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Original article
Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes: clarification of Aldona,
Aldonata and Viegasella(Parmulariaceae)
Qing Tian, Sinang Hongsanan, Dongqin Dai, Siti A. Alias, Kevin.D. Hyde,
Putarak Chomnunti
PII: S1319-562X(15)00038-8
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.01.019
Reference: SJBS 415
To appear in: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
Received Date: 3 October 2014
Revised Date: 25 December 2014
Accepted Date: 19 January 2015
Please cite this article as: Q. Tian, S. Hongsanan, D. Dai, S.A. Alias, Kevin.D. Hyde, P. Chomnunti, Towards a
natural classification of Dothideomycetes: clarification of Aldona, Aldonata and Viegasella(Parmulariaceae), Saudi
Journal of Biological Sciences (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.01.019
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Full title:Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes: clarification
ofAldona, Aldonata and Viegasella(Parmulariaceae)
All authors and their affiliations:
Qing Tian a, b, Sinang Hongsanan a, b,Dongqin Dai a, b, Siti A. Alias c, Kevin. D. Hyde a, b and
Putarak Chomnunti a, b,*
a Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100,
Thailand
b School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M 1 Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100,
Thailand
c Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
50603, Malaysia
Complete contact information for the corresponding author:
Corresponding author. E-mail address:putarak.cho@mfu.ac.th (Putarak Chomnunti), School
of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M 1 Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
Abstract Foliar epiphytes in Parmulariaceae (Dothideomycetes) are groups of relatively poorly known
taxa. Species of Parmulariaceae are biotrophic, plant-parasitic microfungi that develop on the surface
of living plants. We collected Aldona stella-nigra during a survey of foliar epiphytes in the Philippines
and thus we restudied this poorly known species and re-examined some similar taxa. In this paper we
re-describe and illustrate the type species of some similar genera; Aldona, Aldonata and Viegasella in
Parmulariaceae which are parasitic on the surface leaf spots and also provide details of the asexual
state of these unusual fungi. By illustrating the genera we anticipate fresh collections of these genera to
be obtained for further studies so that they can be epitypified and molecular data can be analyzed to
obtain a natural classification.
KEYWORDS
Foliar epiphytes; Parmulariaceae; types
1. Introduction
We are studying foliar epiphytes, which are groups of relatively poorly known fungi
in Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes and Eurotiomycetes, mostly occurring in
tropical regions (Batista and Ciferri, 1962, 1963; Chomnunti et al., 2011, 2012a, b,
2014; Hosagoudar, 2012; Hyde, 1996, 2001; Reynolds and Gilbert, 2005; von Arx
and Müller, 1975; Wu et al., 2011; Hyde et al., 2013). They can be grouped in four or
more distinct types based on their appearance on the host and their biology. Their
occurrence may become more common place on fruit with global warming and the
movement towards organic products (Stover, 1975).
The sooty moulds (e.g. Antennulariaceae, Capnodiaceae, Chaetothyriaceae,
Euantennariaceae, Meliolinaceae, Trichomeriaceae, Triptosporiaceae) form thick
blackened mycelial layers on the surface of healthy green leaves and branches of
trees, or even grasses, soil and rocks beneath trees, often with several species
coexisting together (Chomnunti et al., 2011, 2012a, b, 2014; Hyde et al., 2013). They
grow on the sugary exudates excreted on to the leaves by plant sap sucking insects
and although they do not directly damage the host they can reduce yields by reducing
photosynthesis (Chomnunti et al., 2011, 2014). They may also cause dirty black
blemishes on fruits, thus reducing marketability.
