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1367
April 2013 CHOICE
and it was the rst to incorporate
evolutionary ways of thinking into every
aspect of philosophizing. Indeed, one
might say that each new generation
rediscovers and reinvents its own
versions of pragmatism by applying the
best available practical and scientic
methods to philosophical problems of
contemporary concern.
Prominent pragmatists are usually skilled
practitioners in a scientic eld, and quite
familiar with methods and research in areas
such as mathematical logic, linguistics,
cognitive science, social psychology,
biology, or physics. Most intellectuals who
have done pragmatist-style work have not
inhabited philosophy departments; most
humanities, social science, life science, and
natural science elds have been hospitable
to pragmatist-minded scholars turning
to speculative work at some point during
their careers. Pragmatists have contributed
to every core philosophical issue and
every topical philosophical problem—
from aesthetics to zombies, and from the
philosophy of accounting and architecture
to the philosophy of zoology. At least
one hundred books about pragmatism
or pragmatists are published each year
worldwide; adding books containing
substantial discussion of pragmatist ideas
probably triples that total. Any brief
survey of recent work in pragmatism must
therefore be supercial and selective. is
survey emphasizes more dynamic varieties
of recent pragmatism, culled from elds
where pragmatism is either inuential
or at least receiving fresh attention. It
also contains reliable expositions of
pragmatism and explorations of major
pragmatists. A comprehensive bibliography
for recent works is incorporated in e
Continuum Companion to Pragmatism,
edited by Sami Pihlström. John Shook’s
Pragmatism: An Annotated Bibliography,
1898-1940 covers the classical era of
pragmatism. Many more bibliographies
and guides to pragmatism’s history and
thinkers are available at David Hildebrand
and John Shook’s Pragmatism Cybrary
http://www.pragmatism.org/. is essay
discusses books that provide an overview
of pragmatism, those that treat classical
and contemporary pragmatism, and those
that discuss pragmatism’s interdisciplinary
nature, relating it to behavioral, moral,
social, political, multicultural, and religious
topics.
Overviews
R ’
of relevance to philosophical problems,
pragmatism’s historical development, and its
relations with cultural contexts have become
plentiful. ree major reference works
supply many essays about pragmatism:
A Companion to Pragmatism, edited by
John Shook and Joseph Margolis; e
Oxford Handbook of American Philosophy,
edited by Cheryl Misak; and American
Philosophy: An Encyclopedia, edited by John
Lachs and Robert Talisse. Pragmatism in
the Americas, edited by Gregory Pappas,
features essays exploring pragmatists’
impact on Hispanic thought and original
pragmatist themes emerging from Latin
American culture. Wide-angle narratives
about pragmatism’s roots in American life
and culture by outstanding intellectual
historians include Scott Pratt’s Native
Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American
Philosophy; Joan Richardson’s A Natural
History of Pragmatism: e Fact of Feeling
from Jonathan Edwards to Gertrude Stein;
John R. Shook, PhD (jshook@pragmatism.org) is on
the University of Bualo’s EdM Science and the Public
faculty; Tibor Solymosi, PhD (tibor@neuropragmatism.
com) is a recent graduate of Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale.
Bibliographic Essay
Pragmatism: Key Resources
By John R. Shook and Tibor Solymosi
P
ragmatism is a philosophical tradition, founded in
the United States during the late nineteenth century,
which prioritizes human experience, practical
methods, and scientic knowledge for dealing with
philosophical issues. Accordingly, pragmatism has lasted far
longer than typical isms, and remains robust today because it
stays aloof from purely intellectual fads while allying only with
current understandings of humanity and nature. Pragmatism
was the rst form of empiricism to put rationalisms in its shade,
1368 April 2013
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Louis Menand’s e Metaphysical Club; and
Douglas Anderson’s Philosophy Americana:
Making Philosophy at Home in American
Culture. H. S. ayer’s Meaning and Action:
A Critical History of Pragmatism, now in its
second edition, is the best general history
of pragmatism. Susan Haack’s edited
anthology Pragmatism, Old and New gathers
essential readings.
Reections on pragmatism’s growth
from and enrichment of distinctive
features of the American experience have
been appearing with satisfying regularity
from a diverse array of interdisciplinary
scholars. ose deserving mention
include Jonathan Levin’s e Poetics
of Transition: Emerson, Pragmatism
and American Literary Modernism;
Jessica Feldman’s Victorian Modernism:
Pragmatism and the Varieties of Aesthetic
Experience; Walton Muyumba’s e
Shadow and the Act: Black Intellectual
Practice, Jazz Improvisation, and
Philosophical Pragmatism; Richard
Shusterman’s Practicing Philosophy:
Pragmatism and the Philosophical
Life; John McDermott’s e Drama
of Possibility: Experience as Philosophy
of Culture; and Stuart Rosenbaum’s
Pragmatism and the Reective Life.
