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Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 78: 241–268, 2014
ISSN 1211-376X
Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Egypt:
annotated list and zoogeographical analysis
Marcela sKuhravá1), Václav sKuhravý1) & Ayman Khamis elsayeD2)
1) Bítovská 1227, CZ-140 00 Praha 4, Czech Republic; e-mail: marcela.skuhrava@gmail.com
2) Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University,
21545, Alexandria, Egypt; e-mail: ayman.khamis77@gmail.com
Corresponding author: marcela.skuhrava@gmail.com
Received 16 June 2014; accepted 5 December 2014
Published 22 December 2014
Abstract. The known gall midge fauna of Egypt is composed of 48 species belonging to 22 genera. The two most
species rich genera are Baldratia Kieffer, 1897, and Dasineura Rondani, 1840, each with six species. Most species
are phytophagous and cause galls on various host plants; but Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani, 1847), Diadiplosis
donaldi (Harris, 1968), D. hirticornis Felt, 1915, Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris, 1981 and Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot,
1827) are zoophagous; and Asynapta phragmitis Giraud, 1863, Mycodiplosis coniophaga (Winnertz, 1853) and
M. triticina (Barnes, 1936) are mycophagous. Phytophagous species are associated with 37 plant species which
belong to ten plant families; 16 species are associated with Chenopodiaceae and six with Tamaricaceae. Usually
only one species of gall midges is associated with each host plant species but Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae)
hosts four species: Asphondylia punica Marchal, 1897 (= A. conglomerata De Stefani, 1900), Primofavilla
aegyptiaca Elsayed, 2014, Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani, 1900, and S. skuhravae Elsayed, 2014; Anabasis setifera
(Chenopodiaceae) two species: Baldratia aegyptiaca Möhn, 1969 and B. desertorum Möhn, 1969; Phragmites
australis (Poaceae) two species: Giraudiella inclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) and Asynapta phragmitis Giraud, 1863;
Traganum nudatum (Chenopodiaceae) two species: Baldratia tragani Möhn, 1969 and Stefaniola ventriosa Möhn,
1971; Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae) host six species of gall midges. Zoogeographical analysis: most species (75%)
are Mediterranean, 10.5% Euro-Asian, 6.2% Holarctic or cosmopolitan, 4.1% Afro-Asian and 4.1% Afrotropical.
More than one third (20 species, 41.6%) were found only in Egypt and are restricted to this region on the basis of
recent knowledge. Common (shared) species occurring in North African countries indicate their similarity in faunal
composition: 9 species are recorded from Egypt and Algeria, and Egypt and Tunisia; 8 species from Egypt and
Morocco; 7 from Egypt and Libya. Three species occur in all ve North African countries: Baldratia salicorniae
Kieffer, 1897, causing galls on Arthrocnemum fruticosum, Psectrosema tamaricum (Kieffer, 1912) swellings on
Tamarix africana and T. gallica L. and Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares, 1904 on Artemisia herba-alba and A. judaica.
Thirteen species were recorded in Northern Egypt near Alexandria during investigations in the years 2012–2014.
Eight species are gall causers associated with various host plants and ve species are predators feeding on various
arthropods. Three species are new to science, and are described in a separate paper; seven species are recorded
in Egypt for the rst time; Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani, 1900 and Schizomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859)
are newly recorded after more than 100 years since their rst discovery in Egypt. Drawings and photos of several
galls on host plants and recommendations for future research of the family Cecidomyiidae in Egypt are given.
Lestodiplosis tamaricis (Kollar, 1858), new combination; larvae are zoophagous in galls caused by Cirriphora
pharaonana (Kollar, 1858) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
Key words. Faunistics, zoogeography, biogeography, distribution, plant-animal interactions Diptera, Cecidomyiidae,
Egypt, North Africa, Mediterranean, Palaearctic Region.
242
INTRODUCTION
The family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera: Nematocera) is one of the largest families of Diptera. Gagné
& Jaschhof (2014) list 6,203 valid species belonging to 736 genera of living and fossil gall midges
in the world. The Cecidomyiidae are currently classied under six subfamilies: Catotrichinae,
Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae, Porricondylinae and Cecidomyiinae; the last is the
most species rich subfamily. Only the larvae of Cecidomyiinae are able to induce galls on host
plants, larvae of other subfamilies are mycophagous or mycosaprophagous. Adults are usually
very small, inconspicuous ies but the galls (in Latin: cecidium) that are caused by their larvae on
various organs of host plants are strange and striking formation (hence the common name “gall
midgesLarvae of some species live free in ower heads or stems of plants without making galls
and others are mycophagous or saprophagous. Zoophagous larvae are predators of larvae of other
gall midges, of aphids, mites, coccids, or other small arthropods and some of them may be used in
biological control of pests. Larvae of some species live as inquilines in galls of other gall midges or
other insects. The biology of many species of gall midges caught as adults in nature is completely
unknown (Skuhravá 1986, 1997a, Skuhravá et al. 1984a, b, Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010). In Europe
about sixty gall midge species are economically important, of these forty species cause damage
to agricultural plants (Darvas et al. 2000) and twenty to forest trees (Skuhravá & Roques 2000).
More than 3,100 gall midge species are known in the Palaearctic region (Skuhravá 2006).
Skuhravá (1986) in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera listed 25 species of gall midges known
to occur in Egypt up to that time. Since then several new records of gall midge species have been
recognised by various researchers. Nevertheless the fauna of the gall midges of Egypt is still po-
orly known. We hope that our paper will attract the attention of entomologists to this interesting
group of insects inducing galls on host plants.
Egypt is a large country. Its territory occupies 1,010,000 km2 and represents the westernmost
part of the Middle East or Near East (Fig. 1). Egypt is a transcontinental country spanning the
northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai
Peninsula. Egypt lies at the junction of four biogeographical regions, Irano-Turanian, Mediterra-
nean, Saharo-Sindian and Afrotropical.
Most of its territory lies within the Nile Valley of North Africa and is bordered by the Medi-
terranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the
east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. Apart from the
Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt’s landscape is desert, with a few oases scattered about. Winds
create prolic sand dunes that peak at more than 100 feet (30 m) high. Egypt includes parts of
the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert.
The vegetation of Egypt is not very rich because large areas are covered with deserts
where only a few wild plants occur. Richer vegetation may be found along the northern and
southern margins, near the oases and drainages and in valleys and along the Nile River. The-
re are very few native trees: Juniperus phoenicea is the only native coniferous tree. About
2,426 plant species are reported to occur in Egypt (Drar & Täckholm 1969, Täckholm 1974).
From the biogeographical point of view, Egypt’s spread in North Africa is considered to be a part
of the Palaearctic Region (Soós & Papp 1986). Udvardy (1975) includes the Mediterranean North
Africa in the Palaearctic Region and considered the southern boundary of the desert vegetation
as its boundary in Africa.
The fauna of gall midges of Egypt is poorly known. Only a few researchers from several coun-
tries of Europe collected galls on plants, usually during their scientic journeys.
In 1858 Vincenz Kollar (1797–1860), the Austrian zoologist and a member of the Austrian
Academy of Sciences and of the Zoological and Botanical Society in Vienna (Austria), described
243
the species Cecidomyia tamaricis. He obtained adults from subglobular galls on Tamarix articu-
lata. The galls were found in the surroundings of Cairo (Kollar 1858).
The Austrian naturalist and entomologist Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld (1807–1873) was the
rst who discovered several galls caused by various causers in Egypt. It was in the course of his
round-the-world voyage during 1850. He published results obtained on this journey in a paper
(Frauenfeld 1859) where he described and illustrated several galls of gall midges on various plants.
In this paper he described the gall midge Cecydomyia buboniae (now: Schizomyia buboniae) which
he reared from the galls on Deverra tortuosa. He collected these galls in the area from Cairo
up to Suez. Later Kieffer (1909) gave names to four gall midge species the galls of which were
discovered and illustrated by Frauenfeld (1859). Kieffer’s descriptions include only the shape of
the gall and the host plant species. He did not describe larvae, pupae and adults.
Fig. 1. Egypt with adjacent countries and with main localities where galls of gall midges were collected by various re-
searchers between 1850 and 2013. 1 – Alexandria, 2 – Daqahliyah, 3 – Ismailia, 4 – Cairo, 5 – Giza, 6 – Suez, 7 – Sinai,
8 – Qena, 9 – Dakhla Oasis, 10 – Aswan.