The black moulds (Asterinaceae, Microthyriaceae and Meliolaceae) are
generally biotrophic and produce sparse, superficial, web-like arrangements of
blackened mycelium on the leaf surface, usually producing hyphopodia, while
ascomata or pycnidia develop in the center of the “webs” beneath or above the
mycelia (Wu et al., 2011; Hosagoudar and Ruji, 2011; Hongsanan et al., 2014a). The
hyphopodia penetrate the host tissues and produce haustoria, which absorb nutrients
from the host (Dean, 1997; Gregory and John, 1999; Hansford, 1946; Hughes, 1993;
Mibey and Hawksworth, 1995; Yi and Valent, 2013; Hongsanan et al., 2014a). These
fungi, however rarely cause significant damage to the host, although they may reduce
marketability of fruits or leaves (Hofmann, 2010). Again it is likely their occurrence
on fruit will become more commonplace with the occurrence as global warming and
the movement towards organic products.
A third group named fly speck fungi, often cause blemishes on fruits which
are mostly caused by genera of Schizothyriaceae. They form clusters as ascomata on
fruits linked by superficial mycelia (Batzer et al., 2008; Gleason et al., 2011; Ivanovi
et al., 2010). Again these fungi, rarely cause primary damage to the host, however
they may cause the economic losses. The fourth group, which is perhaps a subgroup
of group 3, are inconspicuous and often only visible as single or groups of fruiting
bodies, often on the lower surface of leaves of tropical trees. These secretive fungi
appear to produce structures under the fruiting bodies that penetrate host cells and
obtain nutrients, although in some cases they may cause leaf necrosis and probably
feed on dead plant cells. The genera of Aulographaceae, Micropeltidaceae,
Microthyriaceae and Parmulariaceae make up this group (Inácio and Cannon, 2008;
Wu et al., 2011, Wu et al., 2014a, b; Hongsanan et al., 2014a, b).
Most of these foliar epiphytes are relatively poorly known and have rarely
been subjected to sequence analysis (Wu et al., 2011; Hongsanan et al., 2014a, b;
Wijayawardene et al., 2014). This is because it is impossible to isolate these biotrophs
into culture or in case of sooty moulds because they comprise several species
intermingled in a sooty mould colony (Chomnunti et al., 2014).
We are studying the foliar epiphytes in order to understand their role, as well
as their phylogenetic relationships with other fungi (Chomnunti et al., 2011, 2012a, b,
2014; Hongsanan et al., 2014a; Wu et al., 2011, 2014b). Most species are
Ascomycota, but it may be possible that some are Basidiomycota. These fungi may
also be important as it is likely they produce unique novel chemicals as they occupy
unusual niches, belong to chemically poorly studied genera and are members of
poorly known families (Aly et al., 2011; Bills, 1996; Debbab et al., 2011, 2012,
2013). We collected a species of Aldona during a survey of foliar epiphytes in the
Philippines which matches A. stellata-nigra Racib. and thus have restudied this poorly
known species and some similar taxa. In this paper we revisit there morphologically
similar genera; Aldona, Aldonata and Viegasella in Parmulariaceae. We also
provided details of the asexual state of these unusual fungi.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Morphological study
Fresh specimens were collected from the Philippines, while type specimens were
obtained from M, K and S (for full names of herbaria see
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/index.php). One or two fruiting bodies were rehydrated
in 3%-5% KOH and transferred by fine forceps to a drop of water on a slide.
Microscope slide mount were prepared with water and lactophenol with Cotton blue
reagent. Sections of ascomata were made by free hand and mounted in lactic acid.
Observations and hand sections were examined under a stereoscope (Nikon ECLIPSE
80i) and photographed by a Canon 550D digital camera fitted to the microscope.
Measurements were made with Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work and photographic
plates processed and improved using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe Systems Inc.,
The United States).
2.2 Isolation and culture
Isolations were made via single ascospores in order to obtain pure culture following
the methodology described in Chomnunti et al. (2011). Ascomata were removed from
the substrate surface by a sterilized fine forceps or needle and were transferred to a
drop of sterile water in a small glass container. The drop of water was examined under
a stereoscope to establish that enough and the correct spores had been transferred. The
drops of spore suspension were then placed on malt extract agar (MEA) or potato
dextrose agar (PDA) in the center of pre-marked squares in a grid on the Petri dish by
a Pasteur pipette. The plates were incubated overnight in an incubator (25°C) and then
examined for single germinated spores under a microscope at high power after 12-24
hours and any germinating spores were transferred singly to at least three new plates.
