An Inventory of the Lichen Flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia)

Abstract

Urbanavichus, G. & Urbanavichene, I. 2014. An inventory of the lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia). — Herzogia 27: 285–319. The lichen flora of the Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus) was examined. A list of 677 species, including 610 lichenized fungi, 60 lichenicolous fungi and 7 non-lichenized saprophytic fungi, is presented based on the authors' original observations. Locality and substrate data are additionally given. 491 species are recorded from the Lagonaki Highland for the first time. 125 species are new records for the Russian Caucasus, including 112 not previously recorded from the Greater Caucasus. Thirty-six species are reported from Russia for the first time: Alyxoria variaeformis, Anema tumidulum, Arthonia calcicola, Arthothelium orbilliferum, Bacidia coprodes, Biatora veteranorum, Calicium victorianum, Caloplaca rouxii, C. schoeferi, Candelariella oleaginescens, Didymellopsis pulposi, Endococcus pseudocarpus, Farnoldia muscigena, Fulgensia fulgida, Gyalecta thelotremella, Lecania coeruleorubella, Lecanora reuteri, Lichenochora wasseri, Lobothallia cheresina, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Niesslia peltigericola, Opegrapha rotunda, Physcia erumpens, Placidiopsis tiroliensis, Placynthium posterulum, Polysporina cyclocarpa, Rinodina furfuracea, R. luridata, Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Stigmidium eucline, S. lecidellae, Verrucaria mortarii, V. ochrostoma, Verrucula elegantaria, Vezdaea stipitata. The ecology of some interesting species and the conservation status of the lichen flora in the study region are discussed. The flora contains some interesting indicators of long ecological continuity of the forests.

Full text

Herzogia 27 (2), 2014: 285 –319 285
An inventory of the lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW
Caucasus, Russia)
Gennadii Urbanavichus* & Irina Urbanavichene
Abstract: Urbanavichus, G. & Urbanavichene, I. 2014: An inventory of the lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland
(NW Caucasus, Russia). – Herzogia 27: 285 –319.
The lichen flora of the Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus) was examined. A list of 677 species, including 610 li-
chenized fungi, 60 lichenicolous fungi and 7 non-lichenized saprophytic fungi, is presented based on the authors’
original observations. Locality and substrate data are additionally given. 491 species are recorded from the Lagonaki
Highland for the first time. 125 species are new records for the Russian Caucasus, including 112 not previously record-
ed from the Greater Caucasus. Thirty-six species are reported from Russia for the first time: Alyxoria variaeformis,
Anema tumidulum, Arthonia calcicola, Arthothelium orbilliferum, Bacidia coprodes, Biatora veteranorum, Calicium
victorianum, Caloplaca rouxii, C. schoeferi, Candelariella oleaginescens, Didymellopsis pulposi, Endococcus pseu-
docarpus, Farnoldia muscigena, Fulgensia fulgida, Gyalecta thelotremella, Lecania coeruleorubella, Lecanora
reuteri, Lichenochora wasseri, Lobothallia cheresina, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Niesslia peltigericola,
Opegrapha rotunda, Physcia erumpens, Placidiopsis tiroliensis, Placynthium posterulum, Polysporina cyclocarpa,
Rinodina furfuracea, R. luridata, Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Stigmidium eucline, S. lecidellae, Verrucaria mortarii,
V. ochrostoma, Verrucula elegantaria, Vezdaea stipitata. The ecology of some interesting species and the conserva-
tion status of the lichen flora in the study region are discussed. The flora contains some interesting indicators of long
ecological continuity of the forests.
Zusammenfassung: Urbanavichus, G. & Urbanavichene, I. 2014: Ein Inventar der Flechtenflora des Lagonaki-
Hochlands (NW-Kaukasus, Russland). – Herzogia 27: 285 –319.
Die Flechtenflora des Lagonaki-Hochlandes (NW-Kaukasus) wurde untersucht. Es wird eine Artenliste auf der Basis
eigener Beobachtungen gegeben, die 677 Arten enthält, darunter 610 lichenisierte und 60 lichenicole Pilze sowie
7 nicht lichenisierte saprophytische Pilze. Ergänzend werden Angaben zu genauen Fundorten und Substraten ge-
macht. 491 Arten werden erstmals für das Lagonaki-Hochland mitgeteilt. 125 Arten sind neu für den Russischen
Kaukasus. Davon waren 112 bisher aus dem Großen Kaukasus nicht bekannt. 36 Arten werden erstmals für Rußland
dokumentiert: Alyxoria variaeformis, Anema tumidulum, Arthonia calcicola, Arthothelium orbilliferum, Bacidia co-
prodes, Biatora veteranorum, Calicium victorianum, Caloplaca rouxii, C. schoeferi, Candelariella oleaginescens,
Didymellopsis pulposi, Endococcus pseudocarpus, Farnoldia muscigena, Fulgensia fulgida, Gyalecta thelotremel-
la, Lecania coeruleorubella, Lecanora reuteri, Lichenochora wasseri, Lobothallia cheresina, Marchandiobasidium
aurantiacum, Niesslia peltigericola, Opegrapha rotunda, Physcia erumpens, Placidiopsis tiroliensis, Placynthium
posterulum, Polysporina cyclocarpa, Rinodina furfuracea, R. luridata, Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Stigmidium euc-
line, S. lecidellae, Verrucaria mortarii, V. ochrostoma, Verrucula elegantaria, Vezdaea stipitata. Die Ökologie einiger
interessanter Arten und die Gefährdungssituation der Flechtenflora des Untersuchungsgebietes werden diskutiert. Die
Flora umfaßt einige interessante Indikatoren langzeitiger ökologischer Kontinuität der Waldbestände.
Key words: Lichens, lichenicolous fungi, biodiversity, limestone, primary mountain forests, conservation value,
Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.
* Corresponding author

286 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Introduction
The Caucasus is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and one of the most diverse regions
of Russia. The western part of the Great Caucasus has no analogy in its biodiversity level
among the natural systems of the Caucasus or any other mountainous area in Europe or
Western Asia. The Western Caucasus is a place where endangered, rare, endemic and relict
plant and animal species are concentrated. However, the Caucasus is not yet recognized as
a hotspot of lichen species diversity, because the Caucasian lichen flora is still under inves-
tigated. The aim of this study is to summarise current knowledge of the lichen flora of the
Northwestern Caucasus.
Although lists of lichens collected in NW Caucasus have been published by Krivorotov
(1997), Eskin et al. (2004), Otte (2007), the most interesting region in NW Caucasus –
Lagonaki Highland, is lichenologically still poorly known. Krivorotov (1997) reports
about 140 species from the Lagonaki Highland within the boundaries of the Kavkazskii
Zapovednik (Caucasus State Nature Biosphere Reserve). These are mostly widespread spe-
cies regularly encountered during the authors’ investigations. 46 species were previously
reported from this area as new to Russia and the Caucasus, including Bacidia pycnidiata
Czarnota & Coppins, Caloplaca anularis Clauzade & Poelt, C. arnoldii (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex
Ginzb., C. australis (Arnold) Zahlbr., C. nubigena (Kremp.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Collema
euthallinum (Zahlbr.) Degel., twenty species of pyrenocarpous lichens, etc. (Urbanavichus
& Urbanavichene 2008, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). The present study for the first
time provides detailed information about the lichen flora of the Lagonaki Highland in the
Kavkazskii Zapovednik.
Study area
The research area covers almost 20,000 ha within the Lagonaki Highland and covers almost
20,000 ha within the Lagonaki Biosphere Polygon of the northwest portion of the Kavkazskii
Zapovednik. The Caucasus state nature reserve was established in 1924 and declared as a
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979. The Lagonaki Highland is phytogeographically im-
portant as it contains the westernmost treeless peaks and subalpine plateau in the calcareous
mountain chains of the NW Caucasus. Description of the study area follows Lozovoj (1984)
and Akatov & Akatova (2012). The highest peaks are in the southern part (Fisht 2867 m,
Oshten 2804 m, Pshekha-Su 2743 m), whereas the summits in the northern part are generally
lower in altitude (Nagoj-Chuk 2467 m, Abadzesh 2360 m). The southern, eastern and western
sides are steep and dissected by glacial cirques, troughs, karst basins and tectonic fractures. An
extensive plateau is situated in the northeastern part of the Lagonaki Highland (1800−2100 m).
On the slope of Mts. Fisht, Oshten, Pshekha-Su, Nagoj-Chuk, as well as on the extensive pla-
teau, karst topography is developed due to the prevalence of Upper Jurassic limestone (Fig. 1).
Rocks are limestone and dolomites throughout this area. Cliffs and extensive rock outcrops
occur in many places, which almost lack vascular plant vegetation. Siliceous rocks are nearly
absent from the Lagonaki Highland; only a few small siliceous pebbles (of unknown origin)
occur at an unique locality near the small Lake Blyam in alpine meadows with limestone
rocks. The headwaters of the Belaya, Kurdzhips, Tsitse and Armyanka Rivers are located in
the Lagonaki Highland. The only more or less large karst-glacial Lake Psenodakh is located at
the northern foot of the Fisht-Oshten Massif.
The main climatic peculiarities of the NW Caucasus relate to altitude zoning and situation of the
entire Caucasus to the prevailing western wind direction. The central range lies not only at the

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 287
border of moderate and subtropical climatic belts (N and S macroslope sides respectively), but
also in the contact zone of Atlantic and Mediterranean humid air masses. The average annual
rainfall is about 3000 mm at Fisht, 2700 mm at Nagoj-Chuk and 1600−2000 mm at Azish pass;
the highest precipitation occurring in December. The annual temperature varies from 1 to 6°С
in the middle mountain zone, and remains at about 3.5°С in the upper mountain zone. Winter is
cold in the middle mountain zone of the NW Caucasus. Below 2000 m, it lasts from December
to February, and above 2000 m, from October to April. The coldest month is January with mean
temperatures from -4 to -6 °C on the lower slopes, and at higher elevation, -6 to -16 °C. Snowfall
is abundant and snow storms frequent in the high mountains. Winter season snow-cover depth
might be up to 5−6 m in the valleys, and 0.8−1 m on the upper slopes. Summers are cool and mist
frequent; in the valleys season lasts from May to September with temperatures of 16−20 °C, and
at higher altitudes, 12−14 °C. Nights are cold, sometimes frosts occur.
The northeastern part of the Kamennoe More Ridge near Azishskij Pass (c. 1800−1900 m) and
slopes above River Kurdzhips (c. 1550−1800 m) has virgin silver-fir, pine and beech-fir forests
with maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), birch (Betula litwinowii)
and occasionally with yew (Taxus baccata) in the undergrowth, and partly with Colchic under-
storey (e.g. Laurocerasus officinalis). The central part of the Kamennoe More Ridge and the
headwaters of the Kurdzhips River have timberline pine forests with birch and occasionally
silver-fir. Dark coniferous and mixed dark coniferous-deciduous forests are comprised of two
main species: Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach. and Fagus orientalis Lipsky. Pine forest
consists of Pinus kochiana Klotsch. ex Koch. Overall, forests cover an insignificant part of
the Lagonaki Highland. From 1800−2000 almost to 2300−2500 m, the vegetation is subalpine
with tall grasses and the endemic Caucasian rhododendron Rhododendron caucasicum, Betula
and Salix shrubs. Above lies alpine meadows and rocky outcrops that yield in places to sub-
nival belts. The Lagonaki Highland is exceptionally rich in vascular plant species. At present,
the vascular plant flora of the Lagonaki Highland is represented by 817 species, about one
third of which are endemic to the Caucasus (Timukhin 2006).
Material and methods
The specimens were collected in the course of extensive field studies at 52 localities from
June 2010 to July 2013 (Fig. 2). For details of the collecting localities, see the list below.
The geographic coordinates (WGS84) and altitudes of each locality were measured by GPS.
Air-dried samples were examined using a stereo microscope, a light microscope and the usual
spot tests with standard identification methods for lichenized and lichenicolous fungi (Servít
1954, Mayrhofer 1984, Clauzade & Roux 1985, Clauzade et al. 1989, Timdal 1991,
Nimis & Martellos 2004, Temina et al. 2005, Breuss 2007, Halıcı 2008, Ihlen & Wedin
2008, Smith et al. 2009, Thüs & Schultz 2009, Breuss & Berger 2010, Prieto et al. 2010,
Orange 2013, Wirth et al. 2013, etc.). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analyses were car-
ried out when needed (Orange et al. 2001). Selected samples of Caloplaca s.l. were checked
by J. Vondrák (České Budějovice/Průhonice). The nomenclature of the taxa mainly follows
Urbanavichus (2010) and, for taxa not represented in this checklist, Roux (2012) or other
modern taxonomic treatments, e.g. Arthoniales (Ertz & Tehler 2011), Varicellaria (Schmitt
et al. 2012), Gyalectaceae (Baloch et al. 2013), Teloschistaceae (Arup et al. 2013), Xylopsora
(Bendiksby & Timdal 2013), Bryobilimbia (Fryday et al. 2014), Collemataceae (Otálora
et al. 2014), etc. The specimens are kept in the private herbarium of G. Urbanavichus, some
duplicates in the herbarium LE, CBFS.

