Root growth, crop productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of dwarf pea (Pisum sativum) as influenced by integrated nutrient management

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at
Varanasi on sandy loam soil to study the effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on dwarf pea
(Pisum sativum L.). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. All the
fertility levels, viz. chemical fertilizers, vermicompost and control were allotted to main plot and
combinations of biofertilizers (Rizobium+Bacillus polymixa +Pseudomonas fluorescence) and Zn along
with control were subjected to sub-plot. Results showed superimposition of 50% Norganic (recommended
dose of N through vermicompost) to 100% NPK (recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizers)
resulted in significant improvement of dry matter/plant, yield (grain and straw, harvest index), root growth
(root dry weight, root N content and cation exchange capacity of root) and nutrient uptake (NPKS and
Zn). However nodulation (root nodules/plant, dry weight of nodules/plant and nitrogenase activity at 30
and 60 DAS) was lesser with this fertility level but significantly higher than 100% NPK and control (no
application).Gross and net returns (` 45 358 and 31 223/ha) were noted higher with 100% NPK + 50%
Norganic fertility level. Benefit: cost ratio (2.21) was also recorded higher with 100% NPK + 50% Norganic
level. The integrated application of biofertilizers and Zn was recorded significantly better than control as
this treatment lucidly improved dry matter, yield, harvest index, root growth, nodulation and nutrient
uptake. Benefit: cost ratio was also higher with combined application of PSB and Zn. Furthermore,
integration of 100% NPK + 50% Norganic and biofertilizers + Zn was conducive for getting significantly
optimum yield (1873 kg/ha).

Full text

55
India is the largest producer and importer of the
leguminous crop (Shakya et al. 2008). Pea is the major
importer pulse, followed by pigeonpea, urdbean, chickpea
and mungbean and is the premier pulses grown in the
world. Advent of dwarf pea cultivars like HUDP 15 had
marked its dent as high input pea crop responding to higher
fertility and plant population for yield maximization.Since,
fertilizer nutrients constitute a major costly production input,
exploitation of yield potentiality of this crop depends on
how efficiently and effectively this input is managed.
Inorganic fertilizer alone can not sustain the soil productivity
Based on complete information of Ph D (Agronomy) thesis
of the first author submitted to the BHU, Varanasi in 2010
(unpublished)
1Subject matter Specialist (e mail: anupamakumari.bhu@
gmail.com), KVK Hazipur, RAU Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar 842 105;
2(e mail: singhon@gmail.com) Ex-Head, Department of
Agronomy; 3(e mail: rakeshbhu08@gmail.com) Scientist
(Agronomy), ICAR RC NEHR, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani,
Medziphema 797 106
as well as the large scale use of only chemical fertilizers as
a source of nutrients has less efficient (Kumar et al. 2003).
In recent years biofertilizers, viz. Rhizobium, PSB and
PGPR that are ecofriendly and low cost inputs, have emerged
as an important and integral component of integrated plant
nutrients supply system for pulse crop production. Hence,
to combat this problem and to sustain food production the
present investigation was carried out to find out appropriate
integrated nutrient management including inorganic
fertilizers, vermicompost and biofertilizers for field pea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out during the rabi seasons
of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at Pulse Block of Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi. Soil of experimental plot was sandy
loam and neutral in reaction (pH 7.5) and low in organic
carbon (0.44%), available nitrogen (197.02 kg/ha), sulphur
(17.5 kg/ha), zinc (0.52 ppm) and moderate in phosphorus
(19.07 kg/ha) and potassium (210.2 kg/ha). The experiment
was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 84 (11): 1347–51, November 2014/Article
Root growth, crop productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of dwarf pea
(Pisum sativum) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
ANUPMA KUMARI1, O N SINGH2 and RAKESH KUMAR3
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 005
Recieved: 4 February 2013; Revised accepted: 12 June 2014
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at
Varanasi on sandy loam soil to study the effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on dwarf pea
(Pisum sativum L.). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. All the
fertility levels, viz. chemical fertilizers, vermicompost and control were allotted to main plot and
combinations of biofertilizers (Rizobium+Bacillus polymixa +Pseudomonas fluorescence) and Zn along
with control were subjected to sub-plot. Results showed superimposition of 50% Norganic (recommended
dose of N through vermicompost) to 100% NPK (recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizers)
resulted in significant improvement of dry matter/plant, yield (grain and straw, harvest index), root growth
(root dry weight, root N content and cation exchange capacity of root) and nutrient uptake (NPKS and
Zn). However nodulation (root nodules/plant, dry weight of nodules/plant and nitrogenase activity at 30
and 60 DAS) was lesser with this fertility level but significantly higher than 100% NPK and control (no
application).Gross and net returns (` 45 358 and 31 223/ha) were noted higher with 100% NPK + 50%
Norganic fertility level. Benefit: cost ratio (2.21) was also recorded higher with 100% NPK + 50% Norganic
level. The integrated application of biofertilizers and Zn was recorded significantly better than control as
this treatment lucidly improved dry matter, yield, harvest index, root growth, nodulation and nutrient
uptake. Benefit: cost ratio was also higher with combined application of PSB and Zn. Furthermore,
integration of 100% NPK + 50% Norganic and biofertilizers + Zn was conducive for getting significantly
optimum yield (1873 kg/ha).
