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A Journal of Bryology and Lichenology
the
Bryologist
The calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest ecoregion of
northeastern North America, II. The rest of the story
Steven B. Selva
1
Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maine at Fort Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent,
ME 04743, U.S.A.
The calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest ecoregion of
northeastern North America, II. The rest of the story
Steven B. Selva
1
Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maine at Fort Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent,
ME 04743, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT.Chaenothecopsis australis and C. fennica are reported as new to North America and Microcalicium
conversum is reported as new to eastern North America. A key to genera and keys to species that include all 89
known taxa in the Acadian Forest are followed by short narratives highlighting the similarities and differences
among them, as well as information on substrates and distribution within and outside the ecoregion.
KEYWORDS.Calicium,Chaenotheca,Chaenothecopsis,Cyphelium, floristics, Microcalicium,Mycocalicium,
Phaeocalicium, phytogeography, Sclerophora,Sphaerophorus,Sphinctrina,Stenocybe.
¤¤¤
In the first part of an investigation of the calicioid lichens
and fungi in the Acadian Forest ecoregion (Selva 2013),
three new species were described (Chaenotheca erkaho-
mattiorum, Chaenothecopsis dibbleandersoniarum and C.
marcineae), two additional species were reported for the
first time in North America (Calicium pinastri and
Chaenothecopsis amurensis), and six species are reported
as new to eastern North America (Calicium adaequatum,
Chaenothecopsis asperopoda, C. tsugae, C. ussuriensis,
Sclerophora amabilis and S. farinacea).
In addition to the eleven species reported by Selva
(2013), seventy-eight species—including two, Chae-
nothecopsis australis and C. fennica, that are new to
North America and one, Microcalicium conversum, that is
new to eastern North America—are reported here and
help bring the total number of calicioid species in the
Acadian Forest to eighty-nine.
The Acadian Forest is over 330,000 km
2
in area,
extending eastward from Adirondack State Park in
northeastern New York, through the northern New
England states of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine,
the Canadian Maritime provinces of New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and from the
Gaspe
´Peninsula of Que
´bec southwesterly through the
eastern townships to the United States border south of
Sherbrooke. Information on the physiognomy of the
Acadian Forest Ecoregion and the general ecology of the
calicioid lichens can be found in Selva (2013).
A key to all genera is provided below, followed by
species keys presented alphabetically. Each species within
a given genus is provided with a brief description that
focuses primarily on characters that help distinguish it
from similar species, as well as information on sub-
strate(s), distribution within the Acadian Forest, the
known worldwide distribution, especially western North
America, Europe, Asia (Russia, China, Japan), Africa,
Australasia, Central America and South America; citations
are also given for up to five representative specimens. All
species discussed in Selva (2013) are included in the
species keys in this paper, but their diagnoses are not.
Nomenclature follows Esslinger (2014).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The vast majority of the specimens examined and
cited in this investigation were collected by the author
and are housed in the herbarium at the University of
Maine at Fort Kent (UMFK). The remainder were either
collected by colleagues who sent specimens to me for
identification or were examined by me during visits to
the herbaria at F,NBM,NSM,NY,US and VT. Morphometric
analyses of apothecium height, capitulum and stalk
diameters, length and width of asci, and length and
width (or diameter) of spores are given as a–b, where a
and b represent the extremes of numerous (.50)
measurements. Measurements of apothecia were made
using an ocular micrometer and dissecting microscope,
while asci and spores were measured using a compound
microscope with ocular micrometer, under oil immer-
sion in squash preparations of apothecia in water.
1
Author’s e-mail: sselva@maine.edu
DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.336
The Bryologist 117(4), pp. 336–367 Published online: October 24, 2014 0007-2745/14/$3.35/0
Copyright E2014 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Chemical tests involving reactions of the apothecia with
potassium hydroxide (K), sodium hypochlorite (C),
iodine (I) and nitric acid (HNO
3
) were made on squash
preparations in water.
TAXONOMIC SURVEY
When using the keys and descriptions provided in
this paper, it is important to realize that not every
apothecium in the group being examined may have all of
the characteristics that are diagnostic for a particular
species. This is why it is important to look at several
apothecia and measure several spores, for example,
before forming an opinion. The identification of
photobionts can be difficult, and the heights of apothecia
and color and development of pruina can vary
substantially.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CALICIOID LICHENS AND FUNGI IN THE
ACADIAN FOREST
1. Thallus fruticose .................................................................. Sphaerophorus
1. Thallus crustose ........................................................................................... 2
2. Spore mass pale or brown (use dissecting scope); lichenized ............... 3
2. Spore mass black or aeruginose; lichenized or not lichenized .............. 4
3. Spore mass pale, individual spores spherical, hyaline; photobiont
Trentepohlia .............................................................................. Sclerophora
3. Spore mass brown, individual spores spherical, ellipsoidal, or
cylindrical, brown to dark brown; photobiont Trentepohlia, Stichococcus,
Dictyochloropsis, or trebouxioid ....................................................... Chaenotheca
4. Spores non-septate ...................................................................................... 5
4. Spores with one or more septa ................................................................. 8
5. Apothecia ,0.5 mm tall, obovate; lichenicolous on Pertusaria or
Protoparmelia; dark brown spores surrounded by a hyaline, gelatinous
layer that is best seen under oil immersion in dim light regulated by
the diaphragm ......................................................................... Sphinctrina
5. Apothecia short or tall, but never obovate or with spores surrounded
by a hyaline, gelatinous layer .................................................................... 6
6. Growing on the smooth bark of branches, twigs, and saplings of trees
or shrubs .............................................................................. Phaeocalicium
6. Growing on the bark or wood of mature tree trunks ............................ 7
7. Inner wall of the ascus tip, just above the uppermost spore, rounded
or squared off, and not narrowing upward (best seen in semi-mature
asci under oil immersion); spores prolate-spheroid; apothecia never
pruinose, K+red or green, parasitic on free-living algae or lichen
thalli, or with mature asci ,35 mm long ...................... Mycocalicium
7. Inner wall of the ascus tip, just above the uppermost spore, narrowing
upward into the tip to form a thin channel (best seen in semi-mature
asci under oil immersion); spore shape variable; apothecia may be
pruinose, K+red or green, parasitic on free-living algae or lichen thalli,
or with mature asci ,35 mm long .................................... Chaenothecopsis
8. In an apothecial squash in water, the majority of mature spores are
not inside asci, but are floating free outside of asci (mazaedium present);
lichenized and/or with spirally-ornamented spores ....................................... 9
8. In an apothecial squash in water, the majority of mature spores are
found inside of asci and not floating free outside of asci (mazaedium
absent); neither lichenized nor with spirally-ornamented spores ....... 11
9. Spore mass aeruginose under dissecting scope ................ Microcalicium
9. Spore mass black under dissecting scope ............................................... 10
10. Thallus episubstratic, yellow or greenish-yellow .................... Cyphelium
10. Thallus episubstratic or endosubstratic, but never yellow or greenish-
yellow ............................................................................................. Calicium
11. Growing over the small polypore Tricaptum, or on the smooth bark
of branches, twigs, and saplings of trees or shrubs .............................. 12
11. Growing on the bark or wood of mature tree trunks, or saxicolous ..... 13
12. On branches, twigs, or saplings of Alnus .................................. Stenocybe
12. On branches, twigs, or saplings of Betula, Populus, Rhus,Quercus,or
Sorbus, or over the polypore Tricaptum on trees ............ Phaeocalicium
13. Spores 1-septate ............................................................... Chaenothecopsis
13. Spores multiseptate ...................................................................... Stenocybe
Calicium
Thallus crustose, lichenized, with a trebouxioid
photobiont, episubstratic or endosubstratic; apothecia
stalked, pruinose with white, yellow or brown pruina on
the sides of the excipulum, or epruinose—including
apothecia with pale cells around the top of the
excipulum; mazaedium present, i.e., when viewed in a
wet mount, the majority of mature spores are found
outside of asci than are found within asci, black to
aeruginose; asci cylindrical to clavate, formed singly;
spores 1-septate (most with constricted septa), ellipsoi-
dal, brown to dark brown. Represented by twelve species
in the Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALICIUM IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Apothecia I+blue in wet mount .............................................................. 2
1. Apothecia I– in wet mount (or with a faint I+blue reaction only in
the thin hyaline envelope surrounding the stalk) ................................... 3
2. Spores with spiral ornamentation; excipulum epruinose ..... C. adaequatum
2. Spores without spiral ornamentation; excipulum white-pruinose .....
.................................................................................................. C. lenticulare
3. Excipulum with yellow pruina .................................................................. 4
3. Excipulum brown, with white pruina, or epruinose .............................. 5
4. Spores with spiral ornamentation; asci clavate; hyaline envelope
around stalk thin, acellular, faintly I+blue ....................... C. adspersum
4. Spores without spiral ornamentation; asci cylindrical; hyaline
envelope around stalk relatively thick, cellular, I– .......... C. trabinellum
5. Excipulum brown, contrasting with black color of mazaedium and
stalk .............................................................................................................. 6
5. Excipulum with white pruina, or epruinose ............................................ 7
6. Most mature spores ,11 mm long; asci cylindrical, .30 mm long;
thallus typically endosubstratic, but, if episubstratic, thin, greyish-
green ...................................................................................... C. salicinum
6. Most mature spores .11 mm long; asci clavate, ,30 mm long; thallus
typically episubstratic and well-developed, green to yellow-green; rarely
endosubstratic ..................................................................................... C. viride
7. Apothecia small, ,0.5 mm high; epruinose; asci short (30–35 mm
long) ............................................................................................ C. pinastri
7. Apothecia midsized and taller, .0.5 mm tall; asci short or long ......... 8
8. Apothecia pruinose; asci clavate; small, black pycnidia common ...
.................................................................................................... C. parvum
8. Apothecia pruinose or not; asci cylindrical; pycnidia rarely if ever
seen ............................................................................................................ 9
9. Many mature asci observed in wet mount .50 mm long;
lignicolous ............................................................................... C. abietinum
9. Most, if not all, mature asci observed in wet mount ,50 mm long;
lignicolous or corticolous ......................................................................... 10
10. Thallus typically well-developed, granular to verrucose-granular,
grey to greyish-green; spores with spiral ornamentation—which is
often difficult to see, and cracks; excipulum white-pruinose .........