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The excellent French botanist and cecidologist C. Houard (1873–1943) contributed importantly
to the knowledge of galls in Europe and North Africa and elaborated extensive keys to plant galls
of that time (Houard 1908–1909, 1912, 1913, 1922–1923) which remain a good source of knowl-
edge on plant galls up to the present. He discovered several interesting galls of gall midges on
plants in the course of his research journeys in North Africa, including Egypt. Another excellent
French entomologist J. J. Kieffer (1857–1925) described three gall midge species associated with
species of Tamarix (Kieffer 1912).
The Polish botanist and entomologist B. Debski (1874–1927) spent the last ten years of his life
in Egypt. He collected galls on various plants and published a paper where he described 96 galls
caused by various causers and found mainly in the surroundings of Cairo. The paper includes
also descriptions of galls induced by 20 gall midge species (Debski 1918). He described seven
gall midge species found in Egypt (Debski 1918, 1922).
The German entomologist E. Möhn (1928–2008) contributed importantly to the knowledge of
gall midges in Egypt. He described eight new species of gall midges on the basis of larvae. He
obtained these larvae from dry herbarium items which he discovered in several botanical collections
of various museums. He gave the names of type localities where galls were found and the date of
nding the galls but not the name of the collector. The oldest nd of galls on Anabasis articulata
described as Stefaniola vastita bears the following data: “Sinai, Juni 1832 (Möhn 1966–1971).
Also several Egyptian entomologists contributed to the knowledge of the gall midge fauna of
Egypt: Azab et al. (1965a, b) to the biology of Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Steyskal & El-Bialy (1967)
elaborated a list of Egyptian Diptera in which they reported 23 species of the family Cecidomyiidae
known to occur in Egypt, Mesbah et al. (1976, 1978), Shoukry et al. (1989), Semida (2006) and
El-Serwy (2008) contributed to the occurrence and ecology of several gall midge species.
In this paper we summarize data on gall midges in Egypt, add new records obtained during
investigations by Ayman Khamis Elsayed in the surroundings of Alexandria during 2012–2014
and evaluate results from the zoogeographical point of view.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We gathered data on the occurrence of gall midges in Egypt from articles of various researchers, published over a period
of about 150 years, from the middle of 19th century until 2013. Most of the species of gall midges recorded in Egypt
were found by collecting galls from different host plants. Some species of gall midges are known only on the basis of the
description of galls, others on the basis of larvae and a few on the basis of adults . It will be needful to nd galls of described
species which are based on galls and try to rear adults. It is a way to verify the identity of the inhabitants of the galls.
Identication of galls is based on keys of Houard 1908–1909, 1912, 1913, 1922–1923, of larvae on Möhn (1955,
1966–1971) and of adults on the keys to genera of Skuhravá (1997a). The nomenclature of gall midge species is based on
Gagné & Jaschhof (2014), the nomenclature of host plant species on Tutin et al. (1964–1980), the economic importance
of gall midge species was assessed based on information in Barnes (1946–1956), Nijveldt (1969), Skuhravý & Skuh-
ravá (1993, 1996), Darvas et al. (2000) and Skuhravá & Roques (2000), zoogeography on Skuhravá (1987, 1997b) and
Skuhravá et al. (1984a).
RESULTS
At present the known gall midge fauna of Egypt includes 48 species belonging to 22 genera re-
corded at about 70 localities situated in the Nile Delta and in the Sinai Peninsula (Fig. 1). In the
following part we present an annotated list of all gall midge species recorded in Egypt and a list
of host plant species with associated gall midge species (Table 1). At the end we evaluate all data
obtained in Egypt from the zoogeographical point of view.
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Table 1. List of host plants and gall midges
host plant species of gall midge shape of gall
Acacia vera Collula kiefferi folded leaets
Acacia arabica Resseliella trianguliceps swelling on branch
Achillea millefolium Rhopalomyia millefolii egg-shaped galls on stems or in inorescences
Anabasis articulata Stefaniola vastita slight swelling of stem
Anabasis prostrata Stefaniola vastita slight swelling of stem
Anabasis setifera Baldratia aegyptica slight stem swelling
Baldratia desertorum slight stem swelling
Artemisia campestris Rhopalomyia tubifex tubular galls on leaf axils and stems
Artemisia herba-alba Rhopalomyia navasi large white pubescent galls on stem
Arthrocnemum fruticosum Baldratia salicorniae stem swelling
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Houardiella gracilis larvae inside stem, any external sign of their
presence
Arundo donax Lasioptera donacis larvae inside stem
Astragalus forskalei Contarinia forskalei swollen ower bud
Atriplex halimus Asphondylia punica large galls on stems
(= A. conglomerata)
Primofavilla aegyptiaca leaf galls
Stefaniella skuhravae slight swelling of male inorescence
Stefaniella trinacriae large fusiform swelling of stem
Deverra scoparia Schizomyia botellus elongate swelling on stem
Deverra tortuosa Schizomyia buboniae berry-like galls on stems
Deverra triradiata Schizomyia botellus elongate swelling on stem
Halogeton alopecuroides Baldratia halogetonis small leaf swelling
Haloxylon schweinfurthii Stefaniola unita hard-walled swelling of stem
Haloxylon schnittianum Stefaniola unita hard-walled swelling of stem
Lycium arabicum Contarinia lycii swollen ower bud
Phragmites australis Asynapta phragmitis larva inside stem
Giraudiella inclusa corn-like galls inside stem
Salsola vermiculata Stefaniola gloma slight swelling of owering branch
Senebriera nilotica Dasineura senebrierae swelling on stem
Suaeda monoica Stefaniola defoliata larvae inside leaves without external sign
Suaeda pruinosa Baldratia karamae larvae inside leaves without external sign
Tamarix africana Psectrosema tamaricinum small bud galls resembling pine cone
Psectrosema tamaricum small ovoid swelling of young leaf branches
Tamarix arborea Psectrosema alerii swelling on twigs
Tamarix articulata Lestodiplosis tamaricis larvae are zoophagous in stem swelling caused
by Cirriphora pharaonana (Lepidoptera)
Tamarix nilotica Psectrosema debskii swellings on young branches
Tamarix tetragynae Dasineura tetragynae closed ower buds
Tanacetum vulgare Rhopalomyia tanaceticola galls on buds, leaves and ower heads
Traganum nudatum Baldratia tragani leaf swellings
Stefaniola ventriosa leaf galls with hard walls
Vachellia nilotica subsp. nilotica Dasineura mimosae deformed leaves
(= Mimosa nilotica)
Viola sp. Dasineura afnis rolled leaf margin
Zilla myagoides Dasineura zillae deformed owers
Zilla spinosa Dasineura lenkiewicziae swelling on the branch
Zygophyllum album Contarinia zygophylli swollen ower bud
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Annotated list
The following data are given for each species: species name, author and date of description, sy-
nonyms (if any), short description of the biology (if known), shape of the gall, host plant species
and family, occurrence in Egypt with names of localities where galls were found in the past and
new records, references to authors and distribution.
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani, 1847)
Cecidomya aphidimyza Rondani, 1847: 443.
Cryptobremia aegyptiaca Kieffer, 1912.
Slightly orange coloured larvae are predators on many species of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
on various host plants. They are used for biological control of aphids. This widespread species
has been described under many names which are now considered to be its synonyms (Harris
1973, Gagné & Jaschhof 2014); one of them is Cryptobremia aegyptiaca described very briey
by Kieffer (1912b) from “Nordafrika” without any other details.
Azab et al. (1965a, b) recorded that A. aphidimyza is an effective predator on several species
of aphids in Egypt.
occurrence. Northern Egypt (Kieffer, 1912, Harris 1973, Azab et al. 1965); Giza (El-Serwy
2008); Alexandria (Elsayed 2014, Elsayed et al. 2014a).
DistriBution. Holarctic, cosmopolitan (Harris 1973, Skuhravá 1986, Gagné 2004).
Asphondylia punica Marchal, 1897
Asphondylia punica Marchal, 1897: 20.
Asphondylia conglomerata De Stefani, 1900: 16.
Larvae cause large galls, up to several centimeters long, on the stems of Atriplex halimus L.
(Chenopodiaceae) (Fig. 17). Such large galls usually include the whole shoot on which all ower
buds are changed into small galls, each with one larva. Marchal (1897) discovered small galls on
Atriplax halimus in Tunisia and described a female, pupa and larva very briey. Later De Stefani
(1900) found large galls in Sicily (Italy) and described a male and female as an independent spe-
cies. Dorchin et al. (2014) redescribed Asphondylia punica and made A. conglomerata a junior
synonym of A. punica.
