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The Self-Regulation of Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior
Abstract
We argue that attitudes and subjective norms are not sufficient determinants of intentions and that intentions are not a sufficient impetus for action, as maintained by leading theories of attitude. To deepen attitude theory, we address the role of cognitive and emotional self-regulatory mechanisms. The attitude-intention link is hypothesized to depend on conative processes and on certain coping responses directed at the emotional significance of evaluative appraisals. The subjective norm-intention relationship is hypothesized to be governed by certain cognitive activities inherent in perspective taking and by positive and negative emotional reactions associated with appraisals of the deviation and conformance of both the self and others to expectations concerning the shared social meaning of a focal act. Finally, the intention-behavior relationship, particularly for goal-directed behaviors, is posited to be conditioned on decision making with respect to the means needed to achieve a goal; with respect to implementation processes related to planning, monitoring, and guidance and control of instrumental acts; and with respect to motivational processs associated with commitment, effort, and affect toward the means.
... We developed our theoretical model based on the goal-driven behavior theory (Bagozzi, 1992;Bagozzi and Dholakia, 1999). Given the goal-driven nature of compliance behavior, the goal-driven theory is a suitable framework to study customer compliance (Fig. 1). ...
... According to the goal-driven behavior theory (Bagozzi, 1992;Bagozzi and Dholakia, 1999), goal-driven behaviors are comprised of two stages. The first stage is called goal setting, a pre-decisional, deliberative phase involving the establishment of goal intention and commitment. ...
... After customers establish their goals in the goal-setting stage, they will conduct instrumental actions to attain their pre-set goals in the goalstriving stage (e.g., Bagozzi, 1992). Theories on goal-driven behavior (e. g., Bagozzi, 1992) suggest that instrumental acts lead to goal achievement. ...
... A proactive personality as a stable characteristic tends to induce more autonomous work engagement through intrinsic motivation, which would be less constrained by external conditions. Bagozzi (1992) deepens the attitude theory, which addresses the role of cognitive and emotional self-regulatory mechanisms. Reformulation of attitude theory (RAT) contends that a mechanism exists from cognitive evaluation and emotional response to behavioral outcomes in a sequence. ...
... The appraisals of the employees are usually based on the past, present, and future timelines. After cognitive evaluation, if positive emotional responses are generated, employees would engage in positive work behavior (Bagozzi, 1992). It is said that through the reformulation of attitude theory application, a dualistic model is established (Chen, 2021). ...
... Under this mechanism, the role identity that links internalized expectations with the particular circumstances for individual actions should be considered. The role identity continues to evolve based on the events that happened or what is going on (Bagozzi, 1992). RAT is usually adopted to offer solid theoretical support for the relationship between management commitments and employee positive work behavior through emotional response (Darban et al., 2022;Karatepe et al., 2021;Rod & Ashill, 2013). ...
Drawing on social exchange and reformulation of attitude theories, the research model is proposed to test the interrelationships of ethical leadership, procedural justice, organizational trust, work engagement, and organizational innovation. Organizational trust and work engagement are identified as sequential mediators to explore the relationships between procedural justice, ethical leadership, and organizational innovation. Furthermore, a proactive personality is identified as a moderator for the relationship between work engagement and organizational innovation. This article advances and extends the knowledge of the antecedents of organizational innovation from organizational fairness perspectives and ethical leadership style in the Chinese IT industry.
... Shapero and Sokol (1982) measured desirability as an affective attitude, and feasibility mostly involves facets of self-efficacy. However, according to Bagozzi (1992), favorable attitudes towards a behavior only originate intentions if there is a volitive desire. On the other hand, a desire will lead to an intention if self-efficacy is also present (Bagozzi, 1992). ...
... However, according to Bagozzi (1992), favorable attitudes towards a behavior only originate intentions if there is a volitive desire. On the other hand, a desire will lead to an intention if self-efficacy is also present (Bagozzi, 1992). Based on this conative self-regulation of the relationship between attitudes and intentions, this study recovers TEE conceptualizing desire and control as direct antecedents of EI. ...
Purpose
This study aims to assess how undergraduates’ exposure to entrepreneurship education (EE) may increase their volitional desire and behavioral control to start-up a business.
Design/methodology/approach
The model establishes three different paths from EE to entrepreneurial intention (EI): attraction and passion through desire and confidence through control. These paths are assessed by partial least-squares structural equation modeling in a sample of 650 undergraduates from Poland, Turkey and Portugal.
Findings
The most effective way by which EE may increase EI is by promoting a favorable change in the attractiveness of the entrepreneurship career. Contrary to expectations based on the literature, the effects of EE on perceived behavioral control are weak and limited to aspects related to financial control.
Practical implications
EE programs should consider desire and control in different phases of training, with the following learning outcomes: explore prospective rewards of an attractive entrepreneurial career, develop self-efficacy regarding management competences and gain control by assuring skills to cope with failure.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to establish a path from EE to EI through passion and desire. It is also the first to consider entrepreneurial passion as a positive anticipated emotion in the model of goal-directed behavior. The results allow to relate the different paths with different learning outcomes of EE programs.
... Anderson et al., 2004;Gelade & Young, 2005;Hult et al., 2017;Loveman, 1998;Pritchard & Silvestro, 2005;Silvestro & Cross, 2000;Theoharakis et al., 2009;Yee et al., 2011). Bagozzi (1992) announced that the link between external service quality and customer satisfaction is based on the attitude theory, which outlines how customers evaluate their experience and ability to achieve certain outcomes. Several studies have addressed this link (e.g., Yee et al., 2010Yee et al., , 2011. ...
... More importantly, this study supports what was identified in the literature that CS acts as a key and significant antecedent of customer behavior and attitudes, such as customer loyalty, which in turn leads to better business performance (e.g., Andreassen, 1994;Bagozzi, 1992). Hence, this study confirms the idea that satisfied customers are going to be engaged in activities that lead to loyalty, such as continuance relationships and having positive word of mouth and recommendation (E. ...
The main aim of this study is to enhance and go beyond the conventional service profit chain model (SPC) by adding new intervening variables suggested in the relevant literature. Empirical data were obtained from 201 service companies from different service businesses using a survey approach; 603 questionnaires were collected from three perspectives: customers, front-line employees, and managers. A SmartPLS package was used to check data reliability and validity and to test hypotheses for paths using a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach. The findings of this study revealed that internal service quality (ISQ) enhanced employee satisfaction and that employees’ attitudes induced higher external service value and customer responsiveness alongside organizational performance. In addition, most of the intervening factors and links within the new SPC framework suggested in this study were supported. This study contributes to the relevant literature by adding new mediating factors to the conventional model. Hence, this study extends the integrative mechanism for how a firm’s internal operational activities will be translated into customer perceptions and business performance in the Saudi context.
... It is assumed that these abilities are determined by the personality (temperament and character) and socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent: education, income, marital status, gender, and age [7,9,[24][25][26]. • Behavioral skills are the performance and actions of people that are conditioned by their knowledge and efforts, but also by their personality, life experience, and the behavioral patterns adopted at home or at school [27,28]. This ability is closely related to the individual's ability to behave appropriately and rationally in a given situation [29]. ...
... • Behavioral skills are the performance and actions of people that are conditioned by their knowledge and efforts, but also by their personality, life experience, and the behavioral patterns adopted at home or at school [27,28]. This ability is closely related to the individual's ability to behave appropriately and rationally in a given situation [29]. ...
The research problem of this paper is related to numerous open questions in the field of energy, its understanding, its use, and the challenges of the energy future. After the introductory part, in which a brief historical overview of energy literacy is provided, the paper focuses on energy literacy, its emergence, and the different approaches to its definition and measurement. The paper analyzes the energy literacy of students at the Faculty of Economics in Rijeka based on their cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills. Their knowledge about energy, energy processes, and the energy efficiency of the objects they encounter on a daily basis is examined. Their personal attitudes and values are examined through various forms of personal initiatives and active participation in energy sustainability projects. Finally, the habits and behavioral patterns that the respondents have in their daily lives and their tendencies to save energy resources and find energy-efficient solutions are examined. Despite some positive findings, the current results are not satisfactory and point to the creation of adequate public policies with a particular focus on education and the role of the corrective mechanisms of the state, but also the need for joint negotiations between policy makers, regulators, scientists, representatives of civil society, and the business community. The particular contribution of this work is reflected in being the first research of its kind conducted among Croatian economics students, as well as among Croatian students in general; in the creation of a research instrument that is conceptually consistent with the findings from the existing literature, but with an original set of questions within each energy literacy skill adapted to the cultural and sociological background of the respondents; and in a kind of progress from previous research by taking into account the quantitative aspect (in addition to the qualitative) assessment of the respondents’ energy literacy.
... Attitude Theory is frequently used to explain individual behavioral mechanisms [39]. This theory, proposed by Bagozzi (1992), examines the effects of emotional experiences on intentions or behaviors based on traditional behavioral theories such as the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Theory of Trying. Bagozzi summarized the self-regulating of tourists as follows: "Appraisal →Emotional response →Coping". ...
... Bagozzi summarized the self-regulating of tourists as follows: "Appraisal →Emotional response →Coping". "Appraisal" refers to the outcome of a person based on a specific experience, which triggers an "Emotional response" that drives positive or negative "Coping" tendencies [40]. In tourism research, Attitude Theory has often been used to investigate the influence of factors on tourists' behavior, such as civilized behavior [41] and environmental protection [42]. ...
Rural tourism has been a hot spot in tourism studies in recent years. This research uses Attitude Theory to investigate the influence mechanism of tourists' perceived value and place identity on their behavioral intention in rural tourism in Zhejiang Province, China. The study adopts the PLS-SEM method to process the data. The results indicate that tourists' behavioral intention is positively influenced by their perceived value and place identity. Additionally, perceived value has a positive impact on tourists' place identity, and place identity plays a positive intermediary role between perceived value and behavioral intention. Meanwhile, cultural value is perceived as having the greatest influence on place identity and behavioral intention. Therefore, rural tourist destinations should focus on cultural value and the tourists' sense of place to promote sustainable rural tourism development.
... In GDBM, attitude is a predictor of desire. In addition, the Theory of Self-Regulation (TSR) by Bagozzi (1992) shows the role of attitude as a predictor of desire. Bagozzi (1992) shows that attitude can be understood as an assessment regarding which attitude that will lead to intention toward the targeted action. ...
... In addition, the Theory of Self-Regulation (TSR) by Bagozzi (1992) shows the role of attitude as a predictor of desire. Bagozzi (1992) shows that attitude can be understood as an assessment regarding which attitude that will lead to intention toward the targeted action. However, evaluative judgments do not imply a motivational commitment. ...
