- Lock 7 Dam
“Niskayuna Pool” slowing Mohawk River flow
(from Scheller et al., 2008).
Slightly downstream from the steep-sided “Isle of the Oneidas”, the two successive cross-sections ~0.20
miles apart below the rejoined flow and near the head of the next island at the ~90-degree bend, (a) are
notably larger than the upstream cross-section nearest the yet-narrower Lock 8 Dam, and they also (b)
“equal” the noted two other cross-sections farther upstream and their velocities. Then, the subsequent
velocities slow markedly along a length crucial to SCCC and adjacent areas. Table 1 gives the related
widths, cross-sections and related velocities.
Before NYS built the Lock 7 Dam, the overall Mohawk River’s bottom sloping downstream to Colonie
directly influenced flow through the Schenectady area and resulting active drainage of the several-thousand
square-mile watershed’s runoff. These runoff-profiles enable a useful fuller understanding of how the flat
underlying reservoir-pool’s volume impeded gravity-flow of runoff after it passed the Lock 8 Dam
location, whereupon the runoff’s elevation rose substantially. Inundation became a new threat to the
Stockade, Schenectady Locomotive Company (ALCO), Scotia etc.
The natural runoff slope continued downstream past the SCCC/Scotia/Schenectady "sluice" to the
narrowing and sharply bending constraint near Freemans Bridge, resulting in a lower runoff-surface
elevation, perhaps as much as 5-6 feet lower than the present profile for the reservoir-lifted runoff.
Accordingly, with an overall downstream bottom-slope able to influence to at least Freemans Bridge
(slightly beyond the left margin of the FEMA 2009, FIS profile), the pre-Lock 7 Dam runoff usually
drained within the riverbanks and without notable flooding recorded for the Scotia-Stockade area (instead,
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
17
mainly for Frog Alley in the “Great Flats” lowlands southwest of State Street and toward I-890 and GE).
Continuing downstream, this projected several-feet lower pre-canal profile probably would parallel the
present peak-runoff until fully past the known constraints in the “Rexford Bridge Area” (where FEMA FIS
data shows that a high flow-velocity prevails).
From there, after the sharp turn, passing through the narrows and among the other varied cross-sections
downstream, the runoff-profile generally would "plunge" to the lowest portion of the present three-story
Lock 7 Dam in Niskayuna. The dashed line in the basic design graphic (below, left) and the accompanying
photo during construction (right) characterize the much-lower natural pre-reservoir surface-level at that
very wide location.
Figure 4: Nature of the Lock 7 Dam and basic change it caused in water-surface elevation (Historical
Archives, 1912-13).
This elementary investigation of the Lock 7 Dam’s early and continuing consequence of unprecedented,
hazardous flooding in the Schenectady area has implied no sense of exactness. It uses historic photos,
available basic data from authoritative sources and intuitive principles as means to: (a) estimate the likely
pre-Lock 7 Dam hydraulic slope or gradient of the Mohawk River during a “10-Year” runoff event as a
“canary” for much-larger runoffs; and (b) assess the immediately lost capacity to accept a substantial range
of peak-runoff without flooding.
From Scotia upstream, dams with features (removable gates) to regulate flow at “natural levels” have
serviced the locks that enable deep barge-navigation along the substantially sloped Mohawk River. The
Lock 7 Dam deliberately excluded such features. History has shown repeatedly that this incapability to
increase flow past this NYS dam has induced serious problems miles upstream in the Schenectady area.
Now more than a century later, no means to reduce flood-risk exists at this dam for either NYS-agency or
community-scale responses to the present alert system or its forthcoming more-comprehensive successor
For the improved well-being of the canal-side community, this damaging condition deserves to be re-
evaluated and engineering remedies identified that would allow physical response to alerts. Increasing
drainage-slope along at least the reservoir-pool’s lower-third undoubtedly would increase runoff-velocity
and benefit the Schenectady area upstream. This situation is complex … agreed … but approachable and
resolvable with engineering, consistent with current-day rhetoric about “building back better”.
Following is a conceptual view of a temporary pre-emptive net-reduction of the runoff-surface level along
the entire dam by ~5 feet, in “balance with data-based alerts”.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
18
Figure 5: New temporary added discharge to increase drainage along reservoir-pool (FEMA, 2009).
As a first step, a detailed hydraulic analysis should consider and compare several different engineered flow-
regulating means in modeling water-surface elevations. Step 2 would be to select, design and detail the
modifications necessary to achieve the objectives. Step 3, perhaps begun during Step 2, is action to arrange
and obtain funding for physical work at the Lock 7 Dam to provide the sought regulating capability for
proactive or pre-emptive flood-risk management.
Table 1: excerpted from the FEMA FIS, lists the locations and data discussed. Although it applies to the
“100-Year” runoff-volume, the basic proportional relationships are relevant for the “10-Year” counterpart.
The upper three locations descend (in order) toward the Lock 8 Dam (“Y” in the narrows adjacent to
Maalwyck Park), and the remaining two locations (bold) are downstream from Lock 8.
Location
Width
(Feet)
X-Area
(Sq ft)
Velocity
(Ft/sec)
AA
1,254
25,557
5.9
Z
1,283
23,203
6.4
Y
525
13,731
10.9
Lock 8 Dam
X
1,364
28, 764
5.2
W
1,073
28,819
5.2
References
Duggan, J.E., 2013, Lock 7 (Vischer Ferry) Dam: A Century of Concern, Now Time to Modernize” in Proceedings of
the 2013 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, Schenectady, NY, March 22, 2013.
Bergmann Associates, Inc., 2012, “Hydraulic Assessment Report”, DHI Group, for NYS Canal Corporation, August
2012, Flood Profiles 01P-04P.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2009, Flood Insurance Study Number 36093CV000A, Schenectady County,
N. Y., Preliminary - Sept 2009, Mohawk River, Floodway Data and Flood Profiles 11P-15P,
Historic Archive, 1913. Photos of Vischer Ferry Dam under construction, 1912-1913, Clifton Park-Halfmoon Public
Library Digital Collection
Bureau of Publications and Reports, Department of State Engineer and Surveyor, “Barge Canal Bulletin”,
February 1908 and monthly thereafter through January 1919 as it outlined significant background elements of the
planning while reporting mainly on the status of every aspect of all contracts, design, approvals, bidding, expenditures
and progress through completion.
Scheller, M., Luey, K., and Garver, J.I., 2008. Major Floods on the Mohawk: 1832-2000. See website:
http://minerva.union.edu/garverj/mohawk/170_yr.html
Notes:
1 - NYPA’s four turbines and several small gates exert little influence on significant runoff-volume and peak surface
elevations.
2- 10 % chance of happening or expected recurrence once during 10 years, 10 times in 100 years.
3 - The more-confined scope but greater range of detail differs from the” Bergmann” document’s cursory passage
between Locks 7 and 8, emphasizing conditions in two counties that affect the many movable dams upstream,
beginning at Lock 8.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
19
CLEAN WATER PLANNING AND TMDL VISION
Angus Eaton
Director - Bureau of Water Resource Management
In the Late 90’s Total Maximum Daily Load litigation settlements created ‘Court Order States’ - states that
are required to complete set number of TMDLs. This left states with a single metric for Clean Water
Planning– how many TMDL’s have been completed (pace) – without regard to the other priorities or
recognition of the effectiveness of other aspects of Clean Water Protection or TMDL implementation.
To date over 65,000 TMDLs have been completed nationwide. New York has completed TMDLs covering
approximately 250 waterbody segments, with about 900 segments on the existing list of impaired waters
that need a TMDL. The consent orders that drove the original pace metric are ending.
EPA wants states to set more water quality based priorities as well as consider the best tools to drive
implementation. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) is focusing on
nutrients, pathogens and dissolved oxygen in higher-class waters for Clean Water Planning. DEC is also
marrying its non-point source (Clean Water Act Section 319) program to its TMDL (Clean Water Act
Section 303(d)) program and better integrating Clean Water Planning with other DEC and non-DEC
programs.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
20
THE NEW YORK STREAMFLOW ESTIMATION TOOL
Chris L Gazoorian
U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY
The lakes, rivers, and streams of New York State provide an essential water resource for the State. The
information provided by time series hydrologic data is essential to understanding ways to promote healthy
instream ecology and to strengthen the scientific basis for sound water management decision making in
New York. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and the New York
State Energy Research and Development Authority, has developed the New York Streamflow Estimation
Tool to estimate a daily mean hydrograph for the period from October 1, 1960, to September 30, 2010, at
ungaged locations across the State. The New York Streamflow Estimation Tool produces a complete
estimated daily mean time series from which daily flow statistics can be estimated. In addition, the New
York Streamflow Estimation Tool provides a means for quantitative flow assessments at ungaged locations
that can be used to address the objectives of the Clean Water Act—to restore and maintain the chemical,
physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.
The New York Streamflow Estimation Tool uses data from the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow
network for selected streamgages in New York (excluding Long Island) and surrounding States with shared
hydrologic boundaries, and physical and climate basin characteristics to estimate the natural unaltered
streamflow at ungaged stream locations. The unaltered streamflow is representative of flows that are
minimally altered by regulation, diversion, or mining, and other anthropogenic activities. With the
streamflow network data, flow-duration exceedance probability equations were developed to estimate
unaltered streamflow exceedance probabilities at an ungaged location using a methodology that equates
streamflow as a percentile from a flow-duration curve for a particular day at a hydrologically similar
reference streamgage with streamflow as a percentile from the flow-duration curve for the same day at an
ungaged location. The reference streamgage is selected using map correlation, a geostatistical method in
which variogram models are developed that correlate streamflow at one streamgage with streamflows at all
other locations in the study area. Regression equations used to predict 17 flow-duration exceedance
probabilities were developed to estimate the flow-duration curves at ungaged locations for New York using
geographic information system-derived basin characteristics.
A graphical user interface, with an integrated spreadsheet summary report, has been developed to estimate
and display the daily mean streamflows and statistics and to evaluate different water management or water
withdrawal scenarios with the estimated monthly data. This package of regression equations, U.S.