Colonies were transferred to new Petri dishes with the appropriate media at 25-28°C
for 12 hr. of light/12 hr. of dark and then observed under a microscope and all
characters were photographed after one month.
3. Results
Although we obtained a culture of our fresh collection of Aldona stella-nigra from
single ascospores and sequenced this (ITS, SSU), a blast search showed it to be close
to Meira argovae strain AS006 (GenBank No. AY15867). Meira argovae is
accommodated in Exobasidiomycetes which causes leaf and flower gall disease
(Basidiomycota, Incertae sedis order and family level). The two taxa cannot be
confused as Aldona stella-nigra is an ascomycete with asci and ascospores, while
Meira argovae belongs in Exobasidiomycetes with sori in leaves which produce
basidiospores. We suspect that a basidiomycetous yeast was growing in association
with the ascomycete and outgrew our fungus in culture.
3.1 Taxonomy
Aldona Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java's (Jakarta) 1: 19 (1900)
MycoBank: MB 115, Facesoffungi number: FOF00309
Parasitic on the upper and lower surface causing reddish-brown leaf spots
visible from both sides of the leaf. Leaf spots solitary to gregarious, rounded, brown,
black in center, dark brown near ascomata margins. Sexual state: Ascomata
gregarious, semi-immersed to erumpent, black, linear, radial or star-shaped,
branching, coriaceous, shiny, opening by longitudinal slits. Peridium composed of
amorphous black tissue, base thin composed of brown cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium of dark brown to hyaline, branching, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored,
bitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a relatively long pedicel, apically rounded with
an ocular chamber. Ascospores elongate-clavate, upper cells larger and wider, basal
cells short and narrow, hyaline, trans-septate, constricted at the septa, especially
between the second and third cells from the apex, wall smooth. Asexual state:
Conidiomata solitary to gregarious, black, shiny, carbonaceous, globose to
subglobose or irregular, between and beneath the ascomata, hard to remove from leaf
surface. Peridium comprising 2 layers, outer layer thick and composed of darkly
pigmented cells, inner layer composed of hyaline to pale brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores forming from the inner cell walls. Conidiogenous cells
hyaline, integrated. Conidia aseptate, fusiform, hyaline, tapering at both ends,
smooth-walled.
Notes: Aldona was described by Raciborski (1900) as parasite on living leaves
of Pterocarpus indicus Willd. and placed in Hysteriaceae (Saccardo, 1904; Penzig
and Saccardo, 1904). It was transferred to Phacidiaceae by Höhnel (1917). Bisby
(1923) and Zogg (1962) also suggested that Aldona cannot be placed in Hysteriaceae.
Aldona however has bitunicate asci, but species in Phacidiaceae have unitunicate asci
and therefore Nannfeldt (1932) suggested this genus cannot be accommodated in
Phacidiaceae. Teodora (1937) also listed this genus from living leaves of Pterocarpus
sp. in the Philippines. Müller and von Arx (1962) provided a key and placed Aldona
in Dothioraceae. Müller and Patil (1973) referred to Aldona with three species: A.
stella-nigra Racib., A. americana Pert. & Cif. and A. minima E. Müller & Patil. All
species are from living leaves of Pterocarpus species. Sivanesan and Sinha (1989)
compared Aldona with Aldonata and synonymized them because of their
morphologically indistinguishable characteristics. However, consideration of both
genera indicated that there are differences based on ascospores and ascomata
(Aldonata has much larger locules and muriform rather than transversely septate
ascospores). At present the genus Aldona is placed in Parmulariaceae with three
species (Inácio and Cannon, 2008; Hyde et al., 2013).