Keinginan turis untuk berwisata merupakan sebuah faktor penting yang perlu dipelajari untuk memahami intensi mereka untuk berwisata. Meskipun demikian, belum terdapat penelitian yang komprehensif mengenai keinginan turis untuk berwisata, khususnya selama pandemi Covid-19. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini ingin mempelajari mengenai keinginan (desire) turis untuk berwisata dengan menggunakan model Goal-Directed Behaviour yang dikembangkan dengan mengidentifikasi variabel risk perception yang sangat relevan dengan kondisi pandemi. Penelitian ini mengkaji antecedents dan postcedent variabel desire. Antecedents tersebut berupa attitude, positive anticipated emotions, negative anticipated emotions, subjective norm, dan perceived behavioural control, sementara postcedent tersebut berupa intention to travel. Penelitian ini memperoleh data dari 438 responden yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan metode Structural Equation Modeling. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa risk perception tidak dapat memprediksi attitude secara signifikan, attitude dan subjective norm tidak dapat memprediksi desire secara signifikan, positive anticipated emotions dan perceived behavioural control dapat memprediksi desire secara positif dan signifikan, negative anticipated emotions dapat memprediksi desire secara negatif dan signifikan, serta desire dapat memprediksi intention to travel secara positif dan signifikan. Selain itu, desire dapat memediasi secara signifikan prediksi positive anticipated emotions, negative anticipated emotions, dan perceived behavioural control terhadap intention to travel, tetapi desire tidak dapat memediasi secara signifikan prediksi attitude dan subjective norm terhadap intention to travel. Tourist’s desire to travel is an essential factor to understand their intention to travel. However, there has not been any comprehensive studies regarding their intention to travel, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to learn about tourist’ desire to travel by using the Goal-Directed Behaviour model which was developed by adding risk perception, which is very relevant with pandemic condition. This study identified the antecedents and postcedent of tourist’s intention to travel. The antecedents are attitude, positive anticipated emotions, negative anticipated emotions, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, while the postcedent is intention to travel. This study collected data from 438 respondents who were selected by using the purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed by using the Structural Equation Modeling method. This study concluded that risk perception doesn’t predict attitude significantly, attitude and subjective norm doesn’t predict desire significantly, positive anticipated emotions and perceived behavioural control predict desire positively and significantly, and negative anticipated emotions predict desire negatively and significantly. Moreover, desire significantly mediates the prediction of positive anticipated emotions, negative anticipated emotions, and perceived behavioural control toward intention to travel, but desire doesn’t significantly mediate the prediction of attitude and subjective norm toward intention to travel.
... This hypothesis finds support in various studies, including preliminary research by Jacoby and Kaplan (1972) and Kaplan et al. (1974). The future behavior of consumers, encompassing their intentions, willingness to make purchases, and word-of-mouth recommendations, is strongly influenced by their preferences (Bagozzi, 1992;Dodds et al., 1991). While Fishbein and Stasson (1990) suggest that intention serves as a motivational factor, Bagozzi (1992) argues that choice is distinct from intention, emphasizing that intention cannot be activated without a sense of priority. ...
... The future behavior of consumers, encompassing their intentions, willingness to make purchases, and word-of-mouth recommendations, is strongly influenced by their preferences (Bagozzi, 1992;Dodds et al., 1991). While Fishbein and Stasson (1990) suggest that intention serves as a motivational factor, Bagozzi (1992) argues that choice is distinct from intention, emphasizing that intention cannot be activated without a sense of priority. Hence, opting for Internet retailers positively shapes consumer intentions. ...
The internet’s growth has opened doors for global sales, particularly in Malaysia, where a rising trend in online shopping is evident. Floriculture entrepreneurs are seizing this opportunity to boost ornamental plant sales online, driven by the increasing internet-savvy Malaysian customer base. Despite the overall surge in online commerce, ornamental plants face challenges in popularity compared to items like clothing or food. Various factors, including plant pricing, quality attributes, and reliable delivery services, influence consumer preferences for online ornamental plant purchases. This study aims to explore the factors influencing consumers toward purchasing ornamental plants online, assess consumer preferences, and understand how these patterns may impact future buying behavior. The conceptual framework includes five independent variables: price, quality, time-saving, convenience, and delivery service, with consumer preferences as the dependent variable. Data was collected from 154 respondents in Klang Valley, Malaysia, experienced in purchasing ornamental plants online, and analyzed using descriptive and mean ranking analysis. Findings show that the key platforms for purchases were Facebook, Shopee, and WhatsApp, with seedlings and adult plants priced under RM20 being the preferred choices. Respondents identified price, quality, time-saving, convenience, and delivery service as crucial factors in their online purchasing decisions. Notably, delivery service emerged as the most influential factor, earning 100% preference. Consumers expressed a strong willingness to buy ornamental plants online if informed about the seller’s quality and packaging methods, as highlighted by a mean score of 4.533. The study emphasizes that consumers prioritize “quality delivery service” when making online purchases. “Convenience” is another key factor, allowing consumers to compare prices before buying. Overall, consumers focus on price, quality, convenience, and time savings in their decision to buy ornamental plants online. Sellers are encouraged to go beyond these factors, employing diverse strategies to attract consumers to the online ornamental plant market.
... According to Bagozzi's (1992) goal theory, human behavior is mostly intentional and is divided into two stages: goal establishing and goal striving. Establishing a goal intention is a pre-decisional deliberative step of goal planning. ...
Several factors influence the general happiness of customers; one of which is envy. Such envy could arise from having a basic need for relatedness, as well as a need to assess judgments and skills. This motivation includes a desire to build one's reputation and lessen ambiguity, which is known as social comparison. Comparisons are divided into upward and downward comparisons. With upward comparisons, one person sees the other as superior on a given metric, whereas downward comparisons are the exact reverse. Researchers have investigated whether using social networking sites actually promotes jealousy and upward social comparison. Yet, it has become evident through studies on how social networking sites affect subjective well-being through upward and downward social comparisons. Considering this, the purpose of this study is to review prior research and determine how social comparison may change customer well-being. This was done by focusing on one's demonstrating some upward and downward social comparisons. It was observed that upward social comparison does have a favorable impact on the customer's well-being whereas downward social comparison has a negative impact. The study provided recommendations to decision-makers and upcoming scholars on this subject based on the findings of the prior literature.
... The generalized intention in TPB is commonly used in the study of individuals' health-related behaviors (Francis et al., 2004), including desire, expectation, and plan (Armitage and Conner, 2001). Bagozzi (1992) states that attitudes may first be transformed into desire, then develop into intention, and finally into action, echoing the three stages of migrant settlement decision-making. Therefore, we set up three scenarios of desire, expectation, and plan to measure the settlement decision-making of rural in-migrants. ...
The phenomenon of rural in-migration is emerging as a significant trend in various global hotspots, playing a crucial role in reshaping these rural areas from social and spatial perspectives. The decision-making process for rural in-migrants regarding settlement is complex. Although previous studies have acknowledged that settlement intentions are influenced by social and environmental factors, such as the economy, natural environment, and public service facilities, many have relied on a stated-preference approach to measure migrants’ settlement intentions. This method may overlook the inherent complexity and fluidity of the decision-making process. Drawing upon the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this paper formulates questions aligned with the three stages of decision-making to examine the settlement intentions of rural in-migrants. Employing multiple linear regression analysis, the study assesses the impact of social and environmental factors on the settlement decisions of rural in-migrants in four villages surrounding Dali, a renowned rural destination in southwest China that attracts a diverse range of migrants. The findings highlight the pivotal role of public service facilities’ quality in rural villages in the decision-making process, particularly among those who have already formulated settlement plans. Additionally, the research reveals that female in-migrants place a heightened emphasis on the quality of these facilities. Furthermore, a higher level of education correlates with a broader diversity of influencing factors. As migrants age, a wider range of considerations comes into play, with the natural environment emerging as a key factor for older in-migrants. This article emphasizes the equal importance of continuously improving public service facilities, strengthening economic vitality, and protecting rural natural landscapes to support the development of rural communities.
... The perceptions of green spaces among older people, particularly their assessment and evaluation of their natural surroundings, directly and indirectly impact their health and overall well-being. Residents' physical and emotional health is enhanced when their desires for green space environments are fulfilled [39]. People's perceptions of green spaces can moderate the health benefits of urban green spaces [40]. ...
Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the use of these spaces. Using a literature review, interviews, and surveys, we developed and refined a measurement scale for older people’s perceptions of urban greenery. Using data from 513 seniors in Fuzhou’s urban parks, structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between their multidimensional health, usage, and perceptions of green spaces. The results showed that older people’s positive evaluations of green spaces, especially those with facilities, significantly increased their usage. This increased usage positively influences their physical, mental, and social health, with the most pronounced benefits for social health. The total impact of green space perception on multidimensional health was beneficial and significantly impacted social health, even though the direct impacts of quality perception on physical health and facility perception on social health were minimal. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of green spaces on the health of older individuals and provide a theoretical basis for developing urban green spaces that maximize health advantages for older people.
... The effect of perceived service quality on these two behavior intentions were examined throughout the dimensions of service quality. For instance, Hassan et al. (2013) (Bagozzi, 1992;Oliver, 1997). According to this model, customers evaluate the service rendered based on three phases namely, cognitive, affective and behavioral. ...
''Students' Perceived Service Quality on Behavioral Intentions with Mediating Role of Satisfaction and Perceived Employability Skills of Private Business Colleges and Universities in Myanmar''
... The effect of perceived service quality on these two behavior intentions were examined throughout the dimensions of service quality. For instance, Hassan et al. (2013) (Bagozzi, 1992;Oliver, 1997). According to this model, customers evaluate the service rendered based on three phases namely, cognitive, affective and behavioral. ...
Doctorate Research Proposal : Students’ Perceived Service Quality on Behavioral Intentions with Mediating Role of Satisfaction and Perceived Employability Skills of Private Business Colleges and Universities in Myanmar''.
... Therefore, a marketing concept satisfying customers' needs and desires is vital to any firm's success (Han, Kim & Hyun, 2011). Earlier researchers, such as Bagozzi (1992), Cronin & Taylor (1992), recognized that when expectations and experiences match outcomes, customer satisfaction results. ...
The adoption of hospitality practices as sustainable development seeks to limit the negative impacts of hotels’ business activities on natural and social environments and to increase the benefits to tourism as a whole and the surrounding population. The objective of this research is to identify the antecedents of customer satisfaction for different types of hotels. To meet this goal, the following research questions were addressed. What are the antecedents of customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry for hotel practices as sustainable development? Does customer satisfaction with these practices vary by the kind of hotel? Through a survey of 344 customers staying in seven hotels located in the province of Santos and Ubatuba (Sao Paulo State), it was found that customer satisfaction is positively influenced by hotels’ adoption of sustainable hospitality practices and that the level of customer satisfaction varies according to hotel size.