Elsayed et al. (2014a) recorded two generations per year in Egypt, from the periods of No-
vember to April and May to October. The parasitoid complex of both generations were studied
by Doğanlar & Elsayed (2013 and 2014).
occurrence. Alexandria, El-Amria district, collected by A. K. Elsayed, 2012 and 2013.
DistriBution. Mediterranean; galls were found in the following countries: Italy (Sicily) (De Stefani
1900, Skuhravá et al. 2007), Spain (Skuhravá et al. 1996), Canary Islands (Graham & Gijswijt
1998), Greece (Crete) (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 1997), Libya: Tobruk (leg. Prof. B. Massa, 1998,
det. M. Skuhravá, unpubl.), Tunisia: Ben Gardane, 1995 (leg. Dr. M. Boness, det. M. Skuhravá,
unpubl.), Debski (1918), Israel: Kalia (leg. Dr. J. Halperin, 1992, det. M. Skuhravá, unpubl.),
Egypt (first record).
Asynapta phragmitis (Giraud, 1863)
Cecidomyia phragmitis Giraud, 1863: 1260.
Ruebsaamenia harundinea Marikovskij, 1961: 44.
Larvae live in stems of Phragmites australis L. (Poaceae), usually in association with larvae of
Lipara lucens (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera: Chloropidae) (Panelius 1965).
occurrence. Egypt: Daqahliyah, Shirbin (El-Serwy 2008).
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DistriBution. Euro-Asian. It occurs in Europe (UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Latvia, Poland and
Austria); in Asia (Kazakhstan) and in Africa (Egypt) (Skuhravá 1986, Fedotova 2000).
Baldratia aegyptiaca Möhn, 1969
Baldratia aegyptiaca Möhn, 1969: 185.
Larvae cause one-sided slight swellings on stems of Anabasis setifera Moq. (Chenopodiaceae).
Inside each gall is a single chamber which is inhabited by a single larva. Pupation takes place in
the gall. Möhn (1969: 185) described only the larva. Pupa, male and female are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: Wadi Feiran, South Sinai, January 1903 (Möhn, 1969).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Baldratia desertorum Möhn, 1969
Baldratia desertorum Möhn, 1969: 190.
Larvae cause one-sided slight swellings on stems of Anabasis setifera Moq. (Chenopodiaceae).
Inside each gall is a single chambre which is inhabited by a single larva. Pupation takes place in
the gall. Möhn (1969: 190) described only the larva. Pupa, male and female are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: Feu Schel Wrab, no date (Möhn, 1969).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Baldratia halogetonis Möhn, 1969
Baldratia halogetonis Möhn, 1969: 197.
Larvae cause slightly paunchy swellings on the leaves of Halogeton alopecuroides (Delile) Moq.
(Chenopodiaceae). The gall has only one chamber. Pupation takes place in the gall. Möhn (1969:
197) described only the larva. Pupa, male and female are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: H’amt, Guari/Sinai, Juli 1926 (Möhn, 1969).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Baldratia karamae Elsayed et Skuhravá, 2014
Baldratia karamae Elsayed et Skuhravá, 2014: 5.
Larvae develop inside leaves of Suaeda pruinosa Lange (Chenopodiaceae). Attacked leaves do
not show any external signs of infestation except a dark reddish spot (Fig. 19). Inside the leaf is
a chamber where a single larva develops. Larvae pupate in galls. Two generations develop per
year.
occurrence. Egypt: Sedi kerer, Abo-Talat and El-Amria districts. Galls were found in 2013,
male and female reared and described by A. K. Elsayed (Elsayed et al. 2014a). Larva and pupa
are not known.
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known to occur only from Egypt (Elsayed et al. 2014a).
Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897
Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897: 7.
Baldratia hyalina Kieffer, 1912: 74.
Larvae cause swellings on stems of Arthrocnemum fruticosum (L.) Moq. (Syn. Salicornia fruticosa
L.) (Chenopodiaceae) (Fig. 2). Each larva develops in a single chamber. Only one generation
develops in a year. Pupation takes place in the gall, adults emerge from April until the summer.
occurrence. Egypt: Mehi, 18 August 1891, on Salicornia lignosa Woods (Möhn 1969); Alexan-
dria, Abotalat district, 6 February to 14 April 2013, leg. A. K. Elsayed (Fig. 18).
248
DistriBution. Mediterranean, galls occur relatively abundantly in salt marshes. Galls were found
in southern England, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Greece, in Morocco,
Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Israel, and in the islands of Mallorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily,
Lefkada and Malta (Skuhravá et al. 1984, Skuhravá et al. 2002).
Baldratia tragani Möhn, 1969
Baldratia tragani Möhn, 1969: 200.
Larvae cause slightly paunchy swellings on the leaves of Traganum nudatum Delile (Cheno-
podiaceae). The gall has only one chamber. Pupation takes place in the gall. Möhn (1969: 200)
described only the larva. Pupa, male and female are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: Nouébe, El Hamd, Aswan, 1837 (Möhn 1969).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Collula kiefferi Gagné, 1993
Perrisia acaciae Kieffer, 1909: 1.
Collinia acaciae: Kieffer, 1912: 233.
Collula kiefferi Gagné, 1993: 112, replaced name for Collinia acaciae Kieffer, 1912.
Kieffer (1909) described very briey a gall on Acacia vera Willd. (Fabaceae): “Deformation of
leaets. Egypt (Frauenfeld 1855). Perrisia? acaciae n. sp.” Frauenfeld did not publish a paper
in 1850, but in 1859 where he gave a good illustration of the gall (Fig. 3) and noted that galls
were found from Cairo to Suez. Later Kieffer (1912: 233) described a female as Collinia acaciae.
Houard (1912: 104) described the gall in detail and reproduced the gures of Frauenfeld.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo and Suez (Frauenfeld 1859, Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known to occur only in Egypt.
Contarinia forskalei Debski, 1918
Contarinia forskalei Debski, 1918: 21.
Larvae develop in swollen ower buds of Astragalus forskalei Boissier (Fabaceae). Debski (1918)
described larva and gall. Adults are not known.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo, Wadi Abou-Zouleiqa, near Hélouan, 26 March 1918 (Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Contarinia lycii Debski, 1918
Contarinia lycii Debski, 1918: 33.
Larvae develop in swollen ower buds of Lycium arabicum Schweinfurth (Solanaceae). Debski
(1918) described only gall and larva. Adults are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo, Wadi-Rished, near Helwan, 20 March 1910 (Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Contarinia zygophylli Debski, 1918
Contarinia zygophylli Debski, 1918: 23.
Larvae develop in swollen ower buds of Zygophyllum album L. (Zygophyllaceae). Debski (1918)
described larva and gall; adults are unknown (Fig. 4). Fedotova (1990) described adults (and not
larvae) of Contarinia zygophylliorae, larvae of which develop in ower bud galls of Zygophyllum
oxianum and other species of Zygophyllum in Kazakhstan. Both species may be identical.
occurrence. Egypt: Hélouan, desert near Walda, Cairo, 26 March 1910 (Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterrranean, known only from Egypt.
249
Figs 2–9. Galls of gall midges found in Egypt. 2 – Stem gall of Baldratia salicorniae on Arthrocnemum fruticosum. 3
– Galls on leaets of Acacia vera caused by Collula kiefferi, with a detail of one gall. 4 – Flower bud galls on Zygophyllum
sp. caused by Contarinia zygophylli. 5 – Flower bud galls on Zilla myagroides caused by Dasineura zillae. 6 – Corn-like
galls inside the stem of Phragmites australis caused by Giraudiella inclusa. 7 – Parenchymous galls on leaves of Atriplex
halimus caused by Primofavilla aegyptiaca, with cross section of leaf including gall. 8 – Cone-shaped galls on leaf buds
of Tamarix africana caused by Psectrosema tamaricinum, with a section of one gall showing a chamber. 9 – Fusiform
swelling on stem of Tamarix africana caused by Psectrosema tamaricum, with cross-section of gall. All gures are original
drawings taken from publications of Frauenfeld (1859) (Figs 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16), of Houard (1908–1909, 1912)
(Figs 2, 7, 9, 12, 15) and of Buhr (1964–1965) (Fig. 6).