288 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Fig. 1: Alpine habitats – Mt. Oshten (in the background) and pine forest on the southern outcrops of the Kamennoe
More Ridge (right).
The 52 investigated localities on the Lagonaki Highland are as follows:
(The administrative regions of study territory are Krasnodar Area and Republic of Adygea, their abbreviations are
KA and RA).
1: KA, foot of the Mt. Fisht, near Small glacier, SE-facing limestone cliff, 43°56’34.70”N/39°55’18.58”E, c.
1730 m, 14 Sept 2010.
2: Ibid, SE-facing slope with limestone boulders, 43°56’34.70”N/39°55’18.58”E, c. 1730 m, 14 Sept 2010.
3: Ibid, glacial cirque, limestone cliff, 43°57’04.40”N/39°55’08.10”E, c. 1790−1800 m, 15 Sept 2010.
4: Ibid, glacial cirque, N-facing limestone cliff, 43°56’57.07”N/39°55’24.26”E, c. 1800 m, 15 Sept 2010.
5: Ibid, glacial cirque, S-facing limestone cliff, 43°57’21.93”N/39°55’01.08”E, c. 1800 m, 15 Sept 2010.
6: KA, foot of the Mt. Fisht, Belorechensk pass, subalpine meadows with limestone boulders,
43°56’04.60”N/39°55’09.30”E, c. 1830 m, 16 Sept 2010.
7: Ibid, SE-facing slope with solitary fir trees and scattered dwarf juniper shrubs among limestone boulders,
43°56’02.00”N/39°54’57.90”E, c. 1870 m, 16 Sept 2010.
8: KA, foot of the Mt. Fisht, between Belorechensk pass and Cherkessk pass, subalpine meadows with limestone
boulders, 43°56’04.98”N/39°54’23.06”E, c. 1880 m, 16 Sept 2010.
9: KA, ascent to Fisht-Oshten pass, subalpine meadows with limestone boulders, 43°58’53.70”N/39°55’07.00”E, c.
2025 m, 17 Sept 2010.
10: RA, Fisht-Oshten pass, subalpine meadows, karst sinkholes and limestone boulders, 43°59’26.80”N/39°54’51.00”E,
c. 2200−2210 m, 17-18 Sept 2010.
11: RA, foot of the Mt. Nagoi-Chuk, hole “Chashka”, subalpine meadows, 44°01’10.10”N/39°53’51.80”E, c.
2030−2040 m, 17 Sept 2010.

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 289
12: RA, Psenodakh Lake, low birch thickets over limestone boulders, 44°00’31.60”N/39°54’04.90”E, c.
1950−1960 m, 18 Sept 2010.
13: RA, foot of the Mt. Oshten, subalpine meadows near Oshten Lake, 44°00’31.30”N/39°56’08.30”E, c. 2050 m,
19-20 Sept 2010.
14: Ibid, N-facing slope, subalpine meadows with limestone rock, 44°00’31.10”N/39°55’46.30”E, c. 2170 m, 19 Sept
2010.
15: Ibid, Mt. Oshten, E offspur, alpine meadows with limestone rocks near Blyam Lake (unique place where there are
small siliceous pebbles), 43°59’54.50”N/39°56’41.80”E, c. 2370 m, 20 Sept 2010.
16: Ibid, top of the Mt. Oshten, alpine meadows, limestone cliff and stones, 43°59’32.10”N/39°55’47.00”E, c.
2760−2765 m, 20 Sept 2010.
17: RA, Kamennoe More (Stony Sea) Ridge, virgin mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest on limestone bedrock and
outcrops, 44°04’40.9”−45.7”N/40°00’41.6”−45.6”E, c. 1780−1820 m, 1, 7 and 15 Jul 2011, 30 Jun and 3 Jul
2013.
18: Ibid, c. 0.5 km S from 17 locality, timberline virgin fir forest over calcareous boulders, 44°04’24.8”N/40°00’58.4”E,
c. 1790−1830 m, 1 Jul 2011.
19: RA, Kamennoe More Ridge, subalpine meadows, karst sinkholes, 44°02’58.4”N/40°01’34.2”E, c. 1895 m, 2 Jul
2011.
20: Ibid, c. 1 km W from Mt. Nagoi Koshi, subalpine meadows, limestone cliff and buttes, 44°01’29.0”N/40°00’33.2”E,
c. 2090−2100 m, 3 Jul 2011.
21: Ibid, c. 0.5 km W from Mt. Nagoi Koshi, subalpine meadows, limestone cliff, 44°01’20.5”N/40°00’51.8”E, c.
2070−2080 m, 3 Jul 2011.
22: Ibid, Mt. Nagoi Koshi, subalpine meadows, limestone outcrops, 44°01’23.8”N/40°01’18.8”E, c. 2080−2090 m, 3
Jul 2011.
Fig. 2: The study area. Localities indicates by numbers (1–52)

290 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
23: Ibid, c. 0.85 km N from Mt. Nagoi Koshi, pine-birch forest near the edge of a cliff, 44°01’49.5”N/40°01’30.6”E,
c. 2025 m, 3 Jul 2011.
24: RA, Kamennoe More Ridge, virgin pine forest near the edge of a cliff, 44°02’33.7”N/40°01’53.0”E, c. 1950 m, 4
Jul 2011.
25: RA, balka Sukhoj Kurdzhips (ravine Dry Kurdzhips), pine-birch forest on W-facing steep slope,
44°03’23.3”N/40°01’00.0”E, c. 1800−1820 m, 4 Jul 2011.
26: RA, Mt. Mezmaj, the south-eastern offspur, subalpine meadows, S-facing limestone cliff,
44°05’54.4”N/39°57’58.9”E, c. 1775 m, 5 Jul 2011.
27: RA, Kamennoe More Ridge, c. 1 km E from Armyanka River, limestone cliff, 44°00’59.6”N/39°59’17.6”E, c.
1970−1990 m, 6 Jul 2011.
28: Ibid, the edge of a cliff above Armyanka River, 44°00’59.3”N/39°58’44.3”E, c. 2000−2030 m, 6 Jul 2011.
29: RA, upper course of River Kurdzhips, subalpine meadows, limestone outcrops, 44°02’14.3”N/40°00’33.4”E, c.
1945−1950 m, 8 Jul 2011.
30: RA, River Kurdzhips, W-facing slope, mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest, 44°04’34.7”N/40°00’10.5”E, c.
1550−1600 m, 9 Jul 2011.
31: Ibid, the right bank opposite the waterfall, W-facing limestone cliff, 44°04’34.6”N/40°00’03.7”E, c. 1555−1570 m,
10 Jul 2011.
32: RA, Mt. Abadzesh, E offspur, rocky slope, 44°01‘58.9“N/39°58‘46.4“E, c. 2280 m, 11 Jul 2011.
33: Ibid, the top of Mt. Abadzesh, alpine meadows, 44°01’55.7”N/39°58’16.9”E, c. 2360−2369 m, 11 Jul 2011.
34: Ibid, W from the top of Mt. Abadzesh, alpine meadows, rocky slope, 44°01’41.3”N/39°56’15.4”E, c.
2290−2300 m, 11 Jul 2011.
35: RA, upper course of River Tsitse, pine forest on W-facing slope, 44°01’35.2”N/39°55’27.3”E, c. 1820−1900 m,
11 Jul 2011.
36: RA, Kamennoe More Ridge, virgin mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest, 44°04’18.0”N/40°00’44.9”E, c.
1800 m, 12 and 14 Jul 2011.
37: RA, c. 2.3 km W from Azishskij pass, subalpine meadows with isolated silver fir trees, 44°04’38.4”N/39°58’51.4”E,
c. 1700 m, 13 Jul 2011.
38: Ibid, upper Molochka River, c. 2.8 km W from Azishskij pass, subalpine meadows, SE-facing limestone cliff,
44°04’40.8”N/39°58’28.2”E, c. 1850−1860 m, 13 Jul 2011.
39: RA, Nagoj-Chuk Ridge, alpine meadows, 44°03’53.4”N/39°53’35.2”E, c. 2460 m, 5 Jul 2012.
40: Ibid, c. 0.5 km NW from 39 locality, alpine meadows with stony field, 44°04’01.5”N/39°53’14.0”E, c.
2390−2400 m, 5 Jul 2012.
41: Ibid, N of the top of Mt. Nagoj-Chuk, NW offspur, edge of the precipice, alpine meadows, limestone cliff,
44°02’48.6”N/39°52’48.9”E, c. 2360−2370 m, 6 Jul 2012.
42: Ibid, the top of Mt. Nagoj-Chuk, alpine meadows, limestone cliff, 44°02’12.1”N/39°53’06.5”E, c. 2460−2467 m,
6 Jul 2012.
43: RA, Nagoj-Chuk Ridge, Mt. Messo, subalpine meadows, limestone outcrops, 44°03›40.4»N/39°50’51.3”E, c.
2000−2065 m, 7 Jul 2012.
44: RA, Nagoj-Chuk Ridge, central part near small lake, nival heaths around the snowfields, limestone outcrops,
44°03’40.5”N/39°52’28.5”E, c. 2250 m, 7 Jul 2012.
45: RA, Nagoj-Chuk Ridge, northern part, alpine meadows above the precipice, 44°04’07.7”N/39°52’46.6”E, c.
2330 m, 8 Jul 2012.
46: Ibid, c. 150 m, N from 45 locality, limestone cliff, 44°04’12.3”N/39°52’48.4”E, c. 2300 m, 8 Jul 2012.
47: Ibid, c. 200 m, NW from 45 locality, alpine meadows above the precipice, stony field, 44°04’15.1”N/39°52’40.6”E,
c. 2300 m, 8 Jul 2012.
48: RA, upper course of Tsitse River, limestone cliff on W-facing slope, 44°01’46.1”N/39°55’41.4”E, c. 2010−2020 m,
10 Jul 2012.
49: RA, upper course of Kurdzhips River, pine forest with limestone outcrops, 44°03’40.6”N/40°00’14.5”E, c.
1700−1750 m, 26 Jun 2013.
50: Ibid, pine forest on W-facing slope, limestone cliff, canyon, 44°03’54.1”N/40°00’00.3”E, c. 1650−1700 m, 27
Jun 2013.

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 291
51: Ibid, virgin mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest with limestone outcrops, 44°04’07.9”N/40°00’05.8”E, c.
1600−1650 m, 28 Jun 2013.
52: RA, Kamennoe More Ridge, S from 18 locality, timberline virgin fir forest over calcareous boulders,
44°04’13.0”N/40°00’55.5”E, c. 1800 m, 29 Jun 2013.
List of substrata and their abbreviations:
Abies nordmanniana Abi
Acer pseudoplatanus Ace
Betula litwinowii Bet
Carpinus betulus Car
Fagus orientalis Fag
Juniperus communis Jun
Pinus kochiana Pin
Populus tremula Pop
Salix caprea Sal
Sorbus aucuparia Sor
cal calcareous rock
cal-aqu calcareous rocks submerged in water
cor corticolous
deb “debricolous”
lig lignicolous
mus muscicolous
mus- muscicolous over calcareous rock, tree bark, soil
sil siliceous pebbles
sil-aqu siliceous pebbles submerged in water
ter terricolous
ter- terricolous over calcareous rock
List of taxa
Species new to Russia are marked with ”*”, new to the Greater Caucasus with ”!!”, and new
to the Russian Caucasus with ”!”.
Lichenized taxa
!!Absconditella delutula (Nyl.) Coppins & H.Kilias: 36 (lig Abi).
Absconditella lignicola Vězda & Pišút: 30 (lig Abi).
Acarospora cervina A.Massal.: 5, 8, 13, 27, 29, 34, 43, 48 (cal).
Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb.: 11, 22, 43, 46 (cal).
Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A.Massal. ex Bagl.: 4, 5, 7, 11, 38, 43, 44, 50, 51 (cal).
!!Acarospora modenensis H.Magn.: 15 (sil).
Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb.: 17 (cal).
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal.: 50, 51 (cor Sal, Sor).
Acrocordia salweyi (Leight. ex Nyl.) A.L.Sm.: 17 (cal).
Agonimia gelatinosa (Ach.) M.Brand & Diederich: 15, 29 (deb, ter).