Geological Survey streamgage data, and spreadsheet application produces an interactive tool to estimate an
unaltered daily streamflow hydrograph and streamflow statistics at ungaged sites in New York. Among
other uses, the New York Streamflow Estimation Tool can assist water managers with permitting water
withdrawals, implementing habitat protection, estimating contaminant loads, or determining the potential
affect from chemical spills. The application, user’s guide and full report describing the methods used to
develop the New York Streamflow Estimation Tool are available online at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5220/.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
21
SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN CONTEMPORARY FISH ASSEMBLAGES
OF THE MOHAWK RIVER
Scott George1, Barry Baldigo1, and Scott Wells2
1U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY
2NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Fisheries, Region 4, Stamford, NY
The Mohawk River, including the NYS Barge Canal, supports a diverse fishery that is used extensively by
recreational anglers. The last comprehensive fish survey was conducted in the lower basin by the New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) from 1979-1983. The river has
experienced a number of substantial changes since then including several major storm events,
establishment of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and declining runs of anadromous Blueback
Herring (Alosa aestivalis). In 2014, the U.S. Geological Survey and the NYSDEC began a two-year study
to assess temporal and spatial differences in contemporary fish assemblages. Preliminary results from boat
electrofishing surveys conducted at 12 sites suggest fish communities currently differ substantially between
permanently and seasonally impounded sections of the river. Catch per unit effort for the entire fish
community in permanently impounded sections was more than twice that of seasonally impounded
sections. Centrarchids and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) contributed most strongly to these differences
but popular gamefish such as Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and Walleye (Sander vitreus) were
also more abundant in permanently impounded reaches. Results from an additional 12 surveys in 2015 will
be used to complete the contemporary dataset and fully assess spatial and temporal differences.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
22
CARTOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF WATER-RELATED
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL INDICATORS
Ashraf Ghaly
Professor, Engineering Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
Societies in various countries all over the world develop in areas where sources of fresh water exist. These
sources include rainfall, streams, lakes, rivers, and shallow or deep wells drawing water from underground
aquifers. The amount of rainfall significantly varies from one country to another depending on the location
of a given country on the map of the world. Countries compete in developing their natural water resources
to meet the demand of increasing population. Development plans include making potable water available to
people, building hydropower plants to generate electricity to meet domestic demand and that of industry,
treating wastewater before disposing of it to maintain a clean environment, managing water resources to
reduce, or eliminate if possible, the hazards of droughts and floods, monitoring and sampling the quality of
water to reduce the risk of water-borne diseases, and adopting modern irrigation techniques to reduce the
amount of water used in agriculture and to reduce the possibility of water depletion. This presentation will
use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) cartographic mapping techniques to illustrate various water-
related environmental and societal indicators. For all the countries of the world, the maps presented include
rainfall volume, water resources, groundwater recharge, water use, hydroelectric power, sewerage
sanitation, effect of droughts, effect of floods, water-borne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea, and
various uses of water in domestic, industrial, and agriculture purposes. The maps will reveal the remarkable
difference in the above indicators as exhibited at different countries and different regions of the world.
They will also uncover the monumental task before many nations toward doing a better job in managing
water resources for their populations.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
23
WATER: THE NEW OIL THAT FUELS INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Ashraf Ghaly
Professor, Engineering Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
Water is an essential ingredient for life. Civilizations throughout history gravitated to locations with
abundant water resources. Ancient people settled lands where fresh water existed to meet vital purposes
such as drinking and irrigation. Until recently, fresh water shortages were not a thought that crossed many
minds. This has lately changed and water scarcity became a serious concern due to its multi-faceted
negative impacts. In absence of sufficient water supplies to meet increasing demand, conflicts became
inevitable. Coupled with population increase, industrialization, pollution, hydroelectric development, and
political instability only compounded the problem. The above factors usually instigate mass movement of
population resulting in more urbanization and socioeconomic changes as people seek more income or
simply try to survive. In some situations, massive migration occurs across boarders from volatile areas
where armed conflicts erupt and are used as a means to control water resources. Full-scale water wars
oftentimes follow long skirmishes that heat up gradually until they reach the boiling point.
Examples of major international conflicts over water are numerous and involve rivers with several riparian
countries. This includes the River Nile in East Africa, which involves eleven riparian countries, the Jordan
River Basin, and the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in the Middle East. Other notorious water disputes also
include the one in South Asia involving mainly India and Pakistan, the Sino-Indian water quibble, the
conflict in the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia, and the conflict involving the six riparian countries of the
Volta River Basin in West Africa. This presentation will focus on water issues involving countries in the
Middle East. It will be shown that water resources may be the underlying factor in many of the current
disputes between the countries of this area of the world. It will also be illustrated that the present political
upheaval and social unrest have a common feature confined to the fact that water scarcity hinders economic
development which in turn evolves into wars in pursuit of control of resources to secure uninterrupted
supplies.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
24
FLOOD WARNING AND OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM FOR THE MOHAWK WATERSHED
Howard M. Goebel, P.E., P.H.
Canal Hydrologist, New York State Canal Corporation
The Mohawk River Watershed has experienced significant storm-related flood events over the past century,
including the floods of 1938, 2006, the remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011, and
2013, resulting in consideration flood damages in the watershed. To combat the flooding observed in recent
years, the New York State Canal Corporation is in the process of implementing a Canal Flood Warning and
Optimization System, an $8.5 million FEMA-funded flood mitigation project that will be completed by the
end of 2015 for the Mohawk, Upper Hudson, and Oswego River Watersheds.
Operationally, one of the biggest challenges has been the lack of situational awareness of
hydrometeorological conditions throughout the Mohawk watershed due to the limited precipitation, water
level, and streamflow gaging. The lack of situational awareness made accurate forecasting the timing of
peak flooding, the flood magnitude, and the duration of inundation impossible.
Following the widespread damage to the Erie Canal associated Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee, the
New Watershed to improve the situational awareness, model precipitation and runoff throughout the basin,
and display forecasts in an easily understood manner.
The Canal Flood Warning and Optimization System will include a robust real-time water level, flow
monitoring system, including 11 stream flow gages, 31 water level gages, 16 precipitation gages, and 8
cameras, and a data management system to improve the situational awareness throughout the Mohawk
watershed as severe weather events occur (Figure 1). These data will be integrated with National Weather
Service precipitation forecasts to provide near real-time streamflow and water elevation forecasts.
Figure 1: Mohawk Watershed Gaging Network
The Canal Flood Warning and Optimization System will also include the development, calibration and
validation of dynamic hydrologic and hydraulic models for the entire Mohawk watershed. The system will
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
25
be able to account for reservoir releases and water control structure operations and boundary conditions of
the Mohawk River and adjoining creeks and streams (Figure 2).
The Canal Flood Warning and Optimization System will provide detailed information to dam operators,
emergency responders, local officials and the public to allow more effective planning, response and
notification, thereby reducing the potential flood effects. The system will also provide local emergency
managers with accurate information to safely manage decision-making in flood prone areas including
evacuations and road closures and will lower the risk to communities and the associated financial losses.
Dynamic real-time inundation mapping will be provided through a GIS-based interactive mapping system
using orthoimagery to illustrate event-based flood forecasted water levels, timing of peak water levels, and
projected flood inundation areas throughout the Mohawk watershed.
Additionally, the Canal Flood Warning System will also include a system optimization component and
flood mitigation analyses to optimize the timing of reservoir releases and water control structure operations
to minimize flood damage.
Figure 2: Mohawk Watershed Flood Warning System.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
26
COMMON CORE: AN UNCOMMON APPROACH
WORKSHOPS FOR EDUCATORS ON HOW TO BRING ENVIRONMENTALLY BASED
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING TO SCHOOLS AND BEYOND
Scott Hadam and John M. McKeeby
Schoharie River Center, Inc., Burtonsville, NY
The Schoharie River Center, Inc. (SRC), is a not-for-profit organization which empowers people to become
actively engaged in the scientific study, monitoring, protection and improvement of their local
environment.
The SRC staff and professionals are offering workshops to local educators (both school and community
based) to develop and test ways in which they can integrate experiential based learning activities (including
outdoor field work opportunities), into the classroom/learning environment, which is aligned with common
core standards. Environmental education and cultural history studies can enhance the new rigorous course
material in exciting ways.
The hands-on workshops will provide educators with experiential inquiry activities aimed at:
• Natural sciences research;
• Watershed ecology and local water quality monitoring;
• Riparian studies;
• Soils and geology;
• Forestry studies;
• Topics in wildlife biology and management;
• Invasive species studies and monitoring;
• Water assessments for volunteer evaluators (“WAVE”); and
• Studies of place and community through oral history interviews and cultural documentation.
These workshops are for those interested in developing their skills in utilizing community based
experiential learning activities in order to engage students as well as convey key concepts and knowledge
contained in their subject area curriculums. Experiential learning in the context of environmental education
affords learners the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge through direct experience, and links their
personal experience to the common core skills of investigation, analysis and problem solving in a way that
is personally relevant and intellectually powerful.
Since 2000, the SRC has been successfully operating and expanding Environmental Study Teams (EST),
environmental education and youth development programs that specifically target youth for engagement
(ages 12 – 18yrs) in the Mohawk watershed and beyond. The goal of these programs is to increase the
understanding and knowledge of these youth as to the emergent environmental issues confronting their
communities. Additionally, these programs provide youth with the skills and critical knowledge needed to
make informed decisions and take responsible actions to protect and improve the quality of their local
environment and, more broadly, and the health and sustainability of their communities. Key to the success
of the EST program model has been the integration of skills and knowledge acquired in the school setting
into the experientially focused research and community service activities of the EST program.
To this end the SRC is developing the above-mentioned series of experientially based research and learning
activities that integrate, compliment and expand upon common core curriculum content promoted in
Middle-High School Math, Science, Language Arts and Social Studies curriculums.