Key to genera discussed in this paper
1. Ascomata superficial……………………………………………………...Viegasella
1. Ascomata initially immersed and then becoming erumpent or superficial…………2
2. Ascospores with only transverse septa……………………………………….Aldona
2. Ascospores with transverse and longitudinal septa………………………...Aldonata
Aldona stella-nigra Racib, Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java's (Jakarta) 1: 19 (1900)
MycoBank: MB 172102, Facesoffungi number: FOF00310
Figures 1, 2, 3
Parasitic growing on the upper and lower surface of living leaves. Leaf spots
hypophyllous, solitary to gregarious, orbiculare, brown, black in center, yellowish
swollen on leaf surface. Sexual state: Ascomata 132-392 × 83-120 m diam (
X
= 352
× 100 m, n = 5), semi-immersed to erumpent, opening by longitudinal slits 122-271
m diam (
X
= 207 m, n = 6), hard to remove from leaf surface, gel-like or soft
when wet, brittle when dry. Peridium 34-53 m diam (
X
= 43 m, n = 10),
thick-walled, 2-layers, outer layer thick and composed of darkly pigmented
amorphous cells, inner layer of hyaline to pale brown cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium 51-74 m long and 0.6-1.4 m wide (
X
= 64 × 1 m, n = 10),
filamentous pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing in gelatinous matrix with asci
embedded in mucilage. Asci 59-84 m long × 14-31 m wide (
X
= 68 × 21 m, n =
10), 8-spored, bitunicate or fissitunicate, broadly fusiform to obovoid with thin-walls
1-2 m diam (
X
= 2 m, n = 10), thick at apex, 2-5 m diam (
X
= 2 m, n = 7),
short and narrow pedicellate or occasionally with long and narrow pedicellate 21-7m
× 8-25 m diam (
X
= 4 × 12 m, n = 10), with ocular chamber, forming from the
base of the ascomata, asci vertically arranged and embedded in a gelatinous matrix.
Ascospores 28-48 m long× 7-10 m wide (
X
= 37 × 8 m, n = 10), 2-3- seriate,
long clavate, hyaline, 4-5 septate, apical cells wider and shorter, basal cells longer and
narrower, 3-5 × 7-20 m diam (
X
= 4 × 13 m, n = 10), both ends rounded, slightly
constricted at the septa, smooth-walled. Asexual state: Conidiomata 120-335 m long
× 75-205 m wide (
X
= 264 × 154 m, n = 10), solitary to gregarious, black, shiny,
carbonaceous, globose to subglobose or irregular, mostly growing on the spot,
surrounded by ascomata, hard to remove from leaf surface. Peridium 25-45 m diam
(
X
= 33 m, n = 7), comprising 2 layeres, outer layer thick and composed of darkly
pigmented 15-35 m diam (
X
= 23 m, n = 7) cells, inner layer composed of hyaline
to pale brown 10-20 m diam (
X
= 15 m, n = 7) cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores 15-20 × 0.5-2 m diam (
X
= 17 × 1 m, n = 10), forming from the
inner cell walls, embedded in a gelatinous matrix with conidia groups, broadly at the
basal of conidiophore and narrow at apex. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, integrated.
Conidia 1-1.5 × 3-3.5 m diam (
X
= 1 × 3 m, n = 10), aseptate, fusiform, narrow at
both ends broad at the centre, hyaline or sometime slightly greenish, smooth-walled,
conidia in a gelatinous matrix.
Material examined: INDONESIA. Sumatra, on leaves of Pterocarpus indicus
Willd (Fabaceae), 20 February 1959, Raciborski (M! 176025, isotype).
Other specimen examined: PHILIPPINES. Los Baños: Mt Makiling, on living
leaves of Pterocarpus draco L. (Fabaceae), February 2012, K.D. Hyde
(MFU14_0011).