250
Dasineura afnis (Kieffer, 1886)
Cecidomyia afnis Kieffer, 1886: 330.
At rst white, later pale orange coloured larvae produce galls on the young leaves of Viola reichen-
bachiana Jord. ex Boreau (= V. sylvestris Lam., V. sylvatica Fries) (Violaceae). Leaf margins are
rolled up and thickened. Several larvae develop in one roll where they pupate in white cocoons.
Two or more generations develop per year (Barnes 1948b).
occurrence. Egypt (El-Zoheiry 1944, on Viola sp.).
DistriBution. Euro-Asian; known to occur in many countries of Europe; it occurs also in Asia
(Kazakhstan, Turkey) and in North Africa (Algeria, Egypt) (Skuhravá 1986, Skuhravá et al. 2005,
Fedotova 2000).
Dasineura lenkiewicziae (Debski, 1918)
Perrisia Lenkiewicziae Debski, 1918: 18.
Dasineura lenkiewicziae (Debski, 1918): Skuhravá 1986: 156.
Larvae cause swellings on branches of Zilla spinosa (L.) (Brassicaceae). Debski (1918) described
larva and gall only. Adults are unknown.
occurrence. Egypt: Wadi-Hof, February 1911, leg. Mrs. Lenkiewicz-Dzieslewska (Debski
1918).
DistriBution. Mediterrranean, known only from Egypt.
Dasineura mimosae (Kieffer, 1909)
Perrisia mimosae Kieffer, 1909: 14.
Dasineura mimosae (Kieffer, 1909): Skuhravá 1986: 157.
Larvae develop in deformed leaves of Vachellia nilotica subsp. nilotica (L.) (=Mimosa nilotica
L.) (Fabaceae). Kieffer (1909) described only the gall and refers to the information of Frauenfeld
(1855). He found this gall at Cairo during his research journey. Nothing more is known.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo (Frauenfeld 1855, Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, found only in Egypt.
Dasineura senebrierae (Kieffer, 1909)
Perrisia senebrierae Kieffer, 1909: 28.
Dasineura senebrierae (Kieffer, 1909): Skuhravá 1986: 164.
Larvae cause large swellings including many chambers on the stems of Senebriera nilotica DC.
(= Coronopus niloticus Delile) (Brassicaceae). Kieffer described the gall only and referred to
Frauenfeld (1859). Larvae leave galls and pupate in the soil.
occurrence. Egypt: near the Pyramids of Ghizeh (Frauenfeld 1859).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Dasineura tetragynae Debski, 1918
Dasyneura tetragynae Debski, 1918: 28.
Dasineura tetragynae Debski, 1918: Skuhravá 1986: 166.
Larvae develop in ower buds of Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenberg (Tamaricaceae). Attacked ower
buds remain closed. Debski (1918) described only the larva. Adults are unknown. Barnes (1948)
reported that the larvae are orange and gregarious. Pupation takes place in the soil.
occurrence. Egypt: Hélouan, Cairo, 14 March 1911 (Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
251
Dasineura zillae (Kieffer, 1909)
Perrisia zillae Kieffer, 1909: 34.
Dasineura zillae (Kieffer, 1909): Skuhravá 1986: 169.
Larvae develop in swollen ower buds and deformed owers of Zilla myagoides Frsk. (Brassica-
ceae) (Fig. 5). Kieffer (1909) described the gall only with reference to Frauenfeld (1859).
occurrence. Egypt: Giza, near the Pyramids (Frauenfeld 1859).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, found only in Egypt.
Diadiplosis donaldi (Harris, 1968)
Ghesquierinia donaldi Harris, 1968: 146.
Harris (1968) described this species on the basis of adults reared from larvae feeding on coccids
Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on Dioscorea sp. (Dioscoreaceae).
occurrence. Egypt: Alexandria, El-Shatby district, August 2013: 10 males and 9 females reared
from Spilococcus juniperi Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting Cupressus sempervirens
L. (Cupressaceae), leg. A. K. Elsayed (Elsayed 2014, Elsayed et al. 2014b).
DistriBution. Afrotropical, known to occur in Nigeria (Harris 1968) and Egypt (new record).
Diadiplosis hirticornis Felt, 1915
Diadiplosis hirticornis Felt 1915: 179; Gagné 1973: 869; Skuhravá 1986: 250.
Nipponodiplosis hirticornis (Felt 1915): Harris 1968: 460.
Larvae are predators of pseudococcids Pseudococcus vapor and Planococcus spp. (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae) (Harris 1968, Gagné & Jaschhof 2014).
occurrence. Egypt: Alexandria, El-Shatby district, 29 May – 18 June 2013: 2 males and 5 females
reared from Spilococcus juniperi Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting Cupressus sem-
pervirens L. (Cupressaceae), leg. A. K. Elsayed (Elsayed 2014, Elsayed et al. 2014b).
DistriBution. Afro-Asian, known to occur in Japan (Yukawa 1971), India (Grover 1979), Yemen
(Harris & Harten 2006) and Egypt (new record).
Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris, 1981
Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris, 1981: 339.
Harris (1981) described this species on the basis of specimens reared from larvae feeding as
predators in egg masses of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on Manihot esculenta Cranz
(Euphorbiaceae) in Congo and Senegal. Larvae are predators also of Ferrisia virgata and Plano-
coccus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014).
occurrence. Egypt: Alexandria, Somuha district, August 2013: 10 males and 5 females reared
from Phenacoccus gossypii infesting Rosa sinensis L. (Rosaceae), leg. A. K. Elsayed.
DistriBution. Afro-Asian, known to occur in Senegal, Democratic Republic of Congo (Harris
1981), Oman (Abbas 1999), Iran (Skuhravá et al. 2014) and Egypt (rst record).
Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot, 1827)
Cedomyia acarisuga Vallot, 1827: 95.
Therodiplosis persicae Kieffer, 1912: 2.
Larvae are predators of spider mites (Tetranychidae, Acarina). Larvae occur in colonies of spider
mites where they feed on eggs, nymphs and adult spider mites. Several generations develop a year.
Full-grown larvae spin a white cocoon where they pupate either on the leaf, or after dropping to
the soil (Gagné 1995). It is one of the most effective and widespread natural enemies of spider
mites and it is used in biological control.
252
occurrence. Egypt: Ismailia Governo rate (Shoukry et al. 1989), Giza (El-Serwy 2008), Alexan-
dria (Elsayed 2014, Elsayed et al. 2014b).
DistriBution. It is probably primarily a European species, at present known to be distributed
in several continents and considered therefore to be of cosmopolitan distribution (Gagné 2004,
2010, Skuhravá et al. 2010).
Giraudiella inclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862)
Cecidomyia inclusa Frauenfeld, 1862: 1175.
Solitary whitish or slightly pink coloured larvae produce corn-like, hard woody galls inside the
stem of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. (Poaceae) (Fig. 6). Two generations develop per year.
Larvae hibernate and also pupate in the galls. The biology in central Europe has been studied by
Skuhravá & Skuhravý (1981) and Skuhravá et al. (1981).
occurrence. Egypt: Alexandria, El-Sabaheia Research Station (Meshah et al. 1978).
DistriBution. Euro-Asian: widespread in Europe, found in Iraq, China and northern Egypt; im-
migrant in eastern USA (Gagné 2010).
Houardiella gracilis Dorchin et Freidberg, 2008
Houardiella gracilis Dorchin et Freidberg, 2008: 13.
Larvae develop in stems of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Moris (Salicornia macro-
stachya Moric.), Salicornia glauca Delile, Arthrocnemum glaucum (Delile) Ung.-Sternb.) (Che-
nopodiaceae). Attacked stems do not show any noticeable signs of infestation. Only emergence
holes and protruding pupal exuviae reveal the presence of gall midges in the stem after emergence
of adults (Fig. 20). A single larva develops in each chamber where it also pupates. Probably only
one generation develops per year.
occurrence. Egypt, Abotalat district, Alexandria, 20 March – 19 May 2013: 23 males, 30 females,
reared from stems of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, collected by A. K. Elsayed.
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Israel (Dorchin & Freidberg 2008) and Egypt (rst
record).
Lasioptera donacis Coutin, 2001
Lasioptera donacis Coutin, 2001: 105; Gagné 2004: 179.
Larvae develop in a tunnel made by an undetermined y (Diptera) in the stem of Arundo donax
L. (Poaceae).
occurrence. Egypt (El-Serwy 2008).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known to occur in southern France, southern Italy, Greece, Malta
and Egypt.