Readable overviews and expositions
of pragmatism’s technical positions on
philosophical stances include Michael
Bacon’s Pragmatism: An Introduction;
Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin’s
Pragmatism: A Guide for the Perplexed;
Richard Bernstein’s e Pragmatic Turn;
John Lachs’s Stoic Pragmatism; Robert
Schwartz’s Rethinking Pragmatism; and
Douglas McDermid’s e Varieties
of Pragmatism: Truth, Realism, and
Knowledge from James to Rorty.
Classical Pragmatists
M
the period from 1880 to 1940—in
roughly chronological order, Charles
Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce, John
Dewey, Jane Addams, George Mead,
and C. I. Lewis—have enjoyed scholarly
scrutiny during the past two decades.
Peirce, the founder of pragmatism, was
the greatest scientic mind combined
with original philosophical genius since
Descartes, and applications of his fertile
thought have not ceased since his death in
1914. Lara Trout’s e Politics of Survival:
Peirce, Aectivity, and Social Criticism
demonstrates the vitality of Peirce’s thought
for the communal realm of social action,
and Mats Bergman’s Peirce’s Philosophy of
Communication has a similar utility for
cross-disciplinary work on meaning, mind,
and language. A sophisticated exegesis of
the technicalities of Peirce’s semiotics has
been assembled by T. L. Short in Peirce’s
eory of Signs. Another reliable study of
Peirce’s pragmatist theory of intelligence
and scientic method is Elizabeth Cooke’s
Peirce’s Pragmatic eory of Inquiry. e
most notable work in almost two decades
on Peirce’s speculative religious thought
is Anette Ejsing’s eology of Anticipation:
A Constructive Study of C. S. Peirce. e
conuence of Peirce’s metaphysics with
A. N. Whitehead’s process philosophy has
also remained inuential; readers should
consult Process Pragmatism, edited by
Guy Debrock. Peirce may be the most
intimidating of the classical pragmatists,
but Cheryl Misak has edited a volume of
impressively clear essays in e Cambridge
Companion to Peirce.
e renewed interest in James, the
Harvard philosopher and psychologist
until 1910, has now approached the
level of Dewey’s renaissance during the
1980s and 1990s. James especially has
regained the esteem of scholars of religion
and cognitive scientists (covered in later
sections). Discerning expositions of
this multifaceted thinker, protable for
generalists and specialists alike, include
Michael Slater’s William James on Ethics
and Faith; James Pawelski’s e Dynamic
Individualism of William James; and
Francesca Bordogna’s William James at the
Boundaries: Philosophy, Science, and the
Geography of Knowledge. Also worthy of
mention is Russell Goodman’s Wittgenstein
and William James, which capably
compares two kindred spirits and their
contributions to analytic philosophy. An
unapologetic discourse on some of James’s
most radical and least accepted views, his
radical empiricism, and his humanity-
based understanding of truth is Finnish
philosopher Sami Pihlström’s e Trail
of the Human Serpent Is over Everything:
Jamesian Perspectives on Mind, World, and
Religion. James’s comrade at Harvard,
Josiah Royce, must not be forgotten—
fortunately, we have Frank Oppenheim’s
study, Reverence for the Relations of Life:
Re-imagining Pragmatism via Josiah Royce’s
Interactions with Peirce, James, and Dewey.
James’s other close ally, F. C. S. Schiller
at Oxford, has been anthologized in F. C.
S. Schiller on Pragmatism and Humanism:
Selected Writings, 1891-1939, edited by
John Shook and Hugh McDonald. e
Reception of Pragmatism in France and the
Rise of Roman Catholic Modernism, 1890-
1914, edited by David Schultenover, oers
chapters covering both James’s provocations
in conservative France and boldly French
versions of pragmatism in response. Italy’s
Giovanni Vailati forged an original kind of
pragmatism from Peirce and James, and his
pre-World War I articles are now translated
as Logic and Pragmatism: Selected Essays,
edited by Claudia Arrighi et al.
For two generations, the supreme
pragmatist was John Dewey, the Columbia
University philosophy professor who
spent a lifetime advocating progressive
reforms in education, labor, civil rights
and liberties, and countless more
social causes until his death in 1952.
