Conservation Strategy of Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java

Abstract

Rafflesia zollingeriana Koorders is a protected, rare, and endemic plants to Meru Betiri National Park. However, its population was declined. So, the study was focused on the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of conservation of R. zollingeriana to recommend some conservation's strategy and programs. This study was conducted at Meru Betiri National Park and its surrounding 5 villages. Data were collected by interviews, survey,
observations, and literature studies. Qualitative data was analyzed by reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions simultaneously, while the quantitative data was analyzed descriptively. Matrix for SWOT analysis was processed by SPSS 16. The result showed that there were 4 elements that identified as strength, 5 elements that identified as weakness, 5 elements that identified as opportunity and 4 elements that identified as threat. The internal factor's value was higher than the external factor. The result of the SWOT analysis indicated that it needs aggresive strategy through collaboration among stakeholders to optimize both strength and opportunites. While the
recommended program are: socialization the importance of R. zollingeriana conservation and developing a collaborative R. zollingeriana ecotourism.

Full text

Conservation Strategy of Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java
1 2 2
Dewi Lestari *, Agus Hikmat , Ervizal Amir Muhammad Zuhud
1Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Main Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680
2Department of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University,
Academic Ring Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 168, Bogor, Indonesia 16680
Received September 16, 2013/Accepted March 20, 2014
Abstract
Rafflesia zollingeriana Koorders is a protected, rare, and endemic plants to Meru Betiri National Park. However, its
population was declined. So, the study was focused on the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats of conservation of R. zollingeriana to recommend some conservation's strategy and programs. This study was
conducted at Meru Betiri National Park and its surrounding 5 villages. Data were collected by interviews, survey,
observations, and literature studies. Qualitative data was analyzed by reduction, presentation and drawing
conclusions simultaneously, while the quantitative data was analyzed descriptively. Matrix for SWOT analysis was
processed by SPSS 16. The result showed that there were 4 elements that identified as strength, 5 elements that
identified as weakness, 5 elements that identified as opportunity and 4 elements that identified as threat. The internal
factor's value was higher than the external factor. The result of the SWOT analysis indicated that it needs aggresive
strategy through collaboration among stakeholders to optimize both strength and opportunites. While the
recommended program are: socialization the importance of R. zollingeriana conservation and developing a
collaborative R. zollingeriana ecotourism.
Keywords: collaboration, ecotourism, stakeholder, SWOT analysis
*Correspondence author, email: : itisme.dewi@gmail.com, tel.: +62-81310273690; fax. +62-3682033170
Introduction
Rafflesia spp is an unique plant because of its large
flowers and its presence that only realized when the buds
exist and blooming. It was only holoparasit to Tetrastigma
spp. (Barkman et al. 2004; Barcelona et al. 2011). Rafflesia
spp. is rare because of its small population (Nais 2001).
Populations of R. lobata in Mount Igtuog Philippines only 76
individuals (Galang & Madulid 2006). R. manillana
population in Mount Makiling is also just 86 individuals
(Yahya et al. 2010). Populations of R. arnoldi at 5 locations
in West Sumatra only 80 individuals (Syahbuddin & Chairul
2010). Population of R. patma in Leweung Sancang, consist
of 96 individuals (Suwartini et al. 2008).
Rafflesia’s small population is caused by biological
nature and ecological attributes (Susatya 2003), such as low
reproductive rate (Nais 2001). From the 1,110 buds were
observed by Nais (2001) in 3 years, only 10.18% that succeed
to bloome while the proportion of female flowers only
12.39% and the fruit succeeded only 35.71%. The
unbalanced sex ratio also indicated by Galang (2006) in R.
lobata population. In addition, low reproduction occur
because rafflesia is an unisexual (Meijer 1997; Refaei et al.
2011), so its pollination needs insects assistance (Zuhud et al.