292 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.: 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 17, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 49, 50, 51 (deb, mus-
cal, ter-cal).
!!Agonimia vouauxii (B.de Lesd.) M.Brand & Diederich: 19 (ter).
Allocetraria madreporiformis (Ach.) Kärnefelt & A.Thell: 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43 (ter).
Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler: 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace).
*!!Alyxoria variaeformis (Anzi) Ertz: 17, 30 (cal).
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid.: 17, 18, 20, 30, 36, 37, 49, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace,
Pin, rare deb).
Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb.: 8, 11, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 36, 37, 43 (cor Abi, Ace, Sal, rare – mus-cal,
ter).
Anaptychia crinalis (Schleich.) Vězda: 30, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Sal, Sor).
Anaptychia desertorum (Rupr.) Poelt: 41 (cal).
*!!Anema tumidulum Henssen ex P.M.Jørg., M.Schultz & Guttová: 21, 27 (cal). The previous report of
Anema tumidulum from Eastern Siberia (specimen no. 18426 in herbarium O), Russia (Urbanavichus
2010) refers to Anema cf. decipiens (Jørgensen et al. 2013).
Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C.Harris: 51 (cor Ace).
Anisomeridium carinthiacum (J.Steiner) R.C.Harris: 15 (sil-aqu).
Arthonia calcarea (Turner ex Sm.) Ertz & Diederich: 7, 8, 27, 28 (cal).
*!!Arthonia calcicola Nyl.: 14 (cal).
!Arthonia didyma Körb.: 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace).
Arthonia fusca (A.Massal.) Hepp: 2, 8, 27, 46, 48 (cal).
!!Arthonia helvola (Nyl.) Nyl.: 52 (lig Abi).
Arthonia mediella Nyl.: 36 (cor Abi).
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.: 17, 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Fag, Sor).
Arthonia spadicea Leight.: 36 (lig Abi).
Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A.Massal.: 30, 36, 51 (cor Ace, Bet, Fag, Sor).
Arthopyrenia salicis A.Massal.: 30 (cor Sor).
*!!Arthothelium orbilliferum (Almq.) Hasse: 17, 30, 36 (cor Abi).
Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R.Sant.: 41 (deb, ter).
Aspicilia cf. desertorum (Kremp.) Mereschk.: 49 (cal).
Athallia holocarpa (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 51 (cor Fag).
Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 49 (cor Sal).
!!Athallia saxifragarum (Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 48 (deb, ter).
Bacidia bagliettoana (A.Massal. & De Not.) Jatta: 26, 27, 31 (deb, ter).
Bacidia beckhausii Körb.: 30, 36 (cor Ace, Fag, Sor).
Bacidia circumspecta (Nyl. ex Vain.) Malme: 17 (cor Sor).
*!!Bacidia coprodes (Körb.) Lettau: 17, 36 (cal).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 293
Bacidia herbarum (Stizenb.) Arnold: 27 (deb, ter).
Bacidia incompta (Borrer ex Hook.) Anzi: 17, 36 (cor Sal, Sor).
Bacidia pycnidiata Czarnota & Coppins: 36 (cor, mus Ace).
Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A.Massal.: 36 (cor Ace).
Bacidia subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold: 1, 36, 50 (cor Abi, Sal, Sor, rare – deb).
Bacidina chloroticula (Nyl.) Vězda & Poelt: 52 (cor, needles Abi).
Bacidina delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) V.Wirth & Vězda: 36, 52 (cor Abi).
Bacidina phacodes (Körb.) Vězda: 1, 30 (cor Abi, deb).
Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent.: 11, 15, 33, 39 (deb, ter).
Bagliettoa calciseda (DC.) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 8, 17, 22, 29, 48 (cal).
Bagliettoa marmorea (Scop.) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 38 (cal).
Biatora albohyalina (Nyl.) Bagl. & Carestia: 50 (cor Sal).
Biatora efflorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen: 17, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Pin, Sal).
!!Biatora fallax Hepp: 30 (lig Abi).
!!Biatora flavopunctata (Tønsberg) Hinteregger & Printzen: 24 (cor Pin).
!Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr.: 36, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, rare – deb).
!!Biatora meiocarpa (Nyl.) Arnold: 17 (cor Sor).
*!!Biatora veteranorum Coppins & Sérus.: 51 (lig Pin).
!!Biatorella hemisphaerica Anzi: 10 (deb).
Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner & Coppins: 1, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 40, 44, 48,
49, 50 (mus-cal, mus-cor Pin, deb, ter).
Bilimbia microcarpa (Th.Fr.) Th.Fr.: 27 (deb, ter).
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold: 11, 17, 36, 51 (mus-cal, mus-lig Pin, deb, ter).
Blastenia ammiospila (Wahlenb.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén: 10, 11, 15, 16, 20, 33, 40 (deb, ter).
Blastenia herbidella (Hue) Servít: 7, 17, 18, 30, 36, 37, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Pin, Pop,
Sal, Sor).
Blastenia hungarica (H.Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén: 36 (cor Fag).
Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 14, 26, 46 (deb, ter).
Botryolepraria lesdainii (Hue) Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona: 17, 30 (cal, mus-cal).
Brianaria bauschiana (Körb.) S.Ekman & M.Svensson: 52 (lig Abi).
Bryobilimbia hypnorum (Lib.) Fryday, Printzen & S.Ekman: 19, 33, 48 (deb, ter).
Bryonora castanea (Hepp) Poelt: 33, 39 (deb, ter).
Bryoplaca sinapisperma (Lam. & DC.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup: 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, 43
(deb, ter).
!Bryoplaca tetraspora (Nyl.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup: 33 (deb, ter).
!!Bryoria americana (Motyka) Holien: 24 (cor Pin).

294 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17 (cor, mus-cor Pin).
Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Pin, Sor).
Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 24 (cor Bet).
Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Pin, Sal).
Bryoria implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17, 25, 36 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Pin, Sor).
Bryoria nadvornikiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17, 24, 31, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi. Pin, Sal).
Bryoria subcana (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 30, 36 (cor Abi).
Bryoria trichodes (Michx.) Brodo & D.Hawksw.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Bet).
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd: 7, 36 (cor Fag).
Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb.: 17, 24, 25, 30, 36, 52 (cor Abi, Bet, Fag, Pin, Sor).
Buellia schaereri De Not.: 36 (cor Abi).
Calicium glaucellum Ach.: 30, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi).
Calicium lenticulare Ach.: 36 (cor Abi).
Calicium salicinum Pers.: 30, 52 (cor Abi).
Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach.: 17 (cor, lig Pin).
*!!Calicium victorianum (F.Wilson) Tibell: 52 (lig Abi).
Calicium viride Pers.: 36 (cor, lig Abi).
Callome multipartita (Sm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 5, 7, 26, 48, 49 (cal).
Calogaya arnoldii (Wedd.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 28 (cal).
Calogaya biatorina (A.Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 29 (cal).
Calogaya schistidii (Anzi) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 2, 10, 43, 48 (deb, ter).
Caloplaca albopruinosa (Arnold) H.Olivier: 11, 34, 46 (cal).
Caloplaca anularis Clauzade & Poelt (Fig. 3): 8, 12, 20, 27, 28, 41, 48 (cal).
Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th.Fr.: 1, 6, 7, 12, 36, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51 (cor, deb, lig Ace, Bet, Jun, Pin,
Pop).
Caloplaca conversa (Kremp.) Jatta: 43 (cal).
Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.: 4, 5, 27, 41, 43 (cal, Verrucaria nigrescens cal).
Caloplaca nubigena (Kremp.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.: 5, 14, 28, 34, 48 (cal).
*!!Caloplaca rouxii Gaya, Nav.-Ros. & Llimona: 21, 28 (cal).
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin: 34 (cal).
*!!Caloplaca schoeferi Poelt: 43 (mus, ter).
Caloplaca stillicidiorum (Vahl) Lynge: 2, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 26, 28, 49, 51 (deb, mus, ter, rare –
mus-cor Abi, Pin).
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein: 37 (cor Abi).
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.: 7, 27 (cal).
Candelariella commutata Otte & M.Westb.: 10, 14, 17, 20, 21, 27, 41, 43, 48 (mus-cal, deb).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 295
Candelariella efflorescens R.C.Harris & W.R.Buck: 36, 50, 51 (cor Ace, Pin, Sor).
Candelariella lutella (Vain.) Räsänen: 1, 50 (cor Ace, Jun).
*!!Candelariella oleaginescens Rondon: 4, 12, 13, 21, 29 (cal).
Candelariella plumbea Poelt & Vězda: 9, 11, 49 (cal).
Candelariella rhodax Poelt & Vězda: 2, 42 (cal).
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll.Arg.: 48 (lig Pin).
Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau: 1, 7, 12, 36, 37, 50 (cor Abi, Ace, Pin).
Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb.: 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 28, 42, 43, 44 (deb, ter).
!Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A.Massal.: 27 (cal).
Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 17, 48, 49, 51 (cal).
!!Catillaria modesta (Müll.Arg.) Coppins: 11 (cal).
Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler: 17, 36 (cor, lig Abi, Sor).
Catillaria picila (A.Massal.) Coppins: 17 (cal).
Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.: 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 40, 41, 42, 43 (ter).
Cetraria ericetorum Opiz: 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43 (ter).
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.: 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 29, 33, 39, 41, 42, 43 (ter).
Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt: 11, 12, 14, 15, 43 (ter).
Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach.: 24 (cor Pin).
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise & Duby) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 36 (cor Bet, Sal).
Cetrelia chicitae (W.L.Culb.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 30 (cor Abi).
Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 17 (mus-cal).
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 30 (cor Abi).
Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell: 51 (lig Abi).
Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll.Arg.: 17, 52 (cor Abi, fruiting body of fungus Trametes sp. Abi).
Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th.Fr.: 17, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Pin).
Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell: 36 (cor Abi).
Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.: 30 (cor, lig Abi).
Chaenotheca laevigata Nádv.: 30, 36 (lig Abi, Pin).
Chaenotheca phaeocephala (Turner) Th.Fr.: 30, 52 (cor Abi).
Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.) Müll.Arg.: 30 (lig Abi).
Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 17, 18, 30, 36, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi).
Chaenotheca xyloxena Nádv.: 17, 30, 51 (lig Abi, Pin).
!!Cheiromycina petri D.Hawksw. & Poelt: 18 (cor Sal).
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R.Laundon: 17, 18, 30, 36, 50, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).

296 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Circinaria calcarea (L.) A.Nordin, S.Savić & Tibell: 7, 8, 11, 15, 19, 22, 28, 41, 43, 46, 48 (cal).
Circinaria contorta (Hoffm.) A.Nordin, S.Savić & Tibell: 3, 8, 41, 43 (cal).
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.: 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 29, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43 (ter).
Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng.: 48 (ter).
Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer.: 25 (lig Pin).
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.: 11, 30, 37 (mus-cor Abi, ter).
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.: 11, 16, 33, 39 (ter).
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng.: 17, 18, 25, 30, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Sal).
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.: 11 (ter).
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm.: 25 (mus-cor Pin).
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.: 25, 30 (cor Abi).
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd.: 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48 (ter).
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad.: 11, 36, 40, 43 (ter).
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.: 11, 16 (ter).
Cladonia grayi G.Merr. ex Sandst.: 26, 43 (ter).
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.: 17, 18, 39 (cor Pin, ter).
Fig. 3: Caloplaca anularis typically forming rings on vertical, south-exposed limestone.