Multidisciplinary treatments of Dewey’s
continued relevance are gathered in e
Cambridge Companion to Dewey, edited by
Molly Cochran; Dewey’s Enduring Impact:
Essays on America’s Philosopher, edited by
John Shook and Paul Kurtz; John Dewey
between Pragmatism and Constructivism,
edited by Larry Hickman, Stefan Neubert,
and Kersten Reich; and John Dewey
and Continental Philosophy, edited by
Paul Faireld. More introductory, but
hardly cursory, explanations of Dewey’s
naturalistic and scientic worldview are
Jerome Popp’s Evolution’s First Philosopher:
John Dewey and the Continuity of Nature,
and omas Dalton’s Becoming John
Dewey: Dilemmas of a Philosopher and
Naturalist. Larry Hickman, the director
of the Center for Dewey Studies at
Southern Illinois University, has assembled
an accessible set of chapters explaining
Deweyan philosophy for application in
almost any discipline in his Pragmatism
as Post-postmodernism: Lessons from John
Dewey. Advanced treatises on Dewey’s
experimental and humanistic ethics are
Stephen Carden’s Virtue Ethics: Dewey and
MacIntyre, Steven Fesmire’s John Dewey
and Moral Imagination: Pragmatism in
Ethics, and Gregory Pappas’s John Dewey’s
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Ethics: Democracy as Experience. John
Shook and James Good’s John Dewey’s
Philosophy of Spirit, with the 1897 Lecture
on Hegel examines Dewey’s commitment
to transmuting the ethical idealism of
religion into the democratic ethos of a
secular nation. e engine of democracy
for Dewey is education in the methods
of inquiry, both scientic and social,
permitting the ourishing of active citizens.
Paul Faireld’s Education after Dewey, Jim
Garrison’s Dewey and Eros: Wisdom and
Desire in the Art of Teaching, and Stephen
Fishman and Lucille McCarthy’s John
Dewey and the Challenge of Classroom
Practice deliver inspirational and practical
classroom activities illustrating Deweyan
educational methodology. Additional
works involving Dewey’s social theory and
political thought receive due mention in
later sections on those topics.
A brilliant thinker and activist in her
own right, Jane Addams is becoming better
appreciated by intellectual historians,
scholars of pacism, and pragmatist-
minded social theorists. Exemplary studies
include Maurice Hamington’s e Social
Philosophy of Jane Addams; Louise Knight’s
Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for
Democracy; Katherine Joslin’s Jane Addams:
A Writer’s Life; and Jane Addams and the
Practice of Democracy, edited by Marilyn
Fischer, Carol Nackeno, and Wendy
Chmielewski. To read Addams herself,
consult e Jane Addams Reader, edited
by Jean Bethke Elshtain, and volumes of
e Selected Papers of Jane Addams, edited
by Mary Lynn McCree Bryan, Barbara
Bair, and Maree de Angury. e brilliant
philosopher and social theorist Alain
Locke, of Howard University, can be
rediscovered in Leonard Harris and Charles
Molesworth’s Alain L. Locke: Biography
of a Philosopher. Locke’s writings are
collected in e Philosophy of Alain Locke:
Harlem Renaissance and Beyond, edited by
Harris. Rudolph Cain’s Alain Leroy Locke:
Race, Culture, and the Education of African
American Adults also should be consulted.
Two philosophers deeply inuenced by
James and Dewey, G. H. Mead at Chicago
and C. I. Lewis at Harvard, sustained
pragmatism’s impact while behaviorism
and analytic philosophy came to dominate
after 1930. Work on Mead is categorized
with social theory below. Lewis was a
transitional gure who set the stage for
post-World War II pragmatists, many
of them imbibing pragmatism as his
students. Murray Murphey, among the
greatest intellectual historians of American
thought, gave us his nal work, the
magisterial volume titled C. I. Lewis: e
Last Great Pragmatist. Sandra Rosenthal’s
shorter book, C. I. Lewis in Focus, is
similarly the culmination of a ne career
working with pragmatism. Lewis taught
several of the next generation’s leaders
in naturalist and pragmatist modes of
thought, including W. V. Quine and
Nelson Goodman. Goodman’s student
Israel Scheer returned to Harvard as a
professor and produced several pragmatist
books, including Worlds of Truth: A
Philosophy of Knowledge.
Contemporary
Pragmatists
Q’
Harvard from the 1930s to the 1990s
exemplies how a pragmatist-style
respect for science inspires reconciliations
of philosophy with the naturalistic
worldview. Dewey’s behavioristic
approach to intelligence and his
antipathy to rationalistic devices such as
the analytic-synthetic dichotomy were
translated by logical techniques of analytic
philosophy mastered by Quine. Useful
guides to Quine include Lewis Hahn and
Paul Schillp’s edited e Philosophy of
W. V. Quine, now in a second, expanded
edition; Roger Gibson Jr.’s edited e
Cambridge Companion to Quine; and
Hans-Johann Glock’s Quine and Davidson
on Language, ought, and Reality.
Several of Quine’s students, including
Donald Davidson and Daniel Dennett—
and many of their own students after
them—developed noticeably pragmatist
themes in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.