1999; Davis et al. 2008; Kahono et al. 2010) and so does its
seed dispersal (Bouman & Meijer 1994; Kahono et al. 2010).
Small population is also caused by its low survival ability.
Hidayati et al. (2000) founded R. patma in Pangandaran that
consist of 44% died knobs, 49% alive buds, and 7% blooming
flower. Thousands of rafflesia that observed by Nais in
Malaysia also showed high death rate before blooming until
90% (Milius 1999).
External factors such as fragmentation and habitat
destruction were also pressured rafflesia's small population.
R. patma population in Leweung Sancang was decreased,
from 256 individuals (Priatna et al. 1989) in 5 areas to 96
individuals in 9 areas due to logging and deforestation
(Suwartini et al. 2008). While population R. banahaw in the
Philippines declined because of landslides and typhoons
(Barcelona et al. 2007).
There were 30 species of rafflesia that successfully
described. The recent rafflesia that successfully described
were R. aurantia (Barcelona et al. 2009), R. meijeri
(Wiriadinata & Sari 2010), R. verrucosa (Balete et al. 2010),
and R. lawangensis (Matt-Salleh et al. 2010). The possibility
of a new species description is widely open but racing with its
extinction.
Among of those 30 species, 16 species are distributed in
Indonesia. R. patma, R. rochussenii and R. zollingeriana are
distributed in Java Island. R. zollingeriana less distributed
than the other two species. It was only distributed in Betiri
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9 , 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
-16 April
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469

Meru National Park (MBNP) and only grows in dry lowland
forest, at an altitude of 1-270 m above sea level. R.
zollingeriana was known with the local names patmosari. It
was used for traditional medicine and collected ilegally by
the local people (Zuhud 1989), so its population is vulnerable
to extinction.
Rafflesia is able to live in primary and secondary forests
(Zuhud 1989; Syahbudin & Chairul 2010). Therefore, to
sustaining its population, the forest ecosystem should be save
in a primary state. Thus, save rafflesia will increase the
motivation to save the whole ecosystem.
Conservation status of R. zollingeriana is rare
(Wiriadinata 2001) or R (rare) by WCMC (2013). While
Susatya (2011) categorized it to CR (critical endangered).
Rafflesia spp. also designated as a protected plant in
Indonesia according to Government Regulation No. 7/1999.
By Betiri Meru National Park Authority (MBNPA). R.
zollingeriana has been designated as a species whose habitat
is protected and nurtured (BTNMB 2003). However, reality
showed that R. zollingeriana in TNMB population continues
to decline. In 1988, the population of rafflesia found in 8
locations, while in 2003, the population can only be found in
3 locations (Hikmat 2006).
Along with its declining populations, there is a challenge
ie: lack of its scientific information. So, the population of R.
zollingeriana should be saved for research and assessment
study. This is in accordance with the principle “Save it, Study
it and Use it” in the Convention on the Conservation of
Biodiversity. An ecosystem or a species has to saved before
extinct and assessment of its usefulness should be done for
the improvement of human welfare (Putro et al. 2012). The
effective strategy to maintain the sustainability of R.
zollingeriana population is required. This strategy can be
formulated if the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats that have been made during the conservation are
identified and evaluated.
M
The study was conducted at Meru Betiri National Park
and 5 villages surrounding (Wonoasri, Curahnongko,
Andongrejo, Sanenrejo, and Sarongan), during January to
December 2012. Data were collected by interviews, surveys,
observations, and literature study. Interviews were
conducted to MBNPA staff, academist, activists nature
lovers, non government organization (NGO) activists, and
government staff. While the survey was conducted to 157
ethods
local people that living in MBNP and its surrounding. These
respondents are d om inated by f ar me r (61.15%).
Observations carried out in Sukamade and Krecek
permanent plots. Qualitative data was analyzed by reduction,
presentation, and drawing conclusions simultaneously.