... Finally, concerning the conative image, several studies examine the importance of evaluating this, taking it into account within the three-dimensional model for the study of the target image (Lee et al., 2023a;Lee & Jan, 2021). This refers to the inclination of engaging in behaviours or a favourable consideration of potential destinations and a deliberate contemplation of a location or item with the aim of achieving a specific objective (Bagozzi, 1992; Y.-C. Huang & Lin, 2023b). ...
The objective of this study is to provide an analysis of the processes involved in the construction of the perception of a cross-border sustainable tourism destination image in peripheral regions. The research presented was conducted using an empirical approach that merges qualitative and quantitative techniques. The main results of this study include the identification of the key components that contribute to the formation of the image of a sustainable cross-border tourist destination in the region encompassing Alcoutim (Portugal) and Sanlúcar de Guadiana (Spain).
... This engagement is not merely about passive awareness but involves a deeper, intrinsic connection to the product's relevance and value to the consumer's lifestyle or needs. The concept is rooted in the premise that individuals are driven by their interests and desires, which significantly shape their intentions and actions (Bagozzi, 1992). ...
The surge in social media's popularity has catalyzed the emergence and growth of social media influencers (SMIs) and their pivotal role in marketing strategy. This study examines the impact of SMI over-endorsement on consumer purchase intentions, mediating this relationship through influencer authenticity and credibility, and moderating it with product interest. Employing a moderated-mediation model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), this study analyzes survey data collected from 303 social media users. Contrary to intuitive expectations, SMI over-endorsement does not directly affect consumer purchase intentions; instead, its negative influence is significantly mediated by reduced perceptions of credibility among SMIs, with product interest serving as a mitigating mechanism. This revelation challenges conventional beliefs by revealing that the negative repercussions of excessive endorsements are mediated by credibility erosion, overshadowing any concerns regarding authenticity. Importantly, this adverse effect can be mitigated by fostering product interest as a strategic buffer. This suggests that rather than curtailing endorsement frequencies, brands and SMIs should focus on amplifying product interest (e.g., by enhancing product engagement and relevance) and thus sustain or even increase endorsement activities without compromising the perceived credibility of influencers, thereby maintaining the effectiveness of influencer marketing campaigns. This study therefore contributes novel insights into the dynamics of influencer marketing, particularly the adverse effects of over-endorsement on consumer behavior and the conditions under which these effects may be neutralized.
... In addition, the cognitive theory of emotion holds that people make adjustments to adapt to the environment while accepting the stimuli of the environment (Lasarus, 1991). On this basis, Bagozzi (1992) proposed the self-regulating attitude and noted that people's attitudes toward a scene can be divided into three stages: the assessment of the scene, the emotion toward the scene, and the behavior in the scene. Liu et al. (2019) also pointed out that people's place identity will arouse their place dependence. ...
Background
High-quality in-forest landscapes are very important when landscape designers and foresters are planning and managing forest landscape resources. Understanding people’s visual behavior toward in-forest landscapes plays an important role in creating high-quality in-forest landscapes.
Methods
People’s visual information about in-forest landscapes with different landscape uniformity (IFLDLU) was visualized and digitized by eye-tracking technology and virtual reality method of picture, and the data were statistically analyzed by MANOVA, one-way ANOVA, Spearman’s rho correlation analysis, and linear regression in SPSS.
Purpose
This study aimed to discuss the influence of landscape uniformity on people’s visual behavior, satisfaction preference, and re-viewing intention, and to reveal the main reasons for the spatial cognitive characteristics of in-forest scenes that arouse their visual attention and re-viewing intention.
Main results
(1) The landscape uniformity of the in-forest landscape (IFL) affects people’s observation mode; (2) People’s visual attention differs across in-forest landscape uniformity, as mainly reflected in visual span and pupil diameter; (3) Overall, people prefer a cluster distribution of in-forest landscapes, for which they have higher re-viewing intentions; (4) Spatial cognitive characteristics that arouse participants’ visual behavior, satisfaction preference, and re-viewing intention vary with the landscape uniformity of in-forest landscapes. Among them, many spatial cognitive characteristics should be optimized in random distribution for IFL, arousing higher satisfaction preference and re-viewing intention. Therefore, when planning, designing, and managing in-forest landscapes, we suggest that spatial cognitive characteristics should be improved and optimized based on the landscape uniformity of the IFL to arouse participants’ positive visual attention, enhance their place identity, make them “reluctant to bid farewell,” and further arouse their place attachment.
... UTAUT also extends Davis's technology acceptance model, the most extensively functional model of users' technology acceptance and usage (Brandon-Jones and Kauppi, 2018). Established by Davis (1989) and Bagozzi (1992). Technology adoption model (TAM) substitutes several of TRA's attitude measures with the two technology acceptance measures ease of use and usefulness. ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine the mediating role of social influence on the relationship between key predictors of E-pharmacy adoption among young consumers based on the unified theory of adoption and use of technology (UTAUT).
Design/methodology/approach
This study employs a quantitative correlational research design. Based on cluster sampling, data was collected from 306 university students from three public universities in southwestern Nigeria. Data was analysed using partial least square structural equation modeling.
Findings
The primary determinant driving the adoption of e-pharmacy is performance expectancy. Social influence plays a partial mediating role in linking performance expectancy to e-pharmacy adoption. In contrast, it fully mediates the relationship between effort expectancy, facilitating conditions and the adoption of e-pharmacy services.
Research limitations/implications
This study provides theoretical clarity on recent issues within the UTAUT framework. Findings highlight the complexity of how social factors interact with individual beliefs and external conditions in determining technology acceptance.
Practical implications
Research includes information relevant to access the impact of e-pharmacy services on healthcare accessibility, affordability and quality in developing countries.
Originality/value
The findings extend the adoption of technology literature in healthcare and offer a new understanding of adoption dynamics. The results emphasize the importance of performance expectancy in driving e-pharmacy adoption, providing a clear direction for stakeholders to enhance service quality and user experience of e-pharmacy. Additionally, the mediating effect of social influence highlights the significance of peer recommendations, celebrity endorsements and social media campaigns in shaping consumer adoption of e-pharmacies among young people.
... In a modern attitude model, Bagozzi (1992) proposed that emotional responses arbitrated the relationship between cognitive appraisals and behavioral intentions to a prearranged stimulus. This model illustrated the significance that affects use for predicting customer's behavioral intentions in the part of a brand. ...
Strong brand image is an invaluable asset and organizations are giving continuous endeavor to build strong image for their goods and services. Likewise, marketing researchers are focusing on researches to find out ways to enhance brand image. In this study, Aaker’s Customer-Based Brand Equity Framework-1996, Keller’s Customer-Based Brand Equity Pyramid-2003 and Baker’s Corporate Social Responsibility Model-2001 have been taken into consideration for identifying the pertinent factors relating to brand image of hotel brands. Subsequently a number of variables have been extracted through extensive literature review to investigate their influence on building brand image for branded hotels in the context of Bangladesh. The variables include brand awareness, brand association, brand superiority, brand affection, brand resonance and corporate social responsibility which are deemed to have a direct influence on brand image while tourism management and advertisement have been used as the moderators in the relationship between these six IVs and brand image. Data were collected from the customers of some selected 4 star and 5 star hotels in Bangladesh using multi-stage sampling procedure. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypotheses of this study. It was found that brand awareness, brand association, brand superiority, brand resonance and corporate social responsibility were significant factors influencing brand image of branded hotels. Among these five determinants, corporate social responsibility was found to be the most significant followed by brand superiority, brand association, brand awareness and brand resonance. In the moderating effect test of tourism management, it was found that the relationship between brand superiority and brand image was moderated by tourism management; the relationship between brand resonance and brand image was also found to be moderated by tourism management. On the other hand, advertisement was found to be a moderator in the relationship between brand awareness and brand image; brand association and brand image, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and brand image. Based on the findings, this study proposes a new model named “SAARCAT” to measure brand image of branded hotels. The current study gathers opinions from the diverse group of participants on the factors influencing the hotel brand image. Thus it supplements empirical evidence to address the research gaps and responds to the calls for examining the brand image of branded hotels within hotel industry. In this way it adds some new insights into the customer based brand equity models as proposed by Aker’s (1996), Keller’s (2003) and Baker’s (2001). The results derived from this research provide several practical implications for hotel managers and policy makers specifically, in terms of how to evaluate, build and improve the hotel brand image.
... indicate that the link between attitude toward the object and behaviour is not always clear. In some cases, attitudes have a direct effect on behaviours (Bagozzi and Warshaw, 1992;Bagozzi and Yi, 1988); in others they do not (Bagozzi 1981(Bagozzi , 1992b. ...
Welcome to this comprehensive reference book, the result of extensive research into the fascinating
world of celebrity endorsements and their impact on consumer behavior. In an era where marketing
dynamics are constantly evolving, and consumer choices are increasingly influenced by various
factors, understanding the profound effects of celebrity endorsements has never been more crucial.
This reference book is the product of a rigorous research endeavor, which sought to advance both
theoretical knowledge and practical utility. It aims to bridge the gap between academic research and
real-world marketing decisions. The aspiration behind this work is to offer a comprehensive resource
that not only deepens our theoretical understanding but also provides a valuable tool for marketing
professionals to make more informed decisions.
Within these pages, you will find a wealth of insights, analyses, and practical guidance. We delve
into the intricate dimensions of celebrity endorsements, specifically focusing on their effects on
consumer ad perception, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Our journey begins with the creation
and validation of a novel celebrity endorsement scale, integrating previous research findings with the
fresh insights garnered from an exploratory study conducted within the scope of this research
project.
The development and validation of this scale is a significant milestone, as it offers a practical
framework for marketing managers to make informed choices when selecting celebrity endorsers.
This tool is comprised of five dimensions - attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise, popularity, and
relevance - and provides marketing professionals with an invaluable resource to guide their decision�making process.
In addition to this, our work offers a roadmap for marketing managers, emphasizing which specific
dimensions they should prioritize when choosing celebrity endorsers. Our findings underscore the
preeminence of a celebrity's popularity, followed closely by attractiveness, trustworthiness,
relevance, and expertise. This knowledge is pivotal for decision-makers as they navigate the
complex landscape of celebrity endorsements.
Moreover, the newly validated five-dimensional celebrity endorsement scale empowers marketing
professionals to evaluate the effectiveness of various celebrity endorsements across these
dimensions. It aids in examining the impact of attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise, popularity,
and relevance, providing clarity on which factors contribute most significantly to a particular
endorsement's success.
Our research also demonstrates the influential role of celebrity endorsements as a marketing tool.