Several chapters of e Philosophy of
Donald Davidson, edited by Lewis Hahn,
address pragmatist issues. Joining the
conversation was Richard Rorty, an
admirer of both Dewey and the “linguistic
turn” analytic philosophy. Rorty’s death
in 2007 has not slowed the pace of
writing about his controversial “neo-
pragmatism,” as it was labeled. Reliable
guides to Rorty’s primary views include
e Philosophy of Richard Rorty, edited by
Randall Auxier and Lewis Hahn; Richard
Rorty, edited by Charles Guignon and
David Hiley; Neil Gross’s Richard Rorty:
e Making of an American Philosopher;
Alan Malachowski’s Richard Rorty; and
James Tartaglia’s Routledge Philosophy
Guidebook to Rorty and the Mirror of
Nature. In this last volume, the section
on social and political theory addresses
Rorty’s work in those elds. Robert
Brandom, Rorty’s student at Princeton,
edited Rorty and His Critics and composed
his own pragmatist contributions, notably
Making It Explicit; Between Saying and
Doing: Towards an Analytic Pragmatism;
and Perspectives on Pragmatism: Classical,
Recent, and Contemporary.
Joining Quine at Harvard to add to the
conversation was Hilary Putnam, and the
Rorty-Davidson-Putnam neopragmatism
debate reached a crescendo. Davidson
declined to be called a pragmatist,
but Putnam embraced and advanced
pragmatism during the 1980s and
1990s further than anyone since Dewey.
Putnam’s student James Conant, now
professor at Chicago, coedited Hilary
Putnam: Pragmatism and Realism with
Urszula Zegleń. Yemina Ben-Menahem’s
edited Hilary Putnam is a welcome survey
of Putnam’s diverse ways of applying
pragmatism to central philosophical
issues such as truth, realism, knowledge,
representationalism, and the self. Putnam’s
recently published nal collection of
writings, Philosophy in an Age of Science,
is edited by Mario De Caro and David
Macarthur. Although Wilfrid Sellars,
son of noted philosophical naturalist
Roy Wood Sellars, did not adopt the
pragmatist label for himself, some of his
students at Pittsburgh did. ese include,
most notably, Paul Churchland and more
recently his wife, Patricia Churchland,
who espouses some pragmatist views as
well. Exemplifying the pragmatist stance
that evolutionary biology and cognitive
science cannot be ignored by philosophical
psychology, the Churchlands challenged
analytic philosophy’s armchair intuitions
about language, mind, and knowledge.
eir “neurophilosophy” has been
recently expressed in Paul Churchland’s
Neurophilosophy at Work and Patricia
Churchland’s Braintrust: What Neuroscience
Tells Us about Morality. Daniel Dennett’s
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contentious relationship with analytic
philosophy, and his preference for
pragmatist-leaning views on agency,
intelligence, and consciousness, can be
found in any of his writings; a notable
example is Freedom Evolves.
Distanced even further from analytic
philosophy’s hegemony have been the
Columbia University pragmatic naturalists.
Dewey’s thought is embodied in three
prominent graduates from the 1940s
and 1950s: Morton White, Paul Kurtz,
and Joseph Margolis. White’s book A
Philosophy of Culture: e Scope of Holistic
Pragmatism brings together pragmatist
reections from his four decades as a
professor at Harvard. Kurtz led the secular
and humanist movement until his recent
death; his many books are mostly in
print, and a selection of core writings is
gathered by Nathan Bupp as Meaning and
Value in a Secular Age. Margolis’s central
pragmatist work may be Pragmatism
without Foundations: Reconciling Realism
and Relativism, now in its second edition.
His trilogy of recent books—Reinventing
Pragmatism, e Unraveling of Scientism,
and Pragmatism’s Advantage—is required
reading for tracking the convoluted paths
and intersections among all the post-
Kantian and post-Hegelian options across
pragmatism, analytic philosophy, and
Continental philosophy. Columbia
University’s John Dewey Professor of
Philosophy is presently Philip Kitcher,
another Princeton graduate, who
defends pragmatist stances on science,
democracy, and ethics. His recent
book e Ethical Project brings together
his views on morality’s natural basis,
experimental ethical inquiry, and the
challenges of modernity.
e convulsions and controversies
aroused by the neopragmatism debates
and the eruption of pragmatism among
those familiar with the sciences continues
to receive study, as a successive generation
of philosophers sustain the momentum.
Volumes that survey the contemporary
scene include New Pragmatists, edited by
Cheryl Misak; Alan Malachowski’s e
New Pragmatism; David Hildebrand’s
Beyond Realism and Antirealism: John
Dewey and the Neopragmatists; and e
Pragmatic Turn in Philosophy, edited by
William Egginton and Mike Sandbothe.
