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Les techniques de débitage laminaire au Tardiglaciaire: critères de diagnose et quelques réflexions
... EUP small blade-bladelets from layer 5c in Kozarnika Cave have an acute platform angle of 60-70° (the angle between striking and knapping platforms, Figure 6.5c). The EUP assemblage from Kozarnika Cave (layer 5c) exhibits the earliest evidence of systematic use of soft organic hammer direct percussion distinguishable with platform morphology: absent, diffused bulb 'like a lip', very fine platform, blunt exterior platform angle (e.g., Pelegrin 2000). ...
The strategic geographical position of the Balkan Peninsula, at the crossroads between southwest Asia and central and western Europe, make of this territory a key area for understanding the different human migrations into Europe during the Pleistocene. This long-time neglected area for the Palaeolithic research, last years has experienced a blossoming in terms of research projects and key discoveries. Only in the past decade, sites from the Balkan Peninsula have yielded, for instance, the oldest anatomically modern human occupations in Europe, the first human remains of our species in the continent, the first confirmation of interbreeding between us and Neanderthals and evidence of Palaeolithic rock art, a phenomenon traditionally restricted to South-western Europe. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the previous data and new discoveries, addressed by an international list of contributors among the most renowned scholars developing archaeological researches in this territory. It summarises the state of the art for the Early Prehistory Archaeology of one of the most important emerging territories for the discipline.
... The organization and chronology of the removals of each piece were reconstituted. To assess knapping techniques, the distinction criteria or "technical stigmata" (Pelegrin, 1995(Pelegrin, , 2000(Pelegrin, , 2005 proposed in technological and experimental studies were evoked (Galán, 2021;Tiffagom, 2013;Pelegrin & Chauchat, 1993). The types of fracture (Pelegrin, 2013;Weitzel, 2009) and knapping accidents were also recorded (Inizan et al., 1999). ...
We present the results of technological and protein residue analyses of the lithic assemblages recovered at the Pedernales-38 site (26.5°S; 69°W), located in the highlands of the southern Andes (3380 masl). Based on a reconstruction of the operational chains and the differential representation of their phases, we suggest that the final production, use, maintenance, and discard of large stemmed projectile points occurred at the site. Of the assemblage studied, nine (9) projectile points and one end-scraper were subjected to residue analysis using cross-over immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Four positive reactions to antisera of human, camelid (guanaco or vicuña) and canid (Andean fox) were recorded. The results are discussed based on the depositional context and the structure of the archeological record. We propose that Pedernales projectile points were mainly used in hunting weapons to capture wild camelids during the seasonal occupation of the Andes highlands.
... EUP small blade-bladelets from layer 5c in Kozarnika Cave have an acute platform angle of 60-70° (the angle between striking and knapping platforms, Figure 6.5c). The EUP assemblage from Kozarnika Cave (layer 5c) exhibits the earliest evidence of systematic use of soft organic hammer direct percussion distinguishable with platform morphology: absent, diffused bulb 'like a lip', very fine platform, blunt exterior platform angle (e.g., Pelegrin 2000). ...
The strategic geographical position of the Balkan Peninsula, at the crossroads between southwest Asia and central and western Europe, make of this territory a key area for understanding the different human migrations into Europe during the Pleistocene. This long-time neglected area for the Palaeolithic research, last years has experienced a blossoming in terms of research projects and key discoveries. Only in the past decade, sites from the Balkan Peninsula have yielded, for instance, the oldest anatomically modern human occupations in Europe, the first human remains of our species in the continent, the first confirmation of interbreeding between us and Neanderthals and evidence of Palaeolithic rock art, a phenomenon traditionally restricted to South-western Europe. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the previous data and new discoveries, addressed by an international list of contributors among the most renowned scholars developing archaeological researches in this territory. It summarises the state of the art for the Early Prehistory Archaeology of one of the most important emerging territories for the discipline.
... The Levallois and discoid methods are identified and described according to the criteria defined by Boëda (1993Boëda ( , 1994 and considering further works regarding their variability and definitions (Chazan, 1997;de Lombera-Hermida & Rodríguez-Rellán, 2016;Dibble & Bar-Yosef, 1995;Moncel et al., 2020;Peresani, 2003). The analysis of laminar cores and products refers to Tixier et al. (1984) and Pelegrin (2000). For flakes, different technological features have been considered: presence and position of natural surfaces (cortex, neocortex), characteristics of the butts, sizes, direction of the negatives on the dorsal face, presence of knapping accidents, presence and characteristics of retouch. ...