Key words: Biofertilizer, Dwarf pea, Micronutrient, NPK, Vermicompost

1348 [Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 84 (11)
56
Fertility levels, viz. control, 100% NPK, 100% Norganic,
100% NPK + 50% Norganic, and 100% Norganic + 50% NPK
were allotted to main plot where NPK represents
recommended dose of N, P, K, S (40-17-16-20 kg/ha) through
inorganic fertilizers and Norganic represents recommended
dose of N (40 kg/ha) through vermicompost. The different
treatments, viz. biofertilizers (Rhizobium+ Bacillus+
Pseudomonas), zinc, biofertilizers + zinc in addition to one
control were allocated to sub plots. Thus total 20 (5 main plot
× 4 sub plot) treatment combinations were replicated thrice.
As per treatment, HUDP 15 dwarf pea was sown after proper
seed inoculation with rhizobium (Rhizobium
leguminosarum), PSB (Bacillus polymixa) and PGPR
(Pseudomonas fluorescence) @ 200 g culture 10/kg seeds.
The crop was sown @ 100 kg seed/ha in 30 cm rows to
maintain the plants at 10 cm on November 7 and 16 during
2007 and 2008 respectively.The other crop management
practices were performed as per standard recommendation
of the region. Harvesting was done on 20 March in 2007 and
21 March in 2009.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The beneficial effect of combined application of
chemical fertilizers and vermicompost on root growth and
development was manifested in this investigation. Root
characters, viz. root dry weight (g)/plan, root N content (%)
and CEC (meq 100/g dry root) at maturity increased
significantly up to 100% NPK + 50% Norganic level (Table
1). In superimposition of 50% Norganic (vermicompost) to
100% NPK plot, extent of increase was by 0.337 g, 0.097%
and 11.74 meq 100/g dry root as compared to control were
recorded. The dry matter accumulation leading to more of
photosynthate translocation towards root and also enhanced
the nodulation of pea roots due to the favorable rhizosphere
environment created by addition of vermicompost in addition
to adequate supply of essential plant nutrients might be the
factors responsible for higher root dry weight in 100%
NPK + 50% Norganic fertility level. The cation exchange
capacity of the root has been taken as an indicator of the
activity of root in term of response. The increase in cation
exchange capacity of the roots in 100% NPK + 50% Norganic
fertility level might be due to favorable effect of
vermicompost on root proliferation.Vermicompost along
with fertilizer increased soil infiltration rate and density of
root channels (Shukla et al. 2003).
Contrary to all the growth characters nodule number,
nodule dry weight and acetylene reductase activity (ARA)
decreased with increasing inorganic fertilizer levels (Table
1).The maximum numbers of nodule (18.8 and 20.3)
associated with 100% Norganic at 30 and 60 DAS but at 60
DAS, it was at par to 100% NPK + 50% Norganic and 100%
Norganic + 50% NPK and at 30 DAS significantly superior to
other treatments. However number of nodules increased
significantly in 100% NPK + 50% Norganic (60% and 49% at
30 and 60 DAS respectively) as compared to 100% NPK
level. This may be due to direct addition from inorganic
fertilizers and slow release of nutrient from vermicompost.
Application of 100% Norganic increased nodule dry weight
and acetylene reductase activity over superimposition of
50% Norganic to 100% NPK. This might be attributed to the
beneficial effect of vermicompost in root proliferations
with higher carbon content. Besides, vermicompost helped
in increasing the bacterial populations by providing adequate
food. The reduction in nodulation and their weight was also
observed in the present study at 100% inorganic fertilizers
(NPK). This could be attributed to decreased activity of
ANUPMA KUMARI ET AL.
