Solar Considerations in High-rise Buildings

Abstract

One of the fundamental challenges in today's world is substituting fossil fuels with renewable energies. All the frequent practices have been intensified in order to utilize the earth and its environment as a source of energy. Hence, architects and planners have a special responsibility toward energy efficiency development. Here, the overall objective striven for is to introduce solar energy as a permanent renewable source in order to reduce energy consumption and building initial investment. Thus, the variable output of utilizing active and passive solar systems and their impact on the decrease of energy usage and total energy demands for cooling and heating buildings should be considered as the main objective of this research and the result could be a new definition of architecture and construction, so, this branch of industry can supply the necessary contributions for sustainable and viable development. Thereby, this study is mainly based on a theoretical approach supported by the outcomes of literature review and case study analysis from the solar design aspects. Finally, as skyscrapers are indispensable in modern cities and as they consume a great deal of energy, considering new ways of benefiting renewable energies can have a vital role in reducing building energy consumption.

Full text

Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
Contents
lists
available
at
ScienceDirect
Energy
and
Buildings
j
ourna
l
ho
me
page:
www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild
Review
Solar
considerations
in
high-rise
buildings
Pooya
Lotfabadi∗
Eastern
Mediterranean
University,
TRNC,
Turkey
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Article
history:
Received
1
October
2014
Received
in
revised
form
25
November
2014
Accepted
26
December
2014
Available
online
7
January
2015
Keywords:
High-rise
buildings
Renewable
energy
sources
Passive
solar
strategies
Active
solar
technology
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
One
of
the
fundamental
challenges
in
today’s
world
is
substituting
fossil
fuels
with
renewable
energies.
All
the
frequent
practices
have
been
intensified
in
order
to
utilize
the
earth
and
its
environment
as
a
source
of
energy.
Hence,
architects
and
planners
have
a
special
responsibility
toward
energy
efficiency
development.
Here,
the
overall
objective
striven
for
is
to
introduce
solar
energy
as
a
permanent
renewable
source
in
order
to
reduce
energy
consumption
and
building
initial
investment.
Thus,
the
variable
output
of
utilizing
active
and
passive
solar
systems
and
their
impact
on
the
decrease
of
energy
usage
and
total
energy
demands
for
cooling
and
heating
buildings
should
be
considered
as
the
main
objective
of
this
research
and
the
result
could
be
a
new
definition
of
architecture
and
construction,
so,
this
branch
of
industry
can
supply
the
necessary
contributions
for
sustainable
and
viable
development.
Thereby,
this
study
is
mainly
based
on
a
theoretical
approach
supported
by
the
outcomes
of
literature
review
and
case
study
analysis
from
the
solar
design
aspects.
Finally,
as
skyscrapers
are
indispensable
in
modern
cities
and
as
they
consume
a
great
deal
of
energy,
considering
new
ways
of
benefiting
renewable
energies
can
have
a
vital
role
in
reducing
building
energy
consumption.
©
2015
Elsevier
B.V.
All
rights
reserved.
Contents
1.
Introduction
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183
1.1.
Research
methodology
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184
2.
Current
energy
situations
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184
2.1.
World
energy
concerns
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184
2.2.
Total
global
energy
demand
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185
2.3.
Energy
use
in
buildings
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185
2.4.
Renewable
energies
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186
2.5.
Solar
energy.
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186
3.
Case
study
analyses:
the
Pinnacle
Tower
in
London,
United
Kingdom.
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187
3.1.
Passive
solar
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187
3.1.1.
Direct
solar
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187
3.1.2.
Indirect
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188
3.1.3.
Isolated
solar
gain.
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190
3.1.4.
Thermal
storage
mass.
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191
3.1.5.
Passive
cooling
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192
3.2.
Active
solar
design
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192
4.
Conclusion
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194
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∗Correspondence
to:
No.
72,
Haftetir
3,
Vakilabad
Blvd.,
Mashhad,
Iran.
Tel.:
+90
533
871
8887/+98
915
309
3425.
E-mail
address:
pooya.lotfabadi@gmail.com
1.
Introduction
In
a
country’s
development,
one
significant
role
is
played
by
energy.
As
fossil
fuels
encompass
a
very
large
portion
of
today’s
world
energy
consumption,
renewable
energies
that
could
substi-
tute
fossil
fuels
have
been
sought
[1].
Renewable
energies
result
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.044
0378-7788/©
2015
Elsevier
B.V.
All
rights
reserved.