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 297
Cladonia macroceras (Delise) Hav.: 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 29, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43 (deb, ter).
Cladonia macrophyllodes Nyl.: 39 (ter).
Cladonia mitis Sandst.: 14, 28, 33, 39 (ter).
Cladonia norvegica Tønsberg & Holien: 17 (lig Abi).
Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke: 17, 52 (cor, lig Abi).
Cladonia phyllophora Hoffm.: 11, 50 (ter).
Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot: 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 29, 39, 41, 43, 48 (deb, ter).
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.: 11, 12, 22, 26, 52 (cor Sor, ter).
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H.Wigg.: 16, 33 (ter).
Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.: 14, 17 (lig Abi).
Cladonia stygia (Fr.) Ruoss: 39 (ter).
Cladonia subrangiformis Sandst.: 39, 48 (ter).
Cladonia symphycarpa (Flörke) Fr.: 21, 33 (ter).
Clauzadea immersa (Hoffm.) Hafellner & Bellem.: 5, 48 (cal).
Clauzadea monticola (Schaer.) Hafellner & Bellem.: 7, 11, 27, 30, 49 (cal).
Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.: Fr.) Fr.: 17, 18, 30, 36, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi).
!Cliostomum griffithii (Sm.) Coppins: 30 (cor Abi).
Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch: 17, 30, 51, 52; (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
!!Collema curtisporum Degel.: 31 (cor Sal).
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach.: 3, 17, 30, 50, 51 (cor Ace, Sal, Sor, mus-cal, ter).
Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz: 17, 36 (cor Ace, Sor).
Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC.: 17, 36, 50, 52 (cor Ace, Sal, Sor).
Collema subflaccidum Degel.: 17 (cor Bet, Sor).
Cyphelium notarisii (Tul.) Blomb. & Forssell: 37, 49 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach.: 25 (lig Pin).
!!Dacampia hookeri (Borrer) A.Massal.: 4, 28 (ter).
Dendriscocaulon umhausense (Auersw.) Degel.: 17, 31, 36, 52 (cor Ace, Bet, Sal).
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W.Mann: 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 26, 27, 31, 38, 43, 44, 49 (cal).
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant.: 10, 11, 16, 17, 26, 36 (mus-cal, ter, rare – mus-cor Ace).
Diplotomma hedinii (H.Magn.) P.Clerc & Cl.Roux: 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 46, 47 (cal).
!!Eiglera flavida (Hepp) Hafellner: 31 (cal).
!Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 36 (cor Ace).
Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 2, 11, 12, 16, 20, 26, 29, 34, 43, 44 (cal, ter).
Enchylium tenax (Sw.) Gray s.l.: 1, 4, 5, 7, 21, 26, 29, 48 (cal, ter).
Endocarpon adsurgens Vain.: 12, 43 (ter-cal).

298 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Endocarpon pallidum Ach.: 2 (deb, ter).
Endocarpon pusillum Hedw.: 1, 5, 10, 11, 38 (ter-cal).
Eopyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) R.C.Harris: 51 (cor Bet).
!!Epilichen scabrosus (Ach.) Clem.: 33, 39 (Baeomyces rufus ter).
Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach.: 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 30, 36, 43, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Jun, Pin, Sal,
rare – mus-cal).
Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.: 17, 36, 37, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet).
Farnoldia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel: 4, 7, 11, 41, 44 (cal).
Farnoldia micropsis (A.Massal.) Hertel: 44 (cal).
*!!Farnoldia muscigena (Vězda) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Tretiach & Hafellner: 14 (deb, ter).
Fellhanera subtilis (Vězda) Diederich & Sérus.: 36 (cor, needles Abi).
Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A.Thell: 11 (ter).
Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A.Thell: 10, 11, 14, 16, 20, 28, 29, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43 (ter).
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale: 17, 25, 26, 30, 36, 37, 49 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Car, Pin, rare ter).
Flavoplaca coronata (Kremp. ex Körb.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 22, 49 (cal).
!!Flavoplaca oasis (A.Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 25 (cal).
*!!Fulgensia fulgida (Nyl.) Szatala: 10, 11, 20, 34, 48 (deb, ter).
!!Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & Tønsberg: 51 (cor Bet).
Fuscopannaria mediterranea (Tav.) P.M.Jørg.: 17, 36, 51 (cor, mus-cor Ace, Car, Sal, Sor).
Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg.: 15, 17, 21, 29 (deb, ter).
Gabura fasciculare (L.) P.M.Jørg.: 17, 51 (cor Ace, Sor).
Gyalecta fagicola (Hepp ex Arnold) Kremp.: 51 (cor Ace).
!!Gyalecta geoica (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Ach.: 30 (mus-cal).
Gyalecta herculina (Rehm) Baloch, Lumbsch & Wedin: 36, 52 (cor Ace, Sor).
Gyalecta hypoleuca (Ach.) Zahlbr.: 27 (cal).
Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr.: 14, 17, 27, 30, 36, 49 (cal, ter).
!!Gyalecta ophiospora (Lettau) Baloch & Lücking: 30, 36 (cor Ace, Sor).
*!!Gyalecta thelotremella Bagl.: 17, 31 (cal). This very rare species was previously known only from the
Mediterranean area and the Canary Islands (Van Den Boom 2010).
Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr.: 30 (cor Ace).
Gyalolechia flavorubescens (Huds.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup: 51 (cor Pop).
!!Halecania lecanorina (Anzi) M.Mayrhofer & Poelt: 10, 14, 19 (deb, ter).
Heppia adglutinata (Kremp.) A.Massal.: 26 (deb, ter).
Heterodermia japonica (M.Satô) Swinscow & Krog: 36, 50, 52 (cor Ace, Sal, Sor).
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis.: 17 (cor Sor).
Heteroplacidium compactum (A.Massal.) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 38 (cal).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 299
Heteroplacidium zamenhofianum (Clauzade & Cl.Roux) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 7, 13 (cal).
!!Hymenelia epulotica (Ach.) Lutzoni: 50 (cal).
Hymenelia heteromorpha (Kremp.) Lutzoni: 28 (cal).
!!Hymenelia melanocarpa (Kremp.) Arnold: 5 (cal).
!!Hymenelia prevostii (Duby) Kremp.: 32, 34 (cal).
!!Hymenelia rhodopis (Sommerf.) Lutzoni: 4 (cal).
Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M.Choisy: 17, 36, 49 (lig Abi, Pin).
Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen: 17, 18, 19, 24, 28, 42 (cor Bet, Pin, ter).
Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf: 7, 17, 24, 25, 36, 49 (cor Abi, Bet, Pin).
!!Hypogymnia incurvoides Rass.: 17, 30, 36 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.: 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 43, 49, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Bet,
Fag, Jun, Pin, Sal, Sor, deb, mus-cal, ter).
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav.: 7, 17, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 49, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Fag, Jun, Pin, Sor).
Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique: 17, 30 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.: 17, 30 (old decaying wood of Abi).
Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F.Mey.: 17, 36 (cor, lig Pin).
!Ionaspis ceracea (Arnold) Hafellner & Türk: 15 (sil-aqu).
!!Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsberg: 24 (cor Pin).
Lathagrium auriforme (With.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 1, 8, 11, 14, 15, 26, 28, 29, 36, 49, 50, 51
(mus-cal, mus-cor Pin, ter).
Lathagrium cristatum (L.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin (including var. marginale (Huds.) comb. ined.):
1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 26, 29 (cal, ter).
Lathagrium fuscovirens (With.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 43, 48,
49 (cal, mus-cal, ter).
Lathagrium undulatum (Flot.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 21, 25, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 46, 48 (cal, ter).
*!!Lecania coeruleorubella (Mudd) M.Mayrhofer: 50 (cal).
!!Lecania cuprea (A.Massal.) van den Boom & Coppins: 30 (cal).
Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 36 (cor Ace, Sor).
Lecania cyrtellina (Nyl.) Sandst.: 1, 7, 12, 36 (cor Abi, Ribes caucasicum).
Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & van den Boom: 51 (cor Abi).
!Lecania prasinoides Elenkin: 17, 36 (cor Ace).
!!Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold: 7, 38 (cal).
Lecania sylvestris (Arnold) Arnold: 30, 44, 50 (cal).
!Lecania turicensis (Hepp) Müll.Arg.: 17, 19, 27 (cal).
!!Lecanora admontensis Zahlbr.: 46 (cal).
Lecanora agardhiana Ach.: 7, 8, 11, 28, 29, 44, 48 (cal).

300 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Lecanora albellula (Nyl.) Th.Fr.: 36, 49, 51 (cor Abi, Pin).
Lecanora allophana Nyl.: 17, 36, 51 (cor Ace, Pop, Sor).
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme: 50 (cor Ace).
Lecanora cadubriae (A.Massal.) Hedl.: 36 (cor Abi).
Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain.: 17, 18, 27, 30, 36, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.: 36 (cor Ace, Fag, Sor).
Lecanora circumborealis Brodo & Vitik.: 37 (cor Abi).
Lecanora crenulata Hook.: 27, 28, 32, 41, 43, 47 (cal).
Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf.: 9, 49 (cal).
Lecanora epibryon (Ach.) Ach.: 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48 (deb, ter).
Lecanora expallens Ach.: 30 (cor, lig Abi).
!!Lecanora exspersa Nyl.: 8 (lig Pin).
!!Lecanora flotoviana Spreng.: 7 (cal).
Lecanora glabrata (Ach.) Malme: 52 (cor Abi, Car).
Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach.: 2, 8, 43, 48, 51 (cor Pop, deb).
!Lecanora hypoptella (Nyl.) Grummann: 36 (cor Abi).
Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh.: 17, 36 (cor Ace, Car, Sor).
Lecanora leptyrodes (Nyl.) Degel.: 36, 37, 49, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Lecanora mughicola Nyl.: 24, 25 (cor, lig Pin).
Lecanora perpruinosa Fröberg: 7, 8, 17 (cal).
Lecanora persimilis (Th.Fr.) Nyl.: 1, 7, 20, 36, 48, 49, 50 (cor Abi, Ace, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Lecanora praesistens Nyl.: 7 (cor Abi).
Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach.: 4, 7, 17, 24, 36 (cor, lig Ace, Pin, Sal).
*!!Lecanora reuteri (Trevis.) Schaer. (Fig. 4): 17, 25, 28, 31, 49 (cal).
Lecanora rugosella Zahlbr.: 36 (cor Ace).
Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr.: 24, 48, 49, 50 (lig Pin).
Lecanora sambuci (Pers.) Nyl.: 36 (cor Ace).
Lecanora saxicola (Pollich) Ach.: 7, 8, 11, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28, 41, 43, 48 (cal, rare – deb, ter).
Lecanora semipallida H.Magn.: 6, 7, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26, 28, 41, 43, 47, 48 (cal).
Lecanora strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff.: 12, 36 (cor Abi).
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach.: 20 (cor Jun).
Lecanora subcarpinea Szatala: 30 (cor Abi).
Lecanora varia (Hoffm.) Ach.: 24, 25, 37, 48, 49 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
!!Lecanora zosterae (Ach.) Nyl.: 50 (deb).
Lecidea berengeriana (A.Massal.) Th.Fr.: 39, 43 (deb, ter).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 301
Lecidea tessellata Flörke: 41 (cal).
!!Lecidella achristotera (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert: 50 (cor Sal).
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.Choisy: 18, 36, 37, 40 (cor Abi, Sor, deb).
Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel: 4, 7, 12, 18, 20, 28, 36, 48, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Car, Fag, Pin, Pop,
Sor, rare – deb).
Lecidella laureri (Hepp) Körb.: 17, 19, 20, 36, 37, 50, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Jun, Pin, Pop, Sal, Sor).
Lecidella patavina (A.Massal.) Knoph & Leuckert: 7, 11, 13, 14, 27, 28, 34, 42, 43, 44, 46 (cal).
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert: 4, 5, 7, 13, 27, 41 (cal).
Lecidella wulfenii (Hepp) Körb.: 1, 10, 11, 15, 33, 39, 41, 42, 43 (deb, ter).
Lecidella xylophila (Th.Fr.) Knoph & Leuckert: 7 (lig Abi).
Lecidoma demissum (Rutstr.) Gotth.Schneid. & Hertel: 39 (deb, ter).
Lempholemma polyanthes (Bernh.) Malme: 10, 12, 27, 29, 49 (deb, mus-cal, ter).
!Lepraria crassissima (Hue) Lettau: 31 (cal).
Lepraria elobata Tønsberg: 30 (cor Abi).
Lepraria finkii (B.de Lesd.) R.C.Harris: 17, 18 (cor, lig Abi, Sal).
Lepraria incana (L.) Ach.: 17 (cor Ace).
Fig. 4: Lecanora reuteri in underhangs or on steeply inclined calcareous rocks.