When executed skillfully, these endorsements are shown to have a positive impact on consumer ad
perception, brand attitude, and purchase intention. This knowledge underscores the strategic value of
celebrity endorsements when integrated into a marketing strategy.
Popularity and attractiveness emerge as critical factors in this regard, offering marketers clear
guidance in their selection of celebrity endorsers. At the same time, the study highlights that
expertise, although valuable in building brand attitudes and ad perceptions, may not necessarily
translate into increased purchase intentions.
This reference book serves as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and marketing professionals
who aspire to deepen their comprehension of the impact of celebrity endorsements on consumer
behavior. Whether you are a dedicated academic researcher, an aspiring marketing professional, or a
seasoned manager, the content within these pages is intended to enrich your knowledge and inform
your strategic decisions.
As we explore the compelling world of celebrity endorsements, we invite you to immerse yourself in
the insights, tools, and practical guidance presented in this reference book. Our goal is not only to
inform but also to inspire further exploration of the dynamic marketing landscape and the pivotal
role of celebrity endorsements.
We express our sincere appreciation to all those who contributed to this research and this reference
book, and we eagerly anticipate the continued growth of knowledge and practice in the field of
marketing.
Welcome to the world of celebrity endorsements and their profound influence on consumer behavior
with hope you keep enjoying the outcome of the book as WOW Talk.
... Behavioural intentions are related to people's willingness and/or desire to perform specific actions in the future to achieve objectives or purposes. Consumers' behavioural intentions have been the object of interest of managers and researchers in marketing and consumer behaviour in recent decades (Bagozzi, 1992;Ajzen, 1991;Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). In this context, buying intention relates to the consumer's willingness and desire to purchase a specific product or service or engage in consumption behaviour in a given time (Chinelato et al., 2023). ...
Purpose
Understanding how attributes, consequences and values (A-C-V) influence the predisposition to purchase and buying intention of organic food consumers (OFC) is crucial for its stakeholders. This study aims to (1) investigate whether OFC perceptions of the A-C-V impact their predisposition to purchase and buying intention; (2) examine the mediating effect of predisposition to purchase on the relationship between OFC personal values and their buying intentions and (3) verify whether consumers with distinct levels of organic food-buying intention perceive differently of the A-C-V, predisposition to purchase and consumption frequency.
Design/methodology/approach
This quantitative study comprised 307 consumers who filled out a form about their perceptions of organic foods’ A-C-V and their consumption frequency, purchasing predisposition and buying intention. Partial least squares strutural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) tested the hypothetical model that resorted to the means-end chain (MEC) theory (Gutman, 1982). Cluster analysis based on OFC’s buying intentions compared their perceptions of the A-C-V, purchasing predisposition and consumption frequency.
Findings
The OFC’s perception of the attributes of these foods impacts the consequences of their consumption and values. Such values positively influence their purchase predisposition and buying intention. Predisposition to purchase measured the relationship between OFC values and purchase intention. Three OFC clusters were identified according to their buying intentions. Such groups perceive the A-C-V singularly and have different purchasing predispositions and consumption frequencies.
Originality/value
OFC values directly influence buying intentions. However, the predisposition to purchase strongly mediates the relationship between values and buying intentions, producing an indirect impact more notable than a direct one. It brings academic and managerial contributions to organic food stakeholders.
... Moreover, we examine the different layers of men's intended leave-taking, namely whether they desire to take leave, whether they intend and plan to do so, and if so, for how long. We assume that these dependent variables form a continuum from behavioral preferences to behavioral intentions (Bagozzi, 1992;Perugini and Bagozzi, 2001) and thus provide more insights into predictors of men's intended leave-taking at various stages in their decision-making process. In addition, examining the hypothesized relations cross-sectionally will provide suggestive evidence as to whether the relations can also be expected longitudinally. ...
Despite continuing progress, men remain underrepresented in childcare, domestic labor, and other care work. Because parental leave is discussed as a gateway to increasing men’s childcare engagement, we aimed to gain insights into predictors of men’s parental leave-taking intentions during the transition to parenthood. Using outcomes on a continuum from behavioral preferences to more behavior-oriented measures, we examine how masculinity and fatherhood beliefs as well as social support become relevant during men’s formation of their leave-taking intentions. Planned analyses of data collected from 143 expectant fathers in Belgium and Germany revealed that the support men perceive from their partners for taking leave predicts their parental leave-taking desire, intention, and planned length of leave. Moreover, men’s conception of a prototypical man, especially in terms of agency, was linked to their desire to take leave. Against expectations, father role attitudes and workplace support did not emerge as relevant predictors of men’s intended leave-taking. Results of exploratory analyses suggest that care engagement of peers, expected backlash, and self-efficacy beliefs additionally play a role in men’s intended leave-taking. We discuss parental leave as a negotiation process within couples and review the role of men’s normative environment for their intended leave-taking.
... Thus, related empirical findings are also quite limited, leading to a gap in the literature, especially in terms of instructors. The findings on the significance of emotions in the acceptance of information technologies (Beaudry & Pinsonneault, 2005 emphasized that various emotions could trigger different adaptive behavior (Bagozzi, 1992), and the role of emotions as an output variable in the adoption of online technologies such as e-learning systems (Şahin et al., 2022a, 2022b) suggested that this gap was critical. Thus, a framework was employed for the classification of emotions to investigate the effect of continuance intention on positive and negative emotions (Beaudry & Pinsonneault, 2010). ...
Although research on online education has skyrocketed in recent years due to the pandemic, hybrid education, which is the transition period, has been relatively ignored. In the context of hybrid education, studies focusing on instructors from a motivational perspective are also quite rare. This study deals with the influential variables in the intention to continue online education with a motivational approach. The technology acceptance model is extended with the self-determination theory (competence, autonomy, relatedness), a framework for emotions (positive, negative), and constructs for system quality (system compatibility, system satisfaction). The participants consisted of 308 instructors from 12 different universities. The analyses of the study were carried out with PLS-SEM technique. The results showed that none of the constructs other than perceived usefulness and relatedness had an effect on continuance intention. On the other hand, two of the three strongest relationships in the model were between continuance intention and emotional outcomes. Path modeling results indicate that continuance intention has a crucial role in triggering both positive and negative experience. In addition, the results suggest that the findings for motivation-based variables differ clearly from those obtained in normal settings when it comes to a unique setting such as hybrid education.
... Specifically, this study shows that when FBBP users perceive benefits in terms of consumer empowerment (as gained through information, autonomy, and control) as well as brand page experience (as gained through sensory brand page experience), they are likely to stick to the FBBP. In line with the cognitive-affective-behaviour framework (Bagozzi, 1992), we found that FBBP empowers consumers (cognitive) and makes them feel in control of their shopping experience and thus perceive a pleasant sensory FBBP experience (affective), which motivates the consumer to keep visiting the brand page and spend a longer time and thus enhances FBBP stickiness (behavior). In addition, this study highlights the power of brand love in moderating the sensory experience-brand page stickiness link. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to identify the mechanism through which consumer empowerment, created via the Facebook brand page (FBBP), is transformed into brand page stickiness. Specifically, a model examining the mediating role of FBBP experience and the moderating role of brand love is proposed and tested.
Design/methodology/approach
Data from 283 FBBP users were analyzed using structural equation modeling with partial least squares.
Findings
The findings reveal the positive effect of consumer empowerment and brand page experience on brand page stickiness. The mediating role of brand page experience and the moderating role of brand love were prominent in the consumer empowerment–brand page stickiness link.
Originality/value
This paper is novel in inaugurating the association between consumer empowerment and FBBP stickiness, which is mediated by brand experience and moderated with brand love. This paper enriches the understanding of how brand page stickiness can be enhanced in the social media context.
Practical implications
This paper guides managers to best utilize FBBP to create a pleasant experience and yield stickiness.
... The assumption that perceived service quality indirectly impacts loyalty through satisfaction lies in the argument that service quality cognitive perceptions evoke reactions (here satisfaction) that, in turn, forms attitudes or direct behaviors (Bagozzi, 1992). Thus, this study posits that the quality elements of the service provider not only contribute directly to contract renewal but foster satisfaction which, in turn, influences the levels of attitudinal loyalty. ...
... Reliability ranged from 0.720 to 0.944. All Cronbach alphas were > 0.60 (Bagozzi, 1992;Hair et al., 2006). All measurements of the variables demonstrated high levels of reliability and validity, ensuring the robustness and accuracy of the data collected for the study. ...
This research adopts a contingency theory approach to explore the role of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a performance management system. Contingencies, including perceived environmental uncertainty and business strategy, are examined to understand their impact on BSC implementation and organizational performance, with a specific focus on the mediating role of the BSC. Conducting a survey among Jordanian manufacturers, the research gathered 312 usable responses out of 400 questionnaires, achieving a response rate of 78%. Theoretically, this study's framework contributed to management accounting literature by analyzing the impact of perceived environmental uncertainty and business strategy on BSC implementation. The study's findings will help understand the factors that could influence Jordanian manufacturing companies' BSC implementation. This study will also help businesses understand why they need to use BSC to get the right information for making decisions and improve the performance of their organizations.
... Reliability ranged from 0.720 to 0.944. All Cronbach alphas were > 0.60 (Bagozzi, 1992;Hair et al., 2006). All measurements of the variables demonstrated high levels of reliability and validity, ensuring the robustness and accuracy of the data collected for the study. ...
Measuring the performance of Fintech services on mobile apps (FSMA) is considered a major key to sustain, develop, and improve financial services and their processes, depending on users’ standpoints on digital platforms. Public value aims at enhancing the performance of government institutions services. Throughout the current research, authors have suggested a novel way to evaluate the performance and management of FSMA by theorizing a new conceptual framework entitled Public Value of Fintech Services’ Mobile Apps (PV-FSMA). A quantitative approach was chosen to measure several factors influencing the use of FSMA and evaluate the degree of public value of FSMA among Jordanians. The structural equation model was conducted based on the results of the PV-FSMA model hypotheses. The results confirmed that FSMA-intention to use (FSMA-ITU) and its predictors: FSMA-usefulness (FSMA-US), FSMA-awareness (FSMA-AR), FSMA-security (FSMA-SE), FSMA-social influence (FSMA-IS), and FSMA-system quality (FSMA-SQ) except FSMA-ease of use (FSMA-ES) are valuable determinants of PV-FSMA. The article presents theoretical implications regarding financial services and public value theories and practical implications regarding public institution leaders, managers, and information technology specialists in the Fintech domain to improve the quality and performance of FSMA in Jordan.