184
P.
Lotfabadi
/
Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
Fig.
1.
World
Primary
Energy
Supply
[6].
RES:
renewable
energy
sources.
from
two
distinct
issues.
Concerns
about
preserving
energy
sup-
plies
against
unexpected
crisis
and
the
issue
that
fossil
fuels
will
come
to
an
end
have
led
to
the
renewability
[2].
Mal-adaptation,
the
exploitation
of
the
earth’s
energy
sources,
which
has
led
to
sus-
tainability,
may
cause
next
generations
to
have
a
poor
life
in
future.
During
the
past
three
or
four
decades,
a
lot
of
attention
has
been
paid
to
these
two
important
matters
and
obviously
to
the
influence
of
international
relations
and
the
political
decisions
in
all
levels
[3].
However,
although
in
many
countries
around
the
world,
renew-
able
energies
are
considered
as
a
very
important
supply,
less
than
10%
of
primary
energy
supplies
are
renewable
energies
[4]
(Fig.
1).
If
the
whole
globe
is
considered,
the
initial
energy
sup-
plies
are
renewable
energy
sources.
In
developing
countries
the
most
significant
ones
are
hydro
energy
and
fuels
are
based
on
wood,
solar
and
wind
energy
seems
to
consist
a
small
portion
[5].
Using
renewable
energy
sources
surely
reduce
environmen-
tal
damages
and
lead
to
sustainability.
The
rate
of
these
kinds
of
energy
consumption
is
nearly
8%.
Those
renewable
sources
help
to
decrease
the
global
warming
or
to
create
a
sustainable
waste
[7].
Nevertheless,
each
kind
of
renewable
energy
sources
imposes
some
kind
of
damage
to
the
environment.
However,
in
comparison
to
the
current
conventional
systems,
the
use
of
this
new
source
of
energy
is
much
cleaner
and
sustainable
[1,8,9].
It
is
conveyed,
that
many
of
today’s
technologies
are
still
in
the
developing
phase
and
other
fields
require
further
research,
how-
ever,
the
current
era,
compels
humans
to
develop
new
ideas
and
seek
for
innovative
concepts.
Therefore,
the
idea
of
developing
and
designing
future
buildings
is
actively
supported
by
a
number
of
architects,
engineers,
and
civil
engineers
[10].
There
are
so
many
renewable
energy
alternatives,
but
under
the
study
limitation
and
scope,
just
solar
energy,
which
seems
to
be
more
practical
in
high-
rise
buildings,
will
be
analyzed.
Correspondingly,
in
today’s
world,
the
rate
of
energy
usage
is
growing
rapidly
in
accordance
with
the
industrial
develop-
ment,
and
the
population
growth
is
becoming
greater.
Thereby,
as
few
studies
have
been
done
by
architects
such
as
Ken
Yeang
on
the
amount
of
energy
consumed
in
high-rise
buildings,
the
author
attempts
to
make
viewpoints
of
some
architects,
construc-
tion
builders
and
also
users
more
clear
about
the
influences
of
using
passive
solar
strategies
and
active
solar
technologies
on
tall
buildings.
Therefore,
by
considering
the
use
of
solar
passive
strategies
and
active
technologies
as
an
alternative
in
high-rise
buildings,
this
study
tries
to
fill
some
of
the
current
gaps
as
much
as
possible
and
its
proposed
fundamental
message
is
changing
architects’
and
construction
builders’
view
in
dealing
with
the
sub-
ject.
1.1.
Research
methodology
This
research
is
mainly
based
on
a
theoretical
approach,
which
is
supported
by
the
outcomes
of
a
literature
review
and
case
study
analysis.
Therefore,
the
descriptive
research
method
is
used
in
this
study.
This
method
is
used
in
order
to
gather
information
about
the
existing
type
and
the
amount
of
energy
consumption
in
the
building
sector.
So,
at
the
first
phase,
it
is
a
type
of
study,
which
is
essentially
concentrated
on
describing
the
degree
and
the
condition
of
the
current
renewable
energy
usage
situation
in
detail.
On
the
other
hand,
it
involves
fieldwork
and
more
especially
systematic
review
as
a
combination
of
two
main
phases,
qualita-
tive
and
quantitative
methods
of
data
collection.
As
the
first
step,
the
research
is
performed
to
become
aware
about
the
effective-
ness
of
using
passive
solar
strategies
and
active
solar
technologies
that
architects
would
like
to
apply
in
the
skyscraper
design.
Then,
the
study
aims
to
prioritize
and
compare
the
effectiveness
of
these
issues
by
analyzing
the
case
study
and
summaries
the
results
in
Table
4.
Therefore,
for
data
evaluation
and
computation
the
‘Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio’
and
also
‘EnergyPlus’
software
are
used.
The
simulation
tools
can
generate
the
design
alternative
that
explores
the
energy
performance
of
the
range
of
options.
With
rela-
tive
minimum
options
you
can
get
simulations
results
that
taking
to
account
of
the
proposed
building
climate
and
building
type,
enve-
lope
properties
and
active
systems.
Because
the
simulation
taking
to
the
account
the
interdependency
of
the
building
as
a
whole
sys-
tem,
energy
simulation
results
are
useful
to
keep
score
as
the
work
to
reduce
the
building
energy
use.
‘Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio’
automatically
reads
all
build-
ing
geometry
data
produced
by
a
gbXML-enabled
BIM
or
3D-CAD
programs,
such
as
‘Autodesk
Vasari’
and
‘Autodesk
Revit’,
which
are
used
in
this
research,
to
perform
a
thermal
simulation
anal-
ysis
(Chart
1).
In
this
case,
minimum
manual
inputs,
which
are
required,
are
‘zip
code’
and
‘building
type’.
Users
may
specify
addi-
tional
input
parameters
to
the
extent
they
have
been
enabled
in
the
BIM/CAD
program’s
GUI.
All
other
simulation
variables
sup-
plied
by
the
software
may
be
viewed
and
edited
in
other
DOE-2.2
or
gbXML
compatible
applications
in
order
to
calculate
building
hourly
energy
usage,
which
has
been
used
and
trusted
in
industry
for
many
years.
2.
Current
energy
situations
2.1.
World
energy
concerns
In
today’s
world,
energy
sources
have
performed
necessary
functions,
such
as
creating
heat,
supplying
drinking
water,
gener-
ating
power
for
certain
appliances,
electrical
products
and
so
on
[5].
With
efficiency
in
mind,
it
is
worthwhile
for
us
to
create
tools
that
can
produce
usable
energy
without
excessive
consumption.
This
means
striving
to
equalize
the
power
input
and
output
of
a
given
system,
so
that,
the
running
of
the
system
consumes
no
more
than
is
absolutely
needed
to
perform
the
intended
function
with
minimal
or
no
residual
waste
[11].
Accordingly,
in
recent
years,
energy
demand
is
growing.
It
is
certainly
because
of
the
annual
population
growth
rate,
which
is
now
about
2%
and
is
also
more
in
some
countries.
This
quantity
is
expected
to
double
by
2050,
and
improving
standards
of
living
by
continuing
economic
development,
must
be
considered
as
a
result.
Also,
by
2050,
global
energy
services
demand
will
increase
up
to
10
times,
while
primary
energy
demand
is
anticipated
to
intensify
by
1.5–3
times
[5,12].
Thus,
more
environmental
considerations
should
be
taken
from
the
public
and
industry
section,
both
in
developed
and

