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Prenatal diagnosis of double aneuploidy, 48, XXY, +21 (Down-Klinefelter syndrome)

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The occurrence of double aneuploidy in the same individual is a relatively rare phenomenon and the incidence varies according to the literature. We report an exceptional case of double aneuploidy with an additional chromosome 21 characteristic of Down syndrome and an additional XXY complement characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome. In this woman the first-trimester screening test, nuchal translucency was 3.8 mm. Then early genetic diagnosis by chorionic villi sampling was done. The result was double aneuploidy (48, XXY, +21) and the pregnancy resulted in a spontaneous abortion at 13th weeks of gestation. We report a case of double aneuploidy with a review of the literature of other cases of Down-Klinefelter double aneuploidy to determine the prevalence, phenotype, sonographic findings, and pathogenesis.
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PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF DOUBLE ANEUPLOIDY, 48, XXY,
+21 (DOWN-KLINEFELTER SYNDROME)
Young-Ran Kim, MD, Hea-Ree Park, MD, Ji Hyon Jang, MD, Sung Woon Chang, MD, Myoung Jin Moon, MD,
Sang Hee Jung, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
The occurrence of double aneuploidy in the same individual is a relatively rare phenomenon and the incidence varies according to the
literature. We report an exceptional case of double aneuploidy with an additional chromosome 21 characteristic of Down syndrome
and an additional XXY complement characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome. In this woman the rst-trimester screening test, nuchal
translucency was 3.8 mm. Then early genetic diagnosis by chorionic villi sampling was done. The result was double aneuploidy (48,
XXY, +21) and the pregnancy resulted in a spontaneous abortion at 13th weeks of gestation. We report a case of double aneuploidy
with a review of the literature of other cases of Down-Klinefelter double aneuploidy to determine the prevalence, phenotype,
sonographic ndings, and pathogenesis.
Keywords: Double aneuploidy; Down syndrome; Klinefelter syndrome; Chorionic villi sampling
Received: 2012.5.24. Revised: 2012.10.22. Accepted: 2012.10.22.
Corresponding author: Hea-Ree Park, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical
Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam
463-712, Korea
Tel: +82-31-780-5290 Fax: +82-31-780-1976
E-mail: heryjune@naver.com
is is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © 2012. Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
체에 상의 수적 상이 시에 타나
홀배(double aneuploidy) 현상으로 대부분의
임신 자연유산되는 것으 알려 . 복홀수체 보통
색체 또는 통염-염색 조합 형태 나타 있는,
염색체증(trisomy) 성염체의 상이 보고
. 까지 고된 복홀배수체로 가장 다운-라인
터를 포함하여 다운-터너, -XXX [1]. 다운-클라
복홀수체 주로 다운증후 표현으로 나는 우가 많으
산전진단 역시 운증후군에서 보일 견이 임신
반기 행하 임신 청을 다운후군 검사에서 우연
되는 우가 .
례는 41 고령 신부에서 임신 1분기 초음
태아 덜미투명 두께 가를 융모융모검을
사를 하였으며 보통염색 (autosomal
trisomy) 터증후군 타나 복홀수체
전진단되 문헌 찰과 고하 한다.
자: O O, 41 ( 40)
: 0-0-1-0
: 15, 기는 30-32일로 적이, 기간
4-6, 월경량은 종월 2009 8 7,
없었.
: 특이사항 었다.
: 2007 11 14일에 불임센터에서 궁경내시하에
제거술을 하였. , 뇨병, 혈압, ,
과거력은 으며, 임신 노출, 음주 흡연, 외상
왕력 없었.
병력: 2004 6 혼하 2005 신이 차례 확인되었
유산었다. 이후 적으 신시 였지
임신되지 2007 9부터 2009 7 불임센터
CASE REPORT
Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2012;55(12):958-962
http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/KJOG.2012.55.12.958
pISSN 2233-5188 · eISSN 2233-5196
WWW.KJOG.ORG 959
Young-Ran Kim, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of double aneuploidy
주입(intrauterine insemination) 3, 자직주입
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection) 1 시행하였으나 실패하였.
임신었으 2009 9 11 전진
과에 하였. 신낭
임신 4
+4
분만예정일은 2010 5 15 정되
. 산모 내과 과적 상태.
: 160 cm, 43 kg였으 120/80
mm Hg, 36.0
o
C, 78/. .
소견: 행한 산전검사 항체 immunoglobulin
G (IgG) 250 IU/mL 양성, IgM 음성, 혈청 독반응검 B
C 염검 , 인간역결 바이러스검사 성이었다.
11.7 g/dL, 혈구 36.0%, 290,000/mm
3
, Rh(+)
AB, 소변검사 상이었다.
과: 전진 특이 견은 2009 10 30
11
+6
(5 MHz, ATL 5000, Philips, Bothwell, WA, USA)
행한 결과 상면(sagittal view) 머리엉덩(crown-rump
Fig. 1. Sonogram at 11
+5
weeks gestation showing crown rump length.