302 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Lepraria jackii Tønsberg: 30 (cor Abi).
Lepraria nivalis J.R.Laundon: 48 (ter).
!!Leproplaca chrysodeta (Räsänen) J.R.Laundon: 30, 31 (cal, mus-cal).
Leproplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting: 8, 19, 27, 31, 48, 49, 51 (cal).
Leproplaca xantholyta (Nyl.) Hue: 17, 27, 50 (cal).
Leptogium brebissonii Mont.: 26, 48 (cal).
Leptogium burnetiae C.W.Dodge: 17, 50, 52 (cor Ace, Car, Sal, Sor).
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl.: 17, 20, 31, 36, 50 (cor Ace, Car, Fag, Jun, Sal, Sor, mus-cal).
Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.: Fr.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys: 17 (deb, ter).
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.: 17, 30, 31, 36, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Fag, Sal, Sor, mus-cal).
Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. ex Cromb.: 17, 18, 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Car, Sal).
*!!Lobothallia cheresina (Müll.Arg.) A.Nordin, Cl.Roux & Sohrabi: 8 (on Circinaria calcarea cal).
!Lobothallia farinosa (Flörke) A.Nordin, S.Savić & Tibell: 12, 48 (cal).
Lobothallia radiosa (Hoffm.) Hafellner: 11, 13, 19, 38, 48 (cal).
Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V.Wirth: 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 26, 27, 28, 36, 39, 43, 48 (deb,
ter, cor Jun).
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O.Blanco & al.: 7, 17, 20, 31, 36, 37, 49, 50 (cor Abi, Ace, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Melanelixia glabratula (Lamy) Sandler & Arup: 17, 18, 24, 36 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 37, 50 (cor Abi, Ace).
Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 17, 36, 49, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Pin, Sor).
Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O.Blanco & al.: 4, 7, 20, 24, 27, 36, 49, 50 (cor Ace, Bet, Fag, Pin,
Sal).
Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 7, 17, 20, 24, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Ace,
Fag, Jun, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Melanohalea infumata (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 49 (cal).
Micarea adnata Coppins: 36 (lig Abi).
Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl.: 25, 30 (lig Abi).
!!Micarea micrococca (Körb.) Gams ex Coppins: 17, 30 (lig Abi, Pin).
Micarea misella (Nyl.) Hedl.: 30, 36, 52 (lig Abi).
Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R.Sant.: 30 (lig Abi).
Micarea prasina Fr.: 36 (cor Ace).
Mycobilimbia carneoalbida (Müll.Arg.) S.Ekman & Printzen: 11 (deb).
Mycobilimbia tetramera (De Not.) Vitik. & al. ex Hafellner & Türk: 36 (mus-cor Sor).
Mycomicrothelia atlantica D.Hawksw. & Coppins: 17 (cor Sor).
Naetrocymbe fraxini (A.Massal.) R.C.Harris: 36 (cor Bet).
Naetrocymbe punctiformis (Pers.) R.C.Harris: 7, 12, 17, 27, 36 (cor Fag, Sor).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 303
Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck.: 36, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Sor).
Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach.: 17, 30, 36, 50, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Fag, Pin, Sal).
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.: 17, 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Sal, Sor).
Ochrolechia alboflavescens (Wulfen) Zahlbr.: 17, 24, 25, 36 (cor, lig Bet, Pin).
Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold: 51 (cor Bet).
Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb.: 37 (cor Abi).
!!Ochrolechia bahusiensis H.Magn.: 17 (cor Pin).
!!Ochrolechia microstictoides Räsänen: 37 (cor Abi).
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A.Massal.: 30, 52 (cor Ace, Car, Sor).
Ochrolechia szatalaensis Verseghy: 37, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Bet, Sal).
Opegrapha dolomitica (Arnold) Clauzade & Cl.Roux ex Torrente & Egea: 4, 17, 27, 36 (cal).
Opegrapha niveoatra (Borrer) J.R.Laundon: 52 (cor Abi).
Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach.: 18, 30, 36 (cor Abi, Ace).
Pannaria conoplea (Pers.) Bory: 17, 31, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Sal, Sor).
Parabagliettoa dufourii (DC.) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 16, 47 (cal).
Parmelia barrenoae Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo: 7, 17, 20, 24, 50 (cor Bet, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & A.Thell: 17, 18 (cor Abi).
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.: 18, 20, 24, 36 (cor Abi, Bet, Jun, Pin, Sor).
Parmelia serrana A.Crespo, M.C.Molina & D.Hawksw.: 17, 24, 30, 31, 36, 49, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Pin,
Sal).
Parmelia submontana Nádv. ex Hale: 18, 24, 30, 36, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Bet, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Parmelia sulcata Taylor: 7, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 30, 31, 36, 49, 50, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Fag,
Jun, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll.Arg.: 17, 20, 36, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Fag, Jun, Sal, Sor).
Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vězda: 7, 17, 25, 36, 49, 50, 51 (cor Ace, Bet, Sal, Sor).
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale: 50, 51 (cor Ace, Bet, Sal).
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale: 20 (mus-cal).
Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl.: 17, 18, 24, 30, 36, 50, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold: 17, 24, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Parvoplaca tiroliensis (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén: 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 26, 28, 29, 33, 39, 43
(deb, ter).
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.: 24 (deb, ter).
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.: 11, 12, 25, 36 (deb, mus-cal, ter).
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.: 17, 36 (cor Ace, Car, Sor).
Peltigera degenii Gyeln.: 1, 30 (mus-cor Abi, mus-cal, ter).
Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R.Laundon: 42 (deb, ter).

304 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln.: 1, 7, 12, 17, 21, 36, 43 (mus-cal, ter).
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg.: 11, 17, 30, 36 (mus-cor Abi, Ace, ter).
Peltigera lepidophora (Nyl. ex Vain.) Bitter: 21 (ter).
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.: 11, 12, 15, 36, 52 (mus-cor Sal, ter).
Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll.Arg.: 1, 12, 24 (deb, ter).
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm.: 1, 12 (deb, ter).
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf: 17, 30, 36, 50 (cor Abi, Ace, Car, Sal, Sor, mus-cal).
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.: 11, 21, 26, 28, 29, 31, 39 (ter).
Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.: 11, 33, 39 (ter).
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M.Choisy & Werner: 17, 18, 30, 36, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Car,
Fag, Sal, Sor).
Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex H.E.Ahles: 36 (cor Abi).
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl.: 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Jun, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl.: 17, 18, 30, 31, 36, 37, 50, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Car, Sal).
Pertusaria coronata (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Bet, Fag, Sal).
Pertusaria flavida (DC.) J.R.Laundon: 18 (cor Abi).
Pertusaria glomerata (Ach.) Schaer.: 11, 40 (deb, ter).
Pertusaria leioplaca DC.: 36 (cor Ace, Car, Fag).
Pertusaria sommerfeltii (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Fr.: 36 (cor Abi).
Petractis clausa (Hoffm.) Kremp.: 5, 10, 38, 41, 48 (cal).
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg: 49 (cor Sal).
Phaeophyscia endophoenicea (Harm.) Moberg: 17, 36, 50, 52 (cor Ace, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Phaeophyscia kairamoi (Vain.) Moberg: 17 (mus-cal).
Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flörke) Moberg: 49 (cor Sal).
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg: 2, 6, 7, 27, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50 (cor Abi, Ace, cal, ter).
Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg: 6, 20, 22, 26, 43 (cal, ter).
Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt: 11, 12, 14, 22, 42, 43 (ter).
Phlyctis agelaea (Ach.) Flot.: 52 (cor Abi, Fag).
Phlyctis argena (Ach.) Flot.: 17, 18, 30, 36, 50, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H.Olivier: 36, 37, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Pop).
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr.: 7, 17, 27, 36, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Fag, Pop, Sal, Sor).
Physcia aipolioides (Nádv.) Breuss & Türk: 48, 49 (cor Pin, Sal).
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr.: 7, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29, 41, 43, 48 (cal, ter).
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl.: 8, 27, 48 (mus-cal).
Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau: 7, 12, 24, 26, 27, 39 (cal).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 305
*!!Physcia erumpens Moberg: 11 (cal).
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.: 4, 7, 20, 36, 37, 48, 49, 52 (cor Abi, Bet, Fag, Jun, Sal).
Physcia subalbinea Nyl.: 2, 14, 21, 27, 44 (cal, ter).
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC.: 17, 20, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Fag, Jun, Sal, Sor).
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.: 51 (cor Abi).
Physcia vitii Nádv.: 37 (cor Abi).
Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl.: 26, 49 (cor Sal, cal).
Physconia distorta (With.) J.R.Laundon: 17, 30, 31, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Car, Pop,
Sal, Sor).
Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt: 51 (cor Ace).
Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt: 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 26, 27, 28, 41, 42, 43, 48 (ter).
Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg: 36, 37, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Sor).
*!!Placidiopsis tiroliensis Breuss: 4 (mus-ter).
Placidium imbecillum (Breuss) Breus: 5 (cal).
Placidium lachneum (Ach.) B.de Lesd.: 7, 11 (deb, ter).
Placidium rufescens (Ach.) A.Massal.: 1, 6, 10, 16 (deb, ter).
Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss: 2, 3, 10, 38 (deb, ter).
Placocarpus schaereri (Fr.) Breuss: 27, 43, 48 (cal).
Placopyrenium fuscellum (Turner) Gueidan & Cl.Roux: 7, 38 (cal).
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss: 7, 11, 12, 19 (cal).
Placynthiella dasaea (Stirt.) Tønsberg: 17, 30, 36, 49 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Pin).
Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P.James: 30 (lig Abi).
Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins & P.James: 18, 25 (lig Pin, ter).
Placynthium filiforme (Garov.) M.Choisy: 17, 31, 48 (cal).
Placynthium garovaglioi (A.Massal.) Malme: 7, 27, 38, 49 (cal).
Placynthium hungaricum Gyeln.: 48 (cal).
Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray: 4, 5, 7, 17, 29, 31, 50 (cal, ter).
*!!Placynthium posterulum (Nyl.) Henssen: 2 (cal).
Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold: 27 (cal).
Placynthium tremniacum (A.Massal.) Jatta: 49, 51 (cal).
Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 17, 18, 24, 25, 30, 36, 37, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Car, Fag,
Pin, Sal).
Polyblastia albida Arnold: 4, 13, 50 (cal).
Polyblastia cupularis A.Massal.: 8, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28, 36 (cal).
Polyblastia sendtneri Kremp.: 12, 28, 29, 43 (deb, ter).
Polyblastia sepulta A.Massal.: 50 (cal).

306 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting: 21, 30, 37, 51 (cor, lig Abi, cal).
!!Polycauliona ucrainica (S.Y.Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting: 49, 51 (cor Abi, Pin).
*!!Polysporina cyclocarpa (Anzi) Vězda: 41, 48, 49 (cal).
Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vězda: 45 (cal).
!!Polysporina urceolata (Anzi) Brodo: 8, 13 (cal).
Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr.: 17, 36, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Sor).
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph: 15 (sil).
Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph: 15 (sil).
!!Porpidia zeoroides (Anzi) Knoph & Hertel: 7 (cal).
Protoblastenia calva (Dicks.) Zahlbr.: 50 (cal).
Protoblastenia incrustans (DC.) J.Steiner: 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48 (cal).
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J.Steiner: 7, 27, 30 (cal).
Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) P.M.Jørg. & S.Ekman: 11, 36 (deb, ter, lig Pin).
!!Protoparmelia oleagina (Harm.) Coppins: 36, 52 (lig Bet, Pin).
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf: 7, 11, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 36, 37, 49, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Bet, Jun,
Pin, Sal, Sor, rare – mus-cal).
Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm.: 2, 7, 10, 11, 26, 27, 41, 48 (deb, ter).
!!Psoroma tenue Henssen var. boreale Henssen: 14 (deb, ter).
!!Psorotichia montinii (A.Massal.) Forssell: 7 (cal).
Pycnora praestabilis (Nyl.) Hafellner: 17, 24, 25, 36, 49, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Pyrenodesmia badioreagens (Tretiach & Muggia) Søchting, Arup & Frödén: 49 (cal).
Pyrenodesmia chalybaea (Fr.) A.Massal.: 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 27, 29, 34, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48 (cal).
Pyrenodesmia variabilis (Pers.) A.Massal.: 11, 21, 41, 43, 48 (cal).
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Ace, Car, Sal, Sor).
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.: 17, 30, 36, 50, 51, 52 (cor Abi, Ace, Fag, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.: 24, 25 (cor Pin, Sal).
Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach.: 7, 17, 18, 24, 36, 37, 50 (cor Abi, Sal).
Ramalina obtusata (Arnold) Bitter: 17, 30, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Sor).
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.: 36, 50, 51 (cor Abi, Ace, Car, Pin).
Ramalina sinensis Jatta: 36, 49, 50 (cor Bet, Sal).
!!Ramalina subgeniculata Nyl.: 17, 18, 36 (cor Abi, Ace, Bet, Fag, Sal, Sor).
Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl.: 40 (deb, ter).
Ramboldia elabens (Fr.) Kantvilas & Elix: 17 (lig Abi, Pin).
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain.: 15 (sil).
Rhizocarpon umbilicatum (Ramond) Flagey: 8, 46 (cal).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 307
Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not.: 17, 31, 36, 52 (cor Ace, Bet, Sal).
Rinodina archaea (Ach.) Arnold: 25, 37 (cor, lig Abi).
Rinodina bischoffii (Hepp) A.Massal.: 5, 7, 22, 43, 48 (cal).
Rinodina degeliana Coppins: 30, 51 (cor Abi, Bet).
Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray: 36 (cor Abi, Ace).
*!!Rinodina furfuracea H.Magn.: 12 (cor Bet).
Rinodina griseosoralifera Coppins: 30 (lig Abi).
Rinodina immersa (Körb.) Arnold: 32, 34, 46, 48 (cal).
*!!Rinodina luridata (Körb.) H.Mayrhofer, Scheid. & Sheard: 48 (cal).
Rinodina mniaraea (Ach.) Körb.: 12 (var. cinnamomea Th.Fr.), 14 (var. mniaraea), 15 (var. cinnamo-
mea Th.Fr.), 19 (var. mniaraea), 33 (var. mniaraeiza (Nyl.) H.Magn.) (deb, ter).
Rinodina orculata Poelt & M.Steiner: 36 (cor Abi, Fag).
Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold: 17, 36, 51, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Pin).
!!Rinodina roscida (Sommerf.) Arnold: 11, 16 (deb, ter).
Rinodina septentrionalis Malme: 17, 36, 48, 50 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Pin).
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A.Massal.: 4, 36 (cor Bet, Fag).
Romjularia lurida (Ach.) Timdal: 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 19, 26, 27, 29, 38, 41, 48 (cal, ter).
!!Rostania ceranisca (Nyl.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 4 (ter).
Rusavskia elegans (Link) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt: 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 34, 41, 43, 46, 47,
48 (cal, ter).
Rusavskia papillifera (Vain.) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt: 48 (cal).
Rusavskia sorediata (Vain.) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt: 6, 7, 15 (cal, ter).
!!Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A.Massal.: 8 (cal).
Sarcogyne regularis Körb.: 4, 5, 14, 15 (cal).
!!Schismatomma pericleum (Ach.) Branth & Rostr.: 17, 36 (cor Abi).
Sclerophora coniophaea (Norman) Mattsson & Middelb.: 36 (cor Abi).
Sclerophora pallida (Pers.) Y.J.Yao & Spooner: 30 (lig Abi).
Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Graewe ex Stenh.) Vězda: 17 (lig Pin).
!!Scoliciosporum perpusillum J.Lahm ex Körb.: 17, 24, 36 (cor Abi, Ace, Fag, Pin, Sal).
*!!Scoliciosporum schadeanum (Erichsen) Vězda: 51 (cor Bet).
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold: 36, 49, 51 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Scytinium euthallinum (Zahlbr.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 19 (cal).
Scytinium gelatinosum (With.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 39, 43, 48 (deb,
mus-cal, ter).
!!Scytinium imbricatum (P.M.Jørg.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 21, 26, 29, 43, 48
(deb, ter).