P.
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89
(2015)
183–195
185
Table
1
The
EnergyPlus
software
input
data
samples
for
the
Pinnacle
Tower.
Quantity
Note
Description
Latitude
51◦5072 N
The
geographical
(North/South)
coordinates
of
the
test
building
Longitude
0◦1275 E
The
geographical
(East/West)
coordinates
of
the
test
building
Surface
Azimuth
240◦Direction
surface
faces
(East:
+90◦;
West:
270◦or
−90◦)
Surface
elevation
0◦Elevation
of
surface
(Vertical:
0◦;
Horizontal:
90◦)
Day
number
92
(Summer)
1,
2,
3,
.
.
.,
365
Solar
time
Computed
Function
of
time
and
longitude,
day
number
and
time
zone
Solar
hour
angle
Computed
Function
of
solar
time
Source:
Author
(2014).
Chart
1.
Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio
data
input
and
analyzing
method.
developing
countries.
It
is
believed
that
in
future
people
will
become
aware
about
pollution
problems
and
take
responsibilities,
in
order
to
account
the
environmental
costs;
some
energy
source’s
price
has
multiplied.
Consequently,
estimations
show
that
both
pri-
mary
energy
demands
and
global
energy
service
needs
are
growing.
At
the
same
time,
people
will
be
more
concerned
about
climate
change
in
future
and
its
causes
such
as
acid
rains,
stratospheric
ozone
depletion
and
so
on
[14].
Climate
change,
which
specifies
different
parts
of
the
world,
refers
to
a
change
in
weather
patterns
not
in
a
short
time
[15].
Experts
believe
that
the
world
is
going
warmer
(global
warming).
This
trend
cannot
just
be
explained
by
natural
climate
variability.
Human
activities,
especially,
burning
oil
and
coal
have
made
the
planet
warmer
[16,17].
This
has
occurred
because
of
heat
being
trapped
in
the
atmosphere,
so
the
more
greenhouse
gases
are
pro-
duced,
the
warmer
the
planet
will
be
[18,19].
The
core
of
the
problem
in
terms
of
carbon
dioxide
emission
per
head
lays
in
the
developing
and
industrial
countries
inequalities.
Generally,
CO2emissions
from
developed
countries
are
displaying
less
sign
of
decreasing
[20,21].
In
this
case,
the
US
average
emission
is
23%
of
the
world’s
total
now,
which
is
twice
the
European
average
and
is
still
increasing.
The
average
citizen
in
the
North
American
continent,
which
includes
US,
Canada,
Mexico
and
so
on,
annually
adds
nearly
6
tons
of
carbon
to
the
atmosphere
per
year.
This
is
about
2.8
tons
per
person
in
Europe,
where
the
case
study
is
selected
from
[22].
2.2.
Total
global
energy
demand
Today
80%
of
the
world’s
energy
use
is
based
on
fossil
fuels.
During
the
past
centuries
less
fuel
was
consumed
and
this
portion
related
to
the
present
century.
The
amount
of
oil
consumption
has
increased
since
1990
together
with
natural
gas
consumption.
So,
at
the
end,
the
total
amount
has
increased.
It
is
clear
that
these
natural
resources
will
end
up
one
day
(Fig.
2).
The
allocation
of
solar
energy
increased
and
the
rate
of
renewable
energies
remained
static.
In
1990,
the
portion
of
biomass
and
waste
was
about
11%
and
it
is
still
the
same
today.
If
we
deduct
the
traditional
biomass
from
the
total
amount
of
renewable
energy
forms
such
as
wind,
solar
energy,
hidden
energy
in
tides
and
geothermal
energy,
we
get
0.45%
of
world
primary
energy
use
in
the
same
year.
This
share
is
0.55%
for
2006.
Although
the
contribution
of
renewable
energies
has
doubled
since
1990,
still
it
is
a
very
poor
performance
[23].
Based
on
the
present
data
(2008)
total
energy
consumed
per
year
is
more
than
131,138
PWh1or
473,500
EJ.2The
oil’s
share
is
35%,
natural
gas’s
is
20.7%,
nuclear
sector
generates
6.3%,
hydro
energies
consists
2.2%,
waste
and
biomass
produce
10%,
coal
has
a
share
of
25.3%
and
other
sources
generate
0.5%
(Fig.
3)
[25].
In
recent
years,
mankind
has
welcomed
the
use
of
renewable
energy
sources
due
to
the
fuel
crisis
caused
by
its
price
increase
and
global
warming
[26].
According
to
the
‘International
Energy
Agency’
(IEA)
the
oil
resources
will
end
up
in
about
2040;
meaning
that
the
oil
con-
sumption
will
increase
up
to
40%
between
2006
and
2030
[13].
The
world
has
used
about
800
billion
barrels
of
conventional
oil
so
far
and
the
cumulative
total
is
approximately
900
billion
barrels.
The
resource
base
of
conventional
oil
is
precisely
estimated
to
be
2
tril-
lion
barrels,
so
only
300
billion
barrels
would
be
left
by
2030
and
this
amount
is
enough
only
for
ten
years
supply
[23].
Analyze
this
information
considering
this
fact
that
renewable
energy
sources
represented
about
8%
of
the
global
energy
consumption
[27].
2.3.
Energy
use
in
buildings
In
general,
in
every
construction
process
level,
there
are
four
dif-
ferent
levels
of
impacts
on
the
environment.
They
can
be
considered
as
the
impacts
of
inputs,
impacts
of
outputs,
impacts
of
the
system
and
finally
impacts
of
the
environment
itself
on
the
system.
To
be
more
clear,
in
the
construction
sector,
it
can
be
seen
that
about
40%
of
the
raw
materials
by
weight
are
used
in
this
part
globally
each
year
[28],
and
also
between
36
and
42%
of
a
nation’s
energy
output
is
used
in
constructions.
Building
outputs
are
something
about
20–26%
of
landfill
trashes,
and
finally
100%
of
energy,
which
is
consumed
in
buildings
is
lost
in
the
environment
[29].
Therefore,
to
have
more
control
on
energy
usage
in
buildings,
the
role
of
architects
is
significant
toward
the
improvement
of
the
environment
and
also
regarding
to
a
more
ecological
future.
This
issue
–
energy
–
is
important
for
architects
because
the
building
section
itself
represents
about
40%
of
the
total
energy
used
throughout
the
entire
world
[30].
It
seems
to
be
necessary
to
be
aware
of
this
fact,
that
the
build-
ing
and
construction
sector
globally
use
30–40%
of
the
total
primary
energy
[31].
It
is
believed
that
the
building
sector
can
potentially
1PWh:
Peta
Watt
hour.
2EJ:
Exa
Joule.