Quantitative data analyzed descriptively. SWOT analysis
conducted by identifying the internal and external factors,
then weighting, ranking and scoring of each elements
(Maintindom et al. 2006). SWOT matrix to determine
strategy is processed by SPSS 16.
Results and Discussion
Meru Betiri Management at the 1970s until 1996 more
focused on the protection and preservation for the java tiger
than R. zollingeriana conservation. There was no specific
regulation that ruled knob collection activity, so the
sustainability of the R. zollingeriana was threatened. After
became a national park and run by MBNPA, monitoring of R.
zollingeriana and habitat protection (BTNMB 2003) are
started. Data collection and routine observations in Krecek
and Sukamade plots also being conducted and published in a
book (Darmadja et al. 2011). In 2010, R. zollingeriana
habitat in Krecek and Sukamade were made into permanent
plots for education, research, and nature tourism. Railings,
stairs, signage, and inf ormation bo ards about R.
zollingeriana were built on the plot. Guiding from MBNPA
officers were also given for visiting tourists. The existence of
R. zollingeriana as a tourism attraction also socialized in
MBNPA's brochures and website.
However, those conservation efforts are still dominated
by MBNPA. Interviews showed no involvement from the
other stakeholders and the R.zollingeriana tourism did not
developed optimally. Number of visiting tourists was still
low. From 640,492 visiting tourists to Jember (BPS 2011)
and 443,938 to Banyuwangi (BPS 2011), visiting number to
MBNP only 4,402 tourists (85.85% of them are domestic
tourists). The visitor number of R. zollingeriana was
predicted much lower. The survey respondents who knew
that R. zollingeriana can be visited by tourist only reached
29.94% and the number of respondents who involved in this
tourism activity only 12.10%.
Table 1 showed that populations of R. zollingeriana in
TNMB were decline. Therefore, more effective strategies of
R. zollingeriana conservation should be formulated through
SWOT analysis.
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
10
Table 1 Number of R. zollingeriana in observation plots
1) Hikmat (1988) in Lestari (2013); 2) Zuhud (1989); 3) Lestari (2013). Number of plots above are variated because
the wide of forest area that has been explored by researchers are variated (Figure 2). Plots was purposively made
based on R. zollingeriana existence at the observation.
Time of
Research
Number of
Plots
Number of R.
zollingeriana
Means
Minimum
Maximum
Standard
deviation
19885
8
171
21.375
2
68
23.3846
19896
10
202
20.2
10
32
8.1076
20127
19
152 8 1
19
5.2810

SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is needed to identify and
evaluate internal and external factors of R. zollingeriana
conservation. Identification results showed that there were 4
elements of R. zollingeriana conservation strength, such as:
1 MBNP is a habitat for endemic R. zollingeriana
R. zollingeriana is an unique rare and endemic species in
MBNP (Darmadja et al. 2011). With its limited
distribution, R. zollingeriana was more deserved to be a
priority of conservation than the other species. This
species conservation will also increase motivation to
conserve the whole ecosystem in MBNP (Zuhud 1988)
2R. zollingeriana is an endangered plant
There were some laws underlied R. zollingeriana
conservation management today. Such as Law No.
5/1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and
Ecosystems; Law No. 41/1999 on Forestry; Government
Regulation No. 7/1999 about Plant and Animal Species
Preservation, and IUCN Red List (Nais 2001)
3 Conservation of R. zollingeriana potential to enhance
local people's prosperity.