Perennial philosophical questions about the
range and reliability of human knowledge,
and whether a realistic stance about the
world is suciently warranted, continue
to engage pragmatist thinkers. Books
for philosophers include Huw Price’s
Naturalism without Mirrors; Ronald Giere’s
Scientic Perspectivism; Patrick Baert’s
Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Towards
Pragmatism; and Joseph Margolis’s Culture
and Cultural Entities: Toward a New Unity
of Science, now in its second edition.
On narrower issues about knowledge
and truth, see Barry Allen’s Truth in
Philosophy; David Boersema’s Pragmatism
and Reference; Nicholas Rescher’s Epistemic
Pragmatism and Other Studies in the eory
of Knowledge; and Susan Haack’s Evidence
and Inquiry: A Pragmatist Reconstruction
of Epistemology, available in a second,
expanded edition. Pragmatist books
oering widely accessible understandings
of learning, inquiry, and logical argument
include Stephen Toulmin’s e Uses
of Argument; Elizabeth Minnich’s
Transforming Knowledge, now in its second
edition; and Douglas Walton’s Informal
Logic: A Pragmatic Approach, also available
as a second edition.
Behavioral Sciences
Aspects
S
intimately involved with the rise of
scientic psychology and early brain
science, not surprisingly, pragmatist
views on mind, intelligence, and
knowledge receive fresh conrmations
from behavioral and brain sciences. J.
J. Gibson’s “ecological psychology,”
following themes from William James and
James’s student E. B. Holt at Harvard,
was the most self-consciously pragmatist
paradigm during the middle of the
twentieth century. Its emphasis on the
embodied and dynamic bases for “mind”
remains active today. is tradition is
traced in Eric Charles’s edited A New
Look at New Realism: e Psychology and
Philosophy of E. B. Holt and Harry Heft’s
Ecological Psychology in Context: James
Gibson, Roger Barker, and the Legacy of
William James’s Radical Empiricism. A
parallel stream arrived from Francisco
Varela; a highly inuential work is
e Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science
and Human Experience, by Varela with
Evan ompson and Eleanor Rosch.
ompson later wrote Mind in Life:
Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences
of Mind while at the University of
Toronto. Detectably pragmatist versions
of cognitive science are also found in
Action in Perception by Alva Noë, and
in Andy Clark’s Supersizing the Mind:
Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive
Extension. Mark Rowlands oers a
balanced survey of this uprising against
internalism and representationalism
in Body Language: Representation in
Action. e greatest pragmatist rebellion
against representationalism comes from
psychologist Anthony Chemero in Radical
Embodied Cognitive Science.
Scholars familiar with the behavioral and
brain sciences are producing, in growing
numbers, treatises defending pragmatist
themes. Notable books include Kim
Sterelny’s ought in a Hostile World:
e Evolution of Human Cognition;
Jay Schulkin’s Cognitive Adaptation: A
Pragmatist Perspective; Owen Flanagan’s
e Really Hard Problem: Meaning in
a Material World; W. Teed Rockwell’s
Neither Brain nor Ghost: A Nondualist
Alternative to the Mind-Brain Identity
eory; and Richard Shusterman’s Body
Consciousness: A Philosophy of Mindfulness
and Somaesthetics. Developmental and
social psychology has not been left behind;
recent important books include Radu
Bogdan’s Our Own Minds: Sociocultural
Grounds for Self-Consciousness and David
Franks’s Neurosociology: e Nexus between
Neuroscience and Social Psychology. George
Scholars familiar with the behavioral
and brain sciences are producing, in
growing numbers, treatises defending
pragmatist themes.
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Mead’s early social psychology is more
frequently cited; getting reacquainted with
Mead is possible with Filipe Carreira da
Silva’s G. H. Mead: A Critical Introduction.
e tradition of symbolic interactionism
bridges Mead through Herbert Blumer
and Erving Goggman to the present;
see Norman Denzin’s survey, Symbolic
Interactionism and Cultural Studies: e
Politics of Interpretation. e related elds
of semiotics and biosemiotics long have
been indebted to pragmatism, going back
to Peirce’s systematic theories of signs and
communication. State-of-the-art works
are Marcel Danesi’s e Quest for Meaning:
A Guide to Semiotic eory and Practice,
Marcello Barbieri’s edited Introduction to
Biosemiotics: e New Biological Synthesis,
and Donald Favareau’s edited Biosemiotics:
An Examination into the Signs of Life and
the Life of Signs.
Moral, Social, and
Political Aspects
T
modes of intelligence receive naturalistic
treatment does not stop short of thinking
about meaning, value, and morality.