186
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Lotfabadi
/
Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
Fig.
2.
World’s
liquid
fuels
supply
[24].
decrease
primary
energy
usage
and
also
decline
the
CO2emission
by
utilizing
more
renewable
energy
sources.
Thereby,
to
develop
these
potentials,
several
strategies
can
be
used,
especially
in
the
construction
sector,
including
energy
efficiency
requirements
in
building
standards
[32].
2.4.
Renewable
energies
Nowadays,
energy
is
produced
in
three
different
ways
through-
out
the
world:
crude
fossil
fuel
such
as
oil,
coal
and
wood,
which
has
extensively
been
used,
nuclear
power,
which
is
accessible
to
all
countries,
however,
it
is
only
in
control
of
developed
countries
[33].
Renewable
energy
is
essential
for
development
and
is
easy
to
use
everywhere
in
the
world.
It
causes
less
pollution
than
fossil
fuels
[34].
It
is
available
and
abundant
in
nature.
The
demand
for
this
kind
of
energy
is
about
8%
of
the
world
energy
demand
[7].
Recent
developments
in
technology
and
suitable
policies
together
with
the
use
of
renewable
energies
such
as
wind
energy,
solar
radi-
ation,
geothermal,
biomass,
as
well
as
the
more
traditional
sources
such
as
hydro
power
can
lead
the
renewable
sources
to
having
a
share
of
50%
of
the
entire
energy
demand
by
mid
21st
century
[35].
According
to
what
was
explained
above,
it
can
be
concluded
that
nuclear
power
is
associated
with
some
problems
such
as
its
waste
disposal
and
accidental
catastrophes
caused
by
different
nat-
ural
and
human
factors
and
releasing
heat
into
the
atmosphere
through
its
cooling
system,
while
fossil
fuel
has
a
lot
of
disadvan-
tages
like
damaging
the
environment
[36].
Renewable
technologies
except
biomass
do
not
involve
in
the
burning
process,
so
that
atmo-
spheric
pollutants
such
as
carbon
dioxide,
nitrous
oxides,
sulfur
oxides,
as
well
as
significant
waste
byproducts
such
as
ash
are
not
produced.
Considering
the
health
problems
of
these
waste
products,
renewable
energy
sources
are
far
more
better
than
non-
renewable
technologies
[2].
Renewable
energies
provide
a
range
of
wide
choice
in
energy
supply
markets;
they
create
new
local
employment
opportunities
and
enhance
the
security
of
supply
[34].
2.5.
Solar
energy
Solar
radiations
can
be
considered
as
the
primary
source
of
renewable
energy.
Although
it
can
take
part
as
a
direct
energy
source,
it
impacts
the
earth’s
climate.
Energy
opportunities
are
developed
from
waves,
tides
and
wind,
which
are
also
a
host
of
Fig.
3.
Perception
of
different
energy
usage
sources
(year
2010)
[27].

P.
Lotfabadi
/
Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
187
Fig.
4.
The
Pinnacle
Tower
[39].
biological
sources.
This
kind
of
energy
can
specifically
be
used
in
building
sector
as
an
energy
source.
However,
this
source
of
energy
is
considered
as
two
parts:
◦
Passive
solar
energy:
For
many
decades,
passive
solar
energy
gain
has
been
used
as
environmental
factors.
Anyway,
the
more
the
global
warming
debate
has
been
put
forward,
the
more
pressure
has
been
put
into
designing
buildings,
which
causes
the
max-
imum
use
of
free
solar
gains
for
heating,
cooling
and
lighting
[37].
As
the
energy,
released
from
fossil
fuel,
can
be
substituted
with
passive
solar
energy,
it
could
lead
to
the
reduction
of
CO2
emission.
Furthermore,
passive
solar
design
configurations
itself
can
be
separated
into
five
sections
as
follows
[38]:
•Direct
solar
gain
•Indirect
solar
gain
•Isolated
solar
gain
•Thermal
storage
mass
•Passive
cooling
◦
Active
solar
energy:
This
item
focuses
on
obtaining
usable
heat
from
the
solar
radiation.
For
instance,
in
case
of
temperate
cli-
mates
the
most
suitable
application
of
solar
radiation
is
using
solar
radiation
to
supplement
a
conventional
heating
system
or
to
generate
power
[37].
3.
Case
study
analyses:
the
Pinnacle
Tower
in
London,
United
Kingdom
The
Pinnacle
or
the
Bishopsgate
Tower
is
one
of
the
latest
Ken
Yeang’s
projects,
which
totally
illustrates
the
characteristics
of
his
green
and
ecological
skyscrapers
(Fig.
4).
It
is
a
type
of
skyscraper
with
the
original
exterior
‘helter
skelter’3design,
located
at
Bish-
opsgate
street,
London.
It
is
a
mixed-use
complex
with
emphasis
on
residential
use.
The
project
construction
had
been
started
in
September
2008
by
Kohn
Pedersen
Fox
as
a
head
architectural
office
and
CBRE
Group,
Inc.
With
a
height
of
approximately
288
m,
it
is
estimated
to
be
the
second
tallest
tower
after
the
‘Shard’
in
the
UK
and
also
in
the
European
Union.
3.1.
Passive
solar
design
3.1.1.
Direct
solar
gain
Direct
gain
concentrates
on
controlling
the
amount
of
direct
solar
radiation
reaching
the
living
space.
This
direct
solar
gain
is
a
critical
part
of
the
passive
solar
house
designation
as
it
imparts
to
a
direct
gain
[40].
Thus,
it
is
a
kind
of
design
technique
that
mainly
concentrates
on
the
sun-facing
facade.
Solar
radiations
are
directly
admitted
into
the
space
concerned.
The
main
design
attributes
are
as
follows:
•Opening
for
solar
radiation
should
be
placed
on
the
solar
side.
The
angle
is
about
±20◦of
south
in
the
Northern
Hemisphere
[40].
•West
side
facing
windows
might
increase
the
risk
of
summer
overheating.
•It
is
better
to
use
double
or
triple
glazed
windows
with
low
emis-
sivity
glass
(so
called
low-E).
•In
design,
the
most
occupied
living
spaces
should
be
considered
on
the
solar
side.
•In
order
to
absorb
the
heat
and
set
thermal
inertia
that
decrease
the
temperature
fluctuations
inside
the
building,
the
floor
should
be
constructed
from
high
thermal
masses.
The
Pinnacle
project
is
totally
found
on
the
Yeang’s
ecologi-
cal
design
agenda
by
considering
some
basic
principles,
such
as
building
orientation
and
configuration
and
also
using
green
spaces
and
landscaping
in
its
conceptual
design.
So,
it
is
constructed
considering
the
passive
low
energy
response
principals.
The
entire
construction
form
is
controlled
by
the
site
sun
path
and
summer
and
winter
windrose
status.
In
order
to
obtain
solar
protection
in
summer,
lift
cores
are
located
at
the
west
and
northeast
facades
of
the
building
and
in
winter
southeast
units
and
central
landscaped
circulation
area
have
a
maximum
solar
gain.
As
this
building
is
a
semi
cubic
skyscraper
form,
rotated
approximately
30◦in
a
North-East
direction
in
order
to
ensure
optimum
ventilation
and
daylight
penetration
from
the
south
solar
direction
in
two
facade
sides
(Fig.
5).
This
is
also
due
to
the
fact
that
the
prevailing
winds
in
London
come
from
this
direc-
tion
(Fig.
5).
Therefore,
it
can
benefit
from
most
solar
radiations
and
winds
in
all
directions.
Meanwhile,
each
facade
contains
vast
trans-
parent
windows
that
can
provide
better
air
ventilation
and
help
to
achieve
maximum
daylighting.
The
‘Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio’
web
service
software
can
generate
geometrically
accurate
and
detailed
input
files
for
most
of
the
energy
simulation
programs,
automatically.
The
software
uses
the
DOE-2.2
simulation
engine
to
compute
energy
performance
and
creates
valid
input
files
for
‘EnergyPlus’.
Therefore,
to
analyze
the
effects
of
the
direct
solar
gain
features
such
as
orientation
and
daylighting
the
‘EnergyPlus’
software,
by
using
data
of
Table
1,
which
mostly
exist
in
the
EPW
file,
has
begun
the
simulation
process.
Hence,
it
must
be
mentioned
that
in
order
3A
helter
skelter
is
a
funfair
or
amusement
park
ride
with
a
slide
built
in
a
spiral
around
a
high
tower.