Table 1 Effect of fertility levels, biofertilizers and micronutrient on root growth and nodulation of dwarf pea (Mean of two years)
Treatment Root dry Root N CEC at Nodules/plant Nodule dry NA (µ moles C2H2)
weight/plant content at maturity (No.) weight/plant produced/hr/g
at maturity maturity (meq 100/g 30 DAS 60 DAS (mg) nodule weight
(g) (%) dry root) 30 DAS 60DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS
Fertility level
Control 1.575 0.752 90.96 9.79 11.74 35.82 38.90 8.45 10.50
100% NPK 1.805 0.828 100.19 10.81 12.77 41.96 45.74 11.54 13.79
100% Norganic 1.708 0.811 98.11 18.87 20.34 75.80 79.65 18.04 21.44
100% NPK + 1.912 0.849 102.70 17.30 19.07 71.89 76.94 15.58 18.05
50% Norganic
100% Norganic + 1.828 0.831 100.57 17.27 19.42 72.56 78.35 17.33 20.07
50% NPK
LSD (P=0.05) 0.029 0.007 1.17 1.08 2.06 2.23 2.16 0.52 0.41
Biofertilizers + Micronutrient
Control 1.713 0.798 96.73 11.81 13.60 47.23 51.88 11.82 14.22
Biofertilizers 1.771 0.818 98.89 15.02 16.98 60.32 64.73 14.31 16.84
Zn @ 5 kg/ha 1.747 0.809 97.92 14.39 16.34 58.31 62.89 13.93 16.43
Biofertilizers + Zn 1.831 0.830 100.50 18.01 19.74 72.57 76.17 16.69 19.57
LSD (P=0.05) 0.012 0.007 0.66 0.88 1.26 1.49 1.26 0.44 0.33
NPK, Recommended dose of NPK through inorganic fertilizers; Norganic, recommended dose of N through Vermicompost; Biofertilizers,
seed inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum + Bacillus polymixa + Pseudomonas fluorescence.

1349November 2014] INFLUENCE OF INM ON DWARF PEA
57
nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium at higher mineral
nitrogen. More ever its deleterious effect was inactivated in
combination with vermicompost (Negi et al. 2007).
Root character, viz. root dry weight, N content, cation
exchange capacity, no. of nodules/plant dry weight of
nodules/plant and nitrogenase activity increased significantly
at combined application of biofertilizer and zinc. The
synergy between biofertilizer and micronutrients resulted
in significantly maximum root dry weight, N content and
CEC of the root. However, more number of nodules, nodule
dry weight and nitrogenase activity were mainly due to
contribution of Rhizobium and PSB (Singh et al. 2008).
Combined application of biofertilizers and zinc was
conducive for increasing the number, dry weight and
nitrogenase activity of pea root nodules (Kasturikrishna
and Ahlawat 2000).
Dry matter and yield
Beneficial effect of balanced fertilization on dry matter/
plant, yield (grain and straw) and harvest index has been
clearly brought. Dry matter/plant increased significantly up
to 100% NPK + 50% Norganic (Table 2). Significant variations
created by addition of organic manure (vermicompost) with
mineral fertilizers are attributed to higher availability and
absorption of nutrients (Kachot et al. 2001). The grain and
straw yield kept on significantly increasing up to 100%
NPK + 50% Norganic fertility level. In this treatment the
extent of increase in yield was 13.7% in grain yield and
8.9% in straw yield as compared to 100% NPK level.
Further, fertility level of 100% NPK + 50% Norganic has
facilitated greater economic sink capacity as yield has highly
significant correlation with growth and yield attributes (Sen
et al. 2005). Even though the total nitrogen was same in
100% NPK and 100% Norganic applied plots, lower yield
were recorded in100% Norganic applied plots. Probably
vermicompost alone does not provide all the necessary
nutrient elements in adequate quantities for proper growth
and yield in pea. Harvest index was found significant to
control and 100% Norganic and numerically increased for
other fertility levels with maximum value of 41.3% at
100% NPK + 50% Norganic fertility level.
Seed inoculation resulted in greater dry matter/plant,
grain and straw yield. This may be attributed to increased
nodulation and nitrogen fixation, more solubilization of
native P and production of secondary metabolites by bacteria
(Rajput and Kushwah 2005). Combined application of
biofertilizers along with micronutrients resulted in
significant improvement in dry matter/plant, yield and
harvest index of the test crop (Table 2). Application of this
micronutrient (Zn) along with inoculations might have a
synergistic effect, which enhanced activity of nitrogenase,
in turn supplied more nitrogen by fixation for better growth
and finally increased yield and harvest index of the crop.