Rafflesia conservation in Malaysia can enhance
prosperity of local people (Nais 1998). So did the
ecotourism of R. arnoldii in West Sumatra (Ekawati
2001). If R. zollingeriana ecotourism in MBNP is also
developed with local people involvement like those cases
above, their prosperity will also increase gradually
4 Legal basis of MBNPA as a manager authority of MBNP.
There are some basic laws that underlied MBNPA as
manager authority of MBNP: the regulation of the
Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number
P.03/Menhut-II/2007 about the Organization and
Administration of National Parks; Regulation of the
Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number
P.48/Menhut-II/2010 about Natural Resources Tourism
in Asylum Areas, National Parks, Forest Parks and Nature
Park
While the weakness of the R. zollingeriana conservation
were:
1 Limitness quality and quantity of MBNPA staff
MBNPA have a limited number of officers but large area
of responsibility, so R. zollingeriana conservation was
not performed optimally. They documented observation
data irregularly, their inventories are still limited and
without involving the local people. Habitat maintenance
of R. zollingeriana in in Krecek and Sukamade
permanent plots wasn’t performed as the standard
operating procedures
2 Low attention to R. zollingeriana conservation
This is demonstrated by the low budget for conservation
of R. zollingeriana. In 2011, MBNPA used 1.397% of
their total budget for monitoring R. zollingeriana
(BTNMB 2011). This budget is smaller than the wildlife
conservation budget that reached 6.904%
3 Lack of law enforcement
Although there is a Government Regulation No. 7/1999
about Rafflesia spp., but laws enforcement is lacking.
There is no operation rule that stated about R.
zollingeriana specifically, so the ilegal collectors of R.
zollingeriana knobs are handling informally. The R.
zollingeriana knobs trading in Banyuwangi market still
remains (LATIN 2002) and there has been no formal
handling and control efforts to its traders and
manufacturers
4 The low survival rate and regeneration of R. zollingeriana
Hikmat (1988) stated that he found 34% knobs of R.
zollingeriana in dead condition. This showed that the
death rate R. zollingeriana also as high as the other
species. Bu t unfortuna tely, re search abou t R.
zollingeriana survivality has not been done, so the
solution has not been found yet
5 Lack capacity of MBNPA to promote collaboration with
the other stakeholders
It can be seen from the percentage of survey respondents
who knew about R. zollingeriana conservation activity
that only amounted to 26.11% and the low level of
involvement of respondents which only amounted to
7.64%. Interviews with the private sector, NGOs,
organizations and other agencies also showed their lack
involvement in the conservation efforts. Collaboration
with another stakeholders is a key for MBNPA to
overcome their internal problem and optimize the R.
zollingeriana conservation
Meanwhile, there are 5 things that identified as an
opportunity from external factors to R. zollingeriana
conservation, such as:
1 MBNP lied in the tourism path
MBNP lies between Yogyakarta and Bali, 2 favorite
tourist destinations. Tourist arrival in Jember and
Banyuwangi are quite high, amounting to 1,084,430
tourist. Existing tourist facilities ie accommodation,
consumption, tourist guiding, and interpretation in the
MBNP were sufficient in quantity and quality.
2 Huge number of local people
The population of 5 villages around and inside the
national park is 33,233 people. This huge number can be
used to overcome the limited staff of MBNPA if their
participation is enabled. Local people have to be involved
because their live are connected and depend on MBNP
sustainability.
3 A large number of universities, conservation cadre,
nature lovers, and NGOs that could be involved in
conservation.
There are more than 30 universities, NGOs, and nature
lovers community in Jember and Banyuwangi that
concern to MBNP conservation. They also concerned that
R. zollingeriana is an unique flora that close to extinct and
they have desire to get involved in the conservation of R.
zollingeriana.
4 Local people and stakeholder willingness to involve in R.
zollingeriana conservation
The survey showed that 74.52% of respondents want to
involve in the next conservation of R. zollingeriana.
MPNPA have to accomodate their willingness and
arrange some stakeholder analysis to identify which
people or stakeholder that going to be an active or a
passive participant.
5 High attention to conservation topic
Currently, conservation became a popular theme in the
world, especially with the issue of global warming. There
a lot of local, national, and global organization that
interested in this issue and have the funding to further
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
11

engage. This can be used as an alternative to overcome
limited funds of R. zollingeriana conservation.