Lestodiplosis tamaricis (Kollar, 1858), comb. nov.
Cecidomyia tamaricis Kollar, 1858: 159; Skuhravá 1986: 287; Gagné 2014: 297.
Kollar (1858) described a male and a female of a gall midge obtained from large galls on stems
of Tamarix articulata Vahl. (Tamaricaceae). Frauenfeld (1859, Tab. VI: 1a, b) gave an illustration
of this gall (Fig. 16). The gall is formed of irregular subglobular swelling on the stem (Barnes
1948). Material originated from the type-locality: Egypt, Cairo, but it is not preserved in any
collection. Wachtl (1886) noted that this gall may be caused by another species and gall midges
were only commensals. Houard (1912) identied the causer of this gall as Pamene pharaonana
Kollar, 1858 (now: Cirriphora pharaonana Kollar, 1858, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Because the
description of adults of gall midges reared from this gall is very short and based on dry material,
it is not possible to solve safely the question to which genus this species belongs. Therefore this
253
species has been placed in the catalogs among “Unplaced species of Cecidomyiidae“ (Skuhravá
1986: 287, Gagné 2014: 297).
According to the information given in the description of Kollar (1858) on the number of an-
tennal segments (12 in female and 24 in male) and probable feeding habit of larvae (zoophagous
on larvae of the gall inducer) it is possible to place this species in the genus Lestodiplosis which
includes zoophagous gall midges.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo (Kollar 1858).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
note. It would be desirable to try to nd new material of stem galls on Tamarix articulata caused
by the tortricid moth Cirriphora pharaonana which were found in or near Cairo in 1857 by Kollar
(1858) and to try to rear adults of gall midges from these galls.
Mycodiplosis coniophaga (Winnertz, 1853)
Cecidomyia coniophaga Winnertz, 1853: 267.
Mycodiplosis coniophaga (Winnertz, 1853): Skuhravá 1986: 275.
Whitish larvae are mycophagous and live in colonies of various rusts, mainly Phragmidium sp.
(Uredinales, Fungi) associated with various host plants (Nijveldt 1969, Holz 1970).
occurrence. Egypt (El-Serwy 2008).
DistriBution. Holarctic; in Europe known to occur in several countries (Skuhravá 1986), in North
America in USA and Mexico (Gagné 2010); in Asia: Syria (Lattakia, 2010, material collected by
Rehab Al-N akkar, identied by M. Skuhravá, unpublished); North Africa: Egypt.
Mycodiplosis triticina (Barnes, 1936)
Hyperdiplosis triticina Barnes 1936: 275.
Larvae feed on Puccinia triticina (Uredinales, Fungi) on wheat. Barnes (1936) described this
species as Hyperdiplosis triticina. He received adults from Kenya and from Egypt. Nothing more
is known (Barnes 1936).
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo, obtained from Puccinia on wheat, May 1935 (Barnes 1936), Alexan-
dria, Abees region (Mesbah et al. 1976).
DistriBution. Afrotropical, known to occur in Kenya Colony (Kiambu) and in Egypt (Cairo and
Alexandria).
Primofavilla aegyptiaca Elsayed, 2014
Primofavilla aegyptiaca Elsayed 2014: 8.
Larvae cause galls on leaves of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae). Galls are globular, 2-3 mm
in diameter and are visible on both leaf surfaces. Houard (1908: 393) gave a drawing of these
galls on the basis of ndings of De Stefani in Sicily (Fig. 7).
occurrence. Egypt: El-Amria district, Alexandria, 26 May 2013, 2 females reared from galls on
Atriplex halimus, collected by A. K. Elsayed (Fig. 21) (Elsayed et al. 2014a).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, know from Egypt and Italy (Sicily).
Psectrosema alerii Debski, 1922
Psectrosema alerii Debski, 1922: 36.
Larvae cause slight swellings on twigs of Tamarix arborea Bunge (Tamaricaceae). Galls of P.
alerii occur on the primary branches which do not fall (Barnes 1948). Debski (1922) described
the male, female, pupa and larva. Gagné et al. (1996) gave a redescription of adults.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo (Debski 1922).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
254
Psectrosema debskii (Kieffer, 1912)
Cecidomyia debskii Kieffer 1912: 171.
Red larvae cause long swellings on young branches of Tamarix nilotica (=T. articulata Vahl.)
(Tamaricaceae). One larva is in each swelling. The walls of the gall are extremely thin. Galls
occur on the tertiary and quarternary branches. These galls die after the emergence of gall midges
(Barnes 1948). Kieffer (1912) described the larva, pupa, female and egg. Gagné et al. (1996) also
mentioned this species.
occurrence. Egypt: Hélouan, Cairo (Kieffer 1912).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known occur only from Egypt.
Psectrosema tamaricinum (Kieffer, 1909)
Perrisia? tamaricina Kieffer, 1909: 30; Houard 1912: 128, No. 229, g. 267, 268.
Dasyneura tamaricina (Kieffer): Barnes 1948: 113.
Dasineura tamaricina (Kieffer, 1909): Skuhravá 1986: 165.
Psectrosema tamaricinum (Kieffer, 1909): Gagné et al. 1996: 65; Gagné 2004: 228, 2010: 338, 2014: 306.
Larvae cause small bud galls, resembling closed pine cones, on Tamarix africana Poir. (Tamarica-
ceae). Inside the gall is a chamber where larvae develop (Fig. 8). Kieffer (1909) described the gall
very briey with reference to Frauenfeld (1859) who found galls in the Oasis Tarfa in Egypt and
illustrated this gall without naming the gall causer. Gagné et al. (1996) mentioned this species.
occurrence. Egypt: Sinai, Dakhla Oasis and Oasis Tarfa (Frauenfeld 1859).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known to occur in Egypt and Libya (Trotter 1915).
Psectrosema tamaricum (Kieffer, 1912)
Oligotrophus tamaricum Kieffer in Houard, 1912: 126.
Amblardiella tamaricum (Kieffer, 1912: 169): Barnes 1931: 271.
Psectrosema tamaricum (Kieffer in Houard, 1912): Skuhravá 1986: 191.
Psectrosema tamaricum Kieffer 1912; Gagné 2004: 228, 2010: 2014.
Larvae cause small ovoid or fusiform swellings on young leaf branches and on owering shoots of
Tamarix africana Poiret, T. gallica L. and some other species of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) (Fig. 9).
Inside the gall is a large cavity in which the solitary larva pupates. The wall of the gall is thin
(Barnes 1948). Kieffer (1912) described the gall and pupa. Barnes (1931) described a male and
female, Gagné et al. (1996) a female and pupa.
occurrence. Egypt, locality not given (Frauenfeld 1859).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.
Resseliella trianguliceps (Debski, 1918)
Thomasia trianguliceps Debski 1918: 19.
Resseliella trianguliceps (Debski, 1918): Skuhravá 1986: 285.
Larvae cause swellings on branches of Acacia arabica Willd. var. nilotica (Forskal) (Fabaceae).
Inside the gall is a cavity where several whitish larvae develop. Debski (1918) described the
larva and gall.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo, Marg, 1915 (Debski 1918).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known only from Egypt.
Rhopalomyia millefolii (Loew, 1850)
Cecidomyia millefolii Loew, 1850: 37.
Rhopalomyia millefolii (Loew, 1850): Skuhravá 1986: 194.
Yellow larvae cause egg-shaped or cylindrical galls on stems, especially in the leaf axils, or in
inorescences of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). The galls are oval, eshy, rst green, then
255
Figs 10-16. Galls of gall midges found in Egypt. 10 – Bud galls of Rhopalomyia millefolii on stem of Achillea sp. and
a section of two galls showing two chambers. 11 – Large gall of Rhopalomyia navasi on stems of Artemisia judaica and
a section of a gall. 12 – A group of tubular galls of Rhopalomyia tubifex on stem of Artemisia campestris (a), one enlarged
gall (b), section of a gall with a small larva at the bottom. 13 – Galls of Schizomyia botellus on side shoots of Deverra sp.
14 – Group of galls of Schizomyia buboniae on stem of Deverra tortuosa (a), section of several galls (b). 15 – Swelling on
stem of Atriplex halimus caused by Stefaniella trinacriae (a), gall on leaf stalk (b), section of gall (c). 16 – Gall caused by
Cirriphora pharaonana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on stem of Tamarix articulata (a) from which adults of Lestodiplosis
tamaricis (Kollar, 1858) were reared; section of the gall (b). All gures are original drawings taken from publications of
Frauenfeld (1859) (Figs 10, 11, 13, 14, 16) and of Houard (1908–1909) (Figs 12, 15).