... This is on the premise that an attitude represents a disposition to manifest specific behaviour regarding some goal and need and that attitude is our basic motivational unit (Ray, 1998). This is also because we believe that intentions are not a sufficient impetus for action and that the attitude-intention link is hypothesized to depend on conative processes (Bagozzi, 1992) which we will not delve into in the study. ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of intrinsic factors (proactiveness, motivation, creativity) on the personal attitude of agricultural students to start a farming business in South Africa. This relationship was looked at from gender perspective. Research Design & Methods: An estimated 3,486 students were enrolled for various agriculture-related qualifications in various 27 institutions of higher learning in South Africa when this cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out. Data from 421 agricultural students were collected through a Prospective Farmers Profile Questionnaire at six institutions of higher learning in South Africa. Findings: The study finds no significant gender influence on all intrinsic factors and also on the personal attitude of agricultural students to start a farming business. The results further revealed that personal attitude to start a business is predicted by intrinsic factors, motivation, and creativity, but not proactiveness. Implications and Recommendations: Entrepreneurial syllabi should aim to equip students with intrinsic factors as these shape the personal attitude to start a business. It is a positive personal attitude that will likely result in a start-up. Farming entrepreneurship, especially among the youth will assist in employment creation as well as food security, two problems that many countries are currently facing. Contribution & Value Added: Proactiveness is one of the most important dimensions of entrepreneurship but agricultural students do not consider it significant in their personal attitude to start a business. Proactiveness should be built into the syllabi for students to be better acquainted with this critical business start-up element.
Examining entrepreneurial motivations is an increasingly prominent area of research in the international literature. Different studies have identified different results and motivational factors. Reviewing the relevant literature, there still needs to be a consensus among theorists on which intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors play a key role in becoming an entrepreneur. The chapter aims to map how the term “entrepreneurial motivation” appears in scientific publications and identify the authors, institutions and countries with a particularly high citation rate for this term. The ultimate objective of the authors is to identify networks or clusters of links between specific authors, institutions, and countries and, not least, to present results that will provide an accurate picture of the publication-authorship links in the international literature in this field.
Purpose
This paper investigates the influence of employees’ extra-role and in-role behaviours on customer service alongside the moderating role of gender.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper employs the theory of behavioural intentions, cross-sectional survey design and quantitative approach to collect the data from 426 purposively sampled workers and customers of oil marketing companies. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and the hierarchical regression model in SPSS.
Findings
The results indicate that employees’ extra-role behaviour has a significant positive effect on customer service while employees’ in-role behaviour has no significant effect on customer service. It is also established that gender of staff can significantly moderate the relationship between extra-role behaviour and customer service such that the behaviour of female staff has greater effect on customer service than their male counterparts. However, the gender of staff has no moderating effect on the relationship between in-role behaviour and customer service.
Practical implications
The findings imply that female staff should be allowed to directly engage customers more often than male staff to promote superior customer service. Managers should continuously improve upon the behaviour of employees through orientations, workshops and mentoring. Behaviour stimuli such as awards, appreciations and recognition for best workers would have to be encouraged to induce employees to act beyond their prescribed-roles.
Originality/value
This study is the first to investigate how staff behaviours (in-role and extra-role) impact customer service, with gender of the employees as a moderator. This paper contributes to literature by empirically confirming the differential influence of employees’ extra role and in-role behaviours on customer service and the effectiveness of gender as a moderator on the relationship between extra-role behaviour and customer service from a developing country perspective and an industry where there is dearth of research.
Purpose
Attracting resources (financial and non-financial), supporters and the community’s attention to sports and physical activity has become essential for local sports associations (LSAs). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are innovative and less imitable tools for strengthening relationships with customers (Lim et al. , 2018), and there needs to be relevant research on CSR and the variables discussed in this study at the level of small sports organizations. Moreover, past research has focused on professional sports organizations in developed and non-Islamic countries. So, the following research questions are: What is the influence of CSR initiatives on the organizational reputation, brand equity and customer satisfaction of LSAs operating in the context of recreational sports, particularly in Islamic developing countries, and how does this relationship evolve within the framework of small sports organizations?
Design/methodology/approach
Participants ( n = 290) consisted of all customers who used the services of LSAs in the Islamic Republic of Iran). This research seeks to measure the relationship between variables within a causal model based on structural equation modeling.
Findings
This study critically examines the connection between CSR, customer satisfaction, organizational reputation and brand equity in LSAs. This study presents a model that explores how CSR influences customer satisfaction, reputation and brand equity in LSAs in developing countries.
Research limitations/implications
Consequently, customers are likely to feel more satisfied with LSAs that demonstrate a commitment to CSR, and this leads to evaluations of the organization’s reputation and brand equity, ultimately resulting in outcomes for them.
Originality/value
This research presents a comprehensive theoretical model that examines the relationship between CSR, customer satisfaction, reputation and brand equity of LSAs in developing Islamic countries. LSAs must understand and recognize customer interests in social issues and their response to various CSR programs.
Loneliness poses a formidable global health challenge in our volatile, post-pandemic world. Prior studies have identified promising interventions to alleviate loneliness, however, little is known about their effectiveness. This study measured the effectiveness of educational entertainment (“edutainment”) and/or evidence-based, written health messages in alleviating loneliness and increasing intention to cope with loneliness. We recruited 1639 German participants, aged 18 years or older. We compared three intervention groups who received: (A) edutainment and written health messages, (B) only edutainment, or (C) only written health messages, against (D) a control group that received nothing. The primary outcomes were loneliness and intention to cope with loneliness. Participants were also invited to leave comments about the interventions or about their perception or experiences with loneliness. We found a small ( d = 0.254) but significant effect of the written messages on increased intention to cope with loneliness ( b = 1.78, t (1602) = 2.91, P = 0.004), while a combination of edutainment and written messages significantly decreased loneliness scores ( b = −0.25, t (1602) = −2.06, P = 0.04) when compared with the control, even after adjusting for covariables including baseline values, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and hope. We also observed significantly higher self-esteem scores after exposure to a combination of edutainment and written messages ( b = 0.821, t (1609) = 1.76, one-tailed P = 0.039) and significantly higher hope scores after exposure to edutainment-only ( b = 0.986, t (1609) = 1.85, one-tailed P = 0.032) when compared with the control group. Our study highlights the benefits of using written messages for increasing intention to cope with loneliness and a combination of edutainment and written messages for easing loneliness. Even in small “doses” (less than 6 min of exposure), edutainment can nurture hope, and edutainment combined with written messages can boost self-esteem.
The present study aims to examine the relationships between physical and social servicescape elements with inhouse dining behaviour by applying the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework to overcome the challenges that arose due to the breakout of COVID-19. Smart PLS software 3.3.7 has been used to conduct statistical analysis to establish the constructs' reliability and validity and test the developed hypotheses. The study confirms the fitness of the S-O-R framework in predicting in-house dining behaviour in light of COVID-19. The diners should be communicated about the hygiene standards followed during the operation cycle, and a separate zone could be created for people who are more concerned about the health risks. The restaurants cannot afford to compromise with the ambient condition, signs, symbols and artefacts, spatial layout and functionality, perceived similarities and behaviour of other customers, and physical appearance and behaviour of the employees. These components act as stimuli to develop learning and mood, leading to in-house dining.
This study measures the nexus between entrepreneurial motives and residents’ support for the meal-sharing economy with the mediating role of the state of the local economy. The authors employ partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) on the sample of 226 Indian respondents collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that the state of the local economy, social influence, gratification of hosting, and source of cultural capital are positively affecting the meal-sharing economy. Furthermore, the state of the local economy is positively associated with social influence and independency
motives, significantly mediating the nexus of the meal-sharing economy
with social influence and independency. Empirical findings suggest several
theoretical and practical implications for residents, governments, policymakers, and tourism planners.
Purpose
Drawing on social information processing theory (SIP), this paper examines whether and how humble leadership affects employees' service improvisation (ESI) in the hospitality industry. Further, the study investigates the mediating role of psychological safety and the moderating role of creative self-efficacy (CSE).
Design/methodology/approach
To test the proposed relationships, the study adopts a cross-sectional design, administering questionnaires to 456 frontline staff in Egypt’s hospitality industry across three main sectors: restaurants, hotels and travel agencies. SPSS 27 and AMOS 22 were used for statistical analysis.
Findings
The study reveals a positive relationship between humble leadership and ESI, partially mediated by psychological safety. Furthermore, CSE not only strengthens the relationship between psychological safety and ESI but also enhances the indirect effect of humble leadership on ESI via psychological safety.
Practical implications
The study offers valuable insights for practitioners in the hospitality industry. To boost ESI, organizations can incorporate humble leadership attributes into their leadership development programs. Fostering a psychologically safe workplace would facilitate the positive impact of humble leadership on ESI. Recognizing CSE as a pivotal moderator underscores the importance of strategically selecting and developing employees with high CSE. These insights aim to cultivate a more service-oriented and effective workforce in the hospitality industry.
Originality/value
This study significantly contributes to leadership research in the hospitality industry by uncovering a previously unexplored link between humble leadership and ESI. Exploring psychological safety as a mediator and CSE as a moderator enhances our comprehension of how and when humble leadership influences ESI.
With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and natural language processing technologies, AI voice assistants are gaining attention for their potential to enable voice shopping. Based on cognitive appraisal theory, this study constructs a theoretical model of AI voice assistant user experience with emotional experience as a mediating variable and examines the antecedent variables of emotional experience and the mechanism of its effect on users’ willingness to adopt AI voice assistant in the context of voice shopping. The study used data collected from 318 users of AI voice assistants. Findings of Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) suggest that perceived service quality, and perceived entertainment significantly influence emotional state and emotional attachment towards the users’ adoption intention. Perceived anthropomorphism significant influence the emotional attachment but not emotional state. By exploring the role of emotional experience in the user experience of AI voice assistants, this paper proposes suggestions to enhance user experience and promote voice shopping.
This research examines how goal type (i.e., attainment vs. maintenance) affects consumers' preferences for different means of self‐control (i.e., initiatory vs. inhibitory). Across four studies, the authors demonstrate that pursuing maintenance versus attainment goals decreases the willingness to choose inhibitory self‐control but not initiatory self‐control. The effect is primarily attributed to two reasons: distinct decision concerns when choosing the means for attainment and maintenance goals; and asymmetry when evaluating initiatory and inhibitory self‐control. The effects are consistent across cultures and domains and impact consumers' purchase and real‐life behaviours. These findings shed light on the relationship between goal type and self‐control preferences and offer insights to both consumers and marketers on how to engage in self‐control for long‐term goals.