While the threats faced by R. zollingeriana conservation
are:
1 The low level of public knowledge
Surrounding communities have limited knowledge about
R. zollingeriana. Although most of respondents (64.33%)
knew that R. zollingeriana is protected, but they did not
know its life cycle and reproduction. They did not know
that unselected knob collection activity will lead R.
zollingeriana to extinct.
2R. zollingeriana habitat lies closely to the residential
community
There are a lot enclaves in the national park. Some of their
residence are close to R. zollingeriana habitat. If they did
not involved in R. zollingeriana conservation, they did
not know the importance of its conservation to their life
and did not get any economic benefit from it, they tend to
disobey it and exploit its knobs as before. Although knob
collecting activity are decrease significantly now, but it is
a temporary condition. If the knob price getting higher as
before, those activity will rise again and the sustainability
of R. zollingeriana populations will being threatened.
3 Low income levels and lower productivity of agricultural
activities in the rehabilitation land
Most of the local people surrounding of MBNP are
peasants. So, their live are so depend to forest especially
with the MBNP rehabilitation program that allowed them
to do shifting cultivation in deforestation land. This
activities adding their total revenue up to 21.45% (Suharti
2004). But this percentage is expected to be smaller and
smaller because productivity of the seasonal agricultural
decreases. If their revenue was lower and lower, the
possibility to re-gather of R. zollingeriana knob will rise
again.
4 The remaining request of R. zollingeriana for traditional
medicine
Demand of knob R. zollingeriana for herbs still
remaining. In Banyuwangi market, R. zollingeriana
-1
traded at IDR20,000 kg (LATIN 2002). Actually, the
population will stay sustainably if the collection only
done on died knobs.
Strategy and program recommendation for the next R.
zollingeriana conservation Measurement of the internal
and external factors are displayed in Table 2. It shows the
internal factors and external factors are positive, but the
internal factor's value is higher than the external factors. The
matrix in Figure 1 shows that the intersection between the x-
axis (internal factors) and the y-axis (external factors) lied in
st
1 quadrant. So, the strategy should be taken is an aggressive
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
Table 2 IFAS dan EFAS of R. zollingeriana conservation in Meru Betiri National Park
IFAS and EFAS Weigth Rating Score Total value
IFAS
Strength
- TNMB is an endemic habitat for R. zollingeriana
- R. zollingeriana is an protected rare plants and a trigger to conserve the whole
ecosystem in MBNP
- R. zollingeriana potential to enhance local people prosperity
- Legal basis management of MBNP that run by MBNPA
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
4
4
4
2
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.2
1.8
Weakness
- Low attention of MBNPA to R. zollingeriana conservation
- Limited number and quality of MBNPA staff
- Lack of law enforcement
- R. zollingeriana ability to survive and bloom are low
- Lack capacity of MBNPA to promote collaboration with another stakeholder
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.2
4
2
4
1
1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.9
EFAS
Opportunity
- Location of MBNP in the path of tourism
- Huge number of local people surrounding
- Huge number of universities, lover’s nature and NGO that can be involved in
R. conservation zollingeriana
- Local people and stakeholder willingness to involve in R. zollingeriana
conservation
- Conservation becomes a world’s concern now
0.2
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
4
2
3
3
1
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.05
1.55
Threats
- Limited knowledge of local people about R. zollingeriana
- R. zollingeriana habitat are close to residential of local people
- Low income levels of local people and their agricultural productivity in the
rehabilitation areas are lower and lower
- R. zollingeriana request for traditional medicine is remaining
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
2
3
2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.9
IFAS = Internal Factor Analysis Summary; EFAS= External Factor Analysis Summary
12

strategy: optimizing the strength so that opportunities can be
optimally utilized. This strength can be optimized through
collaboration with the other stakeholders.