256
brown and glossy (Fig. 10). Each gall includes a chamber where a solitary larva develops and
pupates. Several generations develop per year. Usually two generations develop per year Nijveldt
(1969).
occurrence. Egypt, without name of locality (Frauenfeld 1859, Houard 1912).
DistriBution. Euro-Asian, known to occur in many countries of Europe; in Asia recorded in Ar-
menia, Georgia, Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan and India; in Northern Africa (Egypt) (Skuhravá
1986, Fedotova 2000, Mirumian 2011, Skuhravá et al. 2013).
Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares, 1904
Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares, 1904: 296; Skuhravá 1986: 194; Gagné 2004: 246.
Eudictyomyia navasi (Tavares, 1904): Tavares 1920: 55.
Misospatha navasi (Tavares, 1904): Kieffer 1913: 46
Larvae cause large galls, densely white pubescent, on stems of Artemisia herba-alba Asso and
A. judaica L. (Asteraceae). Galls are situated on stem sides. Several chambers occur inside one
gall (Fig. 11). In each gall only one larva develops.
occurrence. Egypt, without locality (Frauenfeld, 1859, Houard 1912, on Artemisia judaica).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, found in Spain, Romania, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt (Skuh-
ravá 1986).
Rhopalomyia tanaceticola (Karsch, 1879)
Oligotrophus tanaceticolus Karsch 1879: 28.
Rhopalomyia tanaceticola (Karsch, 1879): Skuhravá 1986: 195; Gagné 2004: 249.
Orange coloured larvae cause galls on axillary buds, on leaves, in axils of leaves and in ower
heads of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Several generations develop per year. Larvae pupate
in the galls. DistriBution.
occurrence. Egypt (Semida 2006).
DistriBution. Euro-Asian, known from many countries of Europe, from Georgia, Kazakhstan and
Northern Egypt (Skuhravá 1986, Fedotova 2000, Skuhravá et al. 2013).
Rhopalomyia tubifex (Bouché, 1847)
Cecidomyia tubifex Bouché, 1847: 144.
Rhopalomyia tubifex (Bouché, 1847): Skuhravá, 1986: 195; Gagné 2004: 249.
White larvae produce tubular galls on leaf axils, stems and ower heads of Artemisia campestris
L. (Asteraceae) (Fig. 12). Galls are 10–15 mm long. Each gall contains one larva. Two generations
develop per year. Larvae pupate in the galls.
occurrence. Egypt (Houard 1916).
DistriBution. Eurosiberian and sub-Mediterranean, known to occur in many countries of Europe;
in Northern Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt; in Asia: Georgia and Russia (Siberia) (Skuhravá
1986, Skuhravá et al. 2013).
Figs 17–24. Galls of gall midges found in northern Egypt during investigations of A. K. Elsayed 2012–2013. 17 – Galls of
Asphondylia punica on stem of Atriplex halimus. 18 – Pupal exuvia protruding from the gall of Baldratia salicorniae on
stem of Arthrocnemum fruticosum. 19 – A leaf of Suaeda pruinosa with two protruding pupal exuviae after emergence of
adults of Baldratia karamae. 20 – The pupal exuviae of Houardiella gracilis protruding from the stem of Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum. 21 – Globular galls of Primofavilla aegyptiaca on leaves of Atriplex halimus. 22 – Gall of Stefaniella
skuhravae on the male oral inorescences of A. halimus with protruded hyaline pupal exuviae (arrow). 23 – Stem galls
of Stefaniella trinacriae on A. halimus. 24 – Galls of Schizomyia buboniae on stem of Deverra tortuosa (all photos by
Ayman Khamis Elsayed).
257
258
Schizomyia botellus Dorchin et Freidberg 2011
Schizomyia botellus Dorchin et Freidberg, 2011: 40.
Orange coloured larvae cause elongate or fusiform swellings on stems of Deverra scoparia and
Deverra triradiata (Apiaceae). The galls are formed from axillary buds and may be 2–8 cm long
(Fig. 13). Several larvae develop in the central cavity (Dorchin & Freidberg 2011).
occurrence. Egypt. The galls on Deverra triradiata were found by Frauenfeld and were drawn
by him in his paper (Frauenfeld 1859, Table VI, Fig. 11). Dorchin & Freidberg (2011) found galls
caused by this species in Israel, reared adults and described this species.
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Tunisia (galls on Deverra scoparia), Egypt (Sinai,
Wadi El Raha, on Deverra triradiata) and Israel (on Deverra triradiata) (Dorchin & Freidberg
2011).
Schizomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859)
Cecydomyia buboniae Frauenfeld, 1859: 325.
Hormomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859): Houard 1909: 767, gs 1088–1089.
Paraschizomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859): Möhn, 1961: 4, Skuhravá 1986: 216, Gagné 2004: 218.
Schizomyia deverrae Kieffer in Houard, 1912: 141: Möhn 1961: 6.
Schizomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859): Dorchin & Freidberg 2011: 43.
Larvae cause strange, berry-like galls 1–2.5 cm large on the thin stems of Deverra tortuosa (Desf.)
DC (Pituranthus tortuosa Benth. et Hooker) (Apiaceae). Such galls are composed of 30–60 small,
unilocular galls. A single larva develops in each small gall where it also pupates. Only one genera-
tion develops per year. Frauenfeld (1859) described the gall and the female and illustrated the gall
(Fig. 14). Houard (1908–1909) gave a description of the gall under Nr. 4423 with the reference to
Frauenfeld (1859). Dorchin & Freidberg (2011) redescribed male, female, larva and pupa on the
basis of specimens deposited in Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Vienna, Austria).
occurrence. Egypt: area from Cairo up to Suez (Frauenfeld 1859); Wadi Degla Protected Area
(photo of galls on the internet, 2013); Alexandria, Burg El-Arab Dist., March 2014 (A. K. Elsayed,
unpublished data) (Fig. 24).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Israel (Skuh-
ravá 1986, Dorchin & Freidberg, 2011).
Stefaniella skuhravae Elsayed, 2014
Stefaniella skuhravae Elsayed, 2014: 10.
Larvae cause small and slight swellings on male oral inorescences of Atriplex halimus L. (Che-
nopodiaceae) (Fig. 22). The gall consists of a single chamber. One larva develops and pupates in
the gall. Pupal exuviae protrude from the hole after emergence of adults.
occurrence. Egypt: Alexandria, El-Amria district, galls collected by A. K. Elsayed in 2013.
DistriBution. Mediterranean, found only in Egypt.
Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani, 1900
Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani, 1900: 8; Skuhravá 1986: 133; Gagné 2004: 257.
Larvae cause fusiform plurilocular swellings of stems of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae)
of a size of a nut. In the gall there are many chambers, in each chamber one yellow-whitish larva
develops (Figs 15, 23). Larvae pupate inside the galls. Two generations develop per year. De
Stefani (1900) discovered this species in Sicily (Italy) and described adults and larvae.
occurrence. Egypt: Cairo, Wadi Hof, 30 March 1918 (Debski 1918); Alexandria, Al-Amria dis-
trict, April to October 2012 and 2013, 16 males and 14 females, leg. A. K. Elsayed (new record)
(Fig. 23).
259
DistriBution. Mediterranean: southern Italy (Sicily), southern Spain, southern France, Greece
(Crete), Malta, Israel, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt (Skuhravá 1986, Skuhravá & Skuhravý 1997,
Skuhravá et al. 2002, 2005, 2006, Dorchin & Freidberg 2008, Sánchez et al. 2012).
Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin, 2001
Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin, 2001: 574.
A single larva develops inside the leaf of Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex Gmelin (Chenopodiaceae)
without any external sign of presence. Pupal exuvia protruding from an infested leaf is the only
evidence of the leaf inhabitant.
occurrence. Egypt: Sinai (Dorchin 2001).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Israel and Egypt (Dorchin 2001).
Stefaniola gloma Möhn, 1971
Stefaniola gloma Möhn, 1971: 207.
Larvae cause weakly swellings on owering branch of Salsola vermiculata L. and other species
of Salsola (Chenopodiaceae). One or several long chambers inside the gall. Pupation takes place
in the gall.
occurrence. Egypt, Kanai (now: Qena), 19 September 1893, on Salsola pachoi Aschers. (Möhn,
1971).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Spain, Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Israel, Palestine and
Egypt.