This paper aimed to empirically validate a multidimensional measurement model for the Nature-Based Tourism Destination Image - NBDI, including the cognitive, affective, and conative components, present in the construct of variables tested by Chaves and Anjos, (2022). The validation of the NBDI measurement model relied on a non-probability quota-based sample consisting of 592 international tourists who visited the Legal Amazon destination. The results pointed out that the NBDI can be measured by a three-dimensional construct of 3rd Order, where the image components presented a positive influence in the formation of the overall image, being the affective component of greater influence, followed by the cognitive and conative, presenting convergent and discriminant validity. The study contributes to the theoretical discussions about NBDI, offering a multidimensional scale with reliable psychometric property and validated with 57 variables, scarce subjects in the scientific literature, as well as, in the marketing strategies of public and private institutions.
This paper aimed to empirically validate a multidimensional measurement model for the Nature-Based Tourism Destination Image - NBDI, including the cognitive, affective, and conative components, present in the construct of variables tested by Chaves and Anjos, (2022). The validation of the NBDI measurement model relied on a non-probability quota-based sample consisting of 592 international tourists who visited the Legal Amazon destination. The results pointed out that the NBDI can be measured by a three-dimensional construct of 3rd Order, where the image components presented a positive influence in the formation of the overall image, being the affective component of greater influence, followed by the cognitive and conative, presenting convergent and discriminant validity. The study contributes to the theoretical discussions about NBDI, offering a multidimensional scale with reliable psychometric property and validated with 57 variables, scarce subjects in the scientific literature, as well as, in the marketing strategies of public and private institutions.
The chapter traces the evolution of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and underscores its consistent efficacy in predicting user acceptance across diverse technologies over more than three decades. Exploring beyond TAM research, alternative approaches aim to enrich our understanding of primary dependent constructs, specifically behavioural intentions and the actual behaviour (i.e. adoption) of technology. The chapter investigates the proliferation of selected TAM-related behavioural intention models and presents several integrated theoretical approaches. Additionally, it provides a chronological account of the era, illustrating interconnected relationships among the most influential theories and models in the field. Building on three dimensions of influence, this work systematically categorizes additional determinants of behavioural intention derived from various TAM extensions (“TAM++”). Notably, these new variables manifest and align with trends in the evolving landscape of emerging technologies, emphasizing TAM as a powerful and extensively validated theory. Its versatility is apparent across a broad spectrum of technological solutions, systems, environments, tools, applications, services and devices, as exemplified by numerous real-world applications explored in the chapter. TAM establishes itself as a simple and practical tool for delineating the determinants of technology adoption, proving effective even when integrated with well-established theories from related disciplines, thus spanning diverse multidisciplinary domains.
The proliferation of reviews evaluating different services on social networks and online platforms and their importance in consumer decision‐making has led some unscrupulous individuals to take advantage of the anonymity offered by the Internet to manipulate these reviews and influence customers' decisions. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to test whether spammers usually perform their misdemeanors from the same IP address; (2) to explore whether there are differences between stated sexes in this regard; (3) to detect the main motivations for posting fraudulent reviews; and (4) to determine the motivations for doing so from the same IP address. These objectives were achieved by means of a quasi‐experiment with a sample of 7,192,487 users, and a qualitative investigation in which 37 users who had falsified information were interviewed. The results show that spammers who tend to fake their identity do so from the same IP address and that they tend to be male. Four types of motivation are presented: revenge, entertainment, opportunity for profit, and self‐esteem; as well as a further three to explain the use of the same IP: convenience, limited resources, and complacency.
Two meta-analyses were conducted to Investigate the effectiveness of the Fishbein and Ajzen model in research to date. Strong overall evidence for the predictive utility of the model was found. Although numerous instances were identified in which researchers overstepped the boundary conditions initially proposed for the model, the predictive utility remained strong across conditions. However, three variables were proposed and found to moderate the effectiveness of the model. Suggested extensions to the model are discussed and general directions for future research are given.
Recent developments in social cognition could enhance sociological social psychologists' understanding of the mind as both a social product and a social force; yet this work in social cognition has received little attention. Conversely, social cognition has not fulfilled its promise to show what is truly social about cognition. We argue that more attention to social cognition on the part of sociologist would be beneficial to both fields, as would more attention to social structure on the part of those working in social cognition. After brief overview of social cognition we examine the self and self-concept and role theory as two substantive areas that provide immediate opportunities for connecting sociological social psychology and social cognition. In both areas we consider both the American version of social cognition and the European approach, which is based on social representations. We conclude that sociological social psychology can make a unique contribution to understanding how social structure and social cognition are linked.
The concept and measurement of commitment to goals, a key aspect of goal-setting theory, are discussed. The strength of the relationship between commitment and performance is asserted to depend on the amount of variance in commitment. Three major categories of determinants of commitment are discussed: external factors (authority, peer influence, external rewards), interactive factors (participation and competition), and internal factors (expectancy, internal rewards). Applications of these ideas are made and new research directions are suggested.
Attempts to organize, summarize, or explain one's own behavior in a particular domain result in the formation of cognitive structures about the self or self-schemata. Self-schemata are cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of the self-related information contained in an individual's social experience. The role of schemata in processing information about the self was examined in 2 experiments by linking self-schemata to a number of specific empirical referents. In Exp I, 48 female undergraduates either with schemata in a particular domain or without schemata were selected using the Adjective Check List, and their performance on a variety of cognitive tasks was compared. In Exp II, the selective influence of self-schemata on interpreting information about one's own behavior was investigated in 47 Ss. Results of both experiments indicate that self-schemata facilitate the processing of information about the self, contain easily retrievable behavioral evidence, provide a basis for the confident self-prediction of behavior on schema-related dimensions, and make individuals resistant to counterschematic information. The relationship of self-schemata to cross-situational consistency in behavior and the implications of self-schemata for attribution theory are discussed. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Employed a causal modeling methodology to test hypotheses concerning the attitude–behavior relation in 157 undergraduates, faculty, and staff. Using measures of actual blood donation behavior at 2 points in time as criteria, it was found that attitudes influenced behavior but did so in an indirect manner only through their impact on intentions. Further, the attitude–intention relationship was stronger when expectancy-value attitude measures were used as predictors than when semantic differential measures were employed. However, for both attitudinal operationalizations, the attitude–intention relationship was attenuated when the extent of past behavior was included as an explanatory variable. Similarly, past behavior lessened the impact of intentions on behavior. With respect to the organization of attitude, the expectancy-value attitude occurred as a complex, multidimensional representation, whereas the semantic differential attitude existed as a unidimensional response. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examines research on the relation between attitude and behavior in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude–behavior relations are obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature. (4½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Compares the model of attitude–behavior relations developed by M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen (1975) with the modifications of the model made by P. M. Bentler and G. Speckart (see record
1980-00949-001). Ss were 236 undergraduates; class attendance was the behavioral measure. An analysis of linear structural relationships, using multiple indicators for each underlying construct, supported the Bentler-Speckart addition to the Fishbein-Ajzen model, with prior behavior as a direct causal influence on both subsequent behavior and behavioral intentions. However, consistent with the original Fishbein-Ajzen model, a significant direct path from attitude to subsequent behavior was not found. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Suggests that there has been growing interest within several subfields of psychology in the schematic nature of mental representations of real-world objects and events. One simple form of schema is the "script," embodying knowledge of stereotyped event sequences. The present author traces applications of the script concept in artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and social psychology. Scripts are compared and contrasted with related concepts such as habits, roles, and games. The suggested theoretic function of the script concept is to unify central notions in learning, developmental, clinical, social, and cognitive psychology. The present concept, while still incompletely articulated, offers encouragement toward such a unification. Areas of accumulating empirical evidence and of needed theoretical extension of the script concept are indicated. (76 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Conducted 2 experiments with a total of 114 undergraduates, who imagined either themselves, a friend, or a disliked acquaintance performing or not performing a series of behaviors. Ss also sketched these behavioral scenarios in cartoon-panels form. Intention changes were assessed in a pre–post design. Exp I demonstrated that (a) imagining oneself performing (or not performing) a certain behavior produces corresponding changes in intentions toward that behavior; (b) the more frequently one imagines oneself in a behavioral script, the more intention change is produced; and (c) such changes in personal intentions do not occur when the main character of the script is not oneself. Exp II replicated the basic effect and demonstrated that the intention changes persisted for at least 3 days. These effects are discussed in terms of judgmental heuristics used to assess intentions and in terms of R. P. Abelson's (1981) script theory. Alternative explanations are considered and rejected on the basis of supplementary data. The relations between these findings and research on memory for self and other images, on self-erasing prediction errors, and on several therapeutic phenomena are discussed. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
82 female undergraduates were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups—predict-request, information-request, predict only, and request only—in which requested tasks involved writing a counterattitudinal essay or singing over the telephone. In 3 experiments, Ss overpredicted the degree to which their behavior would be socially desirable and these errors of prediction proved to be self-erasing. Having mispredicted a given behavior, Ss were likely to have these predictions confirmed in later behavior, indicating that prediction of a behavioral sequence evokes a specific cognitive representation of that sequence which is subsequently accessed. Results demonstrate the strong effects on behavior of engaging in prebehavioral cognitive work. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There is widespread conviction among health care professionals that coping affects emotion. Yet theory and research have traditionally emphasized the effects of emotion on coping. The present research addresses this imbalance by evaluating the extent to which coping mediated emotions during stressful encounters in two Caucasian, community-residing samples. Subjects' recently experienced stressful encounters, the ways they coped with the demands of those encounters, and the emotions they experienced during two stages of those encounters were assessed repeatedly. The extent to which eight forms of coping mediated each of four sets of emotions was evaluated with a series of hierarchical regression analyses (of residuals). Coping was associated with changes in all four sets of emotions, with some forms of coping associated with increases in positive emotions and other forms associated with increases in negative emotions.
It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory. A field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses. Attitudes toward each of the two candidates, Reagan and Mondale, and the accessibility of those attitudes, as indicated by the latency of response to the attitudinal inquiry, were measured for a large sample of townspeople months before the election. Judgments of the performance of the candidates during the televised debates served as the measure of subsequent perceptions, and voting served as the measure of subsequent behavior. As predicted, both the attitude-perception and the attitude-behavior relations were moderated by attitude accessibility. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the processes by which attitudes guide behavior, along with their practical implications for survey research, are discussed.
Presents a theoretical model for the role of commitment, defined as a binding of the individual to behavioral acts, in attitude change. The derivation tested is: the greater the inducement offered S for performing an act consistent with his beliefs, the less committed he is to that act, and the less the resistance to subsequent countercommunications. Ss were differentially paid for performing an act consistent with their prior beliefs: later all Ss received a strong countercommunication on the same topic. The hypothesis was confirmed: Ss receiving the greater payment for performing the consonant act later showed greater attitude change in the direction advocated by the countercommunication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
The misuse of simple correlational analysis for assessing the relationship between a multiplicative composite and a simple variable (as is found, for example, in a value expectancy formulation) is addressed. Despite the warnings of Schmidt (1973) and the alternatives proposed (e.g., Cohen, 1978), such misuse is pervasive. Examples of this misuse are provided from the several areas in social and organizational psychology. Finally, researchers, authors, reviewers, and journal editors are urged to be very sensitive to these problems.