188
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Lotfabadi
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Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
Fig.
5.
Temperature
differentiation,
Sunpath
and
Wind
Rose
for
the
Pinnacle
Tower
[39].
Table
2
The
Pinnacle
Tower
site
and
weather
summary
–
TMY2
format.
Weather
type
Lapse
rate
Latitude
Longitude
(local
site)
Sea
level
altitude
Site
altitude
Ground
reflectivity
Site
Temperate
8.3 ◦C/km
51◦5072 N
0◦1275 E
24
m
32.6
m
∼0.17
m/ns
Flat,
unobstructed
Dew
point
temperature
(constant)
Temperature
Humidity
ratio Mean
annual
wind
speed
Maximum
annual
wind
speed
Global
horizontal
solar
radiation
annual
total
Direct
normal
solar
radiation
annual
total
Diffuse
horizontal
solar
radiation
annual
total
12 ◦C
17.5 ◦C
72
gr/lb
3.5
m/s
7
m/s
∼1050
kWh/m2∼750
kWh/m2∼135
kWh/m2
Source:
Drawn
by
Author
(2014).
to
benefit
‘EnergyPlus’
software
the
input
data
must
be
in
TMY
or
TMY2
format,
which
are
available
in
the
EPW
files.4
The
Typical
Meteorological
Year
format
data
(TMY)
are
three
month
long
data
files
that
are
applied
in
the
original
field
trials
of
the
test
procedure;
the
TMY2
format
data
are
year-long
data
files
that
may
be
more
convenient
for
users
[1]
and
here
are
used
for
case
study
analysis.
However,
in
this
research,
the
input
weather
data,
which
is
used
for
the
software
analysis
and
simulation
is
a
text-based
format
retrieved
from
the
TMY2
weather
format.
Likewise,
in
order
to
attain
common
format
output,
the
‘Open
Studio
Results
Viewer’
is
used.
It
reads
the
output
of
‘EnergyPlus’
and
displays
the
data
in
the
form
of
line
plots
and
also
two
dimen-
sional
flood
plots.
Eventually,
analyzing
TMY2
file
and
Table
2
data
illustrates
that
by
applying
some
principles
such
as
orientation,
adequate
amount
of
green
spaces
and
openings
to
benefit
from
natural
daylighting,
the
Pinnacle
Tower
total
energy
consumption,
decreases
as
much
as
about
20%
of
an
ordinary
high-rise
building
in
that
district.
3.1.2.
Indirect
solar
gain
In
this
case,
a
heat
absorbing
element
is
added
along
with
the
incident
solar
radiation
and
space
to
be
heated.
Therefore,
the
heat
4EPW
files
could
be
downloaded
from
the
web
site
for
EnergyPlus
(http://www.energyplus.gov).
transfer
is
in
an
indirect
form.
This
is
often
a
wall,
which
is
placed
behind
glazing
facing
toward
the
sun.
This
thermal
storage
wall
controls
the
flow
of
heat
into
the
construction.
Thus,
the
most
important
factors
contributing
to
the
design
function
are
as
follows:
•The
wall
heat
flow
can
be
modified
by
its
thickness
and
materials.
For
instance,
for
the
residential
spaces,
this
amount
is
between
20
and
30
cm
in
order
to
make
some
delay
for
this
heat
transaction
and
its
thickness
depends
on
the
occupancy
periods.
•In
order
to
prevent
heat
loss,
glazing
is
used
on
the
outdoor
space.
It
also
helps
to
retain
the
solar
gain
by
taking
advantage
of
the
greenhouse
effect.
•Approximately
15–20%
of
the
floor
area,
which
emits
heat,
should
be
dedicated
to
the
thermal
storage
area.
•To
derive
more
instantaneous
heat
benefit,
air
can
be
circulated
from
the
construction
through
the
air
gap
among
glazing
and
wall,
and
back
into
the
room.
In
this
adjusted
and
modified
form,
this
element
is
commonly
referred
as
a
trombe
wall
(Fig.
6).
Heat
reflecting
blinds
should
be
inserted
between
the
thermal
wall
and
the
glazing
to
limit
heat
build-up
in
summer
[37].
In
this
case,
in
designing
the
facade
of
the
Pinnacle
Tower
espe-
cial
attention
has
been
applied.
It
is
designed
in
a
way
that
allows
maximum
amount
of
dilution
to
enter
into
the
building.
They
are
also
preventing
cold
winds
in
winter
by
benefitting
from
the