Next conservation programs that recommended are:
1 Socialization the importance of R. zollingeriana
conservation to increase stakeholders awareness
Collaboration with community, other agencies, and
organizations are needed to optimize conservation. To
establish collaboration, mutual trust, mutual respect and
mutual benefit among stakeholders are needed (Putro et
al. 2012). Stakeholders will collaborate if you already
have an equivalent knowledge and understanding of the
importance of conservation of R. zollingeriana. So the
importance of R. zollingeriana conservation must be
socialized massively through various mass media in
international, national, and local level.
At the local level, MBNPA have to hold a workshop that
discussing the ecologic and economic benefit of R.
zollingeriana conservation. This meeting involves local
people, t he rafflesia research er, nature l over
organization, local government, and relevant agencies
such as BKSDA, local forestry services, local agency of
tourism department, etc. Information about the
blooming R. zollingeriana must been arranged in many
medias, such as audiovisual media (local and national
TV broadcasting) and social networks like facebook,
twitter, instagram, and youtube. This information have to
available in Indonesian and foreign languages. R.
zollingeriana should be an icons and identity flora of the
MBNP to increase stakeholders awareness. It is worth to
be MBNPA logo, complements javan tiger logo, because
of its scarcity and endemism reason.
2 Developing a collaborative R. zollingeriana ecotourism
R. zollingeriana ecotourism have to involve the local
people. If the local people get a higher income from R.
zollingeriana, their motivation to sustain its populations
of will increase. It is like what happened in Malaysia
(Nais 1998). Ecotourism considered have more
economic benefit than the other utilization. Revenue
-1
from the knobs collection is IDR10,000 kg dry knob.
While the revenue from homestay service and tourist
-1 -1
guiding is about IDR200,000 people day .
Local people participation is possible because their
willingness to involve in this tourism activity is high
(74.52%). However, only 51.59% of them who know
how to develop the R. zollingeriana ecotourism.
Therefore, participation other stakeholders: private
(tourist practitioner: travel agencies), NGOs, and the
department of tourism, who are experienced in the
planning and implementation of tourism programs are
needed. They are needed to participate in local people
capacity building. To develop ecotourism, MPNPA staff
and local people competence need to be improved with
some English language training, hospitality tourism
training, souvenirs manufacture training, and R.
zollingeriana training.
Information about R. zollingeriana blooming, especially
when it can be visited must be updated regularly in MBNP's
website. So does with the visiting procedures i.e. list of do
and do not do at site. This information should be accessed any
t i m e. C on t a ct n u mbe r e n l ist e d i n w e b sit e
www.merubetiri.com must be contacted freely, both in the
Indonesian and foreign language. Permanent plots must be
furnished with a complete and interesting information so the
visitor can get comprehensive information even they can not
see R. zollingeriana blooming directly.
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
Figure 1 SWOT matrix of R. zollingeriana conservation in Meru Betiri National Park.
13

Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
Conclusion
SWOT analysis showed that internal factor's value was
higher than the external factor. Strategy that need to be
developed is an aggressive strategy, optimizing strength
through collaboration so that opportunities can be utilized
optim ally. While the recom mended progr am ar e:
socialization the importance of of R. zollingeriana
conservation and developing a collaborative R. zollingeriana
ecotourism.
Acknowledgements
Thanks given to MBNPA who facilitating and providing
information. Thanks also given to Ellyn K Damayanti, PhD.
Agr for allowing me to take a part at her rafflesia project that
funded by the Toyota Foundation.
References
Balete DS, Pelser PB, Nickrent DL, Barcelona JF. 2010.
Rafflesia verrucosa (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of
small-flowered Rafflesia from eastern Mindanao,
Philippines. Phytotaxa 10:49–57.
Barcelona JF, Pelser PB, Cajano MO. 2007. Rafflesia
banahaw (Rafflesiaceae) a new species from Luzon,
Philippines. Blumea 52:345–350. http://dx.doi.org/
10.3767/000651907X609089.
Barcelona JF, Co LL, Balete DS, Bartolome NA. 2009.