Mark Johnson’s e Meaning of the Body:
Aesthetics of Human Understanding is
among the most signicant pragmatist
manifestos of this decade. Similarly
informed by the cognitive sciences and
neurosciences is William Casebeer’s Natural
Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and
Moral Cognition. Patricia Churchland’s
Braintrust, already mentioned, follows
these lines as well, and Eric Racine’s
Pragmatic Neuroethics: Improving Treatment
and Understanding of the Mind-Brain
sets a new standard for understanding
the implications of the brain sciences for
comprehending the modes of social and
moral cognition permitting autonomy,
agency, and responsibility. Todd Lekan’s
Making Morality directly reinvigorates
ethical theory; Lekan’s pragmatist mentor,
James Wallace, recently published Norms
and Practices as well. Some pragmatists in
medical ethics include Jonathan Moreno,
author of Is ere an Ethicist in the House?:
On the Cutting Edge of Bioethics; Glenn
McGee, whose edited Pragmatic Bioethics
is now in its second edition; and D. Micah
Hester, author of End-of-Life Care and
Pragmatic Decision Making.
Not surprisingly, pragmatist thought
pursues many ethical and public policy
questions. Questions of political economy
and economic theory are explored in Elias
Khalil’s edited Dewey, Pragmatism, and
Economic Methodology. Sandra Rosenthal
and Rogene Buchholz oer the best single
volume on ethical aspects of business in
Rethinking Business Ethics: A Pragmatic
Approach. Deweyan Eric omas Weber
contributes Morality, Leadership and Public
Policy. Environmental policy has held
pragmatists’ attention for decades. Ben
Minteer’s e Landscape of Reform: Civic
Pragmatism and Environmental ought
in America and Refounding Environmental
Ethics: Pragmatism, Principle, and
Practice help shape the conversations
at the intersections of pragmatism,
environmental policy, and animal rights.
Andrew Light is also a leader here; see
his work, coedited with Erin McKenna,
Animal Pragmatism: Rethinking Human-
Nonhuman Relationships. Another notable
work is Hugh McDonald’s John Dewey
and Environmental Philosophy.
Pragmatism’s impact on social, political,
and legal theory cannot be underestimated.
Frederic Kellogg recounts legal
pragmatism’s rise in the early twentieth
century in Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.,
Legal eory, and Judicial Restraint.
Sidney Hook inherited from Dewey the
midcentury charge of prodemocratic and
anticommunist pragmatism; see Sidney
Hook on Pragmatism, Democracy, and
Freedom: e Essential Essays, edited by
Robert Talisse and Robert Tempio. Until
neo-Kantian John Rawls’s contributions,
progressive liberalism was framed
largely by pragmatist ideals. Jürgen
Habermas’s blend of critical theory and
social pragmatism further invigorated
late-twentieth-century debates, and the
renaissance of Deweyan thought could not
have been more timely. Navigating these
tumultuous waters with due appreciation
for pragmatism is Eric MacGilvray’s
Reconstructing Public Reason and Henry
Richardson’s Democratic Autonomy.
Favorable receptions of Habermas’s general
views on society and democracy can be
found in Habermas and Pragmatism, edited
by Mitchell Aboulaa, Myra Bookman,
and Cathy Kemp. Larry Hickman’s
Philosophical Tools for Technological Culture:
Putting Pragmatism to Work approaches
the broad cultural issues at stake from the
Deweyan perspective. Additional scholars
with penetrating and accurate expositions
of Deweyan positions are William Caspary,
author of Dewey on Democracy; Robert
Westbrook, who wrote Democratic Hope:
Pragmatism and the Politics of Truth;
Judith Green, with Pragmatism and Social
Hope: Deepening Democracy in Global
Contexts; and Melvin Rogers, author of e
Undiscovered Dewey: Religion, Morality, and
the Ethos of Democracy.
Rorty’s powerful inuence was
unavoidable for these and many more
theorists, of course, culminating with his
Philosophy and Social Hope and his later
essays collected in Philosophy as Cultural
Politics. Among the numerous books
about Rorty’s social and political theory are
Christopher Voparil’s Richard Rorty: Politics
and Vision and Neil Gascoigne’s Richard
Rorty: Liberalism, Irony and the Ends of
Philosophy. Colin Koopman’s masterful
analysis in Pragmatism as Transition:
Historicity and Hope in James, Dewey, and
Rorty is now garnering deserved attention.
Additional political thinkers working with
a broad framework of pragmatist themes
must be mentioned. Robert Talisse prefers
Peircean epistemic calculations to Deweyan
ethical grounds in his A Pragmatist
Philosophy of Democracy: Communities of
Inquiry. Jack Knight and James Johnson
apply political science in e Priority
of Democracy: Political Consequences of
Pragmatism. Richard Posner’s provocative
kind of legal pragmatism nds voice in his
Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy. James
Bohman carries pragmatist political theory
Pragmatism’s impact on social,
political, and legal theory cannot be
underestimated.