For more information please contact Scott Hadam at scotthadam@schoharierivercenter.org or
315.382.2649. You can also contact John McKeeby at 518.875.6230
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
27
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL RECORD OF LARGE MAGNITUDE FLOODS
RECORDED IN COLLINS POND, SCOTIA, NY
C.M. Hedges and D.T. Rodbell
Geology Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
Any attempt to attribute changes in the frequency and magnitude of floods to human induced climate
change requires an understanding of the natural variability of the hydrologic system prior to the present.
Historical records of flood events are preserved in the sediment of oxbow lakes and avulsed channels, and
this study investigates lake cores as a paleoclimatic proxy of global changes due to anthropogenic impacts
on the environment.
Collins Pond (42°50’N; 73°57’W; 64 m asl) is a small (0.25 km2), shallow (zmax=8.5 m), slightly
oligotrophic pond on the floodplain of the Mohawk River near Scotia, New York. The small, closed
drainage basin of Collin’s Pond is similar in size to the lake itself, yet Collin’s Pond has accumulated
sediment at a high rate (~7 mm yr-1 for the last 1000 years). A 144 cm core was extracted from the center of
Collins Pond in the winter of 2014, containing numerous alternations of dark gray and light reddish/pink
laminations. Flood waters in the Mohawk River in response to Hurricane Irene on 29-30 of August, 2011
deposited a thick layer of allochthonous sediment throughout the lake basin and is visible at the top 14 cm
of the lake core. Towards the middle of the core, there is a thick layer of reddish/pink sediment occurring
from 30 to 50 cm, followed by a consistent horizon of dark gray material until a depth of ~90 cm. Two
distinct layers of reddish/pink sediment also occur towards the bottom of the core from 90~110cm and
140~144cm, with sharp peaks in magnetic susceptibility and a number of minerals. These characteristics
suggest that clastic layers were deposited by overflow during flooding events of the Mohawk River.
Laminae from flood events were sampled and treated to remove biogenic silica and analyzed with a Coulter
LS 230 laser grain size analyzer, as well as analyzed for total carbon and total inorganic carbon. The
presence of reoccurring fine silt laminae indicate that flood layers are slightly coarser than autochthonous
organic material, and their frequency suggest an increase in stochastic events during the Holocene.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
28
ROLE OF INVASIVE EUROPEAN WATER CHESTNUT AS A NUTRIENT BIOEXTRACTANT
FROM WASTEWATER OUTFALLS IN THE HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY
K. Hu1,2, N. Jesmanitafti2, Y. Yang2, and S. Rogers2
1Shiley School of Engineering, University of Portland, Portland, OR
2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries,
Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
Effluents discharged from wastewater treatment plants contribute a significant amount of pollution to
natural water ecosystems. Controlling nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, has become the main
focus of reducing harmful environmental impacts (NRC 1993, 2000). Due to the high cost of chemical
removal techniques, a growing interest has been directed towards using natural bioextractants with the dual
advantage of producing a renewable biomass feedstock. The European water chestnut (Trapa natans), an
invasive plant in the Hudson River, grows quickly and prolifically making it an ideal candidate for being
utilized as both a nutrient sink and biomass feedstock. The goals of this study were to investigate the role of
this invasive species in nutrient uptake from the Hudson River and to determine its value as a bioenergy
feedstock via anaerobic digestion.
Estimates of the standing stock of water chestnut biomass near Denning’s point, Beacon, New York were
made in June of 2014. This area of the river is influenced by both wastewater treatment plant effluent and
municipal storm water discharge from the City of Beacon, NY. The area of growth was mapped using GPS
locations logged at low tide and the biomass density per square meter determined by counting plants within
a one meter square float based on a randomized block design across the area of standing stock. Assuming
that the percent coverage on the surface of the water was related to the biomass density, pictures of a 1-m2
frame were taken and analyzed using ImageJ (Schneider et al., 2012). To relate percent coverage to density,
the number of rosettes per m2 was hand counted in six 1-m2 frames. Individual plant samples were frozen
and analyzed in the lab for dry weight, total solids, and volatile solids. The Cornell Nutrient Analysis
Laboratory performed plant nutrient analysis. Nitrate and total phosphorus of the Beacon WWTP effluent
were measured using Hach Test N’ Tube methods. Ammonia was self-reported by the Beacon WWTP.
Biomethane potential was determined using Bioprocess control’s Automatic Methane Potential Test
System (AMPTS II). Five batch reactors were run: three samples with water chestnuts, one blank, and one
control. Each reactor was seeded with 350 ml of anaerobic sludge from the Potsdam Wastewater Treatment
Facility. The experiment was run until the methane gas flow dropped below 50 Nml/day.
Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the water chestnuts were 2.89% and 0.432%, respectively. Considering
the standing biomass stock, 19.6% of the annual discharge of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, and 1.45% of
the discharge of phosphorus, from the Beacon wastewater treatment plant could be extracted from the river
if a harvesting program for the European water chestnuts were conducted solely in the area surrounding
Denning’s Point. The biomethane potential of the harvested water chestnuts was determined to be 595 Nml
CH4/gVS reduced, which could significantly boost efficiency and biogas production of anaerobic digestion
at wastewater treatment plants. Anaerobic digestion of the harvested biomass stock could yield 16.2 x 103
m3 CH4, or approximately 32 MWh of electricity. Assuming similar density of the standing stock, Trapa
natans biomass in the non-saline stretch of the Hudson River, specifically between Troy and West Point,
was estimated using satellite imagery. Based on the standing stock, 37.4 tons of nitrogen and 5.4 tons of
phosphorus could be removed from the river through a harvesting program. If this biomass were
anaerobically digested, it could yield 248,000 m3 CH4, equivalent to approximately 500 MWh of electricity.
The findings of this study suggest that Trapa natans may act as a nutrient bioextractant, and could be used
to boost biogas production in anaerobic digestion at wastewater treatment plants, if a harvesting program
were implemented. Biomass estimates of Trapa natans in this study were conducted early in the growth
cycle. A survey of literature regarding typical density of this aquatic plant late in the growth cycle are 2-3
times greater than those of this work, suggesting that the potential for nuitrient bioextraction and biogas
production may be even greater than reported here. Additional research is needed to assess the economic
feasibility of harvesting water chestnuts for methane production and nutrient bioremediation. At the very
least, digesting the water chestnuts can help offset the high cost of their eradication as an invasive species.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
29
Water quality sampling estimation of the density of the standing stock of water chestnuts near Denning’s
Point, Beacon, NY.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
30
UTILIZING GIS TO STUDY EROSION, MITIGATION RELIABILITY, COSTS, AND
EFFECTIVE COASTAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES
Christopher J. Kelly1 and Ashraf M. Ghaly2
1Geology Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308 U.S.A.
2 Engineering Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY
The widespread effects of Superstorm Sandy on the coastlines of New York and New Jersey have proven to
be an expensive (~$65 billion in losses) and difficult situation to mitigate. The United States Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE) is the primary agency tasked with designing, building, maintaining, and assessing
critical coastal remediation systems. The projects implemented by the USACE call for a balance between
safety, economic impacts, feasibility, and ingenuity in engineering design. Geographic information systems
(GIS) prove to be a powerful tool for understanding of the intersection between spatial and nonspatial data
pertaining to the projects throughout New York and New Jersey. The six vital resources identified by the
USACE to be at risk due to coastal storms and flooding include: buildings, habitats, infrastructure, critical
facilities, evacuation routes, and recreation areas. Geospatial data obtained from the USACE’s Sandy
Projects inventory, New York State GIS clearinghouse, and the State of New Jersey’s Department of
Environmental Protection is used to analyze the effectiveness of coastal engineering projects that have been
completed and are still under construction. Both historic and present-day images of eroding shorelines are
compared to study project reliability, resource risks, and cost data provided by the USACE. The
combination of spatial and nonspatial data is used to make recommendations for future geotechnical
engineering projects in the New York-New Jersey region, where extreme weather systems and potential sea
level rise will dramatically alter the geomorphology of coastal systems.
Figure 1. An overview of projects initiated, constructed, and maintained by the USACE in New York, New
Jersey, and southern Connecticut following Superstorm Sandy in late 2012.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
31
MONITORING THE HUDSON AND BEYOND WITH HRECOS (HUDSON RIVER
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OBSERVING SYSTEM)
Gavin M. Lemley1 and Alexander J. Smith2
1HRECOS Coordinator, Hudson River Estuary Program
2Mohawk River Basin Program Manager
New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY
The Hudson River Environmental Conditions Observing System (HRECOS) is a network of environmental
monitoring stations located along the mainstem rivers of the Hudson River Watershed; the Hudson and
Mohawk Rivers. Stations are equipped with sensors that continuously record several water quality and
weather parameters every 15 minutes, year-round. Remote telemetry at each station transmits data in near-
real-time for users to view and download via www.hrecos.org. The mission of HRECOS is structured
around five major user group focus areas: 1) Environmental Regulation and Resource Management, 2)
Research, 3) Education, 4) Emergency Management, and 5) Commercial Use and Recreation. The program
works to improve the capacity of stakeholders to understand the ecosystem and manage water resources,
provide baseline monitoring data necessary for applied research and modeling, support the use of real-time
data in educational settings, provide policy makers and emergency managers with data products to guide
decision making, and provide information for safe and efficient navigation by commercial mariners and
recreational boaters.
HRECOS expanded into the Mohawk River in 2011 with the aid of funding provided by the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation’s (NYS DEC) Mohawk River Basin Program. There are
currently three Mohawk HRECOS stations—one located at Lock 8 in Rotterdam, another at the Rexford
Bridge in Schenectady, and a third downstream of the city of Utica. These stations are used to help satisfy
the water quality goals of the Mohawk River Basin Program Action Agenda. The data are used in
conjunction with existing water quality data in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL)
for impaired waterbodies to limit the discharge of pollutants and restore the impaired waters, while also
monitoring the improvement resulting from remediation efforts. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and
the National Weather Service in their flood prediction and warning systems also use Mohawk HRECOS
Stations.