Rafflesia aurantia (Rafflesiaceae): a new species from
northern Luzon, Philippines. Singapore Gardens'
Bulletin 61:17–27 .
Barcelona JF, Fernando ES, Nickrent DL, Balete DS, Pelser
PB. 2011. An amended description of Rafflesia leonardi
and a revised key to philippine rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae).
Phytotaxa 24:1–18.
Barkman TJ, Lim SH, Mat Salleh K, Nais J. 2004.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic
relatives of rafflesia, the world's largest flower. PNAS
101(3):787–792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.03055
62101.
[BTNMB] Balai Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. 2003.
Laporan Pembinaan Habitat R. zollingeriana Kds di
Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Jember: Kemenhut Dirjen
PHKA-BTNMB.
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
Figure 2 Distribution of Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord in Meru Betiri National Park (Lestari 2013).
Map of Rafflesia zollingeriana Distribution in Meru Betiri National Park
14

[BTNMB] Balai Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. 2011.
Laporan Hasil Pelaksanaan Anggaran 2011 Taman
Nasional Meru Betiri. Jember: Kemenhut Dirjen PHKA-
BTNMB.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Kabupaten Banyuwangi
dalam Angka. Banyuwangi: BPS Banyuwangi.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Kabupaten Jember dalam
Angka. Jember: BPP Kabupaten Jember-BPS Jember.
Bouman F, Meijer W. 1994. Comparative structure of ovules
and seeds in Rafflesiaceae. Plant Systematics and
Evolution 193:187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
BF00983550.
Davis CC, Endress PK, Baum DA. 2008. The evolution of
floral gigantism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology
11:49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.11.003.
Darmadja B, Guntoro DA, Rohmah N, Atmodjo ND, Ananda
AA. 2011. Buku Informasi Bunga Rafflesia di Taman
Nasional Meru Betiri. Jember: BTNMB.
Ekawaty R. 2001. Conservation Status of Rafflesia arnoldi
R.Br. in Gunung Sago Halaban Regency Limapuluh Kota
Sumatera Barat [thesis]. Bogor: Bogor Agricultural
University.
Galang R, Madulid DA. 2006. A second new species of
rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Panay Island, Philippines.
Folia malaysiana 7(1&2):1–8.
Galang R. 2007. Population study of Rafflesia lobata in the
northern section of central Panay Island mountain ranges,
Philippines. Folia malaysiana 8(2):87–98.
Hidayati SN, Willem M, Jeffrey LW. 2000. A contribution to
the life history of the rare Indonesian holoparasite
Raf f lesi a p a tma (Ra f fle s i aceae). B iotropi c a
32(3):408–414.
Hikmat A. 2006. Population trend of R. zollingeriana Kds. in
Meru Betiri National Park, East Java. Media Konservasi
11(3):105–108.
Kahono S, Mursidawati S, Erniwati. 2010. Insect community
on ex-situ Rafflesia patma Blume (Rafflesiaceae) in
Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor, West Java. Journal
Indonesian Biology 6(3):429–442.
LATIN. 2002. Inventarisasi, Identifikasi dan Pemetaan
Potensi Wanafarma. Bogor: LATIN.
Lestari D. 2013. Conservation of Rafflesia zollingeriana
Koord in Meru Betiri National Park [thesis]. Bogor:
Bogor Agricultural University.
Maintindom Y, Indrawan A, Kartodihardjo H. 2006. Analysis
of land resource management policies on Cycloop
Mountains Nature Reserve. Journal Manajemen Hutan
Tropika 12(3):58–71.
Matt-Salleh K, Mahyuni R, Susatya A, Veldkamp JF. 2010.
Rafflesia lawangensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species
from Bukit Lawang, Gunung Leuser National Park,
North Sumatra, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13(2):159–169.
Meijer W. 1997. Rafflesiaceae. Flora Malesiana 1(13):1–42.