Aldonata Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha, Mycol. Res. 92(2): 248 (1989)
MycoBank: MB25242, Facesoffungi number: FOF00311
Parasitic on leaf spots on the upper leaf surface. Spots solitary, scattered,
sometimes confluent, variable in shape, cicular to irregular, greyish-white, edge
diffuse. Sexual state: Ascomata semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, black, shiny,
appearing as flexuous lines on the leaf spot surface with a clearly-defined margin,
hard remove from leaves surface. Peridium 1-layered, composed of poorly-defined
brown to black cells. Hamathecium transverse septate, long, colourless, branched,
pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to broadly clavate, pedicellate,
thin-walled. Ascospores multiseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, muriform, hyaline, with up
to 8 transverse and longitudinal septa, lower cell narrow and longer, caudiform.
Asexual state: Conidiomata solitary to gregarious, sub-immersed, black and shiny,
carbonaceous, globose to irregular, mostly growing around the central of
grayish-white spot. Peridium composed of 1 layer of thick-walled colorless cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from basal
cells of inner peridium wall, Conidiogenous cells hyaline, integrated. Conidia aseptate,
fusiform to cylindrical, hyaline, tapering at both ends, smooth-walled.
Notes: Aldonata was introduced by Sivanesan and Sinha (1989) as a monotypic
genus, it contains the single species Aldonata pterocarpi Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha. The
genus is characterized by much larger locules than Aldona and muriform ascospores.
Aldonata is presently placed in Parmulariaceae (Inácio and Cannon, 2008), and is
similar to Aldona. Aldona and Aldonata are only genera of Parmulariaceae which
have colourless ascospores and are occur on legumes (Inácio and Cannon, 2008). A.
pterocarpi was described and illustrated in Inácio and Minter (2002) which has the
grayish-white lines surrounding the colony and are similar to the cream-coloured lines
in Aldona stella-nigra (Inácio and Minter, 2002). The asexual state of Aldonata
pterocarpi has not previously been reported, but we found pycnidia surrounding the
ascomata.
Aldonata pterocarpi Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha, Mycol. Res. 92(2): 249 (1989)
MycoBank: MB134615, Facesoffungi number: FOF00312
Figure 4
Parasitic on leaf spots of Pterocarpus draco, on the upper leaf surface. Spots
solitary, scattered, sometimes confluent, variable in shape, cicular to irregular,
greyish-white to light brown, edge diffuse. Sexual state: Ascomata 0.8-1.3 × 0.4-0.9
mm (
X
= 1 × 0.6 mm, n = 10), semi-immersed in leaves, globose to subglobose,
black, shiny, appearing as flexuous lines on the leaf surface with a clearly defined
margin. Peridium 570-690 × 220-280 m (
X
= 612 × 240 m, n = 6), apex brittle,
often fragmenting during sectioning, 1-layered, thick at base and sides, up to 70 m,
composed of poorly-defined brown to black cells. Hamathecium of 1-2 m broad with
transverse septate, long, colourless, branched pseudoparaphyses. Asci 65-95 × 15-30
m (
X
= 78 × 22 m, n = 6), 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to broadly clavate,
pedicellate up to 34 m long, thin-walled, with ascospores arranged in a cluster.
Ascospores 30-55 × 8-11 m (
X
= 41 × 9 m, n = 10), multiseriate, ellipsoid to
fusiform, muriform, hyaline, with up to 8 transverse and longitudinal septa, lower
cell narrow and longer, caudiform. Asexual state: Conidiomata 80-155 × 75-135 m
diam (
X
= 120 × 100 m, n = 10), solitary to gregarious, sub-immersed, black and
shiny, carbonaceous, globose to irregular, mostly growing around the centre of
grayish-white spot, Peridium wall up to 12 m broad, composed of 1 layer of
thick-walled colourless cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 5-9 × 1-2 m (
X
= 6
× 1.5 m, n = 10), reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from basal cells of inner
peridium wall, Conidiogenous cells hyaline, integrated. Conidia 2-4 × 1-1.5 m (
X
=
3 × 1 m, n = 10), aseptate, fusiform to cylindrical, hyaline, tapering at both ends,
smooth-walled.