HRECOS is operated and funded by a consortium of government, research, and non-profit institutions. The
system builds upon existing regional monitoring activities, including the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration’s National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NOAA NERRS), NYS
DEC’s Rotating Integrated Basin Studies (RIBS), USGS monitoring, Stevens Institute of Technology’s
New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS), and monitoring efforts of several other
partner organizations. All data and products of HRECOS are freely available to the public at
www.hrecos.org.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
32
HOW COMMON IS “TEXTBOOK” MIGRATION IN THE BLUEBACK HERRING? A LOOK
AT THE HUDSON-MOHAWK POPULATION THROUGH OTOLITH CHEMISTRY
Karin E. Limburg1, and Sara M. Turner2
1Department of Env and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Env Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY
2NOAA Fisheries Service, 28 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI
The blueback herring Alosa aestivalis is one of the anadromous (sea-run) herrings in the shad sub-family.
Formerly so abundant that one of its common names was “glut herring,” this species declined greatly due to
overfishing and habitat loss, the latter often due to dams and urbanization of watersheds.
Figure 1. Blueback herring collected in the Mohawk River during their spawning run. Photo: C. Legard.
Blueback herring, known as a gregarious species, began to colonize the Mohawk River at some point after
construction of the Erie Canal permitted access. Today, blueback herring lock their way through, and the
Mohawk is an important spawning and rearing area. Each spring, herring arrive from the Atlantic Ocean
and crowd at the Troy Dam in April. Once the locks are opened on May 1, fish move into the locks and up
successive stretches of river. Occasionally in the past, blueback herring were caught in Rome, NY, and
very occasionally as far west as Lake Ontario.
During the spawning runs, if the right collecting gear is used, small herring can be found together with the
adults. These turn out to be “yearlings,” born the previous spring. Yearlings of the blueback herring and
its congeners, the alewife A. pseudoharengus and American shad A. sapidissima were studied in the
Hudson River in the 1990s by Limburg (1998). Through use of biogeochemical tracers, she found that
yearling shad all came in from the sea, but for the other two species, some yearlings had apparently
overwintered somewhere in fresh water.
The phenomenon of yearlings migrating to the adult spawning grounds, let alone holding in fresh water
over winter, is at odds with conventional migration theory for anadromous fishes. Conventional theory
states that these fish leave their natal rivers to feed and grow in the oceans for a number of years before
returning as adults to spawn. Yet yearling fish continue to appear, and today it is easier to detect them as
boat electrofishing has become a commonly used tool for fishery-independent assessments.
Knowing that yearling ingress is possible, the next question is: how common is this characteristic in
populations of alosines in the Hudson watershed? We can begin to answer this question by use of the
microchemical properties of otoliths. Otoliths (literally, “ear-stones”) are tiny structures that form part of
the hearing and balance system in fishes. They are composed of CaCO3 in the form of aragonite,
precipitated on a protein matrix. Otoliths grow incrementally, and as they do, various trace elements may
be incorporated. Among these, strontium is a key minor element, which readily substitutes for the calcium
due to its physical/chemical similarities.
Because Sr:Ca is more abundant in marine water than in the Hudson watershed (Limburg 1995), transects
made on an otolith from its core (birth) to its outer edge (death), quantifying Sr:Ca ratios, provides a
lifetime record of movement between inland and marine waters. Furthermore, because the age of bedrock
varies regionally in the watershed, the ratios of 87:86Sr form distinctive signatures for the upper Hudson
watershed (oldest rock), the Mohawk River (youngest rock, marine origin), and the Hudson River estuary
(essentially a mixture of the other two sources; Figure 2). Other trace elements of interest include barium
and manganese, both of which are more abundant in the watershed than in the Atlantic.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
33
We conducted this study with samples collected in the 1990s. Yearlings from that period were collected in
1996, and adults in 1999. These were analyzed at that time for Sr:Ca; since then, a few adult otoliths have
been re-analyzed for more trace elements. A second collection from 2012 comes from a separate study;
these are also from adult herring in the spring spawning run. During the intervening time period, the
population has declined (Hattala et al. 2011).
Figure 2. Examples of “tracer signatures” of different parts of the Hudson River watershed measured in otoliths of three
different individual blueback herring. These measurements were taken across transverse sections of the otoliths. The Sr
isotopic ratio measurements began on the left edge and proceeded toward the right, but did not go all the way. The
Sr:Ca transect were made edge-to-edge.
Results – We found that immigration by yearling blueback herring is a common phenomenon. Of 52
adults analyzed from 1999, 38 (73%) returned either to fresh or brackish water as yearlings (example
graph, Figure 3). In 2012, 36 of 54 analyzed adults (67%) had returned as yearlings. Further, 23% of 1999
adults and 17% of 2012 adults held over in brackish water, rather than moving out to sea.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
34
Other microchemical patterns suggested a diverse use of habitats among the sampled individuals,
particularly in the 1999 collection.
Blueback herring in 1999 originated predominantly in the Mohawk (56%), although this may be a result of
most sampling being conducted there. In 2012, only 20% of returning spawners were identified as of
Mohawk River origin.
Overall, the 1999 sample contained a larger spread of ages; the 2012 sample was dominated by Ages 2 and
3, whereas the 1999 sample was dominated by Ages 3 and 4. Additionally, the mean back-calculated size-
at-Age-1 of yearlings that had returned to the Hudson were larger in 2012 (and a few samples that were
analyzed from 2013) than those returning as spawners in 1999 (2012: mean total length = 103.6 mm ± 5.3
mm (95% c.i.); 1999: mean total length = 86.3 ± 5.3 mm). These changes are consistent with a reduction in
the population size of blueback herring in the Hudson/ Mohawk system
Conclusion – “Textbook” migration, i.e., the egress of juvenile anadromous fish to sea from the freshwater
nurseries followed by return only as adults, is not a common phenomenon in Hudson River blueback
herring. Rather, ingress to fresh or brackish water habitats for a second growing season appears to be the
dominant pattern in this population. Even though they are not apparent to humans, yearling blueback
herring depend on availability of inland habitats. Thus, to maintain and restore a healthy population to this
watershed, management should work to ensure the availability of habitat.
The question, “why do yearlings return?” is a question of evolutionary interest. We hypothesize that
yearlings follow the adult spawners to learn the migratory routes, but there may be other adaptive reasons
for this “non-textbook” behavior.
Figure 3. Examples of otolith strontium:calcium transects
that show different life histories. Top panel: Sr:Ca transect
of a 3-year-old spawner, captured in the Mohawk in 1999,
showing low Sr:Ca until emigration, followed by elevated,
although varying, levels of Sr:Ca. Bottom panel: Sr:Ca
transect of another 3-year-old spawner, but after a first
winter at sea (spike in Sr:Ca around 700 microns from core,
it swam back up into the Hudson River (arrow) and spent a
second growting season there before egressing to the lower
estuary or possibly to Long Island Sound. Dashed line at
Sr:Ca = 3.0 denotes our definition of marine habitation.
References:
Hattala, K.A., A.W. Kahnle, and R.D. Adams. 2011. Sustainable fishing plan for New York river herring stocks. Prepared for the
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. New York State Department of Environmental Conser-vation, New Paltz, NY. 56 p.
Limburg, K.E. 1995. Otolith strontium traces migratory histories of juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 119: 25-35.
Limburg, K.E. 1998. Anomalous migrations of anadromous herrings revealed with natural chemical tracers. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:431-437.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
35
FLOODING PREDICTION IN A LARGE WATERSHED:
AN EXAMPLE FROM THE MOHAWK RIVER IN NEW YORK
Antonios Marsellos1 and Katerina Tsakiri2
1School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
2School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
Introduction
Increase in flooding in the rivers due to the climatic change has shown that natural hazards such as ice jams
and tropical storms may result to flooding events in the rivers more often [1-5]. Ice jams occur when the
frozen river breaks up and movement of large ice chunks is restricted at channel constrictions, lock stations
(a fixed chamber where water level can be varied), and bridges. In this paper, we present a methodology in
application to Mohawk River, and itcan be applied at different USGS monitoring stations in the Mohawk
watershed in Upstate New York, USA (Figure 1) or in other watersheds as well. For any watershed
including the Mohawk watershed, it is important to know the time and the damage extent area of a possible
flood event. The determination of the trigger level of flooding and the initiation time of flooding would
predict chronic jam points or flooding events and begin to model what may happen as ice jams or tropical
storms contribute to river flooding. A better understanding of flooding may reduce the chance of costly
damages associated with these hazards.
Methodology
A methodology is described for the determination of the initial elevation of the Mohawk River where
flooding may occur (Flood Trigger Level; FTL) as well as the initial time period that the flooding may
occur in the river (Flood Initiation Time; FIT). The FTL has been determined using simulations of flooding
with Geographical Information System software (GIS) and Light Detection and Ranging data (LiDAR).
The FIT has been determined using the decomposition of the time series of the water discharge of the river,
the ground water level, and the climatic variables. Once the river water level and the water discharge
association has been established, then the two models can be integrated in one for each station of Mohawk
River in order to derive a time-spatial model for the prediction of flooding in the river.
Determination of the Flood Trigger Level of the river
To estimate the Flood Trigger Level (FTL) of Mohawk River in different stations along the river, Air-
LiDAR elevation data were used in order to construct a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of
the specific station of Mohawk River. Due to variable slope and elevation along the river’s longitudinal
profile the river requires to be studied into segments (Fig. 1). FTL values should be determined on each
segment along the Mohawk River using a previously described methodology [6].
At each segment all the contained elevation LiDAR points from a buffered area along the Mohawk River
and the intersection of each of the 45 segments were extracted and were utilized to build a high resolution
DEM. The extracted LiDAR points have been converted into a Triangulated Integrated Network (TIN). A
polygon surface with an increasing elevation starting from the minimum available LiDAR elevation point
in the river and using increments of less than a meter depending on the LiDAR vertical resolution the
flooding progress can be simulated. This simulation provides through incremental water elevation levels a
flooding surface and a volume change (Fig. 2). Simulation may produce high or low resolution of a map
showing a flooding extent at different water level. This resolution depends on the size of the height
increments (0.1 m) which is used for the incremental surface and volume calculations.