The purpose of this study is to use theoretically derived revisions of the Fishbein/Ajzen formulation of behavior intentions as heuristic models for understanding the role of resources in the relationship between intentions and behavior. The argument is made that resources or opportunities to engage in a behavior can influence behavior in two ways: they can have a direct effect on behavior or can affect the relationship between intention and behavior for behaviors in which the variation in resources is high relative to the variation in intentions. With data from a longitudinal national probability sample of men (N=1941), models incorporating resources are applied to marijuana use and cocaine use. The findings indicate that prior intentions predict changes in the use of both these drugs over a 10-year interval, and that resources have more of an effect (additive and interactive) in models predicting cocaine use. These findings provide evidence to substantiate previously advanced theoretical propositions, and indicate that resources are important contingency conditions in applying models of behavior intentions to complex social behaviors.
Mead is the Atlantis of modern social thought. He lies buried in the deep between Europe and the U.S., a substantial mass of learning and theoretical play, familiar only to those few divers with enough equipment and time to clear off tons of detritus and map the strange terrain. Until his recent death at 83, the divers were led by David L. Miller, one of Mead's last students before his own death in 1931. His George Herbert Mead (Texas, 1973) has become the favored primer in a small field that includes earlier works by Natanson (1956) and Pfuetze (1961). An accomplished philosopher, student in seven of Mead's courses at Chicago.
Techniques for measuring an individual's self-concept must have two characteristics: They must be theoretically grounded and they must be quantitative. With respect to the first of these characteristics, six theoretical properties of the self as seen from an interactionist perspective are discussed in terms of their measurement implications. These properties are: (1) that the self is composed of an organized set of identities, (2) that identities are self-in-role meanings, (3) that identities are defined relationally in terms of counter-identities, (4) that identities are reflexive, (5) that identities operate indirectly, and (6) that identities motivate social behavior. Measures that fail to take account of these properties suffer for this failing. Suggestions are made about how such properties might be taken into account in deriving quantitative measures of certain characteristics of role/identities.
Using 202 subjects, this study develops and tests a configurational approach to the contingent consistency concept of the attitude-behavior relationship. Its theoretical position is that neither attitude, nor social situational variables adequately predict behavior when treated separately. When combined in a linear model based on interaction between variables, behavioral predictions are improved considerably. Attitude toward the legalization of marijuana was measured along with perception of the position of peers and family. At a later date subjects were observed in an experimental situation where they were asked to vote to legalize marijuana. A multiple regression solution showed that the independent effects of the three variables did not clearly predict behavior, their additive effects did somewhat better, and the interactions (configurations) led to the clearest predictions. These results supported a theoretical orientation similar to field theory. It should be noted that only one attitude object was used and only two situational variables were considered along with attitude. Nonetheless, the results strongly suggest that a configurational approach promises to unravel the attitude-behavior inconsistency problem generated in recent years. Therefore, the approach deserves further development and testing as a specific model of the contingent consistency relationship between attitudes and action.
This study tests the Contingent Consistency Hypothesis that attitudinally consistent behavior is dependent on reference groups or social support and an interactive model of social support for new behavior. These hypotheses are tested for drinking behavior in an adult community. Where attitudes and social support are congruent, the contingent consistency hypothesis is supported. An interaction effect was found among adults where well-established behavior occurred and when social support was high.
Commitment highlights one of the ways in which individuals infuse roles and social structure with self-motivated behaviors, thereby linking the self to social structure. Past theoretical formulations of commitment, including work by Becker, Stryker, and Kanter, tended to focus on commitment as a tie between an individual and either 1) a line of activity, 2) particular role partners, or 3) an organization. An approach based on identity theory or affect control theory (each of which uses a cybernetic model of identity processes) suggests that commitment connects an individual to an identity. In this view, commitment does not link a person to consistent lines of activity, other role partners, or organizations, but to a stable set of self-meanings. These stable self-meanings, in turn, produce consistent lines of activities. This idea is borne out in an analysis of data from the college student role, in which there exist multiple, independent bases of commitment containing cognitive and socioemotional components. Commitment moderates the relationship between student identity and role performance such that the relationship is stronger for persons with higher commitment.
Since the "discovery" of attitude-behavior inconsistency in the 1930s by LaPiere and others, the study of the relationship between attitudes and behavior has come a long way. During the 1960s and early 1970s researchers systematically examined the problem of attitude-behavior incosistency, showing that the attitude-behavior relationship depends on "other" variables. In the middle and late 1970s much of this research was integrated and synthesized in various general models of behavior, the most significant of which is the Fishbein/Ajzen model. This paper critically examines the causal structure of that model. Specifically, it examines the theoretical problems and issues generated by the parsimonious causal structure of the model, that is, the structure underlying the traditional attitude concept and the relationships between other varibles and the model concepts.
The effects of postdecisional justifications on the job satisfaction and commitment of new employees were investigated. One hundred and eight M.B.A.'s were questioned about their job choice immediately after making the decision and then again six months later. Turnover data were collected after 24 months. Results showed that individuals who had made the original decision volitionally, that is, from among a number of offers and free from external constraints, and who had perceived the choice to be irrevocable were more satisfied and committed six months later than others. The perceived irrevocability of the choice and behavioral commitment were also negatively related to turnover after two years. Interaction effects between the sufficiency of the original justification and job alternatives was associated with diminished job satisfaction and commitment for insufficiently justified respondents. Overall, the results of this investigation are interpreted as consistent with the view that attitudes and commitment may be created retrospectively through processes of rationalization and justification.
The intention-behavior relationship is analyzed with data from 10 U.S. and seven Swedish national election surveys. As expected from Fishbein's theory of reasoned action, the level of consistency between intention and behavior is very high in both nations. Among those whose intention is not compatible with their self-identity and their prior behavior, however, the intention-behavior relationship weakens considerably. A modification to Fishbein's model is offered in which prior behavior and self-identity have a direct effect on behavior as well as an indirect effect on behavior through behavioral intention.
Social psychologists have differed concerning the modes of thought that presumably generate decisions, and independent traditions of research have appeared concerning the effects of three separate thought modes: norms, preferences and self-referent identity labels. In prior research the authors have shown that these modes have independent effects on decisions and that the relative strengths of modal effects vary depending on the context studied. The study now being reported applies this model to retention decisions by undergraduates at a major university. Findings confirm that each thought mode has effects on retention intentions and reenrollment behaviors, that norms have stronger effects for these decisions, and that the effects generated are substantial and independent of those associated with students' backgrounds, achievements, social influences, campus experiences and grades earned. In addition, findings confirm that the decisions to transfer to another campus or to drop out higher education are predicted differentially by students' thoughts concerning three distinct retention issues.
We tested an interactive model of attitudes and perceived social support in a panel survey of substance use among Irish postprimary students. We hypothesized that contingent consistency interactions would be more likely 1) for perceived social support from friends than from parents; 2) for perceived substance use by others than for verbal support; 3) in predicting change than in predicting current substance use; 4) for younger than for older adolescents; and 5) for drug use than for drinking and smoking. Contrary to predictions, we found significant contingent consistency interactions for all three behaviors and regardless of the age of the students. These interactions were more likely when predicting current behavior rather than behavior change. The significant interactions primarily involved perceived substance use by friends. Increased accessibility, selective friendship choices, and rationalization processes are possible explanations for the findings.
The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) and two versions of theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1985) are compared in terms of their ability to predict intentions and behavior. Two behaviors are examined: one involves a high degree of volitional control (voting), and the other is goal-directed; i.e., it involves a low degree of volitional control (weight loss). By using recently advocated confirmatory analytic procedures, we show that for voting behavior, the first version of the theory of planned behavior offers a more parsimonious model for predicting behavioral intention than the theory of reasoned action. For weight loss, the second version of the theory of planned behavior offers the more parsimonious representation for predicting behavior.
A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) theory of reasoned action, was tested in two experiments. The extended theory incorporates perceived control over behavioral achievement as a determinant of intention (Version 1) as well as behavior (Version 2). In Experiment 1, college students' attendance of class lectures was recorded over a 6-week period; in Experiment 2, the behavioral goal was getting an “A” in a course. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were assessed halfway through the period of observation in the first experiment, and at two points in time in the second experiment. The results were evaluated by means of hierarchical regression analyses. As expected, the theory of planned behavior permitted more accurate prediction of intentions and goal attainment than did the theory of reasoned action. In both experiments, perceived behavioral control added significantly to the prediction of intentions. Its contribution to the prediction of behavior was significant in the second wave of Experiment 2, at which time the students' perceptions of behavioral control had become quite accurate. Contrary to expectations, there was little evidence for interactions between perceived behavioral control and the theory's other independent variables.
As a complement to the familiar idea of self-conception, the concept of role-person merger is proposed as a more behavioral approach to understanding the social construction of personality than has been taken previously. Person and role are said to be merged when there is a systematic pattern involving failure of role compartmentalization, resistance to abandoning a role in the face of advantageous alternative roles, and the acquisition of role-appropriate attitudes. Three principles concerning appearance, effect, and consistency provide the basis for a series of propositions concerning interactive determinants of merger. Three other principles-consensual frames of reference, autonomy and favorable evaluation, and investment-provide the basis for propositions concerning individual determinants of roleperson merger. By each individual, some roles are put on and taken off like clothing without lasting personal effect. Other roles are difficult to put aside when a situation is changed and continue to color the way in which many of the individual's roles are performed. The question is not whether the role is played well or poorly or whether it is played with zest or quite casually. Role embracement (Goffman 1961b, p. 106) can coexist with strict role compartmentalization. An accomplished thespian can give himself unreservedly to a role and take great pride in producing a convincing portrayal of the part but return to being a very different kind of person when the play is over. The question is whether the attitudes and behavior developed as an expression of one role carry over into other situations. To the extent that they do, we shall speak of a merger of role with person. Many of the discrepahcies between role prescription and role behavior in organizations can be explained by the individual's inability to shed roles that are grounded in other settings and other stages of the life cycle. Merger of role with person is often the source of role conflict, as Killian (1952) demonstrated for emergency workers whose more deeply merged family roles infringed on the performance of their rescue roles in a disaster situation. When a role is deeply merged with the person, socialization in that role has pervasive effects in personality formation. When there is little 11 am grateful for support from the National Institute of Mental Health (grants USPHS MH 16505 and MH 26243) and comments from Steve Gordon, Sheldon Messinger, Jerald Schutte, Stephen Spitzer, Thomas Tyler, and Lewis Zurcher.