............................................................................................. C. quercinum
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 337
10. Thallus generally immersed, but, when episubstratic, thin, granular
to verrucose, dark greyish-green; surface of spores without spiral
ornamentation; excipulum with or without pruina ........................ 11
11. Apothecia with bell-shaped capitula and long, relatively slender black
stalks (0.06–0.09 mm in diameter); excipulum epruinose; mature
spores with coarsely-sculptured surface but without short, longitudi-
nally-arranged ridges ............................................................. C. denigratum
11. Apothecia with lenticular capitula and short, relatively thick, black
stalks (0.1–0.2 mm in diameter); excipulum typically white-pruinose,
rarely epruinose; mature spores with coarsely-sculptured surface and
many with short, longitudinally-arranged ridges ................. C. glaucellum
Calicium abietinum Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 380946
This species is characterized by its lignicolous,
endosubstratic thallus, the I– and epruinose nature of
its midsized (0.6–0.9 mm tall) apothecia, the brownish
tinge of the black stalk and the noncellular nature of
the hyaline envelope surrounding it, the long, cylindrical
asci (45–60 mm long) and the minutely-warted sur-
face ornamentation of its spores. The apothecia of
the similarly-epruinose C. pinastri are much shorter
(,0.5 mm tall) and have shorter asci (30–35 mm long).
Calicium denigratum, also epruinose, has mature spores
with coarsely-cracked surface ornamentation. Specimens
of C. glaucellum that lack pruina also have shorter asci
(35–42 mm long), a more cellular nature to the hyaline
envelope that surrounds the stalk of the apothecium, and
young spores that have a rhombic shape.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Picea spp., Pinus bank-
siana, P. resinosa and P. strobus.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia;
not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell
1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 5638 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 1732 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumber-
land Co., Selva 3886 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co.,
Selva 6637 (UMFK).
Calicium adspersum Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 380950
Represented in the Acadian Forest by one collection,
the yellow-pruinose apothecia, faint I+blue reaction of
the thin hyaline envelope that surrounds the stalk, the
clavate asci, and the distinct spiral ornamentation of the
spores are, together, diagnostic for C. adspersum. The
apothecia are short (,0.5 mm tall), but not stout,
similar in size to the minute apothecia (ca. 0.2 mm tall)
reported by Harris (1995) for Calicium adspersum sensu
lato from Florida. The thallus is smooth, thin, whitish
and K+yellowish, and the mazaedium is epruinose. The
asci are 25–27 mm long and the spores 10–15 34.0–
6.0 mm. This combination of characters does not entirely
agree with those of either C. adspersum ssp. adspersum or
C. adspersum Pers. ssp. australe Tibell.
Substrate. Corticolous on Larix laricina.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Nova
Scotia, where it is extremely rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America
(e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimen. CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA:
Digby Co., Selva 10349.
Calicium denigratum (Vain.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 341637
Reported for the first time in North America by
McMullin et al. (2012), the only record for this species
in the Acadian Forest is from one collection, in New
Brunswick. It is distinguished by its immersed thallus,
the tall (0.7–1.3 mm tall), thin-stalked (0.06–0.09 mm
in diameter), I–, and epruinose apothecia with bell-
shaped capitulum, the midsized asci (38–48 mm long),
and the coarsely-cracked surface of the spores (See
McMullin et al. 2012, Figure 2). The taller apothecia,
shorter length of the asci, and coarser surface orna-
mentation on the spores distinguish it from C.
abietinum.Calicium pinastri has much shorter apothe-
cia (,0.5 mm tall) and asci (30–35 mm long). The
apothecia of Calicium glaucellum are stockier, with
relatively thick stalks (0.1–0.2 mm in diameter), white
pruina on the excipulum, young spores that are
rhombic in shape, and mature spores that, while also
coarsely-cracked, have short, longitudinally-arranged
ridges also present.
Substrate. Lignicolous on Pinus strobus.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick, where it is rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004).
Representative specimen. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Gloucester Co., Selva 10740B (UMFK).
Calicium glaucellum Ach.
MYCOBANK MB 381024
Calicium glaucellum is characterized by its typically
immersed thallus, midsized (0.5–1.0 mm tall), I–, and
white-pruinose apothecia, the cellular nature of the
hyaline sheath that surrounds the relatively short, thick
338 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
stalks (0.1–0.2 mm in diameter), short, cylindrical asci
(35–42 mm long), the rhombic shape of its young spores,
the coarsely-cracked surface of its mature spores that
includes short, longitudinally-arranged ridges, and its
propensity for being lignicolous on both angiosperms
and conifers. Similarly white-pruinose C. parvum has
clavate asci and the apothecia of C. lenticulare are I+
blue. Calicium denigratum differs in having epruinose
apothecia with bell-shaped capitula and spores with
coarsely-cracked surface ornamentation that does not
also include longitudinally-arranged ridges. Calicium
abietinum has epruinose apothecia, longer asci (45–60 mm
long), and spores with minutely-warted surface orna-
mentation, and epruinose C. pinastri has shorter
apothecia (0.3–0.4 mm tall) and shorter asci (30–35 mm
long). The yellow-pruinose apothecia of the otherwise
identical C. trabinellum have often been found inter-
mingled with those of C. glaucellum, suggesting to me
that they are the same species.
Substrate(s). Most often lignicolous on Abies
balsamea, Acer rubrum,Betula alleghaniensis, B. cordifo-
lia, B. papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia, Larix laricina,Picea,
spp., Pinus banksiana,P. strobus,Quercus rubrum, Thuja
occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis. Less often corticolous
on Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus
strobus and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, New Hampshire, Maine, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor
2003), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central America (e.g.,
Tibell & Kalb 1992) and South America (Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens:U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 4542 (UMFK). MAINE: Hancock Co., Selva
10485 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Carleton Co.,
Selva 9676 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 8416
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Selva 7103
(UMFK).
Calicium lenticulare Ach.
MYCOBANK MB 381041
Calicium lenticulare is the only species of Calicium in
the Acadian Forest with both white-pruinose and I+blue
apothecia. Epruinose C. adaequatum is the only other
species in the region with I+blue apothecia. Calicium
lenticulare is easily recognized by its spores—young
spores are non-septate in the ascus and mature spores
are unique in having little, if any, constriction at the
septum and virtually no surface ornamentation. The
species prefers coniferous substrates, but has also been
collected on hardwoods. Some specimens have a brown
excipulum and upper stalk, which contrasts with the
black of the mazaedium and lower stalk, and might be
confused with C. salicinum or C. viride, both of which
are I– and have spirally-ornamented spores. Calicium
lenticulare is often found growing in association with C.
parvum, which is I–, has a white-peppered mazaedium,
and is typically found with numerous black pycnidia.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea,Betula alleghaniensis,Picea spp., Pinus
strobus,Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis; corti-
colous on Larix laricina; lignicolous on Acer rubrum and
Quercus rubra.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000), Africa (e.g.,
Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
America (Tibell & Kalb 1992) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 10035 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva
7221 (UMFK).CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Saint John Co.,
Selva 9762 (UMFK); Victoria Co., Selva 10248 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC: Rimouski-Neigette Co., Selva 11018 (UMFK).
Calicium parvum Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 341638
Calicium parvum is the most commonly collected
species of Calicium in the Acadian Forest. It is
recognized by its grey to greenish-grey, episubstratic
thallus, the stocky morphology of its midsized, white-
pruinose, I–, apothecia, as well as its clavate asci and
association with numerous small, black pycnidia. The
species prefers coniferous substrates, but has also been
collected on hardwoods. The black mazaedium is often
‘‘peppered’’ with white pruina. It has often been found
growing in association with C. lenticulare, which has I+
blue apothecia and lacks the white-peppered mazaedium
of this species. Similarly white-pruinose C. glaucellum
has cylindrical asci.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Picea spp. and Pinus resinosa; corticolous on Abies
balsamea,Larix laricina, Pinus banksiana,P. strobus and
Tsuga canadensis; and lignicolous on Thuja occidentalis.
It has rarely been found corticolous on Betula allegha-
niensis and lignicolous on Betula papyrifera.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunsick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 339
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward et al. 1996),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 4494 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co.,
Selva 7223 (UMFK); Aroostook Co., Selva 10288.CANADA.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 3876 (UMFK).
NOVA SCOTIA: Lunenburg Co., Selva 9894 (UMFK).
Calicium quercinum Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 381105
Collected only twice in the Acadian Forest, C.
quercinum is distinguished by its typically well-devel-
oped, episubstratic, white to greyish, K+yellow thallus,
midsized (0.5–1.0 mm tall), stocky, white-pruinose, and
I– apothecia, cylindrical asci that are ,50 mm long, and
the coarsely-cracked spores with scarcely-discernible
spiral ornamentation.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Acer saccharum.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine and
Nova Scotia; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov 2000).
Representative specimen. U.S.A. MAINE: Piscataquis
Co., Selva 7246 (UMFK). CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Digby Co,
Selva 10349 (UMFK).
Calicium salicinum Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 381113
Within the Acadian Forest, only this species and C.
viride share the feature of having a brown, pruina-like
coloration on the sides of the excipula. Calicium
salicinum can be distinguished from C. viride by its
typically immersed thallus, shorter apothecia (0.4–
1.1 mm tall) with relatively thinner stalks (0.08–
0.13 mm in diameter), cylindrical asci (.30 mm long)
and smaller spores (,11 mm long). The spores are
spirally-ornamented in both species. I have also seen
specimens of C. lenticulare with a similar brown, pruina-
like coloration on the sides of the excipulum, but the
apothecia are I+blue and the spores are not spirally-
ornamented.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea,Acer saccharum,Betula alleghaniensis,B.
papyrifera and Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Ulmus
americana; and lignicolous on Acer rubrum,Fagus
grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Larix laricina, Picea
spp. and Populus tremuloides.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell 1993), Africa
(e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 5275 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 1791 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: York Co., Selva
9644 (UMFK); Northumberland Co., Selva 9727 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´Co., Selva 10993 (UMFK).
Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach.
MYCOBANK MB 196027
Calicium trabinellum and C. adspersum are the only
species of Calicium in the Acadian Forest with yellow-
pruinose apothecia. However, in C. trabinellum,the
thallus is typically immersed, all parts of the apothecia
are I–, the hyaline sheath that surrounds the stalk is
distinctly cellular, the asci are cylindrical, the young spores
are often rhombic in shape, and the mature spores are
coarsely-cracked and not spirally-ornamented. These
same features that help distinguish C. trabinellum from
C. adspersum are identical to those of C. glaucellum, which
only differs in having white-pruinose apothecia. Both
species are principally lignicolous, rarely corticolous,
and the fact that their apothecia are frequently found
intermingled suggests to me that they are the same species.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Abies balsamea,Betula
alleghaniensis,B. cordifolia,B. papyrifera, Larix laricina,
Picea spp., Pinus resinosa,P. strobus,Prunus pensylvanica,
P. serotina, Quercus rubra and Thuja occidentalis. Rarely
corticolous on Betula alleghaniensis,Picea spp. and Thuja
occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000), Africa (e.g.,
Tibell 1981b), Australasia (Tibell 1987) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 10886 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 3327 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumber-
land Co., Selva 9694 (UMFK); Gloucester Co., Selva 10054
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7060
(UMFK).