1373
April 2013 CHOICE
across cultural and international boundaries
in Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos
to Dêmoi. Jerey Stout’s Democracy and
Tradition defends a broadly Deweyan
stance ensuring inclusivity of all values,
religious ones among them. Roberto
Unger’s visions of human liberation and
participatory democracy are condensed in
e Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound.
One of Unger’s students at Harvard Law
School was Barack Obama. Obama’s
presidency has been characterized as
pragmatic in several senses; pragmatist
scholar James Kloppenberg explores the
possibilities in Reading Obama: Dreams,
Hope, and the American Political Tradition.
Harvard also nourished philosopher,
religious scholar, and public intellectual
Cornel West for a time. West’s explosive
combination of prophetic Christianity,
Marxist socialism, and pragmatism cannot
be reduced to any simplistic formula.
One must approach West for oneself, and
e Cornel West Reader is a good place
to begin before plunging into his many
books. George Yancy edited a volume
of incisive commentary, Cornel West: A
Critical Reader. Monographs about West
include Mark David Wood’s Cornel West
and the Politics of Prophetic Pragmatism,
Rosemary Cowan’s Cornel West: e
Politics of Redemption, and Clarence Sholé
Johnson’s Cornel West and Philosophy: e
Quest for Social Justice. While West was
at Princeton, his younger colleague Eddie
Glaude published an indispensable work,
In a Shade of Blue: Pragmatism and the
Politics of Black America. Explorations of
pragmatism and race also can be found
in Pragmatism and the Problem of Race,
edited by Bill Lawson and Donald Koch.
Feminist theory and pragmatism also
have mutually enriched each other’s
philosophies. A senior voice has long
been Charlene Haddock Seigfried; she
has kept Jane Addams in print, edited
Feminist Interpretations of John Dewey,
and helped inspire the next generation of
pragmatic feminists. Examples include
Shannon Sullivan, author of Living across
and through Skins: Transactional Bodies,
Pragmatism, and Feminism; Sharyn
Clough, who wrote Beyond Epistemology:
A Pragmatist Approach to Feminist Science
Studies; Erin McKenna, who contributed
e Task of Utopia: A Pragmatist and
Feminist Perspective; and Alexandra
Shuford, author of Feminist Epistemology
and American Pragmatism: Dewey and
Quine. Maurice Hamington undertakes
an expansive project in Embodied Care:
Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty,
and Feminist Ethics. Hamington and
Celia Bardwell-Jones recently edited
Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism.
Multicultural and
Religious Aspects
A
and global perspectives is also a vibrant
area. Mitchell Aboulaa’s e Cosmopolitan
Self: George Herbert Mead and Continental
Philosophy and Sor-hoon Tan and John
Whalen-Bridge’s edited Democracy
as Culture: Deweyan Pragmatism in a
Globalizing World engage these classical
pragmatists in contemporary international
issues. Giles Gunn’s Beyond Solidarity:
Pragmatism and Dierence in a Globalized
World seeks unifying pragmatic principles
while avoiding hegemonic rights. Without
any moral acquiescence, Joseph Margolis
embraces the cultural relativism inherent
to pragmatism in his Moral Philosophy after
9/11. Parallels between pragmatism and
aspects of Eastern philosophy, especially
Chinese thought, receive periodic notice.
Wei Zhang’s Heidegger, Rorty, and the
Eastern inkers: A Hermeneutics of Cross-
Cultural Understanding is an example,
and more direct alliances with Confucius
are evident in Sor-hoon Tan’s Confucian
Democracy: A Deweyan Reconstruction and
Joseph Grange’s John Dewey, Confucius, and
Global Philosophy.
By no means less important is
pragmatism’s engagement with religion.
Although pragmatism’s empiricist and
naturalistic leanings do not mesh well
with mysticism, transcendentalism, or
supernaturalism, a surprisingly large
number of pragmatists of each generation
attempt humanistic reconciliations between
the religious spirit and science’s inquiries.
William James supplied a helpful model
for such open-mindedness, and the 2002
centenary anniversary edition of his
Varieties of Religious Experience elevated
attention to new heights. ree collections
of new essays appeared in quick succession:
Wayne Proudfoot’s edited William James
and a Science of Religions: Reexperiencing
e Varieties of Religious Experience;
Jeremy Carrette’s edited William James and
e Varieties of Religious Experience: A
Centenary Celebration; and John Capps and
Donald Capps’s edited James and Dewey on
Belief and Experience. Dewey’s colleague at
Chicago, E. S. Ames, has been investigated
by Creighton Peden in Christian
Pragmatism: An Intellectual Biography
of Edward Scribner Ames, 1870-1958.