These findings are in close conformity with the findings of
Krouma and Abdelly (2005).
The interaction effect between treatments was found
significant for dry matter production at maturity and grain
yield of the test crop (Table 4). The dry matter/plant increased
significantly up to 100% NPK + 50% Norganic combined
with biofertilizer + Zn. Increase uptake of nutrient may be
the possible cause behind increased dry weight of plant.
Application of 50% nitrogen through vermicompost
integrated with recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer
along with biofertilizers and zinc (100% NPK + 50% Norganic
x biofertilizers +Zn) increased the grain yield by 38.7%
over the application of 100% NPK only (Table 3). The
higher microbial population under vermicompost, in addition
to role of rhizobium, phosphobacteria and pseudomonas
could be reason for the favorable effect of integrated
application of vermicompost, mineral fertilizers,
Table 2 Effect of fertility levels, biofertilizers and micronutrient on dry matter, yield and economics of dwarf pea (Pooled data of 2
years).
Treatment Dry matter/plant Grain yield Straw yield Harvest Cost of Gross Net returns B:C
at maturity (kg/ha) (kg/ha) index cultivation returns (`/ha) ratio
(g) 2007-08 2008-09 Pooled (%) (`/ha) (`/ha)
Fertility level
Control 25.11 919 859 889 1514 37.01 10593 23742.00 13149.00 1.25
100% NPK 30.61 1559 1461 1510 2231 40.36 12805 39977.50 27172.50 2.12
100% Norganic 27.14 1383 1297 1340 1999 40.13 13253 35505.63 22252.63 1.68
100% NPK + 34.87 1773 1661 1717 2430 41.37 14135 45358.25 31223.25 2.21
50% Norganic
100% Norganic + 31.68 1590 1490 1541 2263 40.49 14359 40769.63 26410.63 1.84
50% NPK
LSD (P=0.05) 0.98 67 72 43 46 0.66
Biofertilizers + Micronutrient
Control 28.24 1346 1261 1304 1978 39.53 12529 34575.90 22046.90 1.73
Biofertilizers 30.22 1432 1342 1387 2081 39.75 12729 36756.10 24027.10 1.86
Zn @ 5 kg/ha 29.10 1454 1362 1408 2107 39.81 13329 37309.40 23980.40 1.78
Biofertilizers + Zn 32.00 1547 1450 1498 2184 40.38 13529 39641.00 26112.00 1.91
LSD (P=0.05) 0.32 28 27 18 26 0.40

1350 [Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 84 (11)
biofertilizers and zinc in grain yield of the pea crop.
Nutrient uptake
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and zinc
uptake by grain and straw was also relatively higher with
100% NPK + 50% Norganic (Table 3). This was mainly due
to higher biological production under these fertility levels
(Prasad 1999). Moreover, soil organic matter is store house
of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur and there by contributed
significantly to supply of these nutrients to the crop plants.
Apart from nutrient supply soil organic matter also helps in
release of nutrients from soil. All these are conducive for
availability of nutrients and there by more uptake by crop.
Nutrient uptake increased significantly with biofertilizer
+Zn treatment (Table 3). The increased uptake with
application of biofertilizers and zinc might be due to
enhanced effect of rhizobium in nitrogen supply, Bacillus
58
ANUPMA KUMARI ET AL.
Table 3 Effect of fertility levels, biofertilizers and micronutrient on nutrient uptake (kg/ha) of dwarf pea (pooled data of 2 years)
Treatment Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash Sulphur Zinc*
Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw
Fertility level
Control 29.00 16.79 7.86 6.01 5.06 14.61 3.67 1.91 25.02 23.61
100% NPK 60.09 27.67 19.24 12.58 11.16 27.94 6.76 3.24 44.58 37.73
100% Norganic 47.48 23.38 14.55 9.57 8.30 22.41 5.52 2.73 38.28 33.66
100% NPK + 72.53 31.85 22.83 14.16 13.38 31.72 7.87 3.73 51.11 42.00
50% Norganic
100% Norganic + 58.33 27.91 19.81 12.68 11.35 28.29 6.71 3.28 45.86 38.80
50% NPK
LSD (P=0.05) 1.69 0.96 0.501 0.229 0.42 0.93 0.186 0.078 1.28 0.79
Biofertilizers + Micronutrient
Control 46.43 23.45 14.63 9.90 8.73 22.74 5.54 2.78 37.16 32.66
Biofertilizers 53.16 25.41 17.02 11.06 9.67 24.91 6.03 2.95 39.14 34.74
Zn @ 5 kg/ha 53.62 25.66 16.49 10.90 9.99 25.36 6.13 2.99 41.30 35.57
Biofertilizers + Zn 60.74 27.55 19.28 12.13 11.01 26.96 6.71 3.19 45.28 37.67
LSD (P=0.05) 1.06 0.42 0.335 0.152 0.16 0.64 0.083 0.051 0.59 0.453
* Uptake in g/ha.