308 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Scytinium intermedium (Arnold) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 41 (deb, ter).
Scytinium lichenoides (L.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 2, 12, 28, 48, 49 (deb, mus-cal, ter).
!!Scytinium parvum (Degel.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 2, 4, 7, 11, 17 (cal).
Scytinium plicatile (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 13, 26, 27 (cal, mus-cal).
Scytinium pulvinatum (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 26, 29, 34, 43,
49, 50, 51 (mus-cal, ter).
Scytinium schraderi (Bernh.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 5, 8, 26, 27, 29, 43 (cal, mus-cal, ter).
Scytinium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 2, 13 (cal, ter).
Scytinium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin: 17, 36 (cor Ace, Sor).
Seirophora contortuplicata (Ach.) Frödén: 20, 21, 24, 27, 41, 48 (cal).
Solorina bispora Nyl.: 11, 21, 27, 28, 14, 41 (ter).
Solorina saccata (L.) Ach.: 1, 11, 12, 20, 27, 29, 48, 51 (mus-cal, ter).
Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P.James: 1, 10, 21, 38 (cal, ter).
Squamarina concrescens (Müll.Arg.) Poelt: 17, 29, 48 (cal, ter).
Squamarina gypsacea (Sm.) Poelt: 10, 17, 26, 29, 34, 41, 43, 47, 48 (cal, ter).
Staurothele areolata (Ach.) Lettau: 13, 19, 38 (cal).
!!Staurothele guestphalica (J.Lahm ex Körb.) Arnold: 32 (cal).
Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C.Harris: 17, 51 (cor Abi, Sor).
Synalissa ramulosa (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Fr.: 2, 10, 16, 20, 21, 26, 27, 31, 41, 43, 48 (cal).
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner: 36, 50 (cor Abi, Pin).
Tetramelas chloroleucus (Körb.) A.Nordin: 30, 36 (cor Abi, Sal).
Tetramelas insignis (Nägeli ex Hepp) Kalb: 39 (deb, ter).
Tetramelas papillatus (Sommerf.) Kalb: 32, 40, 46 (deb, ter).
Tetramelas pulverulentus (Anzi) A.Nordin & Tibell: 11 (Physconia muscigena deb, ter).
!!Tetramelas triphragmioides (Anzi) A.Nordin & Tibell: 17 (cor Ace).
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer: 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 28,
33, 39, 42, 43 (deb, ter).
Thelenella muscorum (Fr.) Vain.: 11 (deb, ter).
Thelidium absconditum (Hepp) Rabenh.: 8, 13, 46 (cal).
Thelidium decipiens (Nyl.) Kremp.: 7, 13, 14, 17, 22, 27, 36, 49, 50 (cal).
Thelidium incavatum Nyl. ex Mudd: 7, 15, 31, 41, 46, 50 (cal).
Thelidium minutulum Körb.: 27 (cal).
Thelidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold: 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17, 43, 44, 48 (cal).
Thelidium pyrenophorum (Ach.) Mudd: 4, 5, 44, 50 (cal).
Thelidium zwackhii (Hepp) A.Massal.: 50 (deb, ter).
Thelocarpon sphaerosporum H.Magn.: 11 (deb, ter).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 309
!!Thelopsis melathelia Nyl.: 40 (deb, ter).
!!Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr.: 39 (deb, ter).
Toninia alutacea (Anzi) Jatta: 2, 5, 7, 26, 29, 32, 34, 38, 41 (cal).
Toninia athallina (Hepp) Timdal: 7, 8, 13 (cal).
Toninia candida (Weber) Th.Fr.: 26 (cal, ter).
Toninia diffracta (A.Massal.) Zahlbr.: 16 (deb, ter).
Toninia opuntioides (Vill.) Timdal: 1, 10, 11, 20, 26, 48, 50 (deb, ter).
Toninia philippea (Mont.) Timdal: 8, 41, 48 (cal).
Toninia physaroides (Opiz) Zahlbr.: 10, 16, 26, 41, 43 (deb, ter).
!!Toninia rosulata (Anzi) H.Olivier: 1, 10, 12, 48 (cal, ter).
Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal: 19, 26, 48 (deb, ter-cal).
!!Toninia taurica (Szatala) Oxner: 2, 6, 10, 16, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 43, 48 (deb, ter).
Toninia toniniana (A.Massal.) Zahlbr.: 26 (cal).
Toninia verrucarioides (Nyl.) Timdal: 50 (on Placynthium nigrum cal).
Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P.James: 17, 49, 51 (cor, lig Pin).
Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch: 18, 36 (lig Pin, ter).
Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Coppins & P.James: 17 (deb, lig Pin).
Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale: 17, 18, 24, 25, 30, 36, 52 (cor, lig Abi, Ace, Bet, Pin, Sal, Sor).
Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm.: 52 (cor Abi).
Usnea barbata (L.) F.H.Wigg. s.l.: 17 (cor Pin).
Usnea cavernosa Tuck.: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Pin, Sal).
Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl.: 17 (cor Fag, Pin).
Usnea florida (L.) F.H.Wigg.: 24, 30 (cor Fag).
Usnea hirta (L.) F.H.Wigg.: 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 36, 49 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Usnea intermedia (A.Massal.) Jatta: 17, 30 (cor Abi).
Usnea lapponica Vain.: 24, 36 (cor Ace, Pin, Sal).
Usnea longissima Ach.: 51 (cor Abi).
Usnea pendulina Motyka: 17, 36 (cor Abi, Pin).
Usnea subfloridana Stirt.: 17, 36, 51 (cor Abi, Bet, Pin, Sal).
Usnea substerilis Motyka: 36 (cor Abi, Sal).
Usnocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) M.J.Lai & J.C.Wei: 30 (cor Sal).
Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) I.Schmitt & Lumbsch: 17, 25, 30, 36 (cor, lig Abi, Pin).
Variospora australis (Arnold) Arup, Søchting & Frödén: 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 27, 43, 44, 50 (cal).
Variospora velana (A.Massal.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén: 43, 44, 48, 49 (cal).
Verrucaria bernaicensis Malbr.: 2 (ter, deb).

310 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Verrucaria caerulea DC.: 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 30, 36, 43, 44, 50 (cal).
Verrucaria dolosa Hepp: 4, 5, 7, 15, 17 (cal).
Verrucaria elaeomelaena (A.Massal.) Arnold: 31 and point outside the listed localities – Armyanka
River near Abadzeshskii pass (cal-aqu).
Verrucaria geophila Zahlbr.: 7 (ter, deb).
Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr.: 4, 5, 8, 50 (cal).
Verrucaria latebrosa Körb.: 15 (sil-aqu).
Verrucaria macrostoma Dufour ex DC.: 2 (cal).
Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.: 15 (sil-aqu).
*!!Verrucaria mortarii Lamy: 50 (cal).
Verrucaria muralis Ach.: 4, 5, 8, 10, 27 (cal).
Verrucaria murina Leight.: 7 (cal).
Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.: 4, 5, 7, 36, 50 (cal).
*!!Verrucaria ochrostoma (Borrer ex Leight.) Trevis.: 49 (cal).
Verrucaria pinguicula A.Massal.: 4, 10, 13 (cal).
Verrucaria sphaerospora Anzi: 7, 10 (cal, ter, deb).
Verrucaria tristis (A.Massal.) Kremp.: 7, 13, 19, 44 (cal).
Verrucaria viridula (Schrad.) Ach.: 30 (cal).
*!!Verrucula elegantaria (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl.Roux: 48 (on Rusavskia elegans cal).
*!!Vezdaea stipitata Poelt & Döbbeler: 51 (mus-cor Abi).
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai: 17, 18, 24 (cor Abi, Bet, Pin).
Xanthocarpia crenulatella (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting: 5, 7, 13 (cal).
Xanthocarpia lactea (A.Massal.) A.Massal.: 5 (cal).
Xanthocarpia marmorata (Bagl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting: 32, 41, 43, 48 (cal).
Xanthomendoza fallax Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y.Kondr.: 37, 50 (cor Abi, Ace).
Xanthomendoza fulva (Hoffm.) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y.Kondr.: 37 (cor Abi).
Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes (Räsänen) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y.Kondr.: 49 (cal).
Xanthoria calcicola Oxner: 14 (cal).
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.: 17, 25, 49 (cor Ace, Pin, mus-cal).
Xylographa parallela (Ach.) Fr.: 17, 25 (lig Pin).
!Xylopsora friesii (Ach.) Bendiksby & Timdal: 36 (lig Pin).
Lichenicolous taxa
Abrothallus bertianus De Not.: 17, 36 (on Melanelixia glabra, M. glabratula Sor).
Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Arnold: 17 (on Parmelia sulcata Sor).
Abrothallus peyritschii (Stein) Kotte: 17 (on Vulpicida pinastri Pin).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 311
Adelococcus alpestris (Zopf) Theiss.: 7, 50 (on Acarospora macrospora cal).
Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl.: 36 (on Physcia aipolia Fag).
!!Arthonia molendoi (Frauenf.) R.Sant.: 43 (on Rusavskia elegans cal).
Arthonia subfuscicola (Linds.) Triebel: 36 (on apothecia of Lecanora leptyrodes Fag).
Arthophacopsis parmeliarum Hafellner: 30, 36 (on Parmelia serrana, P. sulcata Abi, Sor).
!!Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen: 17, 36, 51 (on Usnea spp. Abi, Pin).
Chaenothecopsis consociata (Nádv.) A.F.W.Schmidt: 52 (on Chaenotheca chrysocephala Abi).
Clypeococcum hypocenomycis D.Hawksw.: 17 (on Hypocenomyce scalaris lig Pin).
Dacampia engeliana (Saut.) A.Massal.: 20, 27 (on Solorina saccata ter).
!!Dactylospora deminuta (Th.Fr.) Triebel: 11 (on Protopannaria pezizoides ter).
Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner: 36 (on Lobaria pulmonaria Ace).
*!!Didymellopsis pulposi (Zopf) Grube & Hafellner: 50 (on Lathagrium auriforme mus-cal).
Endococcus propinquus (Körb.) D.Hawksw.: 31 (on Verrucaria sp. cal).
*!!Endococcus pseudocarpus Nyl.: 49 (on Callome multipartita cal).
Endococcus rugulosus (Leight.) Nyl.: 13 (on Verrucaria tristis cal).
!!Intralichen lichenicola (M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw.) D.Hawksw. & M.S.Cole: 7, 50 (on apothecia of
Candelariella aurella cal, C. efflorescens Ace).
*!!Lichenochora wasseri S.Y.Kondr.: 34 (on Caloplaca saxicola cal).
!!Lichenochora weillii (Werner) Hafellner & R.Sant.: 36 (on Physconia distorta Sor).
!!Lichenoconium erodens M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw.: 51 (on Usnea sp., Biatoropsis usnearum Abi).
Lichenoconium lecanorae (Japp) D.Hawksw.: 24, 36, 49 (on apothecia of Lecanora carpinea, L. saligna
Abi, Pin).
!!Lichenoconium pyxidatae (Oudem.) Petr. & Syd.: 52 (on Cladonia pyxidata Sor).
Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D.Hawksw.: 36 (on Ramalina calicaris, R. subgeniculata Ace).
Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D.Hawksw.: 43, 50 (on Caloplaca sp. cal, Lecanora argen-
tata Abi).
!!Lichenopeltella santessonii (P.M.Kirk & Spooner) R.Sant.: 36 (on Peltigera elisabethae ter).
Lichenostigma epipolina Nav.-Ros., Calat. & Hafellner: 7 (on Diplotomma hedinii cal).
Lichenothelia renobalesiana D.Hawksw. & V.Atienza: 14, 36 (on endolithic lichen sp. cal).
*!!Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum Diederich & Schultheis: 17, 36 (on Physcia tenella Abi).
Muellerella erratica (A.Massal.) Hafellner & V.John: 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 43, 48 (on Circinaria calcarea,
Lecanora flotoviana, Porpidia crustulata, Protoblastenia incrustans, Pyrenodesmia chalybaea, P. va-
riabilis, Variospora australis, cal).
Muellerella hospitans Stizenb.: 36 (on apothecia of Bacidia rubella Ace).
Muellerella lichenicola (Sommerf. ex Fr.) D.Hawksw.: 7, 19, 28 (on Caloplaca sp., Pyrenodesmia cha-
lybaea, Rusavskia elegans, Rusavskia sp. cal).
Muellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D.Hawksw.: 8, 27 (on Circinaria calcarea, Lecanora crenulata cal).