P.
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Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
189
Table
3
The
Pinnacle
Tower
annual
building
energy
usage
[39].
Type
Area
(m2)
Energy
(kWh/m2)
Annual
energy
consumption
(kWh)
Housing
22,990
200
4,598,000
Retail
8660
250
2,165,000
6,763,000
Source:
Drawn
by
Author
(2014).
multilayered
external
walls
that
check
both
living
units
and
indi-
vidual
garden
terraces.
Mesh-screen
wind-breaker
elements
reduce
the
inflow
of
strong
winds,
and
adjustable,
insulated
shutter
doors
are
supported
by
both
large
double-glazed
windows
and
internal
shutter
doors
that
retain
internal
heat
at
night.
Finally,
the
landscaping
and
planting
of
private
gardens
and
communal
sky-parks
contribute
and
act
as
a
wind
buffer
and
are
a
kind
of
protection
against
solar
radiation
in
summer
to
avoid
overheating
of
indoor
spaces.
In
other
words,
the
building
exterior
facade
pays
attention
to
both
bioclimatic
and
esthetic
aspects
of
the
London
city
environ-
ment
(Fig.
7).
As
mentioned,
the
elevation
of
this
high-rise
building
is
multi
layered,
whose
outer
layer
is
a
versatile
wind
shield
made
of
metal
mesh.
This
layer
can
be
opened
in
order
to
make
ventila-
tion
better.
The
second
layer
is
timber
folding
doors
that
are
either
short
or
angled
to
protect
the
terrace
from
the
sun
in
summer
and
not
to
block
the
view
out.
To
gain
better
insulation,
the
next
layer
is
double
glazing.
Finally,
in
order
to
obtain
further
insulation
prop-
erties,
each
apartment
unit
is
distinguished
with
adjustable
timber
panels.
‘Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio’
is
a
flexible
cloud-based
service
that
allows
users
to
run
building
performance
simulations
to
optimize
energy
efficiency
earlier
in
the
design
process
and
cre-
ate
a
‘Revit’
model
very
early
in
the
design
process.
A
simple
model
allows
users
to
compare
forms
and
gross
amounts
of
glazing,
ori-
entation,
shading
and
so
on.
In
this
case
this
software
only
requires
surfaces,
openings,
and
rooms
to
simulate
the
building.
It
incorporates
‘Google
Maps’
to
facilitate
entry
of
the
project
and
select
the
appropriate
weather
file.
This
is
done
by
enter-
ing
the
project’s
address
or
postal
code
in
the
location
text
box,
and
click
on
the
Find
Location
button.
It
should
be
mentioned
that
Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio
Stations
are
based
on
recent
“actual
year”
weather
data
rather
than
TMY2
and
CZ2
stations,
which
are
based
on
30-year
averages
of
weather
data.
So,
this
method
is
much
easier,
faster
and
accurate
than
other
existing
methods.
‘Autodesk
Green
Building
Studio’
automatically
generates
the
building
energy
analytical
model
and
forms
a
normal
architec-
tural
model.
Therefore,
by
using
this
method
it
is
estimated
that
indirect
solar
gain
factors
can
leads
to
approximately
35%
reduc-
tion
in
building
energy
demand.
However,
in
case
the
software
cannot
find
your
parameter
it
uses
the
default
values,
which
are
based
on
building
energy
standards,
which
are
appropriate
for
the
building
type,
size
and
location
in
order
to
generate
the
model.
Accordingly,
the
building
multi-layer
facade
system
in
different
seasons
works
as
follows:
•On
winter
days
the
sun
rays
reach
the
facade
nearly
horizontally
so
in
spite
of
the
wind
shield
being
drawn
the
rays
penetrate
the
mesh
and
blinds.
•For
higher
energy
efficiency
in
heating
section
all
movable
parti-
cles
are
drawn
on
cold
winter
nights.
Fig.
6.
Passive
energy
gain
by
solar-Trombe
wall
[41].

190
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Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
Fig.
7.
The
Pinnacle
Tower
multi
layered
facade
system
[39].
•On
breezy
summer
days,
timber
folding
doors
only
let
the
desired
amount
of
the
sun
rays
enter
the
room
and
glass
doors
and
wind
shields
are
left
open
to
let
the
breeze
in
and
make
an
enjoyable
atmosphere
in
terraces.
The
movable
floor
grating
is
also
removed
for
inter-floor
and
cooling
the
metal
mesh
acts
as
sun
shields.
•In
a
hot
summer
night,
all
layers
are
opened
for
maximum
natural
cooling
and
cross
ventilation.
3.1.3.
Isolated
solar
gain
This
means
benefiting
solar
energy
in
living
areas
through
using
a
fluid
like
water
or
air
by
forced
or
natural
convection.
Heat
can
be
gained
through
solarium,
sunspace
or
solar
closet
[42].
Gener-
ally,
this
item
can
be
considered
as
an
extension
space,
which
is
added
to
the
living
area.
It
can
be
used
as
a
solar
heat
store,
a
pre-
heated
for
ventilation
or
also
as
an
adjunct
greenhouse
for
plants.
As
Fig.
8.
The
Pinnacle
Tower
landscaped
ramp
and
circulation
system
[39].