Table 4 Interaction effect of treatments on dry matter/plant at maturity and yield of dwarf pea (Pooled data of 2 years)
Treatment Control 100% NPK 100% Norganic 100% NPK + 50% Norganic 100% Norganic + 50% NPK
Dry matter/plant (g)
Control 23.75 29.02 24.95 33.56 29.92
Biofertilizers 25.10 31.32 28.46 34.80 31.42
Zn @ 5 kg/ha 24.97 29.82 26.37 33.76 30.57
Biofertilizers + Zn 26.81 32.29 28.78 37.36 34.79
LSD
(P= 0.05)
Two sub plot means at the same main plot treatment 0.98
Two main plot means at same or different sub plot treatments 0.32
Grain yield (kg/ha)
Control 858 1350 1243 1596 1473
Biofertilizers 878 1484 1326 1705 1544
Zn @ 5 kg/ha 882 1584 1362 1694 1519
Biofertilizers + Zn 939 1622 1431 1873 1627
LSD (P=0.05)
Two sub plot means at the same main plot treatment 39
Two main plot means at same or different sub plot treatments 46
help in phosphorus solubilization and pseudomonas in
facilitating the availability of nutrients for quite longer
period (Srivastava and Ahlawat 1995).
An increased uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, sulphur and zinc was observed in integrated
application of nutrients (100% NPK + 50% Norganic+
combined with biofertilizers + Zn) as consequence of better
nutritional environment offered through cumulative effect
of organic, inorganic sources of nutrients and biofertilizers
(Jat and Ahlawat 2004). The greater mineralization of N
increased its availability by vermicompost with the presence
of rhizobium and pseudomonas, which increases root
enzymatic activities and produces greater root vigour and
density due to nitrogen fixation might have enhanced N
uptake. The increased uptake of P by phosphobacteria
(Bacillus) could be attributed to its greater P- solubilization
potentiality in the presence of organic matter.

1351November 2014]
1.27 1.275 1.165 1.26
1.905
2.145 2.195 2.225
1.58
1.715 1.665 1.755
2.095
2.26
2.105
2.37
1.815 1.9 05
1.74
1.895
MeanB :C
Control
C
ontrol + Biofertilizer
Control + Zn
Control + Biofertilizer + Zn
100% NPK + Control
100% NPK + Biofertilizers
100% NPK + Zn
100% NPK + Biofertilizer + Zn
100% N + Control
100% N + Biofertilizers
100% N + Zn
100% N + Biofertilizers + Zn
100% NPK + 50% N + Control
100% NPK + 50% N + Biofertilizers
100% NPK + 50% + Zn
100% NPK + 50% N + Biofertilizers..
100% N + 50% NPK + Control
100% N + 50% NPK + Biofertilizers
100% N + 50% NPK + Zn
100% N + 50% NPK + Biofertilizers..
Treatment combination
59
INFLUENCE OF INM ON DWARF PEA
Economics
The economics of fertility levels revealed that 100%
NPK + 50% Norganic level gave higher gross return, net
return and B: C ratio than other fertility levels, during both
the years (Table 2). Similarly, biofertilizers + micronutrient
(Zinc) resulted in higher gross return and net return, and B:
C ratio. The treatment of 100% NPK + 50% Norganic combined
with biofertilizers + Zn was economic optimum for the test
crop (Fig 1).
On the basis of result drawn under the agro-climatic
conditions of Varanasi, Eastern Uttar Pradesh it may be
recommended that vermicompost @ 1.33 tonnes/ha should
be superimposed to the recommended dose of fertilizer
(40-17-16-20 kg NPKS/ha) along with 5 kg Zn/ha applied
to the seeds inoculated with a biofertilizer consortia
comprising of Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR for realizing
economically optimum yield of field pea.
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Fig 1 B: C ratio under different treatment combinations (Pooled data of two years)