The Trino hill is an isolated relief located in north-western Italy, close to Trino municipality. The hill was subject of multidisciplinary studies during the 1970s, when, because of quarrying and agricultural activities, five concentrations of lithic artefacts were recognized and referred to a Palaeolithic occupation of the area. During the 1980s and the 1990s, surface collections continued, but the lithic finds have never been subject of specific studies. Even if most of the lithic assemblages count a few lithic implements, four collection areas (3, 13 E, 13 W and 14) have significative lithic assemblages, representing the most important evidence of a Palaeolithic frequentation of the Po plain in north-western Italy. The present work, in the limits imposed by a surface and not systematic collection, propose a technological study of the lithic artefacts from the Trino hill, with the aim to define the main features of the technological behaviour of the human groups that occupied the area. The results obtained allow to clearly identify a Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the Trino hill, characterized by the exploitation of vein quartz and other local raw materials; allochthonous varieties of chert were used in the next frequentation phases to produce blades and bladelets. Even if part of the laminar production can be referred to Neolithic, most of that remains of indeterminate chronology and could be the result of both an Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithic human presence. The systematic and inclusive approach to the study of the Paleolithic of the Piedmont region proposed here has made it possible to obtain a first and realistic overview of the Paleolithic of the region. The methods used for the technological study are similar to those used for other sites in the region and have made it possible to link Trino's surface collections with data from sites systematically investigated in recent years.
... EUP small blade-bladelets from layer 5c in Kozarnika Cave have an acute platform angle of 60-70° (the angle between striking and knapping platforms, Figure 6.5c). The EUP assemblage from Kozarnika Cave (layer 5c) exhibits the earliest evidence of systematic use of soft organic hammer direct percussion distinguishable with platform morphology: absent, diffused bulb 'like a lip', very fine platform, blunt exterior platform angle (e.g., Pelegrin 2000). ...
The Eastern Balkans region is a crossroad between continents and it reveals the key
evidence for the interaction between Neanderthal and the earliest Homo sapiens into Europe (the transition Middle to Upper Palaeolithic- MP/UP).
In North Bulgaria two early consecutive UP entities can be distinguished based on 14 C dates and lithic technology. The earliest blade technology part of IUP technocomplex (i.e. Kuhn and Zwyns, 2014) dated >46 cal BP Ka BP, represented in Bacho Kiro and Temnata caves; and the subsequent EUP blade-bladelet technology dated after 43 Ka BP in Kozarnika. Bacho Kiro cave has provides new evidence about the previously known Bachokirian assemblage from Layer 11 (now Layer I). It securely represents the earliest Homo sapiens settlement in Europe, dated before 46 cal BP Ka BP affirming the hypothesis that UP Homo sapiens enter Europe through the Balkans. The technology is close to Levallois, but the tool
kit, manufacture of bone tools, and ornaments are typical for the UP.
The oldest bladelet assemblage 43-41 Ka cal BP called Early Kozarnikian is part of the EUP technocomplex which units regional variants of the earliest bladelet technologies in Western Eurasia: Ahmarian, Baradostian, Protoaurignacian. Possibly Early Kozarnikian is a subsequent wave of Homo sapiens settlement into Europe or technological innovation among the earliest European Homo sapiens.
The Later Stone Age of southern Africa sees the succession of varied lithic traditions. The Wilton (8ka BP – second millennium AD) corresponds to the last techno-complex of the LSA in South Africa. It has been typologically recognised over vast geographical areas and seems to last until the progressive disappearance of stone tool industries, while experiencing chronological and geographical variations. While Wilton formal tools, mainly small scrapers and microliths, have received much attention, the ways in which the stone tools themselves were produced are still unknown. This paper provides keys to describe mid-Holocene Wilton microlithic productions at the reference site of Rose Cottage Cave (Free-State). The lithic technological analysis highlights the integrated production of ‘ready-made’ blanks from one volume, including bladelets. The scraper and backed piece typologies are analysed and reveal an interesting diversity. These results provide a foundation for the building of the technological understanding of the Wilton in southern Africa. This paper ultimately aims to facilitate the exploration of regional and chronological variations at Wilton sites, and, by contrast, to differentiate other lithic traditions in southern Africa.
The chrono-cultural sequence of the Levantine Upper Paleolithic went through several major revisions during approximately a century of focused research, each revision contributing to shedding light on the mosaic of cultural entities and the complex social and cultural dynamics composing the Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The current state of research suggests the co-inhabitance of two cultural groups: the Early Ahmarian and the Levantine Aurignacian. Two other cultural entities, the Arkov-Divshon and the Atlitian, are regarded as younger manifestations and were tentatively suggested to relate to the Levantine Aurignacian. This paper presents a research synthesis of two case studies: Manot Cave, located in western Galilee, Israel, and Nahal Rahaf 2 Rockshelter in the Judean Desert. The application of high-resolution excavation methods, alongside detailed documentation of the stratigraphy and site-formation processes and wide-scale radiocarbon-based absolute dating, marked these sites as ideal for chrono-cultural study through the analyses of flint industries. The results indicate a clear distinction between the Levantine Aurignacian and the Arkov-Divshon/Atlitian industries and a chronological overlap between the Arkov-Divshon, Levantine Aurignacian, and possibly with the Early Ahmarian. Subsequently, we suggest another revision of the currently accepted chrono-cultural model: not two, but at least three cultural entities co-inhabited the Levant at ca. 40–30 ky cal BP. This study further suggests an evolvement of the Atlitian flint industries from the Arkov-Divshon and stresses the foreign cultural features of the Levantine Aurignacian. These results were used to construct an updated model of migration and possible interaction patterns.