Stefaniola unita Möhn, 1971
Stefaniola unita Möhn, 1971: 217.
Larvae cause lengthwise-oval, relatively hard-walled swellings on stem of Haloxylon schwein-
furthii Aschers. and H. schnittianum Pomel (Chenopodiaceae). One or two chambers may occur
in one gall. Larvae pupate in the gall.
occurrence. Egypt: near Suez, 15 March 1959 (the type locality) (Möhn, 1971).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt.
Stefaniola vastita Möhn, 1971
Stefaniola vastita Möhn, 1971: 238.
Larvae cause scarcely visible swellings on the stem of Anabasis articulata (Forsk.) Moq. and A.
prostrata Pomel (Chenopodiaceae). One to four chambers may occur in one gall. Larvae pupate
in the gall.
occurrence. Egypt: Sinai, June 1832 and 8 October 1926 (Möhn, 1971).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Spain, Algeria, Jordan, Egypt.
Stefaniola ventriosa Möhn, 1971
Stefaniola ventriosa Möhn, 1971: 245.
Larvae cause galls on leaves of Traganum nudatum Delile (Chenopodiaceae). The gall has one
chamber inside. The leaf is paunchy swollen and includes upright, hard-walled chambers where
larvae develop and pupate.
occurrence. Egypt: Giza near Cairo, 25 April 1908 (Möhn, 1971).
DistriBution. Mediterranean, known from Tunisia, Morocco, Israel and Egypt.
260
DISCUSSION
Number of known species forming present fauna
The known gall midge fauna of Egypt is composed of 48 species belonging to 22 genera. It is not
too rich in comparison with four other countries spread along the Mediterranean Sea in North Af-
rica (Table 2). It occupies the position in the middle from the point of view of species richness of
gall midge faunas: 92 species are known to occur in Algeria, 51 species in Morocco, 36 species
in Tunisia, 15 species in Libya (Skuhravá et al. 1984, Skuhravá 1986, Gagné & Jaschhof 2014).
The two most species rich genera are Baldratia and Dasineura each of them with six gall midge
species. These are followed by Stefaniola with ve species, Psectrosema and Rhopalomyia each
with four species and Contarinia with three species. These ndings differ substantially from re-
sults that were obtained in the evaluation of species numbers of the main genera of gall midges in
Europe (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010). Most of the known gall midge species occurring in Egypt
are phytophagous and their larvae cause galls on various host plants, ve species are zoophagous
(Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Feltiella acarisuga, Dicrodiplosis manihoti, Diadiplosis hirticornis
and D. donaldi) and three species are mycophagous (Asynapta phragmitis, Mycodiplosis conio-
phaga and M. triticina).
Phytophagous species are associated with 37 plant species which belong to ten plant families.
About a half of host plant species are herbaceous plants or small shrubs (17 species, 46%), ten
species (27%) are shrubs or small trees, eight species (21%) are trees (Tamarix, Acacia, Mimo-
sa) and two species (5%) grasses (Arundo, Phragmites). Most gall midge species (16 species,
33%) are associated with Chenopodiaceae causing various galls, six species with Tamaricaceae,
four with Asteraceae, four with Fabaceae, three with Brassicaceae and another three with Poa-
ceae, two with Apiaceae and one species each with Solanaceae, Violaceae and Zygophyllaceae.
Usually only one species of gall midges in Egypt is associated with one host plant species.
The saltbush, Atriplex halimus, a shrub of the family Chenopodiaceae which is native to southern
Europe and Northern Africa, hosts in Egypt even four gall midge species: Asphondylia punica
(= A. conglomerata), Primofavilla aegyptiaca, Stefaniella trinacriae and S. skuhravae. A desert
plant, Anabasis setifera, also from Chenopodiaceae, hosts two gall midge species, Baldratia
aegyptiaca and B. desertorum.
The reed, Phragmites australis, of the family Poaceae, one of the most widely distributed of
all owering plants, hosts in Egypt two gall midge species and probably other gall midge species
living hidden on this host plant will be discovered in the future. A plant of deserts, Traganum
nudatum, of the family Chenopodiaceae, also hosts two gall midge species, Baldratia tragani
and Stefaniola ventriosa. Five species of tamarisk (Tamarix), shrubs and low trees of the family
Tamaricaceae, host six species of gall midges that cause swellings of various shapes on branches
and one species develops inside ower buds.
Thirteen species were recorded in Northern Egypt near Alexandria during investigations in
the years 2012–2014. Eight species are gall causers and are associated with various host plants
and ve species are predators feeding on various arthropods. Asphondylia punica, Primofavilla
aegyptiaca, Stefaniella skuhravae and Stefaniella trinacriae are associated with Atriplex halimus;
Baldratia salicorniae induces galls on Arthrocnemum fruticosum and Schizomyia buboniae on
Deverra tortuosa. Larvae of Houardiella gracilis develop in stems of A. macrostachyum and
larvae of Baldratia karamae inside leaves of Suaeda pruinosa. Of the zoophagous species, the
larvae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza were recorded in the colonies of Aphis nerii and Aphis durantae;
larvae of Feltiella acarisuga feeding on Tetranychus spp.; larvae of Diadiplosis donaldi and D.
hirticornis preying on Spilococcus juniperi and larvae of Dicrodiplosis manihoti on Phenacoccus
gossypii. Three other species are new to science and are described in a separate paper, seven species
261
Table 2. Fauna of the family Cecidomyiidae of Egypt and common species which occur in ve North-African countries
species of gall midges Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani, 1847) +
Asphondylia punica Marchal, 1897 + +
Asynapta phragmitis (Giraud, 1863) +
Baldratia aegyptiaca Möhn, 1969 +
Baldratia desertorum Möhn, 1969 +
Baldratia halogetonis Möhn, 1969 +
Baldratia karamae Elsayed, Skuhravá, 2014 +
Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897 + + + + +
Baldratia tragani Möhn, 1969 +
Collula kiefferi Gagné, 1993 +
Contarinia forskalei Debski, 1918 +
Contarinia lycii Debski, 1918 +
Contarinia zygophylli Debski, 1918 +
Dasineura afnis (Kieffer, 1886) + + +
Dasineura lenkiewicziae (Debski, 1918) +
Dasineura mimosae (Kieffer, 1909) +
Dasineura senebrierae (Kieffer,1909) +
Dasineura tetragynae Debski, 1918 +
Dasineura zillae (Kieffer, 1909) +
Diadiplosis donaldi (Harris, 1968) +
Diadiplosis hirticornis Felt 1915 +
Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris 1981 +
Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot, 1827) + +
Giraudiella inclusa (Frauenfeld, 1862) +
Houardiella gracilis Dorchin,Freidberg, 2008 +
Lasioptera donacis Coutin, 2001 +
Lestodiplosis tamaricis (Kollar, 1858) +
Mycodiplosis coniophaga (Winnertz,1853) +
Mycodiplosis triticina (Barnes, 1936) +
Primofavilla aegyptiaca Elsayed, 2014 +
Psectrosema alerii Debski, 1922 +
Psectrosema debskii (Kieffer, 1912) +
Psectrosema tamaricinum (Kieffer, 1909) + +
Psectrosema tamaricum (Kieffer, 1912) + + + + +
Resseliella trianguliceps (Debski, 1918) +
Rhopalomyia millefolii (Loew, 1850) +
Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares, 1904 + + + + +
Rhopalomia tanaceticola (Karsch,1879) +
Rhopalomyia tubifex (Bouché 1847) + + + +
Schizomyia botellus Dorchin, Freidberg, 2011 + +
Schizomyia buboniae (Frauenfeld, 1859) + + + +
Stefaniella skuhravae Elsayed, 2014 +
Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani, 1900 + + +
Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin, 2001 +
Stefaniola gloma Möhn, 1971 + +
Stefaniola unita Möhn, 1971 + + + +
Stefaniola vastita Möhn, 1971 + +
Stefaniola ventriosa Möhn, 1971 + + +
number of species of the fauna 51 92 35 15 48
number of common species 8 9 9 7 –
are recorded in Egypt for the rst time and Stefaniella trinacriae and Schizomyia buboniae are
recorded newly after more than 100 years since their rst discovery in Egypt.