The TIN together with the elevation polygon surface is used in order to estimate the surface and the volume
of the flooding area. Polygons overlaid for volumetric and surface calculations along the different segments
require to be cut into at least 30 squares (fishnet) along a river length of 1 km. A greater amount of squares
may result to more accurate determination of the FTL for the specific station. Figure 2 shows the flood
trigger level for a specific segment of the Mohawk River. When the water level is higher than the bank full,
then the water is spread over the flood plain. This methodology has been applied for the rest of the
segments along the Mohawk River [7].
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
36
Figure 1. Mohawk River shown by red line has been studied along 45 segments constrained by natural or
human structures (bridges and lock stations shown by white circles).
Determination of the Flooding Initiation Time of the River
Once we know the flood trigger level, we can apply a methodology for the estimation of the flooding
initiation time event of the river using the water discharge time series. Figure 2 consists of a sequence of
graphs that describe the association between the height gage and the water discharge using a polynomial or
linear curve, depending on the flow level for the monitoring station at Schoharie Creek. Long-term
discharge data from historical flood records including the most recent (February 2014-June 2014)
continuous monitoring discharge versus height gage data shows a very high coefficient of determination,
R2.
In particular, a polynomial association with R2=0.99 between water discharge and height gage exists for the
first 5,000 ft3/sec. The flooding events showing greater values of discharge (5,000 - 128,000 ft3/sec) can be
described by a linear association with R2 = 0.99. Water discharge may differ in different seasons. During
the winter time and upon cold temperatures and ice presence the cross-sectional area of the river will
decrease, and so the water discharge. This will require different prediction models for the winter and the
summer incorporating temperature and precipitation records [8]. The water discharge and gage height
association allows the connection of the determination of the FTL simulation model with the time series
model for the prediction of the FIT. Therefore, we can predict the gage height of the river by the water
discharge using Figure 2 for this specific river segment.
For the determination of the FIT of the river, we use a statistical methodology to decompose the time series
of the water discharge time series, the ground water level, and the climatic variables (temperature, tides,
wind speed and precipitation) into different components (long, seasonal and short term component). The
long term component describes the fluctuations of a time series defined as being longer than a given
threshold; the seasonal component describes the year-to-year fluctuations, while the short term component
describes the short term variations. The main purpose is to predict the water discharge time series using the
ground water level and the climatic variable for different stations in Mohawk River. For this reason, the
Kolmogorov- Zurbenko (KZ) filter is used for the decomposition of the time series [9]. The KZ filter,
which separates the long term variations from the short term variations in a time series, provides a simple
design and the minimum level of interferences between the scales of the time series (long, seasonal and
short term components).
In our analysis, we first decompose the time series of the water discharge derived by three different
locations nearby the Mohawk River and then we predict each component of the water discharge time series
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
37
separately using a multivariate model. The decomposition of the time series provides a coefficient of
determination of the water discharge up to 81%. Figure 3 shows some examples of the prediction of the
water discharge time series for some of the monitoring stations in the Mohawk watershed in different years.
This methodology can be applied in other stations, as well [10].
Conclusions
With the simulation model of the FTL determination using LiDAR data and GIS techniques and the
decomposition of the time series model, we can estimate the FTL and the FIT for each station along
Mohawk River. The design of multivariate models as well as the decomposition of the time series of the
water discharge improves the prediction of flooding that can be caused by storms, rapid snowmelt and ice
jams. Both models (spatial model using GIS and LiDAR and time series model) can be connected by
estimating the association of the water discharge and height gage of the station. This methodology can be
applied for real-time spatial analysis for disaster management or preventing a flooding hazard in a river
such as in the Mohawk River in New York.
Figure 2. (Left) Flooding simulation from incremental (0.3 m) GIS volumetric and surface calculations [6].
(Right): Water discharge and height gage association in one of the USGS monitoring stations at Mohawk
watershed (Schoharie Creek; USGS1351500). (a) Low flow extrapolation up to 5,000 ft3/sec of water
discharge and the new gage height sensor from the continuous monitoring data (February of 2014 to June
of 2014); (b) Medium flow extrapolation with some historical flood records; (c) historical flood records
between 1940-2013.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
38
Figure 3. 3D Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Mohawk watershed in New York State, USA. Red
triangles show the USGS stations where time series and GIS flooding prediction model has been applied. In
the graphs, blue lines show the predicted water discharge values and orange lines show the USGS real data.
References
1. Bronstert A., 1995. River Flooding in Germany: Influence by Climate Change? Physics and Chemistry of
the Earth, 20 (6), 445-450.
2. Kotlarski S., Hagamann S., Krahe P., Podzun R. , Jacob D., 2012, The Elbe river flooding 2002 as seen
by an extended regional climate model, Journal of Hydrology, 472-473, 169-183.
3. Johnston S.A., and Garver J.I., 2001. Record of flooding on the Mohawk River from 1634 to 2000 based
on historical Archives, In: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 33 (1), 73.
4. Scheller M., Luey K., Garver J.I., 2002. Major Floods on the Mohawk River (NY): 1832-2000,
Retrieved March 2009 from http://minerva.union.edu/garverj/mohawk/170_yr.html
5. Garver J.I. and Cockburn J.M.H., 2009. A historical perspective of Ice Jams on the Lower Mohawk
River, In: proceedings from 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, Schenectady NY, 25-29.
6. Foster J.A., Marsellos A.E., and Garver J.I., 2011. Predicting trigger level for ice jam flooding of the
lower Mohawk River using LiDAR and GIS, American Geophysical Union, Abstract Program H21F-1185,
Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California
7. Marsellos A.E., 2013. A LiDAR application for TIN construction and accurate longitudinal profile of the
Mohawk River, NY, USA, In: Proceeding from the Mohawk Symposium 2013, in Schenectady, NY.
8. Tsakiri K.G. and Marsellos A.E., and Zurbenko I.G., 2014. An efficient Prediction Model in Schoharie
Creek, NY, Journal of Climatology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/284137
9. Zurbenko I.G., 1986. The Spectral Analysis of Time Series. Amsterdam, North Holland Series, In
Statistics and Probability.
10. Marsellos, A.E., Tsakiri, K.G., Smith, M., 2014. Prediction of River Flooding using Geospatial and
Statistical Analysis in New York, USA and Kent, UK. American Geophysical Union, December, San
Francisco, CA, Abstr. Program, H41C-0827.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
39
SURFACE WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF
CONCENTRATED HUMAN ACTIVITY ON FLOOD-IMPACTED LINE CREEK IN
MIDDLEBURGH, NEW YORK
Melissa A. Miller, Barbara L. Brabetz, and Neil A. Law
Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, SUNY Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY 12043
Surface water quality may directly impact human health and the survival of aquatic life. Schoharie County
is a unique laboratory for studying surface water chemistry because many creeks and streams were ravaged
by large scale flooding events associated with Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011. Currently,
one of the largest stream restoration projects in the US is being conducted in New York's Schoharie Creek
watershed. Line Creek, which is a small first order stream, located in the Town of Middleburgh, has been
studied and previously identified as severely impacted and a potential threat for future deterioration and
flooding. At two locations, one upstream of anthropogenic activity and another just downstream of a small
hamlet, Line Creek was tested for sodium, chloride, alkalinity (HCO3-), hardness (CaCO3), total iron, nitrite
(NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), total and dissolved phosphorous (PO4-P), ammonia (NH3-N), coliform bacteria
and turbidity. The aforementioned parameters were measured between February and November 2014 and
were compared to earlier data. Data for 2014 (upstream/downstream; all values are mg/L unless otherwise
noted) are: sodium 3.18/4.46; chloride 13.5/22.5; alkalinity 29.2/55.0; hardness 40.8/58.8; iron 0.296/0.354;
nitrite 0.011/0.014; nitrate 0.122/0.149; total phosphorous 0.002/0.043; dissolved phosphorous 0/0.015;
ammonia 0.597/0.639; coliform bacteria (CFU) 16/42. Turbidity varied greatly from nominal in times of no
rainfall to 220 (NTU) after significant rain events. While most parameters fell within EPA guidelines for
human consumption or within an accepted range for survival of aquatic life, some like iron, exceeded EPA
standards, while alkalinity was too low for proper development of aquatic life . This work will be discussed
with respect to the larger Schoharie Creek watershed. Based on the broad implications of the difference in
concentrations above and below a concentration of dwellings, continuous monitoring of turbidity at the
downstream site continues. We plan to continue testing at the downstream site during stream restoration
practices scheduled for 2015 as a means of monitoring the impact of anthropogenic activities and
remediation practices.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
40
THE MOHAWK RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN: ENGAGING THE COMMUNITY
Elizabeth C. Moran, Linda P. Wagenet, and A. Thomas Vawter
EcoLogic LLC, Cazenovia NY
The Mohawk River watershed encompasses a diverse area within 14 counties of New York, including
regions with water-quality and flooding issues. In total, over half of New York State residents rely on this
watershed for their drinking water source. In March 2015, the Mohawk River Watershed Coalition of Soil
and Water Conservation Districts (the Coalition) released the final Mohawk River Watershed Management
Plan. A community outreach program was implemented to build awareness and support for the Plan’s
recommendations.
The Plan includes a detailed characterization of the natural and cultural settings of the watershed, an
inventory of existing and potential sources of pollution, and an analysis of water quality management and
flooding challenges. The Plan culminates with recommended strategies and specific projects designed to
improve water quality and reduce the risk of damaging floods. Moreover, the Plan includes measures to
track improvements, learn what is working well, and communicate progress.
Restoring, preserving, and protecting the Mohawk River Watershed will require the coordinated actions of
many levels of government and other institutional partners and can only be sustained by strong public
support. During September 2014, the Coalition hosted three community meetings to rollout the draft plan to
the public. Events were held in different regions of the large watershed. Because implementing the
recommended actions will require ongoing commitment of public funds, the Coalition sought to bring a
diverse and engaged audience to the meetings. As part of our work with the Coalition on the Mohawk
River Watershed Management Plan, EcoLogic was tasked with overseeing the public participation aspect
of the community meetings and facilitating an open discussion of the Plan. A multi-tiered approach to
building an active audience for the rollout included four key elements.