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Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
191
Fig.
9.
The
Pinnacle
Tower
building
configuration
[39].
conservatories
are
often
heated,
they
are
a
net
contributor
to
global
warming,
sunspace
should
be
completely
insulated
in
order
to
pre-
vent
the
building
from
getting
cold
in
winter
and
being
too
hot
in
summer.
20–30%
of
the
area
of
the
room
to
which
the
glazing
is
attached
should
be
covered
with
it.
In
ideal
conditions
the
amount
of
heat
absorbed
in
summer
should
be
stored
to
be
used
in
winter
and
finally
there
should
be
controlled
spaces
between
the
building
and
the
conservatory
for
the
air
to
flow
[37].
In
order
to
benefit
the
local
natural
energy
reserves
appropriately,
apart
from
global
radiation,
the
temperature,
humidity
and
wind,
specific
climate
data
corre-
sponding
to
the
geographical
location
are
the
most
considerable
factors.
This
skyscraper
design
is
a
common
plan-form
that
has
a
radial
arrangement.
In
other
words,
the
apartments
are
creating
a
‘fan’
arrangement
on
the
northern
and
southern
side
of
the
project.
The
peripheral
accommodation
encloses
an
internal
atrium,
which
rises
through
the
building
surrounded
by
a
continuous
landscaped
ramp
(Fig.
8).
This
initial
pedestrian
circulation
system
creates
the
principal
component
of
the
skyscraper,
which
is
fundamentally
a
radial-spiral
shape.
The
site,
which
was
defined
as
a
closed
ecosys-
tem
by
Yeang
was
rehabilitated
by
the
planted
facades
and
terraces
that
augmented
the
atrium
landscaping.
Therefore,
one
of
the
main
characteristics
is
the
weather-
protected
landscaped
core.
The
core
is
playing
a
significant
role
in
gaining
maximum
solar
radiation
in
winter
and
in
mid-seasons.
However,
it
is
used
as
a
type
of
shading
system
to
protect
the
build-
ing
from
the
summer
sun.
Moreover,
these
lift
cores,
which
are
situated
on
the
northeast
and
west
elevations,
arrange
a
solar
pro-
tective
buffer
zone
for
summer.
However,
in
winter,
low-angle
sun
radiations
are
able
to
enter
the
green
spaced
circulation
atrium
(Fig.
9).
Also
the
residential
units,
which
are
located
on
the
south-
east,
gain
maximum
solar
radiations.
Furthermore,
one
of
the
main
design
characteristics
of
this
high-rise
building
is
its
vegetated
terraces
and
well
planted
(green
design)
facades.
These
green
spaces
are
continued
to
the
ramp
from
the
ground
floor
to
the
upper
level
of
the
tower.
The
entire
green
area
of
this
building
is
approximately
40.700
m2,
which
has
the
ratio
1:1
of
gross
useable
area
to
gross
vegetated
area.
Vegetation
and
landscaping
within
the
private
gardens
and
sky-parks
building
act
as
a
wind
buffer,
while
giving
users
a
more
human
environment.
In
summer,
vertical
landscaping
acts
to
obstruct,
absorb
and
reflects
a
high
percentage
of
solar
radiation,
thus,
reducing
ambient
tem-
peratures.
The
damp
surfaces
of
grass
and
soil
will
also
contribute
to
a
cooler
and
healthier
building.
In
this
level
the
‘Autodesk
Revit’
model
has
been
analyzed.
This
mass
model
contains
the
general
building
geometry,
including
the
number
of
rooms,
the
connections
between
rooms
and
their
rela-
tionship
to
the
exterior,
exposure,
and
aspect
to
the
sun,
like
the
shape
and
total
area
of
built
surfaces
and
also
openings.
By
these
types
of
information
as
an
input,
the
‘Autodesk
Green
Studio’
can
analyze
the
building
conceptual
mass
model.
Therefore,
in
brief,
after
setting
few
parameters,
such
as
building
location,
type,
floors
and
basic
construction
and
system,
and
also
as
this
software
is
cloud-based,
it
provides
the
results
very
quickly.
So,
analyzing
the
effectiveness
of
isolated
solar
gain
factor
in
this
project
determined
that
green
spaces
can
lead
to
about
40%
saving
energy
in
annual
building
heating
and
cooling.
3.1.4.
Thermal
storage
mass
The
solar
radiations
cannot
be
benefited
all
day,
so
that
it
has
to
be
applied
for
heat
storage,
or
thermal
mass
to
keep
the
buildings

192
P.
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/
Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
warm.
This
is
designed
for
only
one
or
few
days,
which
is
possible
through
indirect
solar
energy
gain,
such
as;
trombe
wall,
a
cistern,
water
wall
or
roof
pond,
a
ventilated
concrete
floor
[43].
However,
it
must
be
noted
that,
in
Pinnacle
Tower
as
a
case
of
ecological
architecture,
while
this
skyscraper
makes
so
many
positive
gestures
in
order
to
be
environmental
friendly,
still
there
is
the
possibility
of
going
further.
A
large
amount
of
light
enters
the
building
and
there
is
no
way
to
store
this
free
energy
to
utilize
it
for
the
building
and
another
way
to
lower
energy
consumption
in
sky
park
was
making
the
floors
of
stone
or
tile.
However,
the
weight
of
the
above
materials
must
be
considered
as
a
significant
matter
in
designing
high-rise
buildings.
The
‘Autodesk
Green
Studio’
simulation
tools
can
generate
the
design
alternative
that
explores
the
energy
performance
of
the
range
of
options.
With
relative
minimum
options
you
can
get
simu-
lations
results
that
take
to
account
of
the
proposed
building
climate
and
building
type,
envelope
properties
and
active
systems.
As
the
simulation
takes
to
the
account
of
the
interdependency
of
the
build-
ing
as
a
whole
system,
energy
simulation
results
are
useful
to
keep
score
as
the
work
to
reduce
the
building
energy
use.
Thus,
analy-
sis
shows
that,
for
instance
by
using
thermal
mass
materials
and/or
dark
surface
walls,
about
95%
of
the
gained
solar
energy
is
converted
into
heat.
3.1.5.
Passive
cooling
The
efforts
done
to
minimize
energy
consumption
and
improve
indoor
thermal
comfort,
which
mostly
focus
on
heat
dissipation
and
heat
gain
control
in
buildings,
are
referred
to
as
passive
cooling.
This
is
possible
in
case
we
prevent
heat
from
entering
the
interior
(heat
gain
prevention)
or
remove
heat
from
the
building
(natu-
ral
cooling).
Architectural
design
of
building
components
together
with
natural
environment
use
natural
cooling
to
dissipate
heat
[44].
However,
in
this
case
an
innovative
passive
cooling
system
is
not
applied.
3.2.
Active
solar
design
This
type
of
solar
technologies
is
mainly
used
in
order
to
produce
other
useful
types
of
energy
from
solar
radiations.
This
new
energy
type
is
a
kind
of
thermal
energy
to
provide
power
generation,
cool-
ing,
heating
and
hot
water
supply.
Therefore,
in
the
conversion
process,
one
type
of
mechanical
or
electrical
equipment
is
used
and
this
is
happening
in
order
to
maximize
the
effect
of
solar
energy
in
buildings.
To
achieve
more
sustainable
design,
gallium
arsenide
photo-
voltaic
cells
combined
with
a
rainwater
catchment
or
a
rain-screen
in
south-east
facade
are
used.
PV
panels
are
utilized
in
order
to
obtain
more
energy
self-sufficient
building
and
sustainability.
The
following
table
illustrates
the
amount
of
annual
energy
usage
of
the
Pinnacle
Tower
(Table
3).
Therefore,
in
this
case
by
covering
the
entire
south
east
eleva-
tion,
which
includes
ramp
and
PV
panels
with
30◦angle
(Fig.
10),
the
total
covered
area
can
be
calculated
as
follows:
31
m
×
0.5
m
×
50
(storeys)
=
775
m2
Considering
the
potential
power
output,
it
is
estimated
that
pho-
tovoltaic
panels’
efficiency
is
about
13%,
which
means
100
kWp
(kW
peak).
Potential
energy
generated
from
a
100kWp
source,
in
the
best
situations,
with
no
shading
effect
of
other
high-rise
buildings,
optimal
PV
angles
and
building
orientation,
it
can
annually
gener-
ate
approximately
70,000
kWh.
However,
by
considering
the
actual
situation
such
as
locating
PV
tiles
in
the
southeast
facade,
instead
of
south,
this
amount
is
reduced
to
about
50,000
kWh.
Therefore,
according
to
Table
2
these
PV
panels
can
provide
nearly
0.7%
of
the
entire
annual
building
energy
needs
(Fig.
10)
[39].
Fig.
10.
Photovoltaics
system
[39].
Apart
from
the
above
considerations,
the
most
widely
used
wind
turbine
types
are
the
upwind,
three-blade
horizontal
axis
type,
whether
the
rotor
spins
in
front
of
the
tower
about
a
line
paral-
lel
to
the
horizon.
The
vertical
axis
primarily
lift
type
turbines
are
not
so
efficient
in
energy
production
and
their
use
can
be
justified
as
an
architectural
element
of
the
integrated
design
for
this
building.
To
obtain
sufficient
power
from
a
single
turbine
(50
kW<),
typical
dimensions
of
the
main
mast
and
the
blades
are
30
m
and
10–15
m
respectively,
making
this
type
of
application
unsuitable
for
the
site.
However,
using
smaller
turbines
about
6–10
kW,
with
the
blade
size
of
approximately
4.5
m
is
more
appropriate
for
this
building.
Furthermore,
most
applications
use
tail
vanes
to
point
the
rotor
into
the
wind.
Finally,
it
should
be
mentioned
that
the
effect
of
using
these
types
of
generators
can
lead
to
producing
about
1%
of
building