Broader examinations of pragmatism and
religion in American thought are oered
by Richard Mullin’s e Soul of Classical
American Philosophy: e Ethical and
Spiritual Insights of William James, Josiah
Royce, and Charles Sanders Peirce; M. Gail
Hamner’s American Pragmatism: A Religious
Genealogy; and Roger Ward’s Conversion in
American Philosophy: Exploring the Practice
of Transformation. ose seeking an
anthology can use Pragmatism and Religion:
Classical Sources and Original Essays,
edited by Stuart Rosenbaum. Original
speculative work abounds at the conuence
of pragmatism and religion. Robert C.
Neville’s numerous books cannot be listed
here, but Realism in Religion: A Pragmatist’s
Perspective is a ne place to start.
Neopragmatism has kept up—Rorty has
been inuential, as always—and G. Elijah
Dann’s After Rorty: e Possibilities for Ethics
and Religious Belief is powerfully suggestive.
Rorty’s own views are available in
Pragmatism, Neo-Pragmatism, and Religion:
Conversations with Richard Rorty, edited
by Charley Hardwick and Donald Crosby.
Sheila Davaney’s theological pragmatism is
a further development of several pragmatist
strands; see her Pragmatic Historicism:
A eology for the Twenty-First Century.
Finally, looking back on twentieth-century
religious naturalism, and projecting
speculative trends into the future, is the
ambitiously successful book by Jerome
Stone, Religious Naturalism Today: e
Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative.
Conclusion
S ,
pragmatism has focused on the practical.
While continuing to deal with important
philosophical issues, as the movement
has developed it has become increasingly
1374 April 2013
CHOICE
interdisciplinary, engaging many other
elds in the humanities, social sciences, and
sciences. e dozens of books published
each year reect continuing interest in the
pragmatic approach. Along with books,
various websites and journals contribute
new content and represent a good way
to keep up with the eld. In addition to
the Works Cited section below, which
corresponds to the books discussed in the
essay, readers should consult the two lists
that follow it—one devoted to important
journals, and the other to useful websites.
Works Cited
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Democracy as Culture: Deweyan Pragmatism in a
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Denzin, Norman K. Symbolic Interactionism
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Ejsing, Anette. eology of Anticipation: A
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Fesmire, Steven. John Dewey and Moral Imagi-
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1375
April 2013 CHOICE
Flanagan, Owen. e Really Hard Problem:
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1376 April 2013
CHOICE
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April 2013 CHOICE
Schwartz, Robert. Rethinking Pragmatism:
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Toulmin, Stephen E. e Uses of Argument.
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Wallace, James D. Norms and Practices. Cor-
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Walton, Douglas. Informal Logic: A Pragmatic
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Ward, Roger A. Conversion in American Phi-
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White, Morton. A Philosophy of Culture: e
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Zhang, Wei. Heidegger, Rorty, and the Eastern
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Journals
American Journal of eology & Philosophy
(1980-). ree times a year. Illinois. http://
www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajtp.html
Contemporary Pragmatism (2004-). Semiannual.
Rodopi. http://contemporary.pragmatism.org
Education and Culture, e Journal of the John
Dewey Society (2005-). Twice a year.
Purdue. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/eandc/
Journal of Speculative Philosophy (1867-).
Quarterly. Pennsylvania State. http://muse.
jhu.edu/journals/jsp/
e Pluralist (2006-). ree times a year.
Illinois. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/
the_pluralist/
Pragmatism Today: e Journal of the Central-
European Pragmatist Forum (2010-). Two
times a year. CEPF. http://www.pragma
tismtoday.eu/
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Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy
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Websites
Arisbe: e Peirce Gateway
Institute for American ought, Indiana
School of Liberal Arts
http://www.cspeirce.com/
Center for Dewey Studies at Southern Illinois
University Carbondale
http://www.siuc.edu/~deweyctr/
e Center for Process Studies
Claremont Lincoln University
http://www.ctr4process.org/
Central European Pragmatist Forum
http://www.cepf.sk/
Centro de Estudos de Pragmatismo
Ponticia Universidade Católica de São Paulo,
Brazil
http://www.pucsp.br/pragmatismo/
Highlands Institute for American Religious and
Philosophical ought
http://www.hiarpt.org/
Institute for American ought
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/iat/
Institute for Studies in Pragmaticism
Texas Tech
http://www.pragmaticism.net/
Mead Project 2.0
http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/
Pragmatism Cybrary, by David Hildebrand and
John Shook
http://www.pragmatism.org/
Pragmatismes et philosophie américaine
http://pragmatisme.free.fr/
Semiotic Society of America
http://www.semioticsocietyofamerica.org/
Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy
http://www.american-philosophy.org/
Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction
http://www.symbolicinteraction.org