1. The Coalition enlisted the services of Buzz Media Solutions, a public relations firm in
Schenectady NY, to launch a campaign on social media designed to build awareness of the Plan,
and to bring the community together to participate in the three public meetings.
2. We partnered with SUNY-Cobleskill and Schenectady Community College to bring a student
poster session to the event; this attracted other students and faculty engaged in water resources
issues to the forum.
3. Each of the 170 municipalities received an invitation to send a representative. In addition,
members of the state senate and assembly were encouraged to attend.
4. The technical presentations were visually engaging; they built on GIS maps created by Stone
Environmental Inc. and used jargon-free language to describe the findings and opportunities for
improvement.
Major comments from the public included:
1. Recognition of the serious impacts of flooding, and the need to focus on long-term solutions.
2. Eagerness to help, and the need for guidance on individual actions to improve the quality of the
resource.
3. Concern over funding sources and realistic local matches, both for planning and implementation.
4. Skepticism regarding the potential to get multiple levels of government working together to
address water quantity and quality issues.
Overall, we found that using social media tools was a very effective component of our efforts. Attendance
increased ten-fold compared with previous public meetings hosted by the Coalition regarding the Mohawk
River Watershed Management Plan. Partnering with local colleges also helped bring in a younger audience
than generally attends community meetings. Inasmuch as the success of any watershed management plan
depends on sustained public support, effective dissemination of the plan’s goals and content is essential.
Rollout programs must be widely and attractively advertised, the content of meetings must be
understandable to the public, and attendees must be given an opportunity to voice their concerns. The
rollout of the Mohawk River Watershed Management Plan succeeded in meeting these criteria.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
41
MOHAWK RIVER WATERSHED COALITION UPDATE:
MANAGEMENT PLAN- LONG TERM VISION
Peter M. Nichols
Stream Program Manager - Schoharie County Soil and Water Conservation District
Vice Chairman - Mohawk River Watershed Coalition of Conservation Districts
Since 2010, the Mohawk River Watershed Coalition of Conservation Districts (Coalition) has been
developing a management plan for the watershed. The project is being funded by a Title 11 Environmental
Protection Fund (EPF) Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) grant from the NYS Department
of State (DOS). Progress toward completion of the management plan has been reported at previous
Symposia. The purpose of this presentation is to briefly review the progress to date, highlight key areas of
the completed plan, and discuss steps being taken currently to put the plan to work through carefully
planned mitigation projects.
As outlined in previous symposium presentations, cooperating Soil and Water Conservation Districts
completed sub-watershed assessments of the 116 12-digit HUC’s within the watershed area. These
assessments provided measurable conditions of water quality, land use, and habitat within these areas. This
information gave districts a sense of direction as to which specific areas would be in need of some type of
restoration. Just as importantly sub-watershed assessments provided insight as to which areas showed
optimal conditions, and might be in need of additional protection. Local laws were also analyzed.
Regulatory gaps were identified, and recommendations were made for the majority of municipalities to
address threats to water quality, flood susceptibility, ecology, and environmental sustainability.
Written portions of the Mohawk River Watershed Management Plan have been completed, and the
Coalition has obtained public input and support for the plan. Three public outreach events were held in
September of 2014 in each of the watershed regions (Schoharie, Main River, and Upper Mohawk) to
introduce the completed plan to the public. A GIS based application has been developed that allows for the
addition of active or proposed mitigation projects onto the Coalitions web-map. This application is
currently active, and shows the status of projects that have been recently funded, and are underway.
The coalition is continuing to move forward on a $967,250 grant from the DOS for Phase I Management
Plan Implementation. This grant will fund flood mitigation studies for the Schoharie watershed,
stormwater management improvements in the Oriskany Creek watershed in Oneida and Fulton Counties,
and invasive species control in Albany, Saratoga, Fulton, and Hamilton Counties. These projects have
begun to materialize with contract agreements being recently established, and proposals for some projects
will be reviewed as early as the spring 2015. The goal is to complete some portions of Phase I in the
spring/summer of 2015. In addition, the coalition has applied for and been awarded $667,504 from DOS to
implement Phase II of the Mohawk River Watershed Management Plan. This grant will fund boat wash
stations in Fulton County to mitigate the spread of invasive species in three lakes, stream restoration,
agriculture waste and stormwater management projects in Madison County, and critical area hydro-seeding
in four counties. In addition, the Coalition has received a $71,800 grant from NYSDEC to conduct
Emergency Stream Intervention trainings across the basin. The goal of this training is to better prepare
Legislators, highway supervisors, municipal officials, and equipment operators in implementation of post
flood response in an environmentally sensitive manner.
The Mohawk Coalition will continue to foster relationships with partner agencies to put the Mohawk River
Management Plan to work. The plan will continue to act as a living document. The plan will not only
provide guidance for protecting our natural resources, but through its web map feature will allow the public
the opportunity to view how the plan is working for them. The plan, web-map, and accompanying
documents are available for public viewing on the Coalition website at www.mohawkriver.org.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
42
FLOOD INUNDATION MAPS FOR THE SCHOHARIE CREEK AT PRATTSVILLE, NEW YORK
Elizabeth Nystrom
U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY
The USGS, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s Mohawk
River Basin Program, has developed a series of flood inundation maps for the community of Prattsville,
NY. Flood inundation maps are used for emergency planning, preparedness, and response purposes, and to
communicate risk to residents in flood prone areas by geographically representing the extent of flooding. In
preparation of flood response plans, inundation maps help identify vulnerable infrastructure and residences.
During flood events they are part of warning and evacuation notification systems and help emergency
responders identify access routes and affected areas. They are used in recovery efforts to help assess
damage and assist in identification of potential hazardous spill locations.
Many historic floods have occurred on the Schoharie Creek, most notably in August 2011, when rainfall
from the remnants of Hurricane Irene exceeded 18 inches in parts of the Schoharie headwaters (Lumia and
others, 2014), causing widespread, historic flooding. Runoff from Irene produced a water surface elevation
4.99 feet higher than any other recorded in the 109-year history of the USGS streamgage at Prattsville
(station number 01350000). Many (if not most) homes and businesses in Prattsville were damaged or
destroyed as a result of the flooding; several residents were stranded in flooded buildings, some requiring
rescue; fortunately, no lives were lost. Although the flooding during Irene was historic, Prattsville has a
long history of flooding; forewarning of Irene, together with flood inundation mapping, could have given
residents time to evacuate.
Flood inundation mapping uses a hydraulic model, observed streamgage data, and high-resolution elevation
data (typically lidar) to map areas of likely inundation at a range of flood heights, typically from near-
bankfull to major flood stage. The mapped reach in Prattsville extends approximately 2.6 miles from the
confluence of the Batavia Kill to just upstream of the Schoharie Reservoir (figure 1). The USGS
streamgage at Prattsville is located approximately midway through the reach; the National Weather Service
(NWS) routinely issues forecasts for this station year-round. To reflect changes to the channel that may
have occurred during or after the 2011 floods, new channel bathymetry data were collected and
incorporated with existing lidar data to create a new 1-dimensional HEC-RAS model. The model was
calibrated to the stage-discharge rating at the gaging station and to observed high-water marks from the
August 2011 flood. Inundation maps were generated at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the Prattsville
streamgage for stages ranging from the NWS’s flood-action stage of 9 ft, (1,139.96 ft above NAVD 88) to
25 ft (1,155.96 ft above NAVD 88), which is 1.71 ft above the 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability
(500 year) flood; the highest rated stage at the station is 25.85 ft. The major flood stage identified by the
NWS is 16 ft; the maximum stage recorded during the flood of August 2011 was 24.38 ft (Wall and others,
2014).
The maps for this study and reach and corresponding report are currently under review, and will be released
online at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/. The online maps will be linked to real-time
observations and NWS AHPS predictions, and allow the user to interact with the map by choosing
displayed inundation level, zooming to an area of interest, and selecting a base map. The web site also
features a new print-on-demand application.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
43
Figure 1. Approximate study reach for flood-inundation mapping, Prattsville, NY.
References
Lumia, Richard, Firda, G.D., and Smith, T.L., 2014, Floods of 2011 in New York: U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5058, 236 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145058.
Wall, G.R., Murray, P.M., Lumia, Richard, and Suro, T.P., 2014, Maximum known stages and discharges
of New York streams and their annual exceedance probabilities through September 2011: U.S. Geological
Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5084, 16 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145084.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
44
SCHOHARIE COUNTY STREAMS: A LONG ROAD TOWARD RECOVERY?
Dakota Raab, Eric Malone, Mark Cornwell, John Foster, and Benjamin German
Dept of Fisheries, Wildlife & Environmental Science, State University of New York at Cobleskill, NY
In September 2011, Schoharie County streams experienced record flooding when Hurricane Irene and
Tropical Storm Lee devastated the area. Heavy flooding and mitigation resulted in high sedimentation and
downstream degradation. To determine the impact of flooding on fish populations, standardized backpack
electrofishing surveys were conducted in seven streams at established upstream and downstream sites.
Impacts on water quality were determined through water chemistry and benthic macro-invertebrate samples
that were collected and analyzed. All data were collected 6, 18, and 30 months (2012-2014) post-flood and
compared to pre-flood measurements (2007-2011). Significant differences were determined using a Chi-
square test (p = 0.05).
Brook trout, a sensitive headwater species, increased significantly 6 and 18 months post-flood at upstream
sites but returned to pre-flood levels after 30 months. Downstream, brook trout saw no significant change.
Increases in upstream brook trout could be a result of increased catchability or diminished competition for
food and spawning grounds.
Blacknose dace, a tolerant riffle species, increased significantly 6 months post-flood but have since
returned to normal levels. Downstream, dace did not increase 6 months post-flood but increased
significantly 18 and 30 months post-flood. Increases in dace are most likely due to the creation of turbid
monotypic riffle habitats. Poor water quality prevents the presence other riffle species and allows the
tolerant dace to exploit the habitat.
Turbidity upstream was reduced significantly 6 and 30 months post-flood but showed no significant change
after 18 months. Downstream, turbidity was not significantly affected 6 months post-flood but increased
significantly 18 and 30 months post-flood.