Presents a general descriptive theory of decision making under stress, which includes a typology of 5 distinctive patterns of coping behavior, including vigilance, hypervigilance, and defensive avoidance. The theory is illustrated with discussions of laboratory experiments, field studies, autobiographical and biographical material, and analyses of managerial and foreign policy decisions. Two analytical models, a schema for decision-making stages and a decisional "balance sheet," are also presented to clarify the theory. (28 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A profitable way of seeing 'Plans,' therefore, is as an act of persuasion, an attempt to show that a scientifically acceptable language could discuss real human functions such as those disturbed in brain injury; but without unwarranted assumptions about the actual physiological mechanisms. From this aspect, notice in the following pages the clear, simple, and appealing accounts of early cybernetic work. The analysis of computability by Turing, of neural nets by McCulloch and Pitts, of precise formulations of grammar by Chomsky, and of concept learning by Bruner, Goodnow, and Austion, had already appeared. . . . The summaries of this work in 'Plans' have probably never been bettered either for accuracy or for level of literary quality. The readers then, and the readers now, could see without effort what was being claimed, why it was important, and the promise it gave for the future.
If it were only a summary of pre-existing ideas, however, the book might merely have had its persuasive effect and then been forgotten. It added other ideas as well, less visible in earlier work. One in particular, the concept of the TOTE [Text-Operate-Text-Exit] unit, is probably the most frequently cited by later writers. . . . In addition to the TOTE unit, there were a number of other ideas that are not usually quoted as coming from this book; but whose influence is clearly visible in later research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Employee attendance at a training session was examined using the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). In addition, based on Audi (1973a, b) and Warshaw and Davis (1985), a distinction was made between desires (I want) and behavioral self-predictions (I will), and as in Ajzen (1985, 1987), the role of perceived control as a determinant of these desires, self-predictions, and attendance behavior, per se, was investigated. The results indicated that the best predictors of attendance at the training session were one's desire or motivation to attend the training session and the extent to which one perceived pressure from his or her supervisor to do so. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, the motivation to attend training was predicted accurately from attitudes and subjective norms (R=.76, p < .001). Moreover, these attitudes and subjective norms were themselves predicted from a consideration of behavioral and normative beliefs, and key beliefs underlying one's desire to attend were identified. However, a consideration of perceived control did not improve the prediction of one's desire to attend training, and neither perceived control nor behavioral self-predictions improved prediction of actual attendance. The discussion focused on the roles of perceived control and different measures of intention in behavioral prediction.
In this paper I develop and discuss the concept of "identity-relevant stressors." Identities refer to individuals' conceptions of themselves in terms of the social roles that they enact (e.g., spouse, parent, worker, churchgoer, friend). An identity-relevant experience is one that threatens or, alternatively, enhances an identity that the individual values highly; identity-irrelevant experiences occur in roles that the individual does not value highly. This concept can help solve a problem in the stress literature, namely the inability of stress theory to account parsimoniously for social status differences in psychological distress. I propose that 1) individuals' identity structures (their hierarchical identity rankings) should vary systematically by social status; 2) because of differential resources, lower-status individuals should be exposed to proportionately more identity-threatening stressors and higher-status individuals to more identity-enhancing experience, and 3) variation in exposure to identity-relevant experiences should explain status differences in psychological distress more fully than conventional measures of life events and chronic strains. To illustrate the potential utility of this theoretical approach. I discuss gender and marital status differences in psychological distress as cases in point.
A study was conducted to examine the relation between each of several attitudinal qualities and attitude-behavior consistency. Subjects' attitudes toward volunterring to participate in psychological research were assessed. The number of experiments in which each subject volunteered to participate was employed as the measure of behavior. Attitude-behavior consistency was significantly related to (1) the amount of direct experience upon which the subject's attitude was based (specifically, the number of experiments in which the subject had previously participated), (2) the degree of certainty with which the attitude was held, and (3) how well-defined the subject's attitude was, as measured by the width of his latitude of rejection. These three attitudinal qualities were significantly intercorrelated, suggesting that direct experience with an attitude object may produce an attitude that is both better defined and more confidently held than an attitude formed through more indirect means.
In this study, we examined relations between the performance of first-level managers in a large food service company and their affective commitment (i.e., emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization), continuance commitment (i.e., perceived costs associated with leaving the company), and job satisfaction. Commitment and satisfaction scores were correlated with three indexes of performance obtained from the managers' immediate supervisors. As predicted, affective commitment correlated positively and continuance commitment correlated negatively with all three measures of performance. Job satisfaction did not correlate significantly with performance ratings. The findings are interpreted as illustrating the importance of distinguishing between commitment based on desire and commitment based on need and as supporting organizational efforts to foster affective commitment in their employees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
• The outstanding malady of our time is the inability of man's moral sense to assimilate his technology. Confronted by post-war dilemmas, public officials are seeking the aid of psychologists, many of whom are embarrassed by the little they have to offer. The thesis of this discussion is that now if ever we need to test our preferred model (of the fundamental models of research available to psychologists) "for its capacity to yield discoveries that have some sure relevance to moral nature and to social skills." The designs that have been used in studies of motivation, of symbol and hence of the foundations of moral behavior, are not "sufficiently iconic with our subject matter. Addiction to machines, rats, or infants leads us to overplay those features of human behavior that are peripheral, signal-oriented, of genetic. Correspondingly, it causes us to underplay those features that are central, future-oriented, and symbolic." There are many recent signs (dealing directly with the integrated behavior of persons during the war, the new and vital concept of the ego, and others) which indicate the growing dependence upon a model that is both scientific and humane. 20 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
• The outstanding malady of our time is the inability of man's moral sense to assimilate his technology. Confronted by post-war dilemmas, public officials are seeking the aid of psychologists, many of whom are embarrassed by the little they have to offer. The thesis of this discussion is that now if ever we need to test our preferred model (of the fundamental models of research available to psychologists) "for its capacity to yield discoveries that have some sure relevance to moral nature and to social skills." The designs that have been used in studies of motivation, of symbol and hence of the foundations of moral behavior, are not "sufficiently iconic with our subject matter. Addiction to machines, rats, or infants leads us to overplay those features of human behavior that are peripheral, signal-oriented, of genetic. Correspondingly, it causes us to underplay those features that are central, future-oriented, and symbolic." There are many recent signs (dealing directly with the integrated behavior of persons during the war, the new and vital concept of the ego, and others) which indicate the growing dependence upon a model that is both scientific and humane. 20 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
One of the most striking discrepancies between everyday experience and psychological theorizing concerns the complexity of motivational states. While most psychologists tend to focus on a single behavioral domain (e.g., achievement, affiliation, eating, learning, problemsolving, sex, etc.), we know from everyday experience that people very rarely seem to have just one behavioral inclination in a given situation. In everyday life people usually experience several motivational tendencies simultaneously and more often than not have multiple commitments to a variety of goals. At first glance our task — to explain and predict which of the competing action tendencies a person actually will implement in a given situation — seems to boil down to the objective of establishing the dominant (i. e., strongest) action tendency among all the competing tendencies (e. g., Atkinson & Birch, 1970).
This article investigates how the individual difference variable of state versus action orientation moderates the pattern of relationships among constructs in the theory of reasoned action. State orientation refers to a low capacity for the enactment of action-related mental structures, whereas action orientation refers to a high capacity for this type of enactment. A field study was conducted in the context of consumers self-reported usage of coupons for grocery shopping. The results showed that state versus action orientation moderates the relative importance of determinants of intentions; specifically subjective norms become more important as people become state oriented whereas the relative importance of attitudes increases as people become action oriented. In addition, the study showed that past behavior is a determinant of intentions to use coupons. Copyright 1992 by the University of Chicago.
The paper tests the contingent consistency hypothesis that social pressures reinforce the effect of attitude on behavior. The attitudes and behaviors pertain to marihuana use; the contingent effects tested are those of parents and peers. The data derive from a large-scale two-wave panel sample of high school students. By decomposing the sample according to the adolescents' specific position in the developmental continuum from marihuana nonuse to initiation to continued use, we identified the conditions under which the hypothesis is supported. No contingent effects appeared over time. Reinforcement of the effect of attitude by social pressures characterized adolescents in the second survey who had shifted from being nonusers to becoming frequent users over the six-month follow-up interval. By contrast, group norms did not interact with attitude to affect simple initiation to marihuana use or continuing marihuana use. Peer-related norms had the greatest interactive impact; parental norms had very little impact. Decomposition of a cohort according to stages of participation in a behavioral sequence made it possible to specify when in that sequence contingent consistency is most likely to appear.
Drawing upon symbolic interactionist theory, this paper reconceptualizes social isolation as the possession of few social identities. Social identities (enacted in role relationships) give meaning and guidance to behavior, and thus should prevent anxiety, depression, and disordered conduct. The "identity accumulation hypothesis"--the more identities possessed by an actor, the less psychological distress he/she should exhibit--is tested and supported using panel data from the New Haven community survey (Myers et al., 1971). The interaction between identity accumulation and identity change is also examined, under differing assumptions regarding the structure of multiple identities. Results indicate that integrated individuals benefit more from identity gain and also suffer more from identity loss than isolated individuals. The implications of these results for social isolation theory and for previous conceptions of the effects of multiple roles are discussed.
Attitudes toward Fast Food Restaurants: A Cross-Cultural Investigation Unpublished manuscript
- Abe
- Richard P Shuzo
- Bagozzi
Abe, Shuzo and Richard P. Bagozzi. 1992. "Attitudes toward Fast Food Restaurants: A Cross-Cultural Investigation." Unpublished manuscript. University of Michigan, School of Business Administration.
From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior Pp. 11-39 in Action Control: From Cognition to BehaviorAttitudes, Traits, and Actions: Disposi-tional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social PsychologyThe Theory of Planned Behavior: Some Unresolved Issues
- Ajzen
- Icek
Ajzen, Icek. 1985. "From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior." Pp. 11-39 in Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior, edited by Julius Kuhl and Jtirgen Beckmann. New York: Springer-Verlag. _____. 1987. "Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Disposi-tional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology." Pp. 1-63 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 20, edited by L. Berkowitz. New York: Academic Press. _____. 1991. "The Theory of Planned Behavior: Some Unresolved Issues." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179-211.
Application of the This content downloaded from 195.34.78.161 on Mon38:32 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY Theory of Planned Behavior to Leisure Choice: A Preliminary Investigation
- Ajzen
- B L Icek
- Driver
Ajzen, Icek and B.L. Driver. 1990. "Application of the This content downloaded from 195.34.78.161 on Mon, 9 Jun 2014 16:38:32 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY Theory of Planned Behavior to Leisure Choice: A Preliminary Investigation." Unpublished manuscript. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Department of Psychology.