Calicium viride Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 381162
Calicium viride and C. salicinum are the only species of
Calicium in the Acadian Forest with a brown, pruina-like
340 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
coloration on the sides of the excipulum and upper stalk.
Calicium viride can be distinguished from C. salicinum by
its typically episubstratic, green thallus, more robust
(stalks 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter) and typically taller
apothecia (.1.0 mm tall), its clavate asci (,30 mmlong),
and its larger spores (.11 mm long). In both species
the spores are spirally-marked. Some specimens of C.
lenticulare may also have brown excipula and upper stalks,
but the I+blue apothecia and spore morphology are quite
different.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis and Thuja occidentalis; corticolous
on Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum and Picea
spp.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New Hamp-
shire, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not commonly
encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001) and South
America (Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Carroll Co., 1906 s.n.(
F). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Charlotte Co., Clayden 19547 (NBM). NOVA SCOTIA:
Victoria Co., Selva 7684 (UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:
Kings Co., Selva 6696 (UMFK). QUE
´BEC: La Haute-Gaspe
´sie
Co., Selva 10927 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca
Thallus crustose, lichenized with a Stichococcus,
Trentepohlia,Dictyochloropsis, or trebouxioid photo-
biont, episubstratic or endosubstratic; apothecia stalked,
pruinose with white, yellow, yellow-green, red, reddish-
bown or brown pruina, or epruinose; mazaedium
present, i.e., when viewed in a wet mount, the majority
of mature spores are found outside of asci than are found
within asci, brown to pale- or greyish-brown; asci
cylindrical, ellipsoidal, or irregularly-shaped, formed
singly or end-to-end in chains (i.e., catenulate); spores
non-septate (except in C. laevigata where spores may be
1–5-septate), pale brown to brown, spherical to ellipsoi-
dal, or cylindrical and septate. Represented by 19 species
in the Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAENOTHECA IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Apothecia with yellow, yellow-green, red, reddish-brown or brown
pruina on excipulum, stalk, or both excipulum and stalk .................... 2
1. Apothecia with white pruina on excipulum, stalk, or both excipulum
and stalk, or epruinose ............................................................................... 9
2. Thallus with Trentepohlia as photobiont; apothecia yellow-pruinose,
which may appear brownish in some specimens ................ C. hispidula
2. Thallus with Stichococcus or trebouxioid photobiont; pruina and
spore shape variable .................................................................................... 3
3. Photobiont with spherical cells measuring 7.0–14 mm in diameter,
i.e., trebouxioid ........................................................................................... 4
3. Photobiont with short, cylindrical cells, which sometimes form
short filaments, or with small, irregularly-shaped cells in colonies
(Stichococcus) .......................................................................................... 5
4. Thallus bright yellow, usually well-developed, granular to verrucose;
spores spherical to short-ellipsoidal, typically ,8.0 mm long .........
.......................................................................................... C. chrysocephala
4. Thallus immersed or squamulose to verrucose, greyish-green; spores
non-septate and ellipsoidal, or cylindrical, septate, and typically
.8.0 mmlong(andaslongas34mm) ........................... C. laevigata
5. Apothecia with red to reddish-brown pruina on excipulum and
upper stalk .............................................................................. C. gracillima
5. Apothecia with yellow or yellow-green pruina on excipulum, stalk,
or both excipulum and stalk ..................................................................... 6
6. Thallus episubstratic, farinose, bright yellow-green ........... C. furfuracea
6. Thallus immersed or episubstratic, but not both farinose and bright
yellow-green ................................................................................................. 7
7. Apothecia tall, with thin, flexuous stalks, typically .1.5 mm tall .....
......................................................................................................... C. servitii
7. Apothecia short to mid-sized, typically ,1.5 mm tall ........................... 8
8. Spores spherical or squarrish, 3.0–4.0 mm in diameter; thallus
immersed or thin, green and poorly-developed ............... C. brachypoda
8. Spores short-ellipsoidal, 4.0–10 33.0–4.5 mm; thallus well-
developed, green to grey-green, granular to verrucose ......... C. chlorella
9. Photobiont with short, cylindrical cells, which sometimes form
short filaments, or with small, irregularly-shaped cells in colonies
(Stichococcus) ........................................................................................ 10
9. Photobiont with spherical cells, either Dictyochloropsis (cells 15–
20 mm in diameter) or trebouxioid (cells 7.0–14 mm in diameter) .... 15
10. Thallus thin, farinose; capitulum spherical, with poorly-developed
excipulum .................................................................................................. 11
10. Thallus immersed or well-developed, but never farinose; capitulum
obconical to lenticular, with well-developed excipulum ...................... 12
11. Apothecia typically ,1.5 mm tall and with straight stalks; bottom of
capitulum pale brown, which contrasts with the darker brown mazaedium,
the consequence of having spores caught in what is left of the excipulum;
thallus glaucous-green ............................................................................. C. stemonea
11. Apothecia typically .1.5 mm tall and with thin, flexuous stalks;
bottom of capitulum the same color as the mazaedium;thallus greyish-
green ............................................................................................. C. gracilenta
12. Apothecia epruinose, tall and with flexuous stalks; conidiophores
typically present ......................................................................... C. nitidula
12. Apothecia white-pruinose; stalk not flexuous; conidiophores absent ..... 13
13. Stalk of apothecia pale at base .................................................. C. cinerea
13. Stalk of apothecia not pale at base ......................................................... 14
14. Thallus immersed; excipulum, upper part of stalk (and often into the
lower part) with thick white pruina; base of excipulum and uppermost
part of stalk with anticlinally-arranged hyphae extending outward from
surface; lignicolous ........................................................................ C. xyloxena
14. Thallus rarely immersed, typically well-developed, greyish-green;
excipulum and, rarely, the upper part of stalk, white-pruinose, though
not thickly so, rarely epruinose; base of excipulum and uppermost
part of stalk with periclinally-arranged hyphae; corticolous and
lignicolous ...................................................................... C. trichialis
15. Thallus typically well-developed, white to greenish-white, and with
scattered orangy patches or granules that are K+red; excipulum well-
developed, often with gold flecks in mazaedium; spores spherical and
mostly .6.0 mm in diameter .................................................. C. ferruginea
15. Thallus immersed or well-developed, but without orangy patches
or granules that are K+red; excipulum poorly- or well-developed,
without gold flecks in mazaedium; spores, if spherical, ,6.0 mmin
diameter ................................................................................................ 16
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 341
16. Thallus typically immersed, rarely episubstratic, grey to greenish-
grey and granular; photobiont Dictyochloropsis, which is conspic-
uously wrapped in multiple layers of hyphae ................ C. brunneola
16. Thallus immersed or well-developed; photobiont trebouxioid, which
may or may not be wrapped in multiple layers of hyphae ................. 17
17. Asci typically attached end-to-end, in chains, and of irregular shapes
(search under dim light), rarely cylindrical and formed singly; excipulum
poorly-developed ................................................................... C. sphaerocephala
17. Asci cylincrical and formed singly; excipulum typically well-
developed ................................................................................................... 18
18. Spores of two distinct shapes—spherical (4.5–6.0 mm in diameter)
and ellipsoidal to short-clindrical (mostly .5.0 mm long); thallus
leprose, whitish ..................................................... C. erkahomattiorum
18. Spores spherical to angular, 3.0–4.5 mm in diameter; thallus granular,
greenish-grey, or rarely immersed ...................................... C. hygrophila
Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 131053
Chaenotheca brachypoda has a thallus associated with
Stichococcus that can be immersed or thin, never farinose,
and green to yellowish-green. Mature apothecia are easily
recognized by the contrast between the yellow to yellowish-
greenpruinaontheirshortstalksandthebrowntodark
brown color of their spherical capitula. The excipulum is
lacking at maturity and the capitulum, particularly in young
apothecia, may also be covered by a yellow to yellowish-
green pruina. The brown, globose spores measure 3.0–4.0 mm
in diameter. The apothecia are typically much shorter than
those of the somewhat similar C. furfuracea,butin
specimens of C. furfuracea that have apothecia shorter than
normal, or specimens of C. brachypoda that have apothecia
taller than normal, the thallus in C. furfuracea is typically
well-developed, farinose, and yellowish-green.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Thuja occidentalis; lignicolous on Acer rubrum and Betula
alleghaniensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen 1999),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2001), Australasia
(e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Piscataquis
Co., Selva 7013 (UMFK); Aroostook Co., Selva 10270
(UMFK). CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Kings Co., Selva 8937
(UMFK); PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Selva 10386
(UMFK); QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva 10819 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Mu
¨ll. Arg.
MYCOBANK MB 382482
One of the most common species of Chaenotheca
within the Acadian Forest, C. brunneola is both
widespread and somewhat variable. The thallus, for
example, is typically immersed when colonizing lignico-
lous substrates and episubstratic, grey to greenish-grey,
and granular to fairly well-developed when colonizing
corticolous substrates. The algal partner, Dictyochlorop-
sis, is much larger in diameter than trebouxioid algae
(15–20 mm in diameter vs. 7.0–14 mm in diameter; Tibell
& Thor 2003) and has multiple layers of hyphae wrapped
around them. The apothecia vary in height (0.3–1.6 mm
tall), have shiny black stalks that are frequently branched,
K+orangy-red in wet mount, and with spherical capitula
with poorly-developed excipula. The capitulum is
epruinose, but the lower side of the capitulum may
sometimes appear pruinose ‘‘due to the presence of pale
hyphae projecting from the surface of the excipulum’’
(Tibell 1999). The asci are cylindrical to narrowly-
clavate, produced singly, and the spherical spores are
relatively small (3.0–4.5 mm in diameter). Chaenotheca
sphaerocephala has variably-shaped asci produced in
chains, an episubstratic, greenish-grey thallus with
trebouxioid photobiont, and apothecial stalks covered
with a thin, grey pruina. Chaenotheca hygrophila differs
in having an episubstratic, granular, greenish-grey
thallus with a trebouxioid photobiont, more robust
apothecia with dull, black stalks, a mazaedium that may
be yellowish-brown, and cylindrical asci produced singly.
Chaenotheca erkahomattiorum has a leprose thallus with
trebouxioid photobiont, apothecia with lenticular capit-
ula, and spores that are both spherical (4.0–6.5 mmin
diameter) and elongate (mostly .5.0 mm long).