262
Geographical distribution
The gall midge species occurring in Egypt may be divided, according to their overall distribution
in the world, into ve zoogeographic units: Mediterranean, Euro-Asian, Holarctic, Afrotropical
and Afro-Asian. Of 48 species of gall midges occurring in Egypt, the majority – 36 (75%) are
Mediterranean species and the remaining species belong to other zoogeographical units: three are
Holarctic or cosmopolitan, ve are Euro-Asian, two Afro-Asian and two Afrotropical species.
Mediterranean species have centres of origin in the Mediterranean area. They occur along
the shores of the Mediterranean and are associated with Mediterranean host plants. Some of them
occur over greater areas and a few species reach the northern limits of their distribution areas in
Central Europe. In such cases they are designated as submediterranean species. In Egypt thirty
six species, forming more than one third of all species found there, belong in this group, as for
example ve species of the genus Baldratia and ve species of the genus Dasineura.
Euro-Asian or Palaearctic species inhabit Europe or the Eurosiberian subregion and occur also
in Asia, at least in one of the other Palaearctic subregions, i.e. Central Asian or East Palaearctic
subregions. Five species (10.5%) found in Egypt belong in this group. Asynapta phragmitis liv-
ing in stems and Giraudiella inclusa causing corn-like galls in stems of Phragmites australis,
Dasineura afnis inducing leaf galls on Viola spp. and two species of Rhopalomyia, namely R.
millefolii associated with Achillea millefolium and R. tanaceticola associated with Tanacetum
vulgare.
All these species occur in Europe abundantly; galls of Giraudiella inclusa were discovered
also in Iraq and China, and they were found also in eastern North America where this species is
considered to be an immigrant (Gagné & Jaschhof 2014). Galls of Dasineura afnis were found
also in Kazakhstan and Turkey, galls of Rhopalomyia millefolii in Armenia, Georgia, Russia (Si-
beria), Kazakhstan and as far as India, and galls of R. tanaceticola in Georgia and Kazakhstan.
Holarctic species occur simultaneously in the Palaearctic and in the Nearctic regions. Three
such species (6.2%) occur in Egypt: Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Feltiella acarisuga, both zoophagous
species, and Mycodiplosis coniophaga, a mycophagous species.
Afrotropical species occur only in Africa and have not been found in any other parts of the
world. Two species belong in this group: Mycodiplosis triticina, found in Kenya and Egypt, and
Diadiplosis donaldi recorded in Nigeria and Egypt.
Afro-Asian species occur in Africa and also in Asia. Two species occurring in Egypt show such
type of distribution, both are predators: Diadiplosis histicornis, known to occur in Japan, India,
Yemen and Egypt, and Dicrodiplosis manihoti, in Senegal, Congo, Oman, Iran and Egypt.
Knowledge of the geographical distribution of many species of gall midges gradually broadens
and it is possible to dene them with more precision on the basis of new information and records
obtained during investigations in previously little studied areas and countries.
Similarity in faunal composition of ve North African countries
The similarity or relationships between the fauna of gall midges of Egypt and faunas of four
countries situated in North Africa – Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya may be shown by num-
ber of common (or shared) species, that are such species occurring in Egypt and one or more
of these countries. The number of common species indicates a similarity in faunal composition:
the higher the number of common species means a higher degree of similarity of the faunas. The
similarity in composition of the known gall midge fauna in Egypt and faunas of four North African
countries is shown in Table 2. It is necessary to emphasize that the number of common species is
inuenced mainly by the geographical position of the country, country area size, species number
of gall midge fauna, the level of knowledge of the country, number of explored localities and the
intensity of investigations (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010).
263
The contemporary fauna of gall midges in Egypt including 48 species is not rich. More than one
third (20 species, 41.6%) were found only in Egypt and are restricted to this region. The highest
number of common species – nine species of gall midges – occurs between Egypt and Algeria and
Egypt and Tunisia, eight species common to Egypt and Morocco and seven species common to
Egypt and Libya. Three species of gall midges occur in all ve North African countries: Baldratia
salicorniae, causing swellings on stems of Arthrocnemum fruticosum, Psectrosema tamaricum
swellings on young leaf branches and on owering shoots of Tamarix africana and T. gallica L.
and Rhopalomyia navasi inducing large galls on stems of Artemisia herba-alba and A. judaica.
These three species of gall midges are the most frequent species of gall midges in North African
countries.
Recommendations for future research
He hope that our paper will stimulate students and researchers living mainly in Egypt to investi-
gate in various parts of Egypt with efforts to discover gall midge species and their galls known
to occur on various plants in the Mediterranean area. This is very important for zoogeographical
and biogeographical studies to discover occurrence of such species and ways of their gradually
dispersing and to nd how far they have penetrated to the south in Africa using the corridor of
the valley of the River Nile. Only a few investigations have been done in Egypt in recent years.
It is necessary to search for gall midges in many localities and in various biotopes.
The senior authors have experience that investigations in more localities bring discovery of
many unknown gall midge species. For example, they enriched the gall midge fauna in Greece
during investigations in years 1994–2010 by about 200 species. They searched for gall midges and
their galls at 103 localities spread in the mainland and in several islands. At the beginning of their
investigations in 1994 only 19 species of gall midges were known, at the end of investigations in
2010 the fauna of gall midges of Greece included at least 215 species with several species new
to science (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010, Skuhravá 2011).
We suppose that the fauna of gall midges in Egypt could be as rich as the fauna of Algeria which
is the richest of ve North African countries and includes 92 species. This is the result of intensive
investigations of several researchers who contributed to this knowledge in Algeria in the past.
We recommend to prepare a long-termed program of systematic investigations of biodiversity
of gall-inducing arthropods and their galls in Egypt, in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley
and in the northern part along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea with rich vegetation, in national
parks and protected nature reservations and other protected areas, in salt marshes, in oases and
drainages and in valleys and along the Nile River.
We recommend to use during these investigations the time and area unit collection method
developed by the senior authors (Skuhravá & Skuhravý 2010). This involves surveying each
selected locality visually by walking through it slowly over a period of at least one up to three
hours. Researchers walk through various biotopes at the locality and search for gall midge galls
and collect them on herbs, shrubs and trees and examine visually buds, leaves, owers, fruits and
stems of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. The altitude and short characteristics of biotopes
are noted. All ndings are recorded, including notes about the local abundance of species. During
excursions, several specimens of each host plant with galls were put in separate small plastic bags.
All species that were found were recorded in the protocol and all collected material was prepared.
Several specimens of each host plant with galls were preserved as herbarium items, several plants
with galls were kept in plastic bags to obtain living larvae, several plants with galls were placed
in small emergence cages to obtain adults and nally several galls with larvae were put into vials
with 75% alcohol for future morphological studies or for studies of the digestive system of larvae.
Such samples taken from various habitats or microhabitats are very important.
264
It should be useful to search in Egypt for galls on various plants, trees and shrubs, to search for
galls on the Egyptian native trees Juniperus phoenicea, on two Salix species recorded in Egypt,
Salix tetrasperma and S. mucronata (Al Sherif et al. 2009), on leaves of Olea europea in olive
groves, on leaves of Vitis vinifera in vineyards, on trees in orchards and on various agricultural
plants in elds, on reed stands (Phragmites australis) growing along various water reservoirs,
on trees and shrubs in city parks and on various plants occurring in protected areas and national
parks of Egypt with effort to enrich the biodiversity of the family Cecidomyiidae and of other
groups of arthropods causing galls on plants in Egypt. It is necessary also to search for galls on
leaves of introduced trees and shrubs (Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos) and to try to
discover alien insect species which are gradually recorded in various parts of Europe and seem
to penetrate in further countries (Skuhravá et al. 2010).
It is necessary to try to rear adults of eight species of gall midges that were described on the
basis of larvae obtained from dry galls by Möhn (1966–1971) and also of other insufciently
known species described on the basis of galls only.
It would be desirable to try to nd new material of stem galls on Tamarix articulata caused by
the tortricid moth Cirriphora pharaonana which were found in or near Cairo in 1857 by Kollar
(1858) and to try to rear adults of gall midges from these galls.
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
We thank Dr Hedaya H. Karam (Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University,
Alexandria) for identifying Phenacoccus gossypyii, the prey of Dicrodiplosis manihoti. We thank Dr Keith Murray Harris
(Ripley, Woking, Surrey, UK) for valuable comments on the manuscript and for improvements of the English text and Dr
Raymond Gagné (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, National Museum, Washington, D. C., USA) for kindly sending
a xerocopy of the paper of Steyskal & El-Bialy (1968).
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