Milius S. 1999. The science of big, weird flowers: some of
the best things in botany come in large packages. Science
News 156(11):172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4011823.
Nais J, Wilcock CC. 1998. The rafflesia conservation
incentive scheme in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Sabah
Parks Nature Journal 1:9–17.
Nais J. 2001. Rafflesia of The World. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah
Park.
Priatna DR, Zuhud EAM, Alikodra HS. 1989. Ekologic study
on Rafflesia patma Blume in Leweung Sancang Nature
Reserve, West Java. Media Konservasi 2(2):1–7.
Putro HR, Supriatin, Sungkar A, Rossanda D, Prihatini ER.
2012. Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Taman Nasional di
Indonesia. Bogor: JICA-CFET.
Refaei J, Jones EBG, Sakayaroj J, Santhanam J. 2011 –
Endophytic fungi from Rafflesia cantleyi: species
diversity and antimicrobial activity. Mycosphere
2(4):429–447.
Suharti S. 2004. Social forestry implementation in
rehabilitation land in Meru Betiri National Park-East
Java. Journal of Forest Research and Nature
Conservation 1(3):345–355.
Susatya A. 2003. Population and rare plant life cycle of
Rhizanthes loweii. (Becc) Harm (Rafflesiaceae) in
Kerinci-Seblat National Park Katenong Resort. Journal
of Indonesian Agricultural Sciences 5(2):71–76.
Susatya A. 2011. Rafflesia Pesona Bunga Terbesar di Dunia.
Jakarta: Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi dan Bina Hutan
Lindung.
Suwartini R, Hikmat A, Zuhud EAM. 2008. Vegetation
condition and population of Rafflesia patma Blume di
Leweung Sancang Nature Reserve. Media Konservasi.
13(3):1–8.
Syahbuddin, Chairul. 2010. Populasi dan periodisasi
pembungaan serta habitat genetik padma raksasa (R.
arnoldii R Br.) di Sumatra Barat. Working Paper
Fakultas MIPA. http://repository.unand.ac.id/1332/ [9
Mei 2013].
Wiriadinata H. 2001. Tumbuhan. In: Noerdjito M, Maryanto
I, editor. Spesies-Spesies Hayati yang Dilindungi
Perundang-undangan Indonesia. Bogor: Balitbang
Zoologi-Puslitbang Biologi-LIPI dan The Nature
Conservacy.
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469
15

[WCMC] World Conservation Monitoring Centre. UNEP
Species Database. http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/
isdb/Taxonomy/tax-genus-result.cfm?habit=&display
language=ENG&Genus=8096&Gen=&source=plants&
Country= [3 Juni 20133].
Wiriadinata H, Sari R. 2010. A new spesies of Rafflesia
(Rafflesiaceae) from North Sumatra. Reinwardtia
13(2):95–100.
Yahya AF et al. 2010. Distribution pattern, reproductive
biology, cyotaxonomis study and conservation of
Rafflesia manillana in Mt. M akiling, Laguna,
Philippines. Journal of Tropical Forest Science
22(2):118–126.
Zuhud EAM. 1988. Environment of Rafflesia zollingeriana
Kds in Meru Betiri National Park. Media Konservasi.
2(1):25–30.
Zuhud EAM. 1989. Ecologic study of R. zollingeriana Kds in
Meru Betiri National Park, East Java [thesis]. Bogor:
Bogor Agricultural University.
Zuhud EAM. 1989. Strategy of biodiversity conservation
and utility of Indonesian medicinal plants. Media
Konservasi 2(4):1–7.
Zuhud EAM, Hernidiah N, Hikmat A. 1999. Conservation of
Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar di Bukit Tigapuluh Riau
National Park-Jambi. Media Konservasi 6(1):23–26.
16
JMHT Vol. XX, (1): 9- 16, April 2014
EISSN: 2089-2063
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.1.9
Scientific Article
ISSN: 2087-0469