The site of Manot Cave in western Galilee, Israel, has been a focus of research on the Levantine Upper Paleolithic since its discovery in 2008. Thick archaeological accumulations and good preservation of organic remains, including charcoal fragments, provided a stable base for the study of the Upper Paleolithic chrono-cultural sequence, alongside the paleoenvironmental conditions at the time of human occupations. Past research indicated the presence of at least three cultural entities in the cave: Early Ahmarian, Levantine Aurignacian, and a younger entity temporarily referred to as 'post-Levantine Aurignacian', while radiocarbon and isotope dating provided a preliminary chronological frame ca. 46-34 ky calBP. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the unpublished, in-situ occupation layers identified near the entrance to the cave (Area E). This study, encompassing stratigraphic reconstruction and lithic analysis of eight distinct occupation layers, presents a refined chronological frame and revised cultural affiliations. It suggests a division of the sequence from Area E into three main occupation phases: Phase 3, containing a combination of technological and typological attributes comparable to both the Early Ahmarian and Levantine Aurignacian, to which a secure cultural affiliation is pending further research; Phase 2, containing 'classic' Levantine Aurigna-cian industries, dated ca. 37.5-36.0 ky calBP; and Phase 1, contains industries with increasing microlithic dominance, and the prominent presence of truncation burins and items with lateral carination, affiliated here with the Atlitian of the Levantine Mediterranean region. Radiocarbon chronology indicates a maximum age of ca. 34.5-33.1 ky calBP for this occupation phase. This study establishes Manot Cave as a key site for the study of Levantine Upper Paleolithic cultural dynamics, providing a unique, well-dated sequence and comparable techno-typological data of the flint industries.
ABSTRACT----
In the Congo Basin, a regional industry attributed to the Middle Stone Age, the Lupemban, has been empirically considered as a technological adaptation to African tropical rainforests. The “forest industry” hypothesis is based on the presence of diverse heavy-duty tools and their location on the valley bottoms of the Congo Basin. Nowadays, the Lupemban complex in Central Africa remains poorly contextualized preventing us from integrating this geographical crossroad into a pan-African Middle Stone Age framework. Other features such as blade production, backing, hafting and pigment-use are also associated with the Lupemban complex, suggesting an important role of this industry for understanding the emergence and intra-continental diffusion of modern human behaviours. However, this was lacking strong supporting evidence such as chronological, stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental context, as well as thorough technological and functional evaluation. Indeed, only few sites contributed to define the Lupemban and these latters are mainly peripheral to the Congo Basin. In addition, most of the Congo Basin Lupemban collections have been collected several decades ago. Even though poorly documented, these collections constitute a major fund for documenting the prevailing technological features of the Lupemban. Here, we present a technological analysis of lithic production using a qualitative approach to describe five Lupemban lithic collection stored at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle and at the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine that were collected between the 1930s and 1970s in the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. We highlight some repeated technological patterns and discuss their representativity for characterizing Central African Upper Pleistocene lithic assemblage.
RESUME-----
Dans le bassin du Congo, un faciès régional attribué au Middle Stone Age, le Lupembien, a été empiriquement considéré comme une adaptation technologique aux forêts tropicales et équatoriales d’Afrique centrale. L’hypothèse d’une « industrie forestière » ou d’un « faciès forestier » est basée sur la présence de divers outils massifs et leur localisation dans les fonds de vallée du Bassin du Congo. Aujourd’hui, ce faciès d’Afrique centrale reste mal contextualisé, nous empêchant d’intégrer un espace géographique clé, au coeur du continent dans une perspective panafricaine du Middle Stone Age. D’autres caractéristiques telles que la production laminaire, l’emmanchement et l’utilisation de pigments sont également associées au Lupembien, suggérant un rôle important de cette industrie pour comprendre l’émergence et la diffusion intracontinentale des comportements humains « modernes ». Cependant, il manque toujours d’importantes données et notamment un contexte chronostratigraphique et paléoenvironnemental, ainsi qu’une évaluation technologique et fonctionnelle approfondie de l’outillage en pierre. Dans ce contexte, le Lupembien a principalement été défini à partir de sites localisés aux marges du Bassin du Congo. De plus, la plupart des artefacts lupembiens du Bassin du Congo proviennent des collections constituées il y a plusieurs décennies. Malgré qu’elles soient peu contextualisées, ces collections constituent un fonds majeur pour documenter les caractères techniques lupembiens. Ici, nous présentons une analyse technologique de la production lithique en utilisant une approche qualitative pour décrire cinq collections lithiques lupembiennes conservées au Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle et à l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine qui ont été collectées entre 1930 et 1970 en République centrafricaine et en République du Congo. Nous mettons en évidence certains caractères techniques redondants et discutons de leur représentativité pour caractériser les tendances technologiques lithiques du Pléistocène supérieur d’Afrique centrale.
Keywords : Middle Stone Age, Lupemban, Congo Basin, Lithics, Shaped tools, Central Africa
Mots clés : Middle Stone Age, Lupembien, Bassin du Congo, Lithiques, Outils façonnés, Afrique centrale
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