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
45
INSPIRING RESIDENTS TO ADDRESS WATERSHED POLLUTION
THROUGH CITIZEN SCIENCE
Dan Shapley, John Lipscomb, and Jen Epstein
Water Quality Program, Riverkeeper, Ossining, New York
Riverkeeper is working with eight citizen groups throughout the Hudson River Watershed to sample 149
locations in tributaries and along waterfronts for indicators of fecal contamination. The growing citizen
sampling effort originated with Riverkeeper’s study, in collaboration with Lamont Doherty Earth
Observatory and CUNY Queens College, of Enterococcus at 74 locations sampled monthly in the Hudson
River Estuary. The data becomes a catalyst for engaging the public on watershed protection and restoration
efforts. In each watershed, the organization of citizens is different, but in each case, the publication of
citizen science data relevant to human recreation has created, strengthened or re-invigorated watershed
protection efforts, and in several cases led to the direct cessation of pollution. Examples include:
On the Rondout Creek, in Ulster County, an intermunicipal working group, Save the Rondout, formed by
the Town of Rochester Environmental Conservation Commission includes members from the neighboring
towns of Wawarsing and Rosendale, and plans to grow to include the towns of Marbletown, Ulster, Esopus
and the City of Kingston. Its goals are multifaceted, reflecting the mix of pollution sources affecting the
creek, which range from municipal sewer system leaks and failing septics to urban and farm runoff. A
Rondout Creek watershed management plan had been previously developed, but the group that created it
had stopped meeting, and no significant actions were taken to implement its recommendations. The
intermunicipal effort that grew out of Riverkeeper’s citizen sampling is the first significant watershed-scale
effort to arise since its publication.
On the Wallkill River, in Ulster and Orange counties (and northern New Jersey counties) a Future of the
Wallkill summit is planned for Spring 2015. The Village of New Paltz, SUNY New Paltz, Mohonk
Consultations and Riverkeeper organize it, with assistance from the Department of Environmental
Conservation and the Hudson River Watershed Alliance. The working group’s goal is to have
municipalities that border the Wallkill pass an intermunicipal agreement of cooperation, and recruit
volunteers for an action-oriented citizens group at the Spring summit. A Wallkill River watershed
management plan had been previously developed, but it lacked clear action items, and few significant
actions have been taken to implement its recommendations. The intermunicipal effort growing out of
Riverkeeper’s citizen sampling is the first significant watershed-scale effort to arise since its publication.
Citizen monitoring in other watersheds has helped watershed groups grow (Sparkill Creek, Catskill Creek)
or inspired first-ever attention to issues at a watershed scale (Pocantico River). At New York City public
access points, citizen sampling has created a new coalition of boat clubs and other waterfront users, which
speak out for cleaner water.
Pollution sources have been identified, and sources controlled, wholly or in part due to citizen testing and
subsequent advocacy, in the Sparkill Creek, New York City waterfront and Catskill Creek.
Contact info for Dan Shapley: dshapley@riverkeeper.org, 914-478-4501 x226
Oral Presentation (material on display as well)
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
46
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT IN THE MOHAWK RIVER BASIN
Alexander J. Smith, Margaret A. Novak, and Gavin M. Lemley
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Albany, NY
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has a 43-year history of water
quality monitoring throughout New York State (NYS). Specifically, the DEC’s Stream Biomonitoring Unit
(SBU) has had the responsibility of evaluating the biological health of streams and rivers since the
inception of the Federal Clean Water Act. Through the collection and interpretation of aquatic
macroinvertebrate community data the SBU reports on the extent and severity of water pollution in the
NYS Water Body Inventory Report, the Federal Water Quality Inventory (305(b)) and Impaired Waters
List (303(d)). The DEC also conducts water chemical contaminant sampling at associated biological
monitoring locations. In addition, the DEC now involves citizen volunteers in its water quality monitoring
program to assist in elements of data collection. The DEC’s monitoring programs conducted statewide
rotate sampling on a five-year cycle in which the focus is on several major river basins each year.
Beginning in 2015 the SBU will spend two years conducting its routine biological and chemical assessment
of water quality in the Mohawk River watershed.
DEC has conducted extensive monitoring in the Mohawk River watershed since its water quality
monitoring program began. The most recent data currently being used for reporting purposes were collected
beginning in 2000 through 2010. During this time the SBU collected aquatic macroinvertebrates from 118
different Mohawk River tributaries during approximately 195 distinct sampling events. These aquatic
macroinvertebrate data were evaluated on a four-tiered scale of water quality impact, with categories based
on the condition of the biological community determined by calculating the Biological Assessment Profile
score (BAP). These categories represent a gradient of condition (BAP 10-7.5 (Non-), BAP 7.5-5.0 (Slight),
BAP 5.0-2.5 (Moderate), and BAP 2.5-0.0 (Severe impact)). Samples that result in an assessment of
moderate or severe impact are considered impaired and not supportive of aquatic life. Of the tributaries
sampled in the Mohawk River watershed the average condition was assessed as slightly impacted (BAP
6.7). Ballou Creek in Utica was severely impacted (BAP 1.0), the worst water quality in the basin.
However, many other severe or moderately impacted conditions existed, most of which were located
nearby urban areas. The best water quality condition was recorded from West Canada Creek in Poland,
non-impacted (BAP 9.4). Of the sites assessed as being impacted to some degree (slight, moderate, or
severe) the majority of the results (35%) indicate non-point source nutrient and pesticide application runoff
as the possible source of pollution. This is followed by toxic (17%) and sewage/animal waste inputs (14%).
Remaining samples are either affected by siltation or results of impact source identification were
inconclusive.
Along with monitoring in tributaries to the Mohawk River the SBU has collected biological and water
quality data from the main-stem Mohawk River as well. Long term monitoring stations have been
established at five different locations; Rome, West Schuyler, Little Falls, Fonda, and Waterford. Benthic
macroinvertebrate samples were collected from these locations on each of the three most recent cycles
through the Mohawk River watershed in 2000, 2005, and 2010. Trend results from this sampling indicate
water quality impacts are worst downstream of the Utica area in West Schuyler where macroinvertebrate
communities are impaired (i.e. moderately
impacted BAP < 5.0). The area of West
Schuyler is downstream and subject to the
cumulative effects from various wastewater and
stormwater discharges. Water quality
conditions improve moving downstream to
Waterford where conditions are the least
impacted (Figure 1).
Fig. 1: Average biological assessment scores
for sampling on the Main-stem Mohawk River,
2000, 2005, and 2010.
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
47
In part as a result of the monitoring data collected on the main-stem Mohawk River this reach is currently
listed on the DEC’s impaired waterbody list for not meeting the aquatic life use. Therefore this extensive
reach is not considered supportive of fish, shellfish, and wildlife propagation and survival. In such cases
DEC must develop a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the impaired waterbody to limit the
discharge of pollutants and restore impaired uses, in this case aquatic life. To assist in the development of
this TMDL and supplement existing water quality data the DEC installed a real-time water quality
monitoring station in Frankfort that went online in May 2013. The station is part of the Hudson River
Environmental Conditions Observing System (HRECOS), which consists of many real-time water quality
stations located throughout the Hudson and Mohawk watersheds. The HRECOS station, along with new
United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gages on the river, will provide valuable information for
understanding water quality dynamics in this reach. For example, comparing river discharge to real-time
HRECOS data suggests that during wet weather events turbidity follows discharge, while specific
conductance mirrors both discharge and turbidity (Figure 2). Temperature and dissolved oxygen levels
show diurnal swings. During these daily fluctuations dissolved oxygen appears to approach the minimum
NYS water quality standard on several occasions. Dissolved oxygen and temperature also mirror each other
during wet weather events when runoff reduces temperatures and increases dissolved oxygen (Figure 2).
Using this type of information the DEC and its partners can begin to develop management strategies to
alleviate the water quality impacts on aquatic life and monitor the improvement from remediation efforts.
HRECOS data from the station at Frankfort as well as two other stations on the Mohawk River can be
accessed in real-time by visiting the HRECOS website and navigating to the “current conditions” tab at
http://www.hrecos.org/.
Fig. 2: Frankfort, NY HRECOS monitoring station data from a one month period during early summer
2014 which illustrates the effects of both wet and dry weather on basic water quality variables. Discharge
is from the USGS gage downstream of Frankfort at Little Falls.
Invited Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
48
USGS STREAMGAGE NETWORK EXPANSION IN THE MOHAWK RIVER WATERSHED
Travis Smith and Gary R. Wall
U.S. Geological Survey, NY Water Science Center, Troy, NY
In cooperation with the New York State Canal Corporation, the USGS added 22 real-time continuous-
discharge streamgages across New York State in 2014 including 11 in the Mohawk River Watershed (Table
1). The expansion of the streamgage network was made possible as part of a Hazard Mitigation Grant from
FEMA to New York State. The streamgages are part of a new flood warning system designed to provide
emergency responders, local officials and residents with real-time data and forecasts to effectively plan,
notify, respond, and minimize the potential effects on the public.
The new streamgages include sites on the Mohawk River near Utica, at Fonda and at Amsterdam to
supplement the previously existing streamgages at Delta Dam near Rome (USGS station number
01336000), near Little Falls (USGS station number 01347000), near Schenectady (01354500), and at
Cohoes (01357500). With the exception of Black Creek, the remaining new streamgages in the Mohawk
watershed are located on tributaries west of Fonda, NY. The tributary streamgages are intended to quantify
runoff from smaller watersheds within the larger Mohawk watershed. The streamgage on Black Creek,
along with the existing streamgage on West Canada Creek near Wilmurt, is intended to help quantify
inflow to Hinckley Reservoir to help manage the water level of the reservoir.
The 11 new streamgages increases the total number of real-time continuous-discharge streamgages in the
Mohawk watershed to 32. Of the 21 previously existing gages, 14 are concentrated in the Schoharie
Watershed on the lower half of the Mohawk watershed drainage basin, most of which are intended to assist
the New York City Department of Environmental Protection.
