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Fruit Soft Rot of Sweet Persimmon Caused by Mucor piriformis in Korea
Mycobiology
Abstract
A fruit soft rot caused by Mucor piriformis occurred on sweet persimmon storages in Jinju, Changwon and Gimhae, Gyeongnam province, Korea, 2003. The disease infection usually started from wounding after cracking of fruits. At first, the lesions started with water soaked and rapidly softened and diseased lesion gradually expanded. Colonies on potato dextrose agar at 20℃ were whitish to olivaceous-buff Sporangia were globose, black and 96~153µm in size. Sporangiophores were 26~42µm in width. Sporangiospores were ellipsoid and 5.8~10.6×4.3~7.6µm in size. Columella was obovoid, cylindrical-ellipsoidal, pyriform, subglobose and 80~125µm in size. Optimal temperature for mycelial growth was 20℃ on PDA. The causal organism was identified as M. piriformis. This is the first report of fruit soft rot on sweet persimmon caused by M. piriformis in Korea.
... Furthermore, the zygomycetous fungal strain named M. ramosissimus was also isolated from freshwater samples in Busan, Korea [29]. A fruit soft rot due to M. piriformis occurred on sweet persimmon storages in Gyeongnam Province, Korea [30]. ...
In the screening of fungal diversity, two strains were collected from the soil of Yeongcheon and dissected guts from the bodies of Chinese rice grasshopper (Oxya chinensis), Chinese grasshopper (Acrida cinerea), and Far eastern devil grasshopper (Oedaleus infernalis) from Daejeon in Korea. They were identified as Umbelopsis vinacea (KNU-YC-1801B) and Mucor hiemalis f. corticola (KNU-20F7, KNU-20F8, KNU-20F9). Multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, and large subunit (LSU) sequence data confirmed two unreported taxa along with their morphology. The results of molecular phylogeny firmly supported the detailed description and illustration for each taxon. As far as we know, both Umbelopsis vinacea and Mucor hiemalis f. corticola are the first reported taxa in Korea.
... However, its growth was not observed at temperatures above 30°C ( Table 2). The Mucoraceae family, to which P. anomala SMFM201611 belongs, has a minimum growth temperature of 5°C and an optimal growth temperature of 20°C (Kwon, Ahn, & Park, 2004). Sørensen and Jakobsen (1997) also reported that the optimum growth temperature range for Mucoraceae is 10 to 25°C and that growth is possible up to 30°C. ...
The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the microorganisms, especially yeasts and molds, related to the improvement of beef quality during dry‐aging of beef through microbiome analysis, and to examine the possibility of using them as starter culture strains to improve the efficiency of dry‐aging beef production. Beef sirloins were dry‐aged for 28 days using different wind speeds (0, 2.5, and 5 m/s) at 1 to 3 °C and 75% relative humidity, and microbial compositions were confirmed by microbiome analysis. Mold and yeast samples were plated on potato dextrose agar supplemented with 10% tartaric acid, and the isolated colonies were identified by DNA sequencing. The isolates were subjected to microbial characterization (morphological characterization, growth condition, and enzyme activity). Microbiome analysis showed that the dominant microorganisms were molds and yeasts identified as Pilaira anomala SMFM201611 and Debaryomyces hansenii SMFM201707. Pilaira anomala SMFM201611 and D. hansenii SMFM201707 were inoculated into 24 sirloins of the lowest grade. All samples were dry‐aged for 0, 14, 21, and 28 days and analyzed for microbial growth, pH, shear force, ultrastructure, and flavor compounds (free amino acids and free fatty acids). Inoculation with P. anomala SMFM201611 and D. hansenii SMFM201707 improved tenderness and cause the breakdown of myofibrils by proteolysis. Both microorganisms also produced free amino acids and fatty acids through proteolytic and lipolytic activities. These results indicate that P. anomala SMFM201611 and D. hansenii SMFM201707 isolated and identified from dry‐aged beef can improve the quality of low‐grade beef during dry‐aging.
Practical Application
During dry‐aging, mold and yeast improve the quality of dry‐aged beef. Pilaira anomala SMFM201611 and Debaryomyces hansenii SMFM201707 isolated from dry‐aged beef can improve tenderness by breaking down myofibrils. Both microorganisms improve flavor by producing free fatty acids and amino acids, and the taste and aroma characteristics of low‐grade beef may be improved during the dry‐aging process.
... Other fungal species that were not isolated or were only occasionally found in the present study with 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons, but have been reported as pathogenic on sweet persimmons include Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Phoma spp., Phomopsis spp., Fusicoccum spp., Fusarium spp., or Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis CL Xiao & J.D. Rogers (Cia et al. 2003;Crisosto 1999;Garibaldi et al. 2010;Goh et al. 1991;Kwon et al. 2004b;Raj and Rana 1987). Furthermore, fungi like Zygophiala jamaicensis EW Mason, Zygophiala wisconsinensis Batzer & Crous or Dissoconium spp. ...