312 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
Muellerella triseptata Diederich: 11 (on Blastenia ammiospila deb, ter).
!!Myxophora leptogiophila (G.Winter) Nik.Hoffm. & Hafellner: 20 (on Scytinium pulvinatum ter).
Nesolechia oxyspora (Tul.) A.Massal.: 52 (on Parmelia barrenoae Sor).
*!!Niesslia peltigericola (D.Hawksw.) Etayo: 17 (on Peltigera sp. mus-cor Pin).
*!!Opegrapha rotunda Hafellner: 30 (on Physconia distorta cor).
Phacopsis huuskonenii Räsänen: 17, 18, 36, 52 (on Bryoria sp. Abi, Ace, Fag, Pin, Sor).
!!Phoma physciicola Keissl.: 14 (on Physcia caesia mus-cal).
Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) D.Hawksw.: 30 (on Lobaria pulmonaria Abi).
!!Plectocarpon peltigerae Zhurb., Ertz, Diederich & Miądl.: 52 (on Peltigera leucophlebia mus-cal).
!!Polycoccum marmoratum (Kremp.) D.Hawksw.: 8 (on Verrucaria sp. cal).
*!!Pseudoseptoria usneae (Vouaux) D.Hawksw.: 17, 36 (on Usnea lapponica Abi, Ace).
Sphaerellothecium cladoniae (Alstrup & Zhurb.) Hafellner: 26 (on Cladonia pocillum ter).
!!Sphaerellothecium propinquellum (Nyl.) Cl.Roux & Triebel: 36 (on apothecia of Lecanora carpinea Abi).
Sphaerellothecium reticulatum (Zopf) Etayo: 17, 36 (on Parmelia saxatilis, P. sulcata Ace, Sal, Sor).
Sphinctrina anglica Nyl.: 36 (on Protoparmelia oleagina Pin).
Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel: 17, 18, 36 (on apothecia of Lecanora chlarotera, L. pulicaris, L.
rugosella Abi, Ace, Bet, Sal, Sor).
*!!Stigmidium eucline (Nyl.) Vězda: 17 (on Varicellaria hemisphaerica Pin).
*!!Stigmidium lecidellae Triebel, Cl.Roux & Le Coeur: 36 (on apothecia of Lecidella elaeochroma Sor).
!!Stigmidium mycobilimbiae Cl.Roux, Triebel & Etayo: 36 (on apothecia of Bilimbia sabuletorum Pin).
!!Stigmidium pumilum (Lettau) Matzer & Hafellner: 7, 8, 22, 25, 29, 43 (on Physcia caesia cal).
Stigmidium rouxianum Calat. & Triebel: 29 (on Acarospora cervina cal).
Syzygospora physciacearum Diederich: 52 (on Physcia tenella Abi).
Tremella cetrariicola Diederich & Coppins: 17 (on Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla Pin).
Tremella hypogymniae Diederich & M.S.Christ.: 30 (on Hypogymnia incurvoides Abi).
!!Zwackhiomyces coepulonus (Norman) Grube & R.Sant.: 13 (on Variospora australis cal).
!!Zwackhiomyces physciicola Alstrup: 50 (on Phaeophyscia orbicularis mus-cal).
Non-lichenized taxa
Chaenothecopsis pusiola (Ach.) Vain.: 30, 51 (lig Abi).
Chaenothecopsis rubescens Vain.: 30 (lig Abi).
Chaenothecopsis viridireagens (Nádv.) A.F.W.Schmidt: 30 (lig Abi).
Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 24 (cor Bet).
Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala: 17, 36 (lig Abi, Pin).
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell: 17, 18, 30 (on fruiting body of fungus Trametes sp. Abi).
!!Sarea difformis (Fr.) Fr.: 30 (cor Abi).

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 313
Discussion
221 genera and 677 species (ca 20 % of the lichen flora of Russia) are reported from the
Lagonaki Highland within the Lagonaki Biosphere Polygon of the Kavkazskii Zapovednik.
These 677 species constitute 55 % of the lichen flora previously known from the Russian
Caucasus (1212 species, see Urbanavichus 2010).
491 of the taxa are new to the lichen flora of the Lagonaki Highland including 36 species re-
ported here for the first time for Russia: Alyxoria variaeformis, Anema tumidulum, Arthonia
calcicola, Arthothelium orbilliferum, Bacidia coprodes, Biatora veteranorum, Calicium
victorianum, Caloplaca rouxii, C. schoeferi, Candelariella oleaginescens, Didymellopsis
pulposi, Endococcus pseudocarpus, Farnoldia muscigena, Fulgensia fulgida, Gyalecta th-
elotremella, Lecania coeruleorubella, Lecanora reuteri, Lichenochora wasseri, Lobothallia
cheresina, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Niesslia peltigericola, Opegrapha rotunda,
Physcia erumpens, Placidiopsis tiroliensis, Placynthium posterulum, Polysporina cyclocarpa,
Rinodina furfuracea, R. luridata, Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Stigmidium eucline, S. lecidel-
lae, Verrucaria mortarii, V. ochrostoma, Verrucula elegantaria, Vezdaea stipitata. 125 taxa are
new records for the Russian Caucasus and 112 were not previously recorded from the Greater
Caucasus.
Besides the 140 species mentioned by Krivorotov (1997) already, 46 of the species were
reported earlier from the Lagonaki Highland, the latter including 14 first records to Russia,
and 24 first records to the Caucasus (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2008, 2012, 2013a,
2013b, 2013c).
As a result, in total 50 species have been found on the Lagonaki Highland as first records to
Russia. In addition, 41 species have been found for only the second time in the Caucasus and
9 species are reported here for only the second time to Russia after first being reported from
Dagestan (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013).
The genera with the highest number of recorded species were Lecanora (36), Caloplaca s.l.
(35), Cladonia (27) and Verrucaria (18), all of them with a cosmopolitan distribution. Crustose
species (such as the genera Arthonia, Bacidia, Caloplaca s.l., Lecanora, Rinodina and
Verrucaria) were the most abundant growth form of the flora (61 %). “Pin” lichens and non-
lichenized and lichenicolous fungi (Calicium, Chaenotheca, Chaenothecopsis, Mycocalicium,
Phaeocalicium, Sclerophora, Sphinctrina) were 4 % of the total and were growing on bark and
lignum of fir and pine. However, the lichen flora of the investigated area is characterized by
the presence of numerous pendulous Bryoria and Usnea species, highly abundant on trunks
and branches of silver-fir and pine. Also, numerous large foliose lichens (Collemataceae,
Lobariaceae, Parmeliaceae) also generally occur on tree trunks in shaded, moist habitats be-
neath the forest canopy. This is mainly due to the significantly higher mean annual precipita-
tion, high frequency of fog and long period of high air humidity.
In the study area, species showing the widest distribution range (over 10 localities) are: Agonimia
tristicula, Allocetraria madreporiformis, Bilimbia lobulata, Caloplaca cerina, Cetraria acu-
leata, C. ericetorum, C. islandica, Circinaria calcarea, Cladonia arbuscula, C. foliacea, C.
macroceras, C. pocillum, Dermatocarpon miniatum, Diplotomma hedinii, Flavocetraria ni-
valis, Hypogymnia physodes, Lathagrium auriforme, L. cristatum, L. fuscovirens, Lecanora
epibryon, L. saxicola, L. semipallida, Lecidella patavina, Megaspora verrucosa, Parmelia
sulcata, Parvoplaca tiroliensis, Physcia caesia, Physconia muscigena, Pseudevernia furfura-
cea, Pyrenodesmia chalybaea, Rusavskia elegans, Scytinium pulvinatum, Thamnolia vermicu-

314 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
laris, Toninia taurica and Verrucaria caerulea. All species are abundant and widely distributed
in Eurasia. The endolithic species (e.g. Bagliettoa, Thelidium, Verrucaria) are likely to have
been overlooked. The most widespread species occur in the non-forested landscapes of the
Lagonaki Highland.
Over half of the lichen species are very rare in the Lagonaki Highland, and were found at only
one or two sites in the study area. Some are rare in Russia as a whole, such as Acarospora
modenensis, Acrocordia salweyi, Agonimia vouauxii, Anaptychia crinalis, Bryoplaca tet-
raspora, Candelariella rhodax, Catillaria modesta, C. picila, Cheiromycina petri, Collema
curtisporum, Enchylium conglomeratum, Gyalecta herculina, G. ophiospora, Lecania cu-
prea, Micarea micrococca, Parmelia ernstiae, Protoparmelia oleagina, Scoliciosporum per-
pusillum, Squamarina concrescens, Staurothele guestphalica, Thelocarpon sphaerosporum,
Thelopsis melathelia, Toninia toniniana, Usnea articulata, Verrucaria bernaicensis, V. geoph-
ila, V. tristis, etc.
Climate, and significantly microclimate, in the valley of the Kurdzhips River and the north-
ernmost part of the Kamennoe More Ridge (near Azishskij Pass) create optimal conditions
for the development of epiphytic vegetation on coniferous and broad-leaved trees. Epiphytic
(corticolous and lignicolous) lichens are the majority, with 332 taxa. 314 of these were obligate
epiphytes. Abies nordmanniana, Pinus kochiana and Acer pseudoplatanus are the most impor-
tant phorophytes for lichens with 195, 103 and 98 species, respectively (lignicolous and non-
lichenized taxa included in these numbers). Characteristic species on silver-fir and pine trees
include mainly skiophilous taxa such as e.g. Absconditella delutula, Biatora veteranorum,
Brianaria bauschiana, Chaenotheca brachypoda, Ch. xyloxena, Lecanactis abietina, Micarea
adnata, M. micrococca and Vezdaea stipitata. Specific habitats are occupied by Fellhanera
subtilis (twigs and needles) and Chaenotheca furfuracea (very shaded bases of old trees). At
well lit sites (at the forest margin) beard lichens predominantly occur, especially on branches
of dead trees. These include Bryoria capillaris, B. fuscescens, B. implexa, Evernia divaricata
and diverse Usnea sp.
While forest landscapes cover about 2 % of the study area, over half of all taxa occur in forests.
The most interesting records were made in two forest localities: 1 – the northernmost part of
the Kamennoe More Ridge (near Azishskij Pass), where many very rare and the nine species
new for Russia were recorded: Arthothelium orbilliferum, Calicium victorianum, Gyalecta
thelotremella, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Niesslia peltigericola, Opegrapha rotun-
da, Pseudoseptoria usneae, Stigmidium eucline and S. lecidellae; 2 – a deep gorge of the
Kurdzhips River where many very rare and the eight species new for Russia were recorded:
Biatora veteranorum, Didymellopsis pulposi, Endococcus pseudocarpus, Lecania coeruleoru-
bella, Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Verrucaria mortarii, V. ochrostoma and Vezdaea stipi-
tata. Many species belonging to Arthonia, Bacidia, Bryoria, Calicium, Cetrelia, Chaenotheca,
Collema s.l., Heterodermia, Leptogium s.l., Lobaria s.l., Nephroma, Ramalina, and Usnea
occur exclusively in these forests.
191 epilithic species were found in the study area, of which 158 were exclusively epilith-
ic. Calcicolous species are dominant due to the widespread occurrence of calcareous rocks
throughout the study area. The richness of the epilithic lichen flora in the study area was
chiefly determined by the presence of very rare species. Each was found at only one or two
sites in the study area. These species accounted for approximately 48 % of the total epilithic
lichen flora in the study area. They include: Acarospora modenensis, Acrocordia conoidea,
A. salweyi, Alyxoria variaeformis, Anaptychia desertorum, Anema tumidulum, Arthonia cal-