Material examined: INDIA. Andaman Islands: Port Blair, on leaves of
Pterocarpus draco, 1 November 1987, A. R. P. Sinha (K! IMI 322833, holotype).
Viegasella Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 82 (2003)
MycoBank: MB 28709, Facesoffungi number: FOF00313
Parasitic on the upper leaf surface. Colonies solitary, scattered, sometimes
confluent, variable in shape, cicular to irregular, light brown to reddish with a diffuse
edge. Ascomata superficial, black, shiny, appearing as flexuous lines on the leaf
surface, opening by longitudinal splits. Ostiole conspicuous. Peridium thick at the
sides, composed of brown to black thick-walled cells of textura angularis, outer
brown to black carbonaceous substance and internal hyaline cells, two-layered. Upper
and lower wall thin, not well developed, sometimes absent. Hamathecium filamentous
pseudoparaphyses, with transverse septa, long, colourless, branched, and verrucose at
the tips. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short-pedicellate,
thin-walled, embedded in mucilage. Ascospores biseriate or multiseriate, ellipsoid to
fusiform or ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid, verrucose, usually two-celled, normally
unequal, constricted at each transverse septum, upper cell wider, lower cell narrow
and longer, hyaline, becoming pale brown when spores are senescent, each cell has an
oil drop.
Notes: Viegasella was introduced by Inácio and Cannon (2003) to
accommodate Schneepia pulchella because of its internal and external stromata and
haustoria and was placed in the family Parmulariaceae. Its superficial similarity to a
lichen was mentioned by Spegazzini (1888). Viegasella was compared with
Parmularia, Symphaeophyma and Mintera by Inácio and Cannon (2003). It is difficult
to distinguish Viegasella pulchella and Aldonata pterocarpi based only on the
macroscopic characters such as orientation of ascomata as both species has the
grayish-white to reddish lines surrounding the colony. Viegasella pulchella has tiny
black spots around ascomata at the edge of leaf spots and 1-septate ascospores which
differ from Aldonata pterocarpi which has the tiny black conidiomata at center of leaf
spots surrounded by the ascomata with muriform ascospores. The asexual state of
Viegasella pulchella has not previously been reported. The pycnidia-like black tiny
dots surrounding the ascomata lack contents.
Viegasella pulchella (Speg.) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 83 (2003)
MycoBank: M 373406, Facesoffungi number: FOF00314
Figure 5
Parmularia pulchella (Speg.) Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(2):
709 (1899)
Schneepia pulchella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 26(1): 55 (1888)
Parasitic on the upper leaf surface. Sexual state: Spots solitary, scattered,
sometimes confluent, variable in shape, cicular to irregular, light brown to reddish
with a diffuse edge. Ascomata 482-765 × 174-232 m (
X
= 574 × 203 m, n = 10),
superficial on the leaves, black, shiny, appearing as flexuous lines on the leaf spot
surface, opening by longitudinal splits. Ostiole conspicuous. Peridium thick at the
sides, 27-34 m (
X
= 31 m, n = 10), composed of brown to black thick-walled cells
of textura angularis, outer cells thick, brown to black, and internal hyaline cells,
two-layered. Upper and lower wall thin, not well developed, sometimes absent.
Hamathecium 2-5 m broad with transverse septa, filamentous pseudoparaphyses,
long, colourless, branched, and verrucose at the tips. Young asci variable in shape,
cylindric-clavate to clavate, with a subapical chamber visible before spore
delimitation. Mature Asci 52-79 × 11-19 m (
X
= 63 × 14 m, n = 10), 8-spored,
bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled particularly in the upper part,
short-pedicellate, thin-walled, embedded in mucilage. Ascospores 11-17 × 6-8 m
(
X
= 15 × 6 m, n = 10), biseriate or multiseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform or narrowly
ovoid, verrucose, usually two-celled, normally unequal, upper cell wider, lower cell
narrow and longer, transverse septa obviously shrink, hyaline and then becoming light
brown when spores are senescent, with an oil drop, the apex rounded and the base
obtuse, the mucilaginous sheath degenerating at maturity. Asexual state: Unknown.