‘Rojo Brillante’ is currently the most important persimmon cultivar in Spain. The incidence and etiology of postharvest diseases affecting this cultivar were determined under local conditions. Latent and wound pathogens were assessed for two consecutive seasons on commercially grown persimmons from two orchards. Healthy persimmons were either surface-disinfested or artificially wounded on the rind and placed in humid chambers at 20 or 25°C for up to 9 weeks. Additionally, decay was assessed on commercially handled persimmons stored at 1°C for up to 20 weeks. In all cases, the most frequent disease was alternaria black spot (ABS) caused by Alternaria alternata and an ABS severity index specific for ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons was established. Other minor pathogens causing latent infections, mostly stem-end rots, included Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum spp., Pestalotiopsis clavispora, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Penicillium expansum and, to much a lesser extent, Cladosporium cladosporioides were other pathogens causing wound infections. These two fungi and A. alternata and B. cinerea were also isolated from cold-stored fruit. Common isolates were identified by macroscopic and microscopic morphology and/or DNA amplification and sequencing. Pathogenicity of selected isolates was demonstrated by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Disease development at 20 and 5°C was characterized on artificially inoculated persimmons.
... Mucor hiemalis can be pathogenic on guavas (Kunimoto et al. 1977), carrots and cassava (Snowdon 1991). Mucor piriformis is a destructive pathogen of fresh strawberries (Snowdon 1990;Pitt and Hocking 2009) and a major cause of rotting of coldstored pears, apples, peaches, nectarines and tomatoes (Smith et al. 1979;Bertrand and Saulie-Carter 1980;Michailides and Spotts 1986;Michailides 1991;Mari et al. 2000;Pitt and Hocking 2009;Ukeh and Chiejina 2012), plums (Børve and Vangdal 2007), sweet persimmons (Kwon et al. 2004) and yams (Amusa and Baiyewu 1999;Iwama 2006). Mucor piriformis may infect the stem, calyx or wounds on the skin of fruits (Michailides and Spotts 1990a, b). ...
... Mucor hiemalis can be pathogenic on guavas (Kunimoto et al. 1977), carrots and cassava (Snowdon 1991). Mucor piriformis is a destructive pathogen of fresh strawberries (Snowdon 1990;Pitt and Hocking 2009) and a major cause of rotting of coldstored pears, apples, peaches, nectarines and tomatoes (Smith et al. 1979;Bertrand and Saulie-Carter 1980;Michailides and Spotts 1986;Michailides 1991;Mari et al. 2000;Pitt and Hocking 2009;Ukeh and Chiejina 2012), plums (Børve and Vangdal 2007), sweet persimmons (Kwon et al. 2004) and yams (Amusa and Baiyewu 1999;Iwama 2006). Mucor piriformis may infect the stem, calyx or wounds on the skin of fruits (Michailides and Spotts 1990a, b). ...
... Mucor hiemalis can be pathogenic on guavas (Kunimoto et al. 1977), carrots and cassava (Snowdon 1991). Mucor piriformis is a destructive pathogen of fresh strawberries (Snowdon 1990;Pitt and Hocking 2009) and a major cause of rotting of coldstored pears, apples, peaches, nectarines and tomatoes (Smith et al. 1979;Bertrand and Saulie-Carter 1980;Michailides and Spotts 1986;Michailides 1991;Mari et al. 2000;Pitt and Hocking 2009;Ukeh and Chiejina 2012), plums (Børve and Vangdal 2007), sweet persimmons (Kwon et al. 2004) and yams (Amusa and Baiyewu 1999;Iwama 2006). Mucor piriformis may infect the stem, calyx or wounds on the skin of fruits (Michailides and Spotts 1990a, b). ...
Many fungi are pathogenic on plants and cause significant damage in agriculture and forestry. They are also part of the natural ecosystem and may play a role in regulating plant numbers/density. Morphological identification and analysis of plant pathogenic fungi, while important, is often hampered by the scarcity of discriminatory taxonomic characters and the endophytic or inconspicuous nature of these fungi. Molecular (DNA sequence) data for plant pathogenic fungi have emerged as key information for diagnostic and classification studies, although hampered in part by non-standard laboratory practices and analytical methods. To facilitate current and future research, this study provides phylogenetic synopses for 25 groups of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucormycotina (Fungi), and Oomycota, using recent molecular data, up-to-date names, and the latest taxonomic insights. Lineage-specific laboratory protocols together with advice on their application, as well as general observations, are also provided. We hope to maintain updated backbone trees of these fungal lineages over time and to publish them jointly as new data emerge. Researchers of plant pathogenic fungi not covered by the present study are invited to join this future effort. Bipolaris, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Choanephora, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Fusarium, Gilbertella, Lasiodiplodia, Mucor, Neofusicoccum, Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Pyrenophora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stagonosporopsis, Ustilago and Verticillium are dealt with in this paper.