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 315
cicola, Bacidia trachona, Calogaya arnoldii, C. biatorina, Caloplaca conversa, Caloplaca
rouxii, Candelariella rhodax, Catillaria chalybeia, C. modesta, C. picila, Eiglera flavida,
Farnoldia micropsis, Flavoplaca coronata, F. oasis, Gyalecta hypoleuca, G. thelotremella,
Heteroplacidium compactum, Hymenelia spp., Lecania coeruleorubella, L. cuprea, L. ra-
benhorstii, Lecanora admontensis, L. flotoviana, L. reuteri, Lecidea tessellata, Lobothallia
cheresina, L. farinosa, Placynthium hungaricum, P. posterulum, P. subradiatum, Polyblastia
sepulta, Porpidia zeoroides, etc.
The calcareous boulders beneath the forest canopy in valley of the Kurdzhips River and the
northernmost part of the Kamennoe More Ridge (near Azishskij Pass) were large, well rounded,
shaded and damp. They provided ideal conditions for those rare lichens able to grow on mosses
rock as well as Cetrelia monachorum, Collema flaccidum, Lathagrium auriforme, Leptogium
saturninum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Peltigera praetextata, Scytinium lichenoides, etc. On the con-
trary, on exposed calcareous substrata in open areas with high direct solar radiation, diverse
assemblages of crustose and squamulose species were found including Acarospora cervina, A.
glaucocarpa, Arthonia fusca, Caloplaca albopruinosa, C. anularis, C. inconnexa, Circinaria
calcarea, Clauzadea immersa, Diplotomma hedinii, Farnoldia jurana, Lecanora agardhi-
ana, L. saxicola, L. semipallida, Lecidella patavina, L. stigmatea, Polysporina urceolata,
Protoblastenia incrustans, Pyrenodesmia chalybaea, Rinodina immersa, Thelidium incavatum,
Toninia alutacea, T. athallina, T. philippea, Variospora australis, Verrucaria caerulea, etc.
A distinct small group of species occurs typically associated with siliceous substrates, includ-
ing Anisomeridium carinthiacum, Ionaspis ceracea, Porpidia crustulata, P. tuberculosa and
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri. These were recorded at a single locality (15) colonising silicate
pebbles scattered on the ground.
Terricolous species occur over a wide altitudinal range, however, the greatest diversity oc-
curs in humid conditions above 2000 m alt. A total of 162 epigeic species were found, some
were very rare, occurring only at one or two localities in the study area. This group included
the following taxa (the number of localities at which they were found is indicated in paren-
theses): Agonimia gelatinosa (2), A. vouauxii (1), Arthrorhaphis alpina (1), Athallia saxifra-
garum (1), Bacidia herbarum (1), Bilimbia microcarpa (1), Bryonora castanea (2), Bryoplaca
tetraspora (1), Caloplaca schoeferi (1), Dacampia hookeri (2), Endocarpon pallidum (1),
Epilichen scabrosus (2), Farnoldia muscigena (1), Heppia adglutinata (1), Lecidoma demis-
sum (1), Peltigera aphthosa (1), P. didactyla (1), P. lepidophora (1), Placidiopsis tiroliensis
(1), Psoroma tenue var. boreale (1), Rinodina roscida (2), Rostania ceranisca (1), Scytinium
intermedium (1), Tetramelas insignis (1), Thelenella muscorum (1), Thelidium zwackhii (1),
Thelocarpon sphaerosporum (1), Thelopsis melathelia (1), Verrucaria geophila (1), etc. Most
are new for the lichen flora of Caucasus and Russia. However, some terricolous species were
very abundant, occurring at ten and more localities (see above list of widest distribution spe-
cies). Most epigeic species considered in this study are boreal-montane to arctic-alpine.
60 species of lichenicolous fungi were identified, including 26 taxa new to the Caucasus and 8
taxa reported for the first time for Russia. The greatest diversity of lichenicolous fungi is seen
on mature lichen communities in natural undisturbed habitats (Lawrey & Diederich 2003).
Thus, the rich biodiversity of lichenicolous fungi in the Lagonaki Highland indicates that it is
a natural undisturbed habitat.
The lichen flora of the Lagonaki Highland is of great phytogeographic interest because it
includes both temperate-sub-oceanic (occurring in forest part of study area, e.g. Blastenia her-
bidella, B. hungarica, Bryoria bicolor, Cetrelia spp., Collema nigrescens, Dendriscocaulon

316 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
umhausense, Heterodermia japonica, H. speciosa, Micarea adnata, Pannaria conoplea,
Parmelia submontana, Parmeliella triptophylla, Parmelina pastillifera, Ricasolia amplissima,
Scoliciosporum schadeanum, Usnea articulata, U. florida, U. longissima, Usnocetraria oake-
siana) and (sub-)arctic-alpine species (mainly epigeic species from subalpine and alpine grass-
lands). It also includes very rare species, which are rare, threatened or disappearing in large
areas of Europe (Acrocordia salweyi, Anaptychia crinalis, Bacidia pycnidiata, Chaenotheca
hispidula, Ch. laevigata, Collema curtisporum, Dendriscocaulon umhausense, Enchylium
conglomeratum, Gyalecta herculina, G. ophiospora, Fuscopannaria mediterranea, Heppia
adglutinata, Parmelia submontana, Ricasolia amplissima, Rinodina luridata, Sphinctrina an-
glica, Usnea articulata, Usnocetraria oakesiana, etc.). Many of the latter mentioned taxa are
indicators of air quality and of long ecological continuity of the woods.
Lichen taxa with cyanobaterial photobionts were especially abundant in the studied area
(about 60 species) due to the presence of virgin forests and the high annual rainfall rate (Pm
> 2000 mm). The old-growth stands allow the existence of a great number of lichens, such
as Collema s.l., Fuscopannaria, Leptogium s.l., Lobaria s.l., Nephroma, Pannaria, etc. The
Lobarion association is preserved in the well-protected valley of the Kurdzhips River and the
northernmost part of the Kamennoe More Ridge (near Azishskij Pass) overgrown by fir-maple
and fir-beech forests at altitudes between 1550 and 1800 m. Numerous species character-
sitic of the Lobarion assemblage occur on trees of Abies nordmanniana, Acer pseudoplatanus,
Betula litwinowii, Carpinus betulus, Fagus orientalis, Salix caprea and Sorbus aucuparia.
Specimens of Lobaria pulmonaria, Lobarina scrobiculata and Ricasolia amplissima in these
forests are healthy and well developed.
Conservation value
Biodiversity studies have recently become important in protected areas, and thus inventories
of various groups of organisms have been compiled for many reserves and national parks in
Russia. The present study focussed on the unique area in the NW Caucasus designated as a
UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site “Western Caucasus” in 1999. Recent records from
the Lagonaki Highland demonstrate a high proportion of taxa not previously known from
Caucasus, some even new to the whole territory of Russia. This aspect highlights the impor-
tance of this lichenologically rich area as a meeting point of western and southern elements and
emphasizes the necessity of international conservation measures. Some parts of the Lagonaki
Highland have been designated for the conservation of biological diversity at a supranational
scale. The highest species diversity (429 species/10 localities) was found in the NE part of the
Lagonaki Highland from primeval fir-beech and pine-fir forests on limestone bedrock (locali-
ties 17, 18, 25, 30, 31, 36, 49, 50, 51, 52). 334 species were recorded exclusively in the for-
est’s part of the Lagonaki Highland. In these forests, very sensitive species from the Lobarion
community are more common. Almost one-half of the new records come from the valley of
the Kurdzhips River and the northernmost part of the Kamennoe More Ridge (near Azishskij
Pass) in NW Lagonaki Highland.
The lichenological value of the Lagonaki Highland is not only indicated by the large number
of species but also by the presence of lichens of special conservation interest, notably rare and
threatened species. Seven lichen species are in danger of extinction and are listed in the Red
Data Books of the Russian Federation, Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Area. Four species
are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Trutnev et al. 2008). Among
them, two species, Lobaria pulmonaria and Usnea florida, are vulnerable (VU) category;

Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene: The lichen flora of Lagonaki Highland (NW Caucasus, Russia) 317
and two species are in the near threatened (NT) category: Leptogium burnetiae and Ricasolia
amplissima. These species are also listed in the Red Data books of the Republic of Adygea
and Krasnodar Area. Additionally, Fuscopannaria mediterranea is considered near threatened
(NT) in the Red Data Books of the Republic of Adygea (Zamotajlov 2012) and Krasnodar
Area (Litvinskaya 2007), and Scytinium euthallinum vulnerable (VU) in the Red Data book
of the Republic of Adygea.
The presence of relicts from primeval mountain forests increases the lichenological value of
the NW Caucasus, since they support well-developed associations, dominated by large foliose
lichens, mostly epiphytes, as well as interesting lichenicolous species. Thanks to the highly
natural character of many forest communities and large accumulation of dead wood (including
large tree trunks), the NW Caucasus is one of the most important refuges for many rare and
threatened lichen species in Russia and Europe, added to which they contribute high mountain
elements, and particularly arctic-alpine ones, concentrated in the highest parts of the Lagonaki
Highland. These lichenological studies thus indicate that Lagonaki Highland have a great bio-
diversity value from a lichen floristic point of view.
Unfortunately (for lichens) within the objectives of the North Caucasian touristic cluster pro-
ject, it is planned to construct in 2013−2020 new world class mountain skiing resorts, includ-
ing the Lagonaki Highland, that could become a centre of international tourism. A special
regional program “Creation of mountain climate resort of Lagonaki and objects providing its
functioning” is being initiated. According to the concept of infrastructural development of
the resort of Lagonaki, 35 ski lines continue down to 165 km, and also 30 rope-ways will be
constructed. According to predesigns, a daily throughput of 28 thousand people amounting to
1 million tourists annually is envsiaged (http://whc.unesco.org/document/122877). This will
lead to the destruction and degradation of unique natural habitats of the Lagonaki Highland
and create a threat to numerous lichen species. The World Heritage Committee has repeat-
edly asserted that construction in this area is inadmissible. However, some state authority
would be used to simply change the boundaries, so that no restrictions for building exist.
Although the Ministry is obliged to preserve precious natural objects, scientific findings about
the Lagonaki Plateau, demonstrating that it is one of the most valuable parts of the Caucasus
Biosphere Reserve are being ignored (http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/news/13-12-2012-
MPR_world_heritage_eng/). A new nomination provides for omitting the most valuable parts
with highest lichen biodiversity (http://www.nhpfund.org/news/2014-01-27.html). The pre-
sent study highlights the need that forest landscapes of the Lagonaki Highland should not be
excluded from the Kavkazskii Zapovendik and from the UNESCO World Natural Heritage
Site “Western Caucasus”.
The considerable number of species newly reported for Russia and Caucasus, as well as new
findings of rare and very rare species demonstrates that knowledge of the distribution of li-
chens in the Caucasian region is still very incomplete and the need for greater research here,
particularly in the upper mountains and coniferous forests.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the deputy director of the Kavkazskii Zapovednik, Nikolai Eskin, for his many years support
of our work, and the director of the Regional Institute for Biological Studies, Valery Brinikh, for his support during
the last year. We thank Volker Otte (Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Görlitz, Germany) for translating the
abstract into German. Ole William Purvis (Natural History Museum, London, UK) kindly corrected the English. The
authors would like to thank anonymous reviewers for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable comments. The
second author is grateful to Russian Foundation of Fundamental Sciences for supporting the fieldwork.

318 Herzogia 27 (2), 2014
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Addresses of the authors
Gennadii Urbanavichus, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science
Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 14, 184209 Apatity, Murmansk
Region, Russia. E-mail: g.urban@mail.ru
Irina Urbanavichene, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor
Popov Str. 2, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia. E-mail: urbanavichene@gmail.com