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Evaluation of Some Medicinal Plants in Controlling Culex Pipiens
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The study evaluated the efficacy of methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae), Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), Cleome paradoxa (Capparaceae) and Heliotropium longiflorum (Boraginaceae) aerial parts against Culex pipiens larvae. Different concentrations (100-500 ppm) of the methanolic extracts of the plants were tested towards larval mortality and development of C. pipiens separately. Larval mortalities were counted at 2, 4 & 10 days after treatment. Egg hatchability was determined at 4 & 7 days after treatment. Successful pupation and adult emergence percentage were recorded daily till all control adults emerged. All plants extracts exhibited variable activities. The greatest effect was with R. chalepensis which showed acute (2 days) and chronic (10 days) LC50 of 132.6 & 96.56 ppm, respectively. Larval mortality up to 84.47% &85.53%, were observed with C. paradoxa and R. Chalepensis respectively. Egg hatch was significantly reduced about equal with R. chalepensis and W. somnifera extracts. Concentration levels of C. paradoxa (≥200 ppm) and H. longiflorum (>400 ppm) showed significant hindrance to the larval development and reduction to resulting pupae and adults. Drastic development retardation was shown with extract of C. paradoxa leaves (300 ppm), but only 15.3% & 5.6% of larvae reach pupal and adult stages respectively. The larvicidal activity of methanolic extracts of R. chalepensis, W somnifera, C. paradoxa, H. longiflorum proved to be effective against C. pipiens larvae without any human or animal risk.
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... In addition, multiple studies recommend targeted interventions which could assist in maximizing the use of both essential oils and plant extracts within integrated pest management programmes [11,12,[15][16][17][18][19]. Therefore, the use of plant extracts as bioinsecticides is a new topical field with encouraging results in scientific research and future perspective progress [20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
The purpose of this article was to evaluate the application of different plant extracts with bioinsecticidal action and antioxidant activity for plants and soil protection, by substitution of the application of synthetically formulated pesticides with eco-friendly compounds. In this framework, this research focused on the utilization of plant extracts from the spontaneous flora of Moldova (Romania) as bioinsecticides for the control of field pests of the species Leptinotarsa decemlineata and their antioxidant activity. Plant extracts of oregano (Origanum vulgare), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), and cowslip (Primula veris) were assessed for their antioxidant activity by the microplate spectrophotometric-based method (for polyphenols and flavonoids content and for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenger activity) and were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy spectra. To evaluate the bioinsecticidal properties of the plant extracts, the mortality (%) and neuroleptic manifestations appearing in the middle of the monitoring period for larvae and adults of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata species were identified. Mortality (%) was statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the resulting experimental results were compared with the LSD-Fisher’s test (p < 0.05). The highest mortality (%) was observed after 24 h of treatment with extracts of Origanum vulgare at 100% concentration, while the maximum effect was recorded after 48 h for Origanum vulgare at 60% and 100% concentrations.
... 3,4-Bis-(methylthio)-quinoline was found to be one of the major compounds present in the extract. Several quinoline derivatives like chelidonine, nitidine, dictamine were reported as potent anticancer compounds [23][24][25] . Our docking study revealed strong binding affinity of this compound with Bcl-2 (− 5.7 kcal mol −1 ). ...
... 3,4-Bis-(methylthio)-quinoline was found to be one of the major compounds present in the extract. Several quinoline derivatives like chelidonine, nitidine, dictamine were reported as potent anticancer compounds [23][24][25] . Our docking study revealed strong binding affinity of this compound with Bcl-2 (− 5.7 kcal mol −1 ). ...
Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem (SME) is a rich repository of bioactive natural compounds, with immense nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Till date, the algal population of SME was not explored fully for their anticancer activities. Our aim is to explore the potential of these algal phytochemicals against the proliferation of cervical cancer cells (in vitro) and identify the mode of cell death induced in them. In the present work, the chloroform fraction of marine green alga, Chaetomorpha brachygona was used on SiHa cell line. The algal phytochemicals were identified by GCMS, LCMS and column chromatography and some of the identified compounds, known for significant anticancer activities, have shown strong Bcl-2 binding capacity, as analyzed through molecular docking study. The extract showed cytostatic and cytotoxic activity on SiHa cells. Absence of fragmented DNA, and presence of increased number of acidic vacuoles in the treated cells indicate nonapoptotic cell death. The mode of cell death was likely to be autophagic, as indicated by the enhanced expression of Beclin 1 and LC3BII (considered as autophagic markers) observed by Western blotting. The study indicates that, C. brachygona can successfully inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro.
... It has been observed that insecticides of botanical origin be actively toxic to various insects (Browers et al., 1976) [5] , and reported potentially useful against mosquitoes (Mukhtar et al., 2015;Rathy et al., 2015) [17,21] . Some plant extracts were caused 100% mortality and have higher toxicity and potential use for the control of the mosquito larvae (Abdel-Sattar et al., 2015) [1] . Recently a considerable work has been done and the use of botanical derivatives against mosquitoes has been reviewed (Arivolie, et al., 2012) [3] The susceptibility of Culex pipiens to plant extract depending on the solvents were used (Mohan et al., 2006) [16] , plant part used and plant species. ...
Screening of fourteen xerophyte plants as mosquito larvicides for 4 th instar Culex pipiens molestus. More effective with high toxicity nine species; Achelia fragrantissima [Af], Tanacetum cantolinoides [Tc] (Asteraceae), Cakile Arabica [Ca], Horwoodia dicksonia [Hd] (Brassicaceae), Astragalus annularis [Aa] (Fabaceae), Erodium glaucophyllum [Eg] (Geraniaceae), Resida muricata [Rm] (Residacea) and Fagonia indica [Fi] (Zygophyllaceae). Their Lc50 and Lc90 after 24 and 48 hrs were evaluated. Lc50 values after 24 hrs gradually: 12.5, 40.5, 43.0, 70, 86, 103.5, 104, 105.5 and 135 ppm for Fa, Af, Aa, Eg, Ca, Tc, Hd, Rm and Ah respectively. For testing the plant extracts residual toxicity persistence, the test starts with potential concentration causing mortality 100% for the 4 th instar larvae, as following ; Fi 25. and Af 100 ppm, Aa, Eg, and Ca 150 ppm, Rm, Tc and Hd 200 ppm and for Ah 250 ppm. Ficum ® W was applied as positive control and standard insecticide positive control with 15 ppm and negative control. The extract toxicity declined significantly with plant extract species and its exposure time which becomes zero at day 9 for Rm, day 12 for Aa and Hd,and day 15 for Fi, Ca, Tc and Ah, while continues with 40 and 31.2% mortality at day 15 for Af, and Eg respectively, in comparison with 70.8% mortality for standard insecticide Ficum ® W at day 16. On the bases of this study, xerophytic plant could be considered with promising main botanical insecticidal resources which needed more investigation.
... These fungi have negative effects on potatoes, tomatoes and sugar beets [13]. In another study, the efficacy of methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. and the aerial parts of other related species was evaluated against Culex pipiens larvae [1]. The researcher concluded that substances naturally found in Ruta chalepensis L. were effective against these larvae, and they pose little or no animal and human risk. ...
Over the past five years, phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been conducted on material extracted from members of the Rutaceae family. In such work, new furochinoline-structured alkaloids were isolated from Ruta sp. and Dictamnus sp. Beyond the aforementioned, other substances with promising activity were isolated from the less-known species of Zanthoxylum, Evodia, Lonchocarpus, Myrthopsis and Teclea. Currently used forms of extraction, as well as methods of isolation and detection, allow the obtaining of pure, biologically active compounds. Many of these have antifungal, anti-bacterial and anti-plasmodial properties. Others are still being researched as potential drugs, which, in future, may be used in treating those afflicted with HIV and cancer. This article is designed to give the readers a thorough review of the active natural products from the Rutaceae family.