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea
spp., Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga cana-
densis; corticolous on Acer saccharinum,Chamaecyparis
thyoides and Larix laricina; lignicolous on Betula cordifo-
lia, B. papyrifera, Pinus banksiana and Quercus rubra.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003), Australasia (e.g.,
Tibell 1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and
South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Sagadahoc
Co., Selva 3254 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Resti-
gouche Co., Selva 9810 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness
Co., Selva 8525 (UMFK); Halifax Co., Selva 6525 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´Co., Selva 10981 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca clorella (Ach.) Mu
¨ll. Arg.
MYCOBANK MB 382484
Chaenotheca chlorella can be recognized by its
typically episubstratic, green to grey-green, granular to
342 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
verrucose thallus associated with Stichococcus, yellow-
pruinose apothecia that are 0.7–1.0 mm tall, and the
short-ellipsoidal spores (4.0–10 33.0–4.5 mm) found
among spherical spores, both of which are coarsely
ornamented when mature.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis and Thuja occidentalis; lignicolous
on Abies balsamea,Fagus grandifolia and Picea spp.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Gaspe
´region of
Que
´bec; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell &
Thor 2003), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Piscataquis
Co., Selva 2397 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Resti-
gouche Co., Selva 9937 (UMFK); Albert Co., Selva 8973
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 7835 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva 10849 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.) Th. Fr.
MYCOBANK MB 382486
Most specimens of Chaenotheca chrysocephala are
easily recognized by the granular to verrucose nature of
its intensely yellow to yellow-green thallus with treboux-
ioid photobiont. The thallus may be less well-developed
on lignicolous substrates—though never completely
immersed, and, when growing in densely-shaded micro-
habitats, the thallus is more green than yellow. Also
diagnostic are the yellow-pruinose apothecia (0.4–
1.6 mm tall), and the ellipsoidal, rarely cylindrical,
spores found among spherical spores. It may be confused
with C. laevigata, which, in this region, can be found
with both endosubstratic thalli and grey-green, episub-
stratic thalli. Both species can have short-ellipsoidal to
cylindrical spores, but in most specimens of C. laevigata
the cylindrical spores are much longer (.8.0 mm long)
and much more common than those found in C.
chrysocephala (,8.0 mm long). On occasion, specimens
of both of these species, as well as other yellow-pruinose
species of Chaenotheca, may have ‘‘albino’’ apothecia,
yellow though they be, intermingled among the apothe-
cia of normal morphology. According to Selva (2004),
Coniocybe gracilescens Willey, is, in fact, one of these
yellow ‘‘albino’’ forms of C. chrysocephala.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Abies
balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Larix laricina, Picea spp.,
Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga
canadensis; corticolous on Acer rubrum, A. saccharum,
Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera and Prunus
serotina; lignicolous on Betula cordifolia.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000), Africa (e.g.,
Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 10035 (UMFK). VERMONT: Essex Co., Selva 4774
(UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 1674 (UMFK).
CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Cumberland Co., Selva 6568
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7064
(UMFK).
Chaenotheca cinerea (Pers.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 112765
Typical Chaenotheca cinerea is easily recognized by
its usually well-developed, white to greyish-white,
episubstratic thallus associated with Stichococcus, the
relatively short black stalks of the apothecia that are pale
near the base, the thick white pruina along the sides of
the well-developed excipulum, the tattered nature of the
excipulum along its upper edge, and the relatively large,
spherical spores (4.5–6.0 mm in diameter). I have also
encountered specimens where the stalks of the apothecia
are much longer and more like those of C. trichialis than
typical C. cinerea. However, such apothecia still have
stalks that are pale near the base and larger spores than
those seen in C. trichialis (3.0–4.5 mm in diameter). Such
apothecia are invariably encountered when C. cinerea
and C. trichialis are growing in close proximity.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Populus balsamifera;
lignicolous on Picea spp.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward et al. 1994),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov 2000).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., 1883, Willey s.n. (F); MAINE: Piscataquic Co.,
Selva 9305 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: York Co.,
Selva 9636 (UMFK); Madawaska Co., Selva 10564 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Selva 10383 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig.
MYCOBANK MB 122486
The white to greenish-white, verrucose thallus of this
species is easily recognized by the presence of orange to
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 343
orange-red granules or stains that turn red with K. The
short to midsized apothecia are with well-developed,
dark brown excipula, a mazaedium that is frequently
peppered with tiny gold-colored granules, the red to
orange-red coloration it takes on when exposed to K in a
wet mount, and the relatively large, spherical spores
(4.5–7.5 mm in diameter). There are rare occasions when
the thallus appears more greenish than white, less well-
developed, or with few to no orange to orange-red
granules or stains present, but the other characteristics
described here are usually sufficient for a correct
identification. Chaenotheca ferruginea is also the most
common calicioid species found on Tricaptum abieti-
num, the common small polypore on gymnosperms,
rarely together with Phaeocalicium polyporaeum. It is one
of the few species of calicioid lichens known to tolerate
air pollution and has been found overgrowing C.
chrysocephala in polluted areas.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus
strobus and Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Chamae-
cyparis thyoides, Larix laricina, Prunus serotina and Tsuga
canadensis; lignicolous on Pinus banksiana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g.,
Tibell 1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and
South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5066 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
11120 (UMFK). MAINE: Hancock Co., Selva 10476 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 9722
(UMFK); Gloucester Co., Selva 10748 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 107463
Particularly common amongst the roots of upturned
trees, Chaenotheca furfuracea is easily recognized by its
intensely-yellow-green, farinose thallus, with Stichococ-
cus, the usually tall apothecia (0.8–4.5 mm tall), with
yellow to yellow-green pruinose stalks, spherical, pale
brown capitula with poorly-developed excipula, and the
small, spherical, pale brown spores (2.5–4.5 mmin
diameter). For specimens of C. furfuracea that might be
confused with the sometimes similar C. brachypoda,
suggestions for proper identification are presented under
that species.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea,Betula alleghaniensis Picea spp. and
Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Acer rubrum, A.
saccharum, Betula cordifolia, B. papyrifera, Fagus grand-
ifolia, Pinus strobus, Rhododendron sp. and Tsuga
canadensis; terricolous/humicolous, and saxicolous.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003) and
Africa (e.g., Alstrup et al. 2010).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Hamil-
ton Co., Selva 5965 (UMFK). VERMONT: Rutland Co., Selva
5015 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 9317 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: St. John Co., Selva 10305 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Selva 7096 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca gracilenta (Ach.) Mattsson & Middelb.
MYCOBANK MB 130786
Chaenotheca gracilenta istypicallyfoundwitha
greyish-green, farinose thallus, with Stichococcus,and
tall apothecia (2.3–3.5 mm tall) with flexuose stalks.
The capitulum is spherical, with a poorly-developed
excipulum and pale greyish-brown mazaedium, and
the stalk is black or covered with a thin layer of
granular, grey pruina. While frequently found in the
same microhabitats, and with apothecia of similar
morphology to those of C. furfuracea, the color of the
thallus and stalk are quite different. In fact, the only
other species with which it might be confused is C.
stemonea, particularly if the apothecia of that species
are taller than normally encountered or the apothecia
of C. gracilenta are shorter than normal. They both
have spherical capitula, poorly-developed excipula,
and farinose thalli associated with Stichococcus that
are subtly different in color—greyish-green in C.
gracilenta and glaucous-green in C. stemonea.The
best distinction between the two is that, when viewed
from below, the brown capitula of C. stemonea
typically have a contrasting collection of paler, brown
spores that have been caught in what is left of the
excipulum.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Abies balsamea, Betula
papyrifera and Picea spp.; saxicolous.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
Maine, New Brunswck, Nova Scotia and the Gaspe
´
region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov
1998).
344 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Piscataquis
Co., Selva 2301 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Resti-
gouche Co., Selva 3954 (UMFK); Gloucester Co., Selva
10055 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Cumberland Co., Selva 6584
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´Co., Selva 10979
(UMFK).
Chaenotheca gracillima (Vain.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 107464
An easily-recognized species, Chaenotheca gracillima
has an endosubstratic thallus with Stichococcus, tall
apothecia (1.5–2.5 mm tall) with flexuose stalks,
reddish-brown pruina on the excipulum and upper part
of the stalk, and small, spherical, brown spores (2.5–
4.0 mm in diameter). The reddish-brown pruina is best
seen under bright light and is most conspicuous in
younger apothecia.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Picea spp.; lignicolous on Abies balsamea and Betula
alleghaniensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and
the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not commonly encoun-
tered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell 1981b), Australasia (e.g., Tibell
1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Aroostook
Co., Selva 6781 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co.,
Selva 11305 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 7865
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7083
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´Co., Selva 10995 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
MYCOBANK MB 382490
The only species of Chaenotheca in the Acadian
Forest with Trentepohlia as the photobiont, C. hispidula
is further characterized by its endosubstratic thallus,
midsized to tall apothecia (0.6–1.2 mm tall) with yellow-
pruina (that is more commonly brown), and relatively
large, spherical, brown spores (4.5–7.5 mm in diameter).
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis,Picea spp. and Thuja occidentalis;
corticolous on Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Fraxinus sp.,
Larix laricina, Populus balsamifera and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec;
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward et al. 1996),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell 1993), Africa
(e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5883 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co.,
Selva 4957 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 584
(UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Madawaska Co., Selva
11392 (UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Selva
7093 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca hygrophila Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 112766
The trebouxioid photobiont, dark brown to black
apothecia with dull stalks, well-developed excipula,
brown to yellow-brown mazaedia, and cylindrical asci
produced singly, help distinguish C. hygrophila from
other similar species. The absence of orange to orange-
red, K+red-staining granules in the thallus, and presence
of smaller spores (4.0–5.0 mm in diameter), are in
contrast with the somewhat similar Chaenotheca ferru-
ginea, and the well-developed excipulum differs from
that of C. sphaerocephala.Chaenotheca brunneola, with
which it was once placed in synonymy has Dictyochlor-
opsis as the photobiont, a shiny, black stalk, and poorly-
developed excipulum. According to Tibell (1999), what
may appear to be pruina on the lower side of the
capitulum and stalk, is ‘‘due to the presence of pale
hyphae projecting from the surface of the excipulum.’’
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Thuja
occidentalis; corticolous on Chamaecyparis thyoides,Picea
spp. Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont and Nova Scotia; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (Rikkinen 2003), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003), Africa
(e.g., Alstrup et al. 2010) and Australasia (e.g., Tibell &
Thor 2003).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Clinton
Co., Buck 30917 (NY). VERMONT: Essex Co., Selva 4782
(UMFK). CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Queens Co., R. T. McMullin
276 (OAC).
Chaenotheca laevigata Na
´dv.