Material examined: PARAGUAY. Guarapi, on leaves of Sapotaceae sp.,
November 1883, B. Balansa (PL. Paraguay exs. 4084, K (M): 180636, isotype).
Acknowledgments
MFLU grant number 56101020032 is thanked for supporting studies on
Dothideomycetes. We are also grateful to Thailand Research Fund Grant - Taxonomy,
Phylogeny and Biochemistry of Thai Basidiomycetes (BRG 5580009), and the
Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand for supporting this research.
Qing Tian and Putarak Chomnunti thank the grant by Office of the Higher Education
Research Promotion (2557A30762005) and Thailand Research Foundation
(TRG5780008). Kevin D. Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences, project
number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior
International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.
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Figure captions
Figure 1 Aldona stella-nigra (isotype). (A) Spots on lower surface of leaves, (B)-(D)
Black ascomata with longitudinal openings, (E)-(F) Section of ascomata, (G)-(I)
Hyaline ascospores with 6-8 septa, (J)-(L) Clavate to cylindrical asci containing eight
ascospores (Scale bars A = 50 mm, B-D = 1 mm, E- F = 100 µm, G-L = 10 µ m)
Figure 2 Aldona stella-nigra. (A)-(B) Colony on lower sides of living leaves, (C)-(D)
Ascomata on yellowish leaf spot, (E)-(F) Vertical section of ascomata, (G) Asci
arrangement in gelatinous matrix, (H) Hamathecium, (I) Ascus tip, note ocular
chamber in Melzer's reagent, (J)-(L) Asci with ascospores, note K mounted in
Melzer’s reagent and L mounted in cotton blue reagent, (M) Germinating ascospore,
(N)-(S) Ascospores, note the long and narrow ends, Q and S mounted in Melzer’s
reagent, S mounted in cotton blue reagent (Scale bars E-F = 100 µm, G = 50 µm, I =
10 µm, H, J-S = 20 µm)
Figure 3 Aldona stella-nigra. (A)-(B) Yellow colony with conidiomata occurring on
upper and lower surface of living leaves, (C) Section through conidioma, (D) Yellow
tissues of conidioma, (E) Conidia and conidiophores, (F)-(G) Hyaline conidiophores,
(H) Conidiogenous cells, (I) Aseptate conidia, (J) Conidia in Melzer's reagent, (K)
Conidia in cotton blue reagent (Scale bars C-D = 100 µm. E = 20 µm. F-K = 10 µm)
Figure 4 Aldonata pterocarpi (holotype). (A) Herbarium labels, (B) Herbarium
material, (C) Ascomata on host surface, (D) Conidiomata on host surface, (E)-(G)
Section of ascomata, (H) Section of conidiomata, (I)-(K) Asci with ascospores, note K
mounted in cotton blue reagent, (L) Hamathecium, (M) Peridium of conidiomata wall,
(N)-(Q) Conidiogenous cells, (R)-(V) Ascospores, note the long and narrow ends, (W)
Conidia (Scale bars C = 500 µm, D-E = 200 µm, F = 100 µm, G-H = 50 µm, M = 20
µm, I-L, R-V = 10 µm, N-Q, W = 5 µm)
Figure 5 Viegasella pulchellai (isotype). (A) Herbarium labels, (B) Herbarium
material, (C)-(D) Ascomata on host surface, (E)-(F) Section of ascomata, (G-L) Asci
with ascospores, note J and K mounted in cotton blue reagent, (M) Hamathecium.
(N-Q) Ascospores (Scale bars C = 1000 µm, D = 200 µm, E-F, L = 50 µ m, G-K, M =
10 µm, N-Q= 5 µm)