Aim and objectives: Mosquitoes are the transmitters of serious human diseases that cause millions of deaths every year. The use of synthetic insecticides causes harmful side effects to the environment and human health. So a natural alternative way is needed to solve this problem. Extracts from the various parts of plants like leaves, seeds, barks and roots can be used to control mosquitoes. This study aims to evaluate the larvicidal activity of ethanolic seed and leaf extracts of a traditionally used medicinal plant Croton tiglium, against Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue fever. Material and methods: In this study, extracts from the dried leaf and seed powder of the Croton tiglium plant were extracted using ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. Different concentrations were prepared from the extracts. Third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were collected from the mosquito culture laboratory of the Life Sciences Department of Dibrugarh University. Prepared concentrations of the extracts were tested against the larvae of Aedes aegypti to evaluate the larvicidal activity by calculating percent mortality. Result: The ethanolic leaf and seed extracts of the selected plant were found effective against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. The 250 ppm concentration of both leaf and seed extracts showed the highest mortality of mosquito larva. The seed extract of this plant was found more effective in killing mosquito larva. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that the ethanolic leaf and seed extracts of Croton tiglium possess larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Hence, it could be useful in controlling mosquitoes without any harmful effects. However, further study and investigation will be needed to isolate and characterize bioactive components from this plant with larvicidal activity and the development of drugs for dengue from the components
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Ruta genus is constituted by ten species, of which the most commonly described are R. chalepensis and R. graveolens. Ruta plants are perennial shrubs belonging to the family Rutaceae, which are traditionally used in folk medicine, since ancient times mostly for the treatment of various ailments of the womb.
Aim of the study
To provide a review of the different uses of Ruta species in traditional medicine, as well as, on their multifactorial biological and pharmacological properties.
Material and methods
A search of the literature on genus Ruta and Ruta species was performed using various scientific databases and search engines and the information of articles were reviewed and compiled.
Results
Different parts of the plants belonging to Ruta genus are used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of different diseases. The principal use of these is in gynaecological field, but the treatment of pain, fever, nausea, inflammation, infections, nervous disorders, among others, are also described. These plants have been used to fertility regulation, as anti-fertility agent, to control menstrual flux and bleedings, as abortifacient and as contraceptive. The phytochemical composition of these plants consists mainly in essential oil (EO), but phenolic compounds were also reported, like coumarins and flavonoids, as well as alkaloids. Ruta species products like extracts and EOs have shown broad pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial and antifungal activities, as well as, antiviral and antiparasitic. Moreover, Ruta plants products present antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities and demonstrated contraceptive and abortifacient effects. These plants were also tested to be used for non-therapeutic approaches, as bio-insecticides in the control of different insect pests showing to be able to reduce infestation.
Conclusions
Ruta species could be a potential source of natural products with biological activities. Ruta extracts, essential oils and isolated compounds have shown a diverse potential for use in the treatment of different diseases, as well as, for pests control, contributing to the valorisation of these plants. Nonetheless, this review indicates that more studies are needed to demonstrate the full potential of Ruta species, and to further explore the toxicology and safety of these plants.
To follow-up on our prior Part I review, this Part II review summarizes and provides updated literature on novel quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids isolated during the period of 2009‒2016, together with the biological activity and the mechanisms of action of these classes of natural products. Over 200 molecules with a broad range of biological activities, including antitumor, antiparasitic and insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal, cardioprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-asthma, antitussive, and other activities, are discussed. This survey should provide new clues or possibilities for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids.
Among heterocyclic compounds, quinoline scaffold has become an important construction motif for the development of new drugs. Quinoline and its derivatives posses many types of biological activities and have been reported to show significant anticancer activity. Quinoline compounds play an important role in anticancer drug development as they have shown excellent results through different mechanism of action such as growth inhibitors by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration and modulation. A number of quinoline derivatives have been reported till date for their anticancer activity. The present review, summarized various mono-. di-, tri-, tetra- and heterocyclic substituent quinoline derivatives with potential anticancer activity. Their mechanism of action and possible structure activity relationship has also been discussed.