... Mucor hiemalis can be pathogenic on guavas (Kunimoto et al. 1977), carrots and cassava (Snowdon 1991). Mucor piriformis is a destructive pathogen of fresh strawberries (Snowdon 1990;Pitt and Hocking 2009) and a major cause of rotting of coldstored pears, apples, peaches, nectarines and tomatoes (Smith et al. 1979;Bertrand and Saulie-Carter 1980;Michailides and Spotts 1986;Michailides 1991;Mari et al. 2000;Pitt and Hocking 2009;Ukeh and Chiejina 2012), plums (Børve and Vangdal 2007), sweet persimmons (Kwon et al. 2004) and yams (Amusa and Baiyewu 1999;Iwama 2006). Mucor piriformis may infect the stem, calyx or wounds on the skin of fruits (Michailides and Spotts 1990a, b). ...
Many fungi are pathogenic on plants and cause significant damage in agriculture and forestry. They are also part of the natural ecosystem and may play a role in regulating plant numbers/density. Morphological identification and analysis of plant pathogenic fungi, while important, is often hampered by the scarcity of discriminatory taxonomic characters and the endophytic or inconspicuous nature of these fungi. Molecular (DNA sequence) data for plant pathogenic fungi have emerged as key information for diagnostic and classification studies, although hampered in part by non-standard laboratory practices and analytical methods. To facilitate current and future research, this study provides phylogenetic synopses for 25 groups of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucormycotina (Fungi), and Oomycota, using recent molecular data, up-to-date names, and the latest taxonomic insights. Lineage-specific laboratory protocols together with advice on their application, as well as general observations, are also provided. We hope to maintain updated backbone trees of these fungal lineages over time and to publish them jointly as new data emerge. Researchers of plant pathogenic fungi not covered by the present study are invited to join this future effort. Bipolaris, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Choanephora, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Fusarium, Gilbertella, Lasiodiplodia, Mucor, Neofusicoccum, Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Pyrenophora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stagonosporopsis, Ustilago and Verticillium are dealt with in this paper.
Peach fruits undergo decay due to postharvest infestation by various pathogens especially fungal pathogens. In this study the fungus associated with the spoilage of peach fruits under storage conditions in Kashmir Valley were isolated and identified on the basis of symptomological, cultural and morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were also carried out on healthy peach fruits. The fungal pathogen isolated were identified as Mucorpiriformis Fisher. Study was also undertaken to observe the antifungal activity of some fungicides and plant extracts against Mucorpyriformis causing Mucor rot of peaches. It was revealed from the study that different concentration of fungicides as well as plant extracts brought about significant reduction in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Mucor piriformis under in vitro conditions. Amongst the tested fungicides, hexaconozole proved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and spore germination followed by carbendazim, myclobutanil and bitertanol respectively. Amongst the plant extracts, Artemisia absinthium at highest concentration was found most effective followed by P. lanceolata, T. officinale, R. obtusifolius and M. sylvestris at the same concentration. Other concentrations of plant extracts also bought about significant reduction in mycelial growth and spore germination of the test fungus but to a lesser extent.
Persimmons are temperate, climacteric fruit, externally attractive with very little acidity and primarily sweet flavour. Maturation involves colour changing from green to yellow-orange or red, accompanied by increased soluble solids content (SSC), reduced fruit firmness and astringency. Commercial maturity is generally determined by colour. Persimmon's unique characteristic is a high soluble tannin content, responsible for astringency, which may or may not decline with maturation. Thus, cultivars are differentiated by the presence of low astringency (in 'sweet' persimmons), or extreme astringency, lost naturally with fruit softening. Treatments to remove astringency are generally applied postharvest, mostly using high CO2. Optimum storage is generally at 0°C, but higher temperatures may result in chilling injury. 1-MCP and modified/controlled atmosphere storage (MA/CA) can extend storage duration to three months. Most external disorders are expressed as skin blackening, and pathological disorders are generally low unless storage exceeds two months.
A fruit rot of sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki cv. 'Fuyu') that infected with blue mold was found during the storage and transport in Jinju Gyeongnam Province, Korea. Fruit surfaces that infected with the fungus were formed water soaked lesion at first then gradually colonized with the fungus and formed mycelial mats. From the point of infection, fruits become sunken and mostly ruptured. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from infected fruits and cultured on potato dextrose agar. The colonies of the pathogenic fungi were white at frist then became greyish green on malt extract agar. Conidia were ellipsoidal and in size. Phialides were ampulliform, verticilate of 3-7, in size. Metulae were verticils of 2-4, smooth, in size. Ramuli were groups 1-3, smooth, in size. Rami were groups 1-2, in size. Stipes were septate, smooth, thin walled, in size. Penicilli were mostly quaterverticillate. Based on the cultural and mycological characteristics as well as pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Penicillium expansum. This is the first report on the blue mold of sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki) caused by P. expansum in Korea.
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