MYCOBANK MB 410553
Recognized immediately by its long, coarsely-orna-
mented, cylindrical spores—to as long as 34 mm in one
collection—the thallus of Chaenotheca laevigata can be
endosubstratic or episubstratic, well-developed, verru-
cose to verrucose-squamulose, with a greyish-green color
and trebouxioid photobiont. The yellow-pruinose apo-
thecia vary in height (0.4–2.3 mm tall) and the spores are
non-septate and ellipsoidal, and cylindrical with 1–5
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 345
septa (4.0–15 32.5–5.6 mm), with coarse surface
ornamentation. In those specimens where the majority
of spores are not so long or common, C. laevigata might
be mistaken for C. chrysocephala, which has a bright
yellow thallus that is never completely immersed, and
spores that are spherical to short-ellipsoidal and rarely
cylindrical.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Picea spp., Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga
canadensis; corticolous on Acer saccharum and Populus
balsamifera; lignicolous on Larix laricina.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, New Hampshire, Maine, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov 2000).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 10031 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., 1889
(US). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 9287 (UMFK). CANADA.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 9907 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC: La Haute-Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva 10907 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca nitidula Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 374377
Originally described from Maine and New Bruns-
wick (Tibell & Koffman 2002), Chaenotheca nitidula is
easily recognized by its endosubstratic thallus with
Stichococcus, the tall, (2.1–2.6 mm tall), black, epruinose
apothecia with thin, shining, flexuose stalks and rather
small capitula, the relatively small, spherical, brown
spores (4.0–4.9 mm in diameter), and, in every collection
to date, the presence of black conidiophores that are
often as tall as the apothecia. This species might be
confused with C. xyloxena, which is always pruinose and
never with conidiophores, or epruinose specimens of C.
trichialis that can have an endosubstratic thallus, but the
narrow capitulum and associated conidiophores of C.
nitidula are quite different.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea and Picea spp.; lignicolous on Betula
alleghaniensis, Populus tremuloides, Thuja occidentalis,
Tsuga canadensis and Ulmus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (Oregon) (Selva unpub-
lished). Reported by Rikkinen (2003) as Chaenotheca cf
nitidula Tibell.
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 10046 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva
7029 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Carleton Co., Selva
9667 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., Selva 6862
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7041
(UMFK).
Chaenotheca servitii Na
´dv.
MYCOBANK MB 365549
First reported in North America by Selva and Tibell
(1999), Chaenotheca servitii may well be the rarest lichen
on the North American continent, if not the entire
world. It has been collected once in North America—in
the Acadian Forest, twice in Europe and once in the
Caucasus of Russia. It is easily distinguished from other
species of Chaenotheca by its immersed or poorly-
developed, thin greenish thallus with photobiont Sticho-
coccus, tall (0.7–2.5 mm tall), yellow-pruinose apothecia
with flexuose stalks, and the spherical, brown spores that
are 3.5–5.0 mm in diameter. It is the subject of a
COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered
Wildlife in Canada) status report that lists its status as
‘‘data deficient.’’ The full report is available through the
COSEWIC Secretariat, Canadian Wildlife Service, Envi-
ronment Canada.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Betula alleghaniensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Nova
Scotia, where it is extremely rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1980, Tu
¨rk & Breuss 1994) and Asia (e.g.,
Titov 1998).
Representative specimen. CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA:
Halifax Co., Selva 6551 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca sphaerocephala Na
´dv.
MYCOBANK MB 365550
The greenish-grey, episubstratic thallus of this
species, with minute to verrucose granules and
trebouxioid photobiont, is associated with mid-sized
to tall apothecia (0.7–2.0 mm tall) that typically have
spherical capitula with poorly-developed excipula, and
stalkscoveredbyathin,greypruina.Thecapitulum
may also appear white-pruinose due to ‘‘pale hyphae
projecting from the surface of the excipulum’’ (Tibell
1999). The asci are of variable shapes and produced
end-to-end in chains (i.e., catenulate), or sometimes
cylindrical and stalked. Like C. hygrophila, this species
was once placed in synonymy with C. brunneola,but
its typically well-developed thallus with trebouxioid
photobiont, grey-pruinose stalks, and variably-shaped
asci are quite different. Chaenotheca hygrophila is
distinguished by its apothecia with well-developed
excipulum, dull, epruinose stalks, and cylindrical asci
produced singly.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Betula
alleghaniensis; corticolous on Betula cordifolia, Picea spp.,
Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis.
346 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distibution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2001), Africa
(e.g., Tibell 1998), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1998) and
South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 11190 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 4347 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2597 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 10762
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Lunenburg Co., Selva 9882 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.) Mu
¨ll. Arg.
MYCOBANK MB 382503
The farinose, glaucous-green thallus with Stichococcus,
the midsized to tall apothecia (0.8–1.5 mm tall) with
lenticular to spherical capitula, poorly-developed excipula,
and dark brown to black stalks that can be thinly grey-
pruinose in the upper half, all help distinguish Chaenotheca
stemonea from other species of Chaenotheca.Butthekey
distinction is seen at the bottom of the capitulum—when
viewed from below, the brown capitulum has a contrasting
collection of paler, brown spores that have been caught in
what is left of the excipulum. Specimens of C. stemonea that
have apothecia taller than normal may be confused with C.
gracilenta, but the greenish-grey color of the thallus and the
absence of a collection of pale brown spores at the bottom
of the capitulum are quite different in that species.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Abies
balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus strobus,
Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis; corticolous on
Acer rubrum,A. saccharum and Betula papyrifera;
lignicolous on Pinus banksiana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, New Hampshire, Maine, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson
& Pystina 2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 4858 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 10292 (UMFK); Picataquis Co., Selva 2531 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co., Selva 8956 (UMFK).
NOVA SCOTIA: Cumberland Co., Selva 6590 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr.
MYCOBANK MB 121550
The most common and variable of the Chaenotheca
species in the Acadian Forest, ‘‘classic’’ C. trichialis has a
well-developed, greenish-grey, verrucose-squamulose
thallus with Stichococcus as photobiont, apothecia of
variable heights (0.4–2.7 mm tall) with lenticular
capitula and periclinally-arranged hyphae at the base of
the well-developed excipulum, white pruina on the
excipulum and sometimes the upper part of the black,
shiny stalk as well, asci formed in chains (i.e.,
catenulate), and small, brown spores (3.0–4.5 mmin
diameter) that are mostly spherical, but with squarrish or
rectangular spores also present. While the majority of
specimens collected have shared this ‘‘classic’’ morphol-
ogy, there is widespread variability in the development of
the thallus, which can also be granular and thin, or
appearing as no more than a greenish-grey stain in the
substrate. Similarly, the apothecia can be without pruina
and/or with poorly-developed excipula.
Chaenothecopsis trichialis is most easily confused
with C. xyloxena, which is restricted to lignicolous
substrates, has an endosubstratic thallus, a thick, white
pruina on the excipulum, upper part of the stalk, and
frequently lower, and anticlinally-arranged, swollen
hyphae at the base of the excipulum (See Tibell 2002,
Figure 1 for a comparison of excipular structure between
these two species). Other species with which it might be
confused are: C. brunneola, which has Dictyochloropsis as
photobiont; C. nitidula, which has narrow capitula and
conidiophores associated with its apothecia; C. cinerea,
which has excipula that are tattered at the top and stalks
that are pale at the base; C. gracilenta, which has a
spherical capitula and pale greyish-brown mazaedium;
and C. stemonea, which has a collection of pale brown
spores at the bottom of a brown capitulum.
Chaenotheca trichialis is often found in association
with species of Chaenothecopsis, including C. pusiola,C.
savonica and C. viridireagens.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula
alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Picea spp., Pinus banksiana,
P. strobus, Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis;
corticolous on Prunus serotina and Ulmus americana;
lignicolous on Betula cordifolia, Chamaecyparis thyoides,
Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana , Juniperus virgini-
ana, Larix laricina, Pinus resinosa and Salix sp.;
saxicolous. It is also found growing on the small
coniferous bracket Tricaptum abietinum, often with
Chaenothecopsis pusiola.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000), Africa (e.g.,
Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 347
America (e.g., Tibell 1982) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Cheshire Co., Selva 8361 (UMFK); MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 680 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 9285 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 9814
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Kings Co., Selva 8925 (UMFK).
Chaenotheca xyloxena Na
´dv.
MYCOBANK MB 365552
Restricted to lignicolous substrates, Chaenotheca
xyloxena is similar to C. trichialis and can be distin-
guished from it by the presence of an endosubstratic
thallus, with Stichococcus, white pruina on the excipu-
lum, upper part of the stalk, and frequently lower, that is
thicker than that of C. trichialis, and the presence of
anticlinally-arranged, swollen hyphae at the bottom of
the excipulum, which are periclinally-arranged in C.
trichialis (See Tibell 2002, Figure 1 for a comparison of
excipular structure between these two species).
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Abies balsamea, Acer
saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. cordifolia,Picea spp.,
Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Island; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Clinton
Co., Buck 30799 (NY). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
11225 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 6941 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Carleton Co., Selva 9673 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co, Selva 7095 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis
Not lichenized (photobiont absent), either sapro-
phytic or parasitic on bark, wood, or resin, or parasitic
on free-living algae or lichen thalli; apothecia sessile or
stalked, pruinose with white, grey, greenish or yellow-
green pruina, or epruinose, hyphae of stalk parallel or
irregularly-interwoven; mazaedium absent, i.e., when
viewed in a wet mount, the majority of mature spores are
found within asci than are found outside asci; asci
cylindrical, formed singly, ,60 mm long, with tip of
ascus penetrated by a narrow channel (which is best seen
in semi-mature asci under oil immersion); spores non-
septate or 1-septate, ellipsoidal or prolate-spheroidal,
pale brown to nearly hyaline, brown, or dark brown.