Fig. 3. Karyotype showing 3 copies of chromo-
some 21, 2 copies of chromosome X, and 1 copy
of chromosome Y, indicative of double aneuploidy,
48, XXY, +21. CVS, chorionic villus sampling; NT,
nuchal translucency.
Fig. 2. Fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness 3.8 mm in a midsagittal
image (arrow).
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KJOG Vol. 55, No. 12, 2012
length) 5 cm으로 11
+5
크기임을 확인 태아 두부 확대
아의 연조 계와 표면 덮는 피부조직 이의
음파 명한(echo-lucent) 목덜투명대를 3 측정
3.8 mm 였으, (nasal bone) 찰되었다.
되는 었다(Figs. 1, 2). 고령
덜미투명대의 사의
명한 2009 11 2일에 모막모생(chorionic villus
sampling, CVS) . 2009 11 6 접법
검사 중간 (direct result)에서 16 융모 48, XXY,
+21견이 나왔으며 배양법에 의한 결과에서 역시 20개의 융모
전부 동일 소견 보였(Fig. 3). 신초기에 발견 태아
수체 2 래진
동이 되지 되었.
편의 misoprostol (PGE
1
) 신종결을
하였.
경과: 2009 11 17 하여 6간마 misoprostol
400 mcg 후원개에 입하면서 만을 행하 2009 11 18
3 40분에 별이 명확하지 50 g 태아 분만였다.
: 14
+4
50 g
태반 출물 120 g. 으로 투명
이외 소견 찰되 았다(Fig. 4).
염색체의 수적이상 홀배수체(aneuploidy) 중에서도 세염색
체증(trisomy) 비교적 흔한 염색 이상으로 다운증후군은
도가 770 출생 , 클라인펠터증후군은 1,000 출생
꼴로 나타나는 것으 알려져 있다. 이러한 세염색체증
(trisomy) 어나 기전 대부 감수분열 1 시기 비분리현
(nondisjunction) 의한다고 알려 으나 원인 대해 정확
것은 . 그러 이러 임신 나이 례하 발생
빈도 증가하므 임신부의 나이 태아 색체 상을 예견
본적이며 요한 기준 .
러나 개체에서 중복홀배 색체 이상 물어
생빈 확히 고된 으며 헌에 따라 다양하게
고되 있다. 다운증후 라인펠터증후
배수 이상 1959 Ford [2] 고한 이후 세계
62사례 문헌 보고하고 정도 드문 염색 수적
상이. 러나 홀배수체 률적 산되 보다
자주 타나는데 보통 다운증후군은 이가 35 상인 모에
생이 교적 하여 비율 1,000명당 1명으 증가,
아에 클라펠터증후군의 빈도 1,000 1명의 비율이.
반면, 다운-인펠터증후군(48, XXY,+21) 생빈도는 출산
에서 10,000 0.4-0.9 도이[1]. 발생
Hecht
[3] 고에 하면 35 모들 양수
24,901명당 1꼴로 측되 빈도다는 3.8
나타난다[4]. Kovaleva Mutton [5] 운증후군
이의 0.098%에서 클라인펠터증후군 시에 지고 있다 표하
.
유산 우에 복홀배수 이상
Reddy [6] 10 3,034명의 자연유산 경우 0.7%에서
홀배 상이 발생 으로 보고였고, Mark [7]
기관 구에서는 연유 12,137 중복홀배
145(1.2%)이었, 염색(X/Y) 21 세염체증
하고 우가 많은 것으 고하. 중복홀배
체의 대부 임신기에 연유산이 되며, 임신 1삼분 이후
산되 않고 되는 경우 드물 때문이다.
중복홀배수체 여러 가지 형태 나타 는데 보통염색체와
염색 나는 경우, 보통염색체만 중복 타나
, 염색 세염색체(autosomal trisomy) 염색 단일염색
(sex chromosome monosomy) 같이 나타 경우 두가
.
체에 이러 중복홀배수체 이상 일어나는 정확 원인
려져 있지 않지, 산모 나이 으로 알려
으며 세염체증(trisomy)보다 산모 나이 많은 영향
보고되고 . Kovaleva Mutton [5] 48, XXY, +21
28 산모에서 평균연령 33세였, 편들 평균 령은
38세라 하였. 나이가 많은 고령임신 세염색체증의 험성
가시 요인 상적 추사(spindle fiber), 방추 부착
(kinetochores), 자매 염색분체 부착 단백(sister chromatid adhesion
protein), 감수분열 운동 단백(meiotic motor protein) 상이
산모에서 2 상의 색체 시에 분리 현상 일으
다는 이다[7]. 다른 원인으로 분리현상 대한 개인
소인 때문이라 보고 있으, 하나 색체균형
분리현상 발생 증가시키 때문이라 보고 있다[5,8]. 최근
자유전학(molecular genetic analysis) 발달면서 광정량법
Fig. 4. The photogram of the fetus: the fetus shows grossly thickened of
nuchal translucency (open arrow).