West Nile virus (WNV) became established in New York in 1999, in the first outbreak in the Western Hemisphere. WNV is propagated in many species of birds and has been detected in more than 300 bird spe-cies in the United States, although there are great differences in the viremia level among the various bird species. Culex mosquitoes, including Cx. restuans, the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tarsalis are important vectors of WNV in the USA. Laboratory transmission of WNV by Cx. pipiens form molestus showed that they were highly competent vectors of WNV, with infection and dissemination rates of 96% and 81%, respectively. Three species, including two of the Culex pipiens group (Cx. pipiens pallens (as pallens in this article) and Cx. pipiens form molestus (as molestus in this article)) and Aedes albopictus, account for more than 99% of collected mosquitoes surrounding Tokyo. The Cx. pipiens complex (pallens, molestus and Cx. quinquefasciatus) prefer both human and avian hosts, and there is no clear differences in avian blood-feeding patterns between pallens and molestus, but there are significant differences among mammal-ian species, with molestus preferring human blood compared with pallens. Ducks (mallards & spotbill ducks) and tree sparrows are major blood sources for the Cx. pipiens group in Japan, which are moderate or high amplifiers of WNV. From a larval bioassay with several kinds of insecticides it was demonstrated that etofenprox, a synthetic pyrethroid, exhibited relatively low effectiveness against several mosquito colonies of the Cx. pipiens group in an urban environment of Japan. The most important larval habitats of the Cx. pipiens group and Ae. albopictus are catch basins along public roads and this kind of structure should be targeted to control mosquito larvae.
Mosquito surveillance in Europe is essential for early detection of invasive species with public health importance and prevention and control of emerging pathogens. In Portugal, a vector surveillance national program—REVIVE (REde de VIgilância de VEctores)—has been operating since 2008 under the custody of Portuguese Ministry of Health. The REVIVE is responsible for the nationwide surveillance of hematophagous arthropods. Surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) and other flaviviruses in adult mosquitoes is continuously performed. Adult mosquitoes—collected mainly with Centre for Disease Control light traps baited with CO2—and larvae were systematically collected from a wide range of habitats in 20 subregions (NUTS III). Around 500,000 mosquitoes were trapped in more than 3,000 trap nights and 3,500 positive larvae surveys, in which 24 species were recorded. The viral activity detected in mosquito populations in these years has been limited to insect specific flaviviruses (ISFs) non-pathogenic to humans. Rather than emergency response, REVIVE allows timely detection of changes in abundance and species diversity providing valuable knowledge to health authorities, which may take control measures of vector populations reducing its impact on public health. This work aims to present the REVIVE operation and to expose data regarding mosquito species composition and detected ISFs.
Plants provide humans with a wide array of products, in the development of which agriculture and phytochemistry have played an important role. This book emphasizes this importance by examining the many areas in which phytochemistry is valuable. Three specific areas are: crop protection, adverse effects of phytochemicals, and the production of phytochemicals by field crops and tissue culture. By providing a thorough and in-depth look at a wide range of issues and questions in these areas, the book provides a valuable introduction to this field and an up-to-date synthesis of current research.
Earlier we reported the screening results of antifeedant activities of six fractions of methanolic extract of leaves of Heliotropium indicum. The fraction E showed highest antifeedant activity. In the present study a new compound E (2-ethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-hydroxymethylisoquinoline) has been isolated from fraction E. The characterization and structure elucidation of the compound E was carried out by determination of melting point, solubility, UV, HPLC, IR, NMR ( 1H NMR and 13C NMR) and LC-MS data. The compound E showed antifeedant activity comparable with those of standard insecticides viz., neemazal and endosulfan. The LC 50 value of the compound E was found to be 2.18 %.