Species of Chaenothecopsis with non-septate, prolate-
spherical spores can be confused with species of
Mycocalicium, which also have non-septate, prolate-
spherical spores, but are saprophytic or parasitic on wood
or bark only and never parasitic on free-living algae or
lichen thalli, and are either without a narrow channel at
the tip of the ascus or, rarely, have a short channel that
tapers upward from a broad base. Represented by 25
species in the Acadian Forest, including two, C. australis
and C. fennica, that are new to North America.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAENOTHECOPSIS IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Spores non-septate ...................................................................................... 2
1. Spores 1-septate ........................................................................................ 11
2. Apothecia resinicolous .................................................................. C. tsugae
2. Apothecia not resinicolous ........................................................................ 3
3. Apothecia K+green, or K+green and K+red simultaneously ............. 4
3. Apothecia K+red only or K– .................................................................... 6
4. Apothecia short (0.2–0.5 mm tall), excipulum K+red and other
parts K+green; stalk white-pruinose; lichenicolous over Lecanora or
Haematomma ........................................................................ C. ochroleuca
4. Apothecia .0.5 mm tall; all parts of apothecia K+green to
aeruginose; lichenicolous or not ............................................................... 5
5. Apothecia with black capitula and greyish-white stalks ..... C. viridialba
5. Apothecia with black capitula and red to greyish-brown
stalks ........................................................................... C. haematopus
6. Apothecia K+red, the color sometimes fading fast; associated with
free-living Trentepohlia, or lichens with Trentepohlia ......... C. rubescens
6. Apothecia K–, algal associations, or lack thereof, variable .................... 7
7. Apothecia parasitic on free-living Trentepohlia or lichens with
Trentepohlia ................................................................................................. 8
7. Apothecia not associated with Trentepohlia ............................................. 9
8. Cells of excipulum isodiametric ........................................... C. amurensis
8. Cells of excipulum periclinally-arranged ................................ C. australis
9. Apothecia short (0.3–0.6 mm tall), stalk black or granular-
white-pruinose; central stalk hyphae pale, pseudoparenchyma-
tous ........................................................................... C. ussuriensis
9. Apothecia either short or tall, but stalk never pruinose and central
stalk hyphae never pseudoparenchymatous ........................................... 10
10. Apothecia with spherical capitula; spores ellipsoidal, hyaline to pale
brown with smooth surfaces and regularly-arranged in ascus .... C. savonica
10. Apothecia with lenticular capitula; spores prolate-spheroidal, medium
to dark brown and with areolate surface (best seen in pale spores), often
laterally- or irregularly-arranged in ascus ............................................ C. nana
11. Apothecia resinicolous .............................................................................. 12
11. Apothecia not resinicolous ...................................................................... 15
12. Apothecia very short (0.2–0.4 mm tall); stalks greyish, K– ..... C. marcineae
12. Apothecia .0.5 mm tall; stalks never greyish, K+or K– .................... 13
13. Apothecia K–; excipulum and stalk covered with yellow-green
pruina .......................................................................................... C. edbergii
13. Apothecia K+or K–, pruinose or not, but never with yellow-green
pruina ......................................................................................................... 14
14. Apothecia K+aeruginose or pink becoming red, then aeruginose, or
K–, typically with greenish or whitish crystalline pruina; stalks with
coarse surface ....................................................................... C. asperopoda
14. Apothecia K+red when young, otherwise K–, epruinose; stalks with
smooth surface ............................................................... C. dolichocephala
15. Apothecia K+red, green, or bleeding yellow to orange, the color
sometimes fading quickly ......................................................................... 16
15. Apothecia K–, or only intensifying an already reddish or reddish-
brown color ............................................................................................... 19
16. Apothecia K+red or bleeding yellow to orange ................................... 17
16. Apothecia K+green .................................................................................. 18
17. Apothecia K+red, the color disappearing quickly .................. C. pusiola
348 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
17. Apothecia bleeding yellow to orange with K, with subsequent
formation of red norstictic acid crystals in most, but not all
specimens ............................................................ C. norstictica
18. Parasitic on thallus of Chaenotheca chrysocephala .............. C. consociata
18. Parasitic on free-living algae or lichen thalli, but never on
Chaenotheca chrysocephala ............................................... C. viridireagens
19. Capitula of apothecia with faint bluish-white pruina ............ C. fennica
19. Capitula of apothecia without bluish-white pruina .............................. 20
20. Apothecia well-stalked and with a distinct reddish tinge in wet
mount, intensifying to grayish red with K (and enhanced red to violet-
red with HNO
3
) .............................................................................. C. debilis
20. Apothecia well-stalked or not, but if well-stalked, then stalk without
distinct reddish tinge in wet mount ....................................................... 21
21. Apothecia typically .0.5 mm tall ........................................................... 22
21. Apothecia typically ,0.5 mm tall ........................................................... 23
22. Spores medium brown, with poorly-pigmented septa ............ C. pusilla
22. Spores pale brown, with darkly-pigmented septa ...................... C. nigra
23. Apothecia parasitic on Haematomma ochroleucum ........... C. subparoica
23. Apothecia parasitic on Arthonia .............................................................. 24
24. Apothecia with yellow-green pruina ................. C. dibbleandersoniarum
24. Apothecia without yellow-green pruina .................................. C. brevipes
Chaenothecopsis australis Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 446701
New to North America, this species is distinguished by
its association with free-living Trentepohlia or the lichen
Lecanactis. The apothecia are short (,0.5 mm tall),
stipitate, shiny black, and K–, with lenticular capitula and
well-developed, brownish-aeruginose excipula composed
of periclinally-arranged hyphae. Stalks with pale brown,
irregularly-arranged central hyphae surrounded by darker
brown hyphae, the asci are cylindrical, and the spores
are non-septate, ellipsoidal to slightly elongate, brown, and
5.0–7.5 32.5 mm. Among the other species of Chaenothe-
copsis associated with Trentepohlia in the Acadian Forest,
C. brevipes has 1-septate spores, C. rubescens has K+red
apothecia, and the excipula of C. amurensis are composed
of isodiametric cells.
Substrate. Lichenicolous on Lecanactis, or on free-
living Trentepohlia, which are corticolous on Acer
saccharum and Thuja occidentalis or lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick, where it is rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. South
America (Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Madawaska Co., Selva 11369 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis brevipes Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 131055
Reported as new to North America by Selva (1988),
this species is easily recognized by its exclusive
association with Arthonia byssacea, the very small, sessile
to short-stalked apothecia (0.1–0.2 mm tall) that occur
singly or in groups of several together, and the 1-septate,
ellipsoidal brown spores. The other short-stalked Chae-
nothecopsis species associated with free-living Trentepoh-
lia or lichens with Trentepohlia,C. amurensis and C.
australis, both have non-septate spores.
Substrates. Lichenicolous on Arthonia byssacea,
which is corticolous on Acer saccharum, Betula allegha-
niensis and Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Gaspe
´
region of Que
´bec; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell & Ryman 1995), Asia (e.g., Titov & Tibell
1993), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell
1987) and South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Chitten-
den Co., Pringle 261 (F). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., 1885,
Willey s.n. (US). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 4353 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 9940
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva 10818 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis consociata (Na
´dv.) A. F. W. Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 341711
Growing exclusively on the thallus of Chaenotheca
chrysocephala, this species has midsized (0.6–1.1 mm
tall), dark brown to black apothecia that appear reddish
in a wet mount and turn green when exposed to K. The
spores are 1-septate, with pale septa, ellipsoidal, brown,
and 5.0–10 33.0 um. If not for its close association with
C. chrysocephala, this species is virtually identical to
Chaenothecopsis viridireagens, which is parasitic on free-
living algae and other species of Chaenotheca.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Chaenotheca chryso-
cephala, which is corticolous and lignicolous on Abies
balsamea, Picea spp., Pinus strobus and Thuja occidentalis;
corticolous on Betula alleghaniensis and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not
commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Groner 2006) and Asia (e.g., Titov & Tibell 1993).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 6181 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 470 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 7011 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 3949
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 8703 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.)
Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 341712
Typically imparting a white stain or flakiness
to the substrate, Chaenothecopsis debilis has midsized
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 349
(0.2–1.1 mm tall) apothecia that are black and shiny,
epruinose, with lenticular capitula and 1-septate, ellip-
soidal, brown spores that measure 5.5–9.0 32.0–3.5 mm.
In wet mount, the stalks of the apothecia display a slight
to distinct red to reddish brown cast that is enhanced to
a deeper red when exposed to HNO
3
or a greyish-red
when exposed to K.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Acer
rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus
grandifolia, Picea spp. and Thuja occidentalis; corticolous
on Fraxinus americana and Tsuga canadensis; lignicolous
on Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanica, A. spicatum, Betula
cordifolia, Fraxinus nigra, Larix laricina, Populus balsa-
mifera, Prunus pensylvanica and Quercus rubra.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the
Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe,
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell
1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5037 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
11228 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 1979 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co., Selva 11309 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Selva 6725 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis dolichocephala Titov
MYCOBANK MB 412751
Reported as new to North America by Selva (2010),
the apothecia of this resinicolous species are midsized to
tall (0.8–1.6 mm tall), typically slender, black and shiny,
epruinose, often branched or with apothecia emerging
tier-like from the capitula of other apothecia, often K+
red when young, or K–. The spores are 1-septate,
ellipsoidal, pale to medium brown with punctate
ornamention, and 8.0–13 33.0–4.5 mm.
Substrate(s). Resinicolous on bark of Picea spp.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick and the Gaspe
´Region of Que
´bec; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Asia (e.g.,
Tibell & Titov 1995).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Restigouche Co., Selva 9971 (UMFK); Madawaska Co.,
Selva 10562 (UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva
10865 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis edbergii Selva & Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 459980
Described by Selva & Tibell (1999) from British
Columbia, Oregon and New Hampshire, the apothecia
of this resinicolous species are small to midsized (0.5–
1.0 mm tall), K–, and typically with irregularly-shaped
capitula that are covered with a distinctive yellow-green
pruina. The spores are 1-septate, ellipsoidal and brown
with poorly-pigmented septa.
Substrate(s). Resinicolous on bark of Tsuga cana-
densis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, where it is extremely rare. Incorrectly
reported from Nova Scotia by Selva (2010).
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999).
Representative specimen. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Carroll Co., Selva 6120 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis fennica (Laurila) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 341714
Reported here for the first time in North America,
the apothecia of this species are midsized to tall (0.5–
1.3mmtall),withshiny,reddish-browntobrown
stalks and black capitula. The capitulum, and some-
times the upper part of the stalk as well, are
distinctively covered with a thin layer of bluish-white
pruina. In wet mount, the excipulum is dark brown to
aeruginose-brown, with isodiametric cells, and the
central stalk hyphae are pale and irregularly-arranged,
the outer hyphae dark brown. Both stalk and
excipulum are HNO
3
+reddish-brown, more so the
longer it sits, and K–. The asci are cylindrical, 44–
61 mm long, and the spores are ellipsoidal, pale brown
to brown, 1-septate, with the septum of similar
contrast to the wall in some, but pale in most, and
7.5–11 32.5–3.0 mm.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Betula alleghaniensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Tibell 1978b).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Albert Co., Selva 8964 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co.,
Selva 8800B (UMFK); Kings Co., Selva 8932 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis haematopus Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 131056
Reported from Nova Scotia by McMullin et al.
(2008), the apothecia are midsized to tall (0.8–3.2 mm
tall), with hemispheric to spherical, black capitula,
poorly-developed excipula, and distinctive red stalks
that are K+aeruginose in a wet mount. The spores are
non-septate, ellipsoidal, pale brown with smooth sur-
faces, and 3.5–6.0 32.0–3.5 mm.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Acer rubrum.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Nova
Scotia, where it is rare.