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Young-Ran Kim, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of double aneuploidy
quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction STR marker
등을 이용하여 태아의 추가적인 염색체가 모체와 부체 어디에
래하 것인 감수분열 언제 일어 것인
아직 유전 기전(genetic mechanism) 정확 밝혀
없다. Park 등과 Chen , 그리 Glass 등이 고한 중복
배수체에서는 추가된 보통염색체와 성염색체가 모두 모체에서 유래
였으, Park 고한 하면 48, XXY, +21 태아
통염체와 성염색체 삼체 모두 모체에서 래하였을
같은 세포분열 기에 일어 것으 루어 중복홀배수체
일어 원인 전반 세포 결함(general cellular defect),
추사(spindle) 기능 이상이나 자매 색분 분리(sister chromatid
segregation) 적절 신호 때문 능성 제시하였[9-11].
Diego-Alvarez 등이 보고 중복홀배수체 추가 통염체는
체에 유래하였 추가 성염색체 체에 유래 분리
상이 서로 독립으로 발생었음 보고 있다[12]. 례의
모의 나이 41, 남편 나이 40세로 염색체의
상에 고위험군임을 있다. 하지 태아 중복홀배수체
가된 염색체의 유래 모체 부체지에 대한 부모
하지 않아 행하 었다.
운증군과 클라인펠증후 있는 복홀수체
형이 형태 나타 . 일반으로 증후
형은 정신지체 전형 굴모으로 타나 심장, , ,
, 등에 기형 동반하는 우가 특히 선천 심장병을
경우 . Freeman [13] 다운증후군의 227 44%
99 선천 형을 반하으며 45% 심방심실결손,
35% 실결, 8% 심방결손 나타냈다 보고하였. 라인
증후 형은 , 부의 , 경과 고환,
방세 성형 분포, 남성 유방이상 으로 양하
나며 상대적으 내성, 미숙 동을 . -
펠터후군 현형 형태 타날 있는 부분
심각 전적 균형 임신 초기 되는 경우 많으
가지 염색 상에 보이 기형 모두 가지 있을 있으
정도 , 염색 이상 상호작용으로 아주
표현형으 어날 수도 . 혹은 생존 대부
경우 다운증후군의 표현형이 많이 타나 것으 알려 있다.
유로 라인펠터증후군은 전에 현형 타나
관련 있을 [14].
전검사의 중요 목적 나는 태아 색체 이상
초기 발견하는 이다. 음파 기술 분자 유전학의 발달
정확도가 아지 진단 시기 역시 라지 있으 중에
목덜투명 측정법은 양한 질환 기발 아사
예측하는 요성 부각 . 국외 헌에
중복배수 사례 부분 보면 미투대를 정하
단된 사례 으며 증례 연령 41 고령 위험
에서 1 태아 미투 3.8
mm 막융 복홀수체
48, XXY, +21 단하였기 헌의 함께 보고하는 바이.
References
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48,XXY,+21, and review of the literature. J Ultrasound Med
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awara M, Suzumori K, et al. Parental origin and cell stage of
non-disjunction of double trisomy in spontaneous abortion.
Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2005;45:21-5.
9. Shapiro A, Ridler MA. The incidence of Klinefelter’s syndrome
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10. Akbas E, Soylemez F, Savasoglu K, Halliogluand O, Balci S.
A male case with double aneuploidy (48,XXY,+21). Genet
Couns 2008;19:59-63.
11. Efinski D, Duma H, Apostolovski B, Sofijanov N, Ristevski B,
Darkovski S. Klinefelter’s and Down’s syndrome in an adoles-
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12. Diego-Alvarez D, Ramos-Corrales C, Garcia-Hoyos M, Busta-
mante-Aragones A, Cantalapiedra D, Diaz-Recasens J, et al.
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TJ, et al. Population-based study of congenital heart defects in
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Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1998;80:213-7.
14. Rajangam S, Verghese M, Tilak P, Thomas IM. A 48,XXY,+21-
Down/Klinefelter Syndrome. J Clin Genet Tribal Res
1996;2:126-9.
전진복홀배수염색이상 48, XXY, +211예
차의과대학교당차여성병원부인과교
김영, 박혜리,지현, 성운, 문명진,
한 개체에서 중홀배수체 염색체 이상의 발생은 상대적로 매우 드문 형태로 그 발생률은 문헌에 따라 다양다. 본 사례는 클라인펠
터 성염체 이상과 여기에 보통염색체 21번이 추가된 중복 배수체가 진단된 경우이다. 산전검사 위해 신 1분기에 시행 초음
검사서 태아 목덜미투명대 3.8 mm로 증가되었며 이에 염색체검사를 위해 융모막융모생검을 시행하였다. 그 결과 48, XXY, +21
중복배수체로 진단되었으며 태아는 임신 13주에 자연유산 되었다. 이에 본 저자은 다운-클인펠터 중복배수체 염색체 이상을
헌고함께고하고자.
중심어: 복홀배수체,증후군,라인펠터후군, 융모막융모생
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