P.
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Energy
and
Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
193
Table
4
The
evaluation
of
the
Pinnacle
Tower.
Source:
Drawn
by
Author
(2014).

194
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Energy
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Buildings
89
(2015)
183–195
annual
total
energy
consumption.
Also
from
the
economical
point
of
view
the
payback
period
of
the
turbine,
which
is
used
here
is
about
23
years.
The
following
table
summarizes
the
effect
of
using
solar
design-
both
passive
strategies
and
active
technologies-
and
other
sustain-
able
technologies
in
the
Pinnacle
Tower,
which
can
be
compared
with
ordinary
high-rise
buildings
that
do
not
benefit
from
these
types
of
technologies
(Table
4).
4.
Conclusion
Eventually,
by
considering
today’s
global
warming
and
world’s
economy,
no
one
doubts
that
current
energy
sources
are
not
inter-
minable.
So,
the
necessity
of
sustainable
design
for
the
future
is
inevitable.
Moreover,
in
theory,
this
potential
is
available
by
energy
efficient
design,
which
can
cause
the
design
to
change
from
being
uncertain
into
a
confident
science.
This
kind
of
energy
conservation
might
be
meaningfully
reached
in
high-rise
building
design.
In
order
to
evaluate
high-rise
buildings
in
terms
of
solar
energy
use,
the
author
analyzes
the
case
studies
from
both
passive
solar
strategies
and
active
solar
technologies’
aspects.
In
the
first
phase;
direct
solar
gain,
indirect
solar
gain,
isolated
solar
gain,
thermal
storage
mass
and
passive
cooling
as
a
meaningful
factor
to
obtain
passive
strategies
are
evaluated.
On
the
other
hand,
this
case
is
analyzed
from
the
use
of
active
solar
technologies
and
the
results
are
summarized
in
Table
4.
Therefore,
in
the
Pinnacle
Tower,
which
is
considered
as
a
both
active
and
passive
solar
design
high-rise
building;
30◦orienta-
tion
to
north-east
direction
and
weather
protected
landscape
core,
which
is
supported
by
operable
transparent
windows
considered
as
effective
factors
in
order
to
gain
direct
solar
radiations,
leads
to
approximately
30%
energy
saving
(Table
4).
Accordingly,
in
order
to
understand
the
effect
of
indirect
solar
gain,
the
different
multiple
fac¸
ade
systems
are
analyzed.
In
the
Pinnacle
Tower
four
fold
lay-
ers
fac¸
ade
system
has
a
meaningful
effect
on
the
buildings’
energy
demands.
So,
the
result
illustrates
that
energy
reduction
is
about
35%
in
this
case.
The
next
factor
is
isolated
solar
gain,
which
due
to
the
research
limitations;
the
solar
chimney
effect
is
analyzed.
Thus,
in
this
section,
in
the
Pinnacle
Tower,
central
atrium
is
used
as
a
type
of
natural
ventilation
chimney,
which
is
supported
by
operable
windows
and
some
kinds
of
green
spaces,
which
leads
to
about
40%
energy
saving.
Apart
from
these
considerations,
this
tower
benefited
from
the
prevailing
wind
direction
in
the
atrium.
Unfor-
tunately,
this
high-rise
building
is
not
benefited
from
the
passive
cooling
system
and
the
thermal
storage
mass
capacity;
however,
it
has
the
potential
to
gain
this
character
by
changing
their
green
spaces
floor
with
some
kind
of
thermal
mass
storage
materials.
As
the
material
weight
is
a
significant
factor
in
designing
high-rise
buildings,
the
more
practicable
suggestion
is
to
apply
these
types
of
considerations
in
the
facade
system
design.
Finally,
high-rise
buildings
have
great
potential
to
gain
solar
radiations
because
of
their
vast
facades.
Analyzing
case
studies
illustrate
that
applying
solar
passive
strategies
in
high-rise
build-
ings
have
a
meaningful
effect
on
reducing
the
total
annual
cooling
and
heating
energy
demand.
These
strategies
can
be
applied
and
adapted
to
high-rise
buildings
by
using
direct
solar
gain,
indirect
solar
gain,
isolated
solar
gain,
thermal
storage
mass
and
passive
cooling
systems.
On
the
other
hand,
considering
active
solar
tech-
nologies
can
also
add
extra
potential
by
providing
part
of
the
building
necessary
energy
demands.
Although
this
amount
is
not
huge
amount
in
the
case
study,
it
can
be
improved
by
integrating
PV
panels
and
other
solar
active
technologies
in
the
high-rise
building
facades.
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