350 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South
America (e.g., Tibell & Constantinesu 1991).
Representative specimens. See McMullin et al.
(2008).
Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 283387
Chaenothecopsis nana is primarily corticolous, rarely
lignicolous, marking its presence by leaving a white
coloration in the substrate, which often appears
somewhat flaky, even well-developed. The apothecia
are small to midsized (0.4–0.7 mm tall), black, brown to
reddish-brown in wet mount, and K–. The spores are
non-septate, prolate-spheroidal, brown to dark brown,
and have a distinctive areolate surface ornamentation
that is best seen in pale spores. Young spores are
frequently laterally-oriented in the ascus (see Tibell
1981a, Figure 4D) and mature spores are vertically-
arranged but irregularly oriented. This species can easily
be confused with Mycocalicium subtile, which also
imparts a white stain to the substrate and has non-
septate, prolate-spheroidal, brown spores. However, its
spores are without areolate surface ornamentation, are
never laterally-oriented in the ascus when young or
irregularly-arranged when older, and it is primarily
lignicolous and rarely corticolous.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Abies balsamea, Acer
saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus
strobus, Quercus rubrum, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga
canadensis and Ulmus americana; lignicolous on Picea
spp. and Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000),
Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Carroll Co., Selva 4634 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 3369 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2351 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 9807
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva 10807 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis nigra Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 131057
Chaenothecopsis nigra is easily recognized by its spores,
which are 1-septate, ellipsoidal, 4.5–7.0 31.5–2.5 mm,
hyaline to pale brown, and have septa that are conspic-
uously darker than the outer wall. The apothecia are
midsized, 0.7–1.0 mm tall, black, and greenish to greenish-
brown in a wet mount. The only other North American
species of Chaenothecopsis with 1-septate spores that have
septa darker than the outer wall, C. tasmanica,iscurrently
not found in the Acadian Forest.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Betula
alleghaniensis; corticolous on Abies balsamea; lignicolous
on Pinus banksiana and Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont
and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not commonly
encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003),
Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Wash-
ington Co., Selva 5102 (UMFK); Rutland Co., Selva 5157
(UMFK); Bennington Co., Selva 11249 (UMFK). CANADA.
QUE
´BEC: Rocher-Perce
´Co., Selva 10830 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis norstictica R. C. Harris
MYCOBANK MB 412754
The apothecia of Chaenothecopsis norstictica are
black and somewhat shiny. They bleed yellow to orange
when exposed to K, which is followed by the develop-
ment of red norstictic acid crystals in most, but not all,
of the apothecia tested. It was described by Harris
(1995) from Florida and Georgia, then later reported
by Selva (2010) from Maine. The apothecia are 0.5–
1.1 mm tall, the inner cells of the stalk are paler brown
than the outer cells and appear, in part, pseudoparen-
chymatous, the asci 45–67 mm long, and the spores are
1-septate, narrowly-ellipsoidal, brown and 6.5–11 3
2.5–4.0 mm.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Pinus
strobus; lignicolous on Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine and
New Brunswick; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Georgia
and Florida (Harris 1995).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Aroostook
Co., Selva 10266 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Restigouche Co., Selva 10694 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis ochroleuca (Ko
¨rb.) Tibell & K. Ryman
MYCOBANK MB 412755
Reported as new to North America by Selva & Tibell
(1999), the apothecia of Chaenothecopsis ochroleuca are
small, black, subsessile to short-stalked, ,0.5 mm tall,
and with hemispherical capitula that are somewhat
unique in being both K+red, which quickly fades, and
K+green, simltaneously. The stalk is completely covered
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 351
by dense, white pruina. Spores are non-septate, prolate-
spheroidal, medium to dark brown with smooth
surfaces, and 6.0–9.0 33.0–4.5 mm. The short apothecia
with pruinose stalks, and the reactions with K, help
distinguish this species from all others of similar size.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Lecanora thysano-
phora, which is corticolous on Acer rubrum.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999),
Europe (e.g., Groner 2006) and Asia (e.g., Titov & Tibell
1993).
Representative specimen. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Clinton
Co., Buck 30801 (NY).
Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A. F. W. Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 341717
Found corticolous and lignicolous on hardwoods
and conifers, this species is most often found on the bark
of Picea spp. The apothecia are 0.3–1.2 mm tall, black,
K–, and epruinose, but can be found with a white hyphal
web on the excipulum and upper stalk. It is best
distinguished by its spores, which are 1-septate, ellipsoi-
dal, brown, 5.5–10 32.0–3.0 mm, with a thin septum
that is paler than the outer wall and often difficult to see
under the compound microscope.
Substrate(s). Both corticolous and lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus strobus, Thuja
occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis; corticolous on Abies
balsamea, Acer saccharum and Prunus serotina; lignico-
lous on Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia
and Pinus banksiana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov & Tibell 1993),
Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central America (e.g.,
Tibell 1996) and South America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5036 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
6182 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 583 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 4165
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Halifax Co., Selva 6532 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis pusiola (Ach.) Vain.
MYCOBANK MB 382508
The apothecia of Chaenothecopsis pusiola are 0.2–
0.6 mm tall, black, epruinose, and with both the
capitulum and upper stalk containing varying amounts
of an orange or red pigment that has a fleeting red to
purplish reaction when exposed to K. The spores are 1-
septate, ellipsoidal, brown, 4.5–8.5 32.0–3.5 mm, with a
pale septum. It has been found most commonly among
Stichococcus-associated species of Chaenotheca, namely
C. trichialis, C. gracillima, C. nitidula, C. xyloxena, C.
brachypoda and C. cinerea, but has also been found on C.
brunneola,C. sphaerocephala and C. laevigata, as well as
with C. trichialis on the coniferous polypore Tricaptum
abietinum.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on species of Chae-
notheca, which are both corticolous and lignicolous on
Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Thuja occidentalis
and Picea spp.; lignicolous on Abies balsamea, Acer
rubrum, Betula cordifolia, B. papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia,
Fraxinus americana, Pinus resinosa and P. strobus.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov 2000), Africa
(e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and
Central America (e.g., Tibell 1982).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 11129 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 952 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche
Co., Selva 9862 (UMFK); NOVA SCOTIA: Cumberland Co.,
Selva 6575 (UMFK); QUE
´BEC: La Haute-Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva
10948 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis rubescens Vain.
MYCOBANK MB 382509
Within the Acadian Forest, Chaenothecopsis rubes-
cens is always associated with Trentepohlia, particularly
with the Trentepohlia-associated lichen Arthonia byssa-
cea, and has rarely been found growing on and amongst
the apothecia of C. brevipes which also parasitizes this
lichen. The small to midsized (0.4–0.7 mm tall), black,
epruinose apothecia are green to greenish-brown in a
wet mount and K+red. The spores are non-septate,
prolate-spheroidal, brown, 5.5–9.0 32.5–3.5 mm, with
distinctive papillate ornamentation.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living Trentepohlia or
lichenicolous on Arthonia byssacea and other lichens
with Trentepohlia, which are corticolous on Acer
saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus americana
and Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island; not commonly
encountered.
352 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Groner 2006) and Asia (e.g., Titov &
Tibell 1993).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Aroostook
Co., Selva 3060 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2231 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Madawaska Co., Selva 11383
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 7684 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Selva 6716 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis savonica (Ra
¨sa
¨nen) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB107467
The black, epruinose, K– apothecia of Chaenothe-
copsis savonica are 0.3–1.3 mm tall, with distinctive
spherical to hemispherical capitula and poorly-devel-
oped excipula. Spores are non-septate, small (3.5–6.0 3
1.5–3.0 mm), ellipsoidal, pale brown to hyaline, and with
smooth surfaces. It has primarily been found parasitic
on the thallus of Chaenotheca trichialis and on free-
living Stichococcus, but its apothecia have also been
found on and intermingled with the apothecia of
Chaenotheca chrysocephala, over free-living Trentepoh-
lia, and on and among the apothecia of Chaenotheca
hispidula.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living Stichococcus and
Trentepohlia, as well as lichenicolous on species of
Chaenotheca that are corticolous and lignicolous on
Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp. and Thuja occidentalis;
corticolous on Acer saccharum and Tsuga canadensis;
lignicolous on Betula papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia and
Pinus strobus.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Titov & Tibell
1993), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central America
(e.g., Tibell 1996) and South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 5620 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co.,
Selva 2594 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co.,
Selva 8956 (UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co.,
Selva 7046 (UMFK); Prince Co., Selva 10369 (UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis subparoica (Nyl.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 412759
The small (0.2–0.3 mm tall), black, epruinose, K–,
and short-stalked apothecia of this species occur singly
or in aggregations over the thallus of Haematomma
ochroleucum. The 1-septate, ellipsoidal, brown spores
measure 6.0–8.0 33.0–3.5 mm. It is distinguished from
the similarly short-stalked Chaenothecopsis ochroleuca by
its 1-septate spores, negative K test, and lack of pruina.
Chaenothecopsis amurensis,C. australis and C. brevipes
also have short-stalked to sessile apothecia but are all
associated with free-living Trentepohlia or Trentepohlia-
associated lichens.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Haematomma ochro-
leucum, which is corticolous on Aesculus hippocastanum,
and saxicolous.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Maine and
New Brunswick; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999) and Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Aroostook
Co., Selva 4462 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Saint
John Co., Clayden 15684 (NBM).
Chaenothecopsis viridialba (Kremp.) A. F. W. Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 341719
The apothecia of Chaenothecopsis viridialba are 1.0–
2.0 mm tall, black, with spherical capitula and a white to
greyish-white coloration of the upper, or entire, stalk.
According to Tibell (1999), the stalk has an irregular
surface, the outermost hyphae of which die, giving the
impression of a pale pruina-like surface. In wet mount,
the reddish-brown hyphae of the apothecia turn green to
aeruginose with K. Spores are non-septate, ellipsoidal,
brown, and measure 7.0–9.0 33.0–4.0 mm. The
apothecia are often found intermixed with those of
Chaenotheca chrysocephala.
Substrate(s). Parasitic and saprophytic on bark and
wood or lichenicolous on Chaenotheca chrysocephala that
is corticolous and lignicolous on Thuja occidentalis;
corticolous on Abies balsamea, Picea spp. and Tsuga
canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick and the Gaspe
´
region of Que
´bec; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Groner 2006) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Carroll Co., Selva 4860 (UMFK); Grafton Co., Selva 4829
(UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 6998 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 10756
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Rimouski-Neigette Co., Selva 11010
(UMFK).
Chaenothecopsis viridireagens (Na
´dv.) A. F. W.
Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 341720
The apothecia of Chaenothecopsis viridireagens are
0.3–1.2 mm tall, black, epruinose, and with spherical to
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 353
lenticular capitula. The excipulum and upper portion
of the stalk are often with reddish highlights that may
be masked with a whitish hyphal web. In a wet mount,
the apothecia are red to reddish-brown and K+green.
The spores are 1-septate, with pale septa, ellipsoidal,
brown, 5.0–7.5 32.0–3.0 mm. It is parasitic on
free-living algae, as well as the thalli and apothe-
cia of Chaenotheca species, including C. brunneola,
C.chlorella,C.ferruginea,C.furfuracea,C.nitidula,
C. sphaerocephala, C. stemonea and C. trichialis.The
apothecia and spores are virtually identical to those
of Chaenothecopsis consociata, which only parasitizes
Chaenotheca chrysocephala.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living algae or liche-
nicolous on species of Chaenotheca that are corticolous
and lignicolous on Betula alleghaniensis, Picea spp., Pinus
strobus and Thuja occidentalis; corticolous on Chamae-
cyparis thyoides and Tsuga canadensis; lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Betula cordifolia, B. papyrifera and Larix
laricina.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003),
Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America (e.g.,
Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Essex
Co., Selva 4786 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 9315
(UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co., Selva 11347
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Cumberland Co., Selva 6592 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7136 (UMFK).
Cyphelium
In the species of Cyphelium found in the Acadian
Forest, the crustose thallus is episubstratic and verrucose,
lichenized with a trebouxioid photobiont, and yellow to
yellow-green; apothecia discoid, sessile on, or imbedded
in, the thallus, with or without yellow pruina; mazae-
dium present, i.e., when viewed in a wet mount, the
majority of mature spores are found outside of asci than
are found within asci, black; asci pyriform or clavate,
formed singly; spores 1-septate, dark brown, boadly
ellipsoidal. Represented by two species in the Acadian
Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYPHELIUM IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Thallus yellow to yellow-green; apothecia sessile, yellow-pruinose;
surface of spores rough, coarsely cracked, areolate; corticolous .....
.................................................................................................... C. lucidum
1. Thallus yellow-green; apothecia immersed in verrucae, eprui-
nose; surface of spores not rough, coarsely cracked, or areolate;
lignicolous ......................................................................... C. tigillare
Cyphelium lucidum (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr.
MYCOBANK MB 384026
The bright yellow to yellow-green color of the
verrucose to subareolate thallus of this species can be
mistaken for that of Chaenothca chrysocephala, but the
apothecia are quite different. The apothecia begin as
small, black, spherical bodies that, according to Weber
(1967), ‘‘gradually open apically and expand to form
flat, eventually slightly convex disks with persistent,
cup-shaped, black excipula.’’ They are sessile, yellow-
pruinose, with 1-septate, broadly-ellipsoidal, brown
spores that are irregularly fissured and coarsely cracked.
The only other species of Cyphelium in the Acadian
Forest, C. tigillare, has immersed, epruinose apothecia,
spores that are not coarsely cracked, and, to date, only
been collected on lignicolous substrates. Cyphelium
lucidum is corticolous.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Betula alleghaniensis,
Picea spp., Pinus strobus and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and
Maine; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell & Ryan 2004a)
and Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Hamil-
ton Co., Selva 5968 (UMFK). VERMONT: Addison Co., 1879,
Pringle s.n. (VT). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co., Selva 5651
(UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 1382 (UMFK);
Piscataquis Co., Selva 10391 (UMFK).
Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach.
MYCOBANK 384066
This species can be distinguished from the only other
species of Cyphelium in the Acadian Forest, C. lucidum,by
the epruinose apothecia that are immersed in the yellow-
green verrucae of its thallus, the surface of its spores,
which are without the coarse sculpturing seen in that
species, and by its restriction to lignicolous substrates.
Substrate(s). Lignicolous on Picea spp. and Thuja
occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine and New Brunswick; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004) and Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., (no date) Anderson s.n. (NY). VERMONT:Pringle 421
(F). NEW HAMPSHIRE: White Mountains, 1852, Russell s.n.
(NY). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 4378 (UMFK). CANADA.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 3874 (UMFK).
354 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Microcalicium
Not lichenized (photobiont absent), lichenicolous,
parasitic on free-living algae, or parasitic and saprophytic
on bark or wood; apothecia stalked to apparently sessile;
mazaedium present, i.e., when viewed in a wet mount, the
majority of mature spores are found outside of asci than
are found within asci, aeruginose; asci broadly ellipsoidal,
,20 mm long, formed end-to-end in chains (i.e.,
catenulate); spores non-septate and 1- to multi-septate,
pale to aeruginose, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, with distinct
ornamentation of spirally-arranged ridges. Represented
by four species in the Acadian Forest, including M.
conversum, which is new to eastern North America.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MICROCALICIUM IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Apothecia sessile or subsessile; many spores .10 mm long and
cylindrical in shape ..................................................................................... 2
1. Apothecia short or tall, with distinct stalks; most spores ,10 mm
long and ellipsoidal in shape ..................................................................... 3
2. Excipulum aeruginose in wet mount; multiseptate spores com-
mon ................................................................................. M. disseminatum
2. Excipulum brown to reddish brown in wet mount; 1-sepate spores
common ................................................................................ M. conversum
3. Apothecia typically with short stalks and narrow capitula; mazaedium
often extruded high above excipulum; corticolous and lignicolous on
tree trunks ..................................................................................... M. ahlneri
3. Apothecia typically with long stalks and hemispherical to
lenticular capitula; mazaedium rarely extruded high above exci-
pulum; corticolous on roots of upturned trees, terricolous, or
saxicolous .............................................................. M. arenarium
Microcalicium ahlneri Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 317624
Without a well-defined thallus, the apothecia of this
species are usually small (0.4–0.7 mm tall), with narrow
capitula and short stalks that have a coarse, granular
surface. The mazaedium, which is typically extruded
high above the excipulum, is aeruginose to aeruginose-
brown, and aeruginose in a wet mount. The spores are 1-
septate, ellipsoidal, aeruginose, 5.0–7.0 mm long, and
with distinctive spiral ornamentation.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living algae, which is
corticolous and lignicolous on Picea spp. and Pinus
strobus; corticolous on Tsuga canadensis; lignicolous on
Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Pinus banksiana
and Thuja occidentalis; also parasitic and saprophytic on
bark and wood.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec;
not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov
2001).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5067 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Carroll Co., Selva
6113 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 7275 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 9788
(UMFK); Gloucester Co., Selva 10741 (UMFK).
Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex Massal.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 317625
Parasitic on the thallus of Psilolechia lucida, as well as
free-living Stichococcus, the apothecia of Microcalicium
arenarium are 0.1–2.3 mm tall, brown to aeruginose-
brown, with relatively long, coarsely granular stalks
bearing hemispherical to lenticular capitula. The mazae-
dium is aeruginose and does not typically extrude high
above the excipulum. The spores are predominantly 1-
septate, though non-septate and 2-septate spores have
also be found; aeruginose, ellipsoidal, 5.5–10 mm long,
and with distinctive spiral ornamentation.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Psilolechia lucida or
parasitic on free-living algae, which are corticolous on
Picea spp.; terricolous/humicolous; saxicolous; also
saprophytic on bark and wood.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New Hamp-
shire, Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987) and South America
(e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., 1868, Willey s.n.(
F). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 342 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2438 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 3910
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 6647 (UMFK).
Microcalicium conversum Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 317626
Reported here as new to eastern North America, this
species can easily be mistaken for Microcalicium dissemi-
natum, which it resembles in virtually all aspects. The
apothecia are sessile to subsessile, brownish-aeruginose to
black, 0.1–0.4 mm tall, and with coarsely-granular surface.
When observed in a wet mount, the excipulum is not
aeruginose, as it is in M. disseminatum, but is instead
brown to reddish-brown. The mazaedium, which is often
extruded high above the excipulum, is brown to
aeruginose-brown under a dissecting scope and aerugi-
nose in a wet mount. The spores are predominantly 1-
septate, aeruginose, rod-shaped to cylindrical, 9.0–15 mm
long, and with distinctive spiral ornamentation.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living algae, which
are corticolous and lignicolous on Thuja occidentalis;
lignicolous on Acer sp.; also parasitic and saprophytic on
bark and wood.
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 355
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Central America
(e.g., Tibell 1978a) and South America (e.g., Tibell
1987).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Madawaska Co., Selva 11395 (UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Rocher-
Perce
´Co., Selva 10806 (UMFK); La Haute-Gaspe
´sie CO.,
Selva 10909 (UMFK); Rimouski-Neigette Co., Selva 11012
(UMFK).
Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vain.
MYCOBANK MB 431806
The apothecia of Microcalicium disseminatum are
sessile to subsessile, brownish-aeruginose to black, and
0.2–0.4 mm tall with a coarsely-granular surface. In wet
mount, the excipulum is aeruginose. As in M. ahlneri
and M. conversum, the mazaedium is frequently extruded
high above the excipulum, appearing brown to aerugi-
nose-brown under a dissecting scope and aeruginose in a
wet mount. The spores can be non-septate, but are
predominantly 1–3-septate, aeruginose, rod-shaped to
cylindrical, 7.0–15 mm long, and with distinctive spiral
ornamentation. Microcalicium conversum is quite similar,
differing only in the brown to reddish-brown color of its
excipulum and the predominance of 1-septate spores.
Substrate(s). Parasitic on free-living algae, which are
corticolous and lignicolous on Picea spp. and Thuja
occidentalis; corticolous on Betula alleghaniensis, Pinus
strobus,Populus balsamifera and Ulmus americana;
lignicolous on Betula papyrifera; also parasitic and
saprophytic on bark and wood. In at least one collection,
the apothecia were found to be parasitizing the apothecia
of Chaenotheca chrysocephala.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, New Hampshire, Maine, New
Brunswick and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell 1978a) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 6034 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva
10299 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva 5310
(UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva
9960 (UMFK). QUE
´BEC: La Haute-Gaspesie Co., Selva 10934
(UMFK).
Mycocalicium
Not lichenized (photobiont absent), but saprophytic
or parasitic on bark or wood, leaving a white stain in the
substrate; apothecia stalked, black, brown to dark brown
in wet mount, stalk with parallel hyphae; mazaedium
absent, i.e., when viewed in a wet mount, the majority of
mature spores are found within asci than are found
outside asci; asci cylindrical, ,70 mm long, formed
singly, apex not penetrated by a narrow channel, though
some species, like M. albonigrum, have semi-mature asci
with short channels that taper upward from a broad
base; spores non-septate, brown to dark brown, prolate-
spheroidal. Represented by three species in the Acadian
Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MYCOCALICIUM IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Majority of spores .10 mm long; apothecia typically robust, the excipulum
and upper stalk appearing as if thinly white-