River stage and discharge data for real-time gages are updated hourly (every 20 min. during flood events)
and made available to the public on the USGS National Water Information System website (NWISweb):
http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/current/?type=sw&group_key=basin_cd. Data can also be accessed from
a mobile device through Water Alert (http://water.usgs.gov/wateralert/) and Water Now
(http://water.usgs.gov/waternow/). Water Alert allows users to subscribe to receive e-mail or text messages
when certain parameters at a gage exceed user-definable thresholds. Water Now allows a user to send an
email or text message and quickly receive a reply containing the most recent observation(s) at a gage.
Table 1: New USGS real-time continuous-discharge streamgages in the Mohawk River Watershed
Sta. Num.
Station Name
01338000
ORISKANY CREEK NEAR ORISKANY
01339060
SAUQUOIT CREEK AT WHITESBORO NY
01342602
MOHAWK RIVER NEAR UTICA NY
01342682
MOYER CREEK NEAR FRANKFORT
01342743
FULMER CREEK NEAR MOHAWK NY
01342730
STEELE CREEK AT ILION NY
01343403
BLACK CREEK NEAR GRAY NY
01348000
EAST CANADA CREEK AT EAST CREEK
01349000
OTSQUAGO CREEK AT FORT PLAIN NY
01349527
MOHAWK R ABOVE STATE HIGHWAY 30A AT FONDA NY
01354083
MOHAWK RIVER AT AMSTERDAM
Poster Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
49
SWIMMING THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE MOHAWK RIVER
Christopher Swain
SwimWithSwain.org
In late 2014, Christopher Swain spent thirty-three days swimming
the entire 149-mile length of the Mohawk River (including all of the
East and West Branches whose meeting, in the wilderness north of
Rome, New York, marks the official beginning of the Mohawk
River).
The purpose of Swain’s swim was to raise awareness about the
health of the Mohawk Watershed. He documented his journey
through photographs, field notes, personal journals, videos,
stakeholder interviews, and an effort to measure and map the pH and
temperature of the River along its entire length. He shared much of
this content during his swim through social media and online at
SwimWithSwain.org.
In this presentation Swain will present a photographic tour of the river’s entire length and share some of his
experiences and observations about the Mohawk.
Special Presentation (Oral and Poster)
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
50
THE NEW YORK STATE MESONET
C. Thorncroft1, E. Joseph2 and J. Brotzge3
1University at Albany, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Albany, NY
2University at Albany, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, Albany, NY
3University at Albany, NY State Mesonet, Albany, NY
Recent studies show that New York is the most vulnerable of the 50 states to the negative economic effects
of weather variability. It has also been shown that during recent decades there has been a clear trend
towards more extreme precipitation in the northeastern United States including New York, suggesting that
this vulnerability may increase in the future. A number of notable recent extreme weather events have
extensively affected New York – both Upstate and the greater New York City metropolitan area – leading
to loss of life, significant damage to property and infrastructure, business and industry disruption and
economic loss, and power interruptions to millions of New Yorkers. For example Hurricane Sandy in 2012
and Hurricane Irene caused $32 Billion, and $1 Billion in damages, respectively. Extreme winter storm
events have also resulted in adverse impacts to many regions statewide and severe storms have resulted in
notable flooding.
Currently, the National Weather Service (NWS) in New York relies on 27 automated surface observing
system (ASOS) stations deployed across the state. As most of these stations are located at airports, they are
not representative of the state’s complex topography and weather. Furthermore, the ASOS network does
not provide the high-resolution data needed to support monitoring and predictive modeling of events
responsible for weather-related risks (such as rainfall/floods, heavy snow/ice, and high winds) statewide.
Significant gaps exist throughout the state including in such regions like the Adirondacks and Catskills.
These topographies are amongst the wettest regions of New York State but currently have very limited
hydrological observations. Numerous studies have shown that accuracy of weather forecasts is limited by
the lack of meteorological observations within and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). PBL
temperature, humidity, and winds are presently sampled twice daily at just three NWS upper air stations in
NY (Upton, Albany and Buffalo). Given these limitations weather forecasts – including the nature and
intensity of hazardous and extreme weather events – are compromised.
To help mitigate the vulnerability of New York to severe weather events the New York State Mesonet
(NYSM) being led by UAlbany in partnership with the New York State Division of Homeland Security &
Emergency Services (DHSES) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is being
developed. NYSM will consist of a network of 125 meteorological stations permanently and strategically
deployed across New York State to provide hazardous weather early warning and decision support to
weather forecasters, state emergency managers, and the public. With its 17 enhanced sites that will include
atmospheric profilers, advanced data processing system and high quality data standards the system will be
one of the most advanced and capable for hazardous weather real-time monitoring and prediction. The
NYSM is estimated to be completed by fall 2016. An overview of the system, progress, and lessons
learned so far will be presented.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
51
USING GEOSPATIAL DATA TO ANALYZE TRENDS IN ONSITE
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS USE
Sridhar Vedachalam, Tim Joo, and Susan J. Riha
New York State Water Resources Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) serve between 20 and 25 percent of the households in the
United States. In New York, a similar proportion of households rely on septic systems – the most basic and
commonly found version of OWTS. Septic systems have often been debated as the cause of water quality
declines in surface and groundwater, and split many communities grappling with water quality issues.
Given their large numbers, septic systems are an important component of the state and regional wastewater
infrastructure. As such, one would expect state and local environmental and health agencies to constantly
monitor their construction and use. However, we found little to no data aggregation at the state level, and
an at-best spotty record at the local level. The highly decentralized nature of governance in New York
further prevents the use of local data to conduct large-scale regional analysis. The most recent
comprehensive data on septic systems was collected in 1990. To rectify this gap in information and
understanding of septic system use, we relied on parcel records collected by the New York State Office of
Real Property Tax Services (now absorbed into the NYS Department of Taxation and Finance).
We analyzed parcel data for 652 census tracts in 20 counties encompassing the Mohawk-Hudson
watershed. Nearly 40 percent of the households in this region use septic systems, nearly twice the state
average. From 1990 to 2011, the total number of septic systems in the 20 counties went from 438,000 to
484,000 – an increase of 46,000. All counties, except Orange and Oneida, registered an increase in the
number of septic systems. However, the proportion of parcels with septic systems decreased slightly over
the same 20-year period. Because the unit of analysis is census tract, data can be easily aggregated at any
scale, thereby, serving as a useful tool for land-use planning and decision-making not only for
municipalities, but also for non-administrative jurisdictions such as watersheds. In the absence of actual
counts of septic systems, parcel data are a useful proxy. We are in process to expand this analysis to the
entire state. Integration of septic systems in municipal or county asset management plans would allow local
governments to better manage infrastructure and protect ground and surface waters in the region.
Oral Presentation
Cockburn, J.M.H. and Garver, J.I., Proceedings of the 2015 Mohawk Watershed Symposium,
Union College, Schenectady, NY, March, 20, 2015
52
USGS ICE JAM MONITORING SYSTEM, MOHAWK RIVER,
SCHENECTADY NY – AN UPDATE
Gary R Wall and Chris Gazoorian
U.S. Geological Survey, NY Water Science Center, Troy, NY
During the winter of 2012-13 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York State Power Authority, Brookfield Renewable
Power, and Union College, launched a monitoring system (http://ny.water.usgs.gov/flood/MohawkIce/) to
assist emergency managers assess river conditions and the potential for ice jam flooding near Schenectady,
NY. Ice jam floods are a threat to lives and property in low-lying areas along the Mohawk River,
particularly in the vicinity of the Stockade District in Schenectady. Lederer and Garver (2001) estimated
that 80% of historic Mohawk River floods in Schenectady are a result of winter snowmelt and ice floes.
When originally launched, the system used river stage readings at two USGS streamgages along the
Mohawk River; at Lock 8 (USGS station number 01354330) and 3.8 miles downstream at Freeman’s
Bridge (01354500), along with streamflow at Freeman’s Bridge. These data are used as input to a simple
model that estimates the river stage at Lock 8 based on the observed stage and streamflow at Freeman’s
Bridge during ice-free conditions. During ice conditions, the difference between the observed and
estimated stage at Lock 8 is attributed to backwater from ice between Lock 8 and Freeman’s Bridge.
Backwater from an ice jam can cause flooding upstream of the jam and the abrupt release of backwater
from a jam break-up can pose a threat to lives and property downstream.
After the winter of 2013-14, two additional streamgages were added to the monitoring system – one 2.8
miles downstream of Freeman’s Bridge at Rexford (01355475) and the second, 4.1 miles further
downstream, at Vischer’s Ferry Dam (VFD) (01356000). Two additional models were subsequently
developed for the river reaches between Freeman’s Bridge and Rexford and Rexford and VFD so that the
entire river from VFD to Lock 8 is now being monitored. Cellular telephone telemetry was added to the
Freeman’s Bridge streamgage to shorten the time between data collection and display on the web from over
an hour to about 20 minutes. Further reductions in the time delay are limited largely by the 12 minutes it
takes to collect the velocity data required to compute streamflow at Freeman’s Bridge. Three of the four
stations utilize GOES satellite telemetry (hourly transmissions) as a backup to the cellular telemetry
available at all four stations.
A web camera that was installed in January 2014 between Lock 8 and Freeman’s Bridge served 8,561
streaming views of live river conditions between January 11 and April 1, 2014. The camera provides an
alternative to the previous on-site observations made by emergency managers and police. The camera’s
popularity has continued into the winter of 2014-15 with more than 1,400 views from December 1 through
mid-February despite the absence of any ice movement or significant runoff that typically increases the
number of camera views. Peak usage in 2014 occurred on March 30 when 1,079 views, totaling 27.3 hours
of video, were served to 148 different users.
Updates to the ice jam monitoring system web page include near-realtime plots of computed backwater for
each of the 3 reaches along with plots of river stage for all 4 gages. USGS WaterAlert subscriptions are
available for all the parameters displayed on the web page. WaterAlert is a service where users subscribe
to receive email or text messages when observed parameters exceed a user defined threshold.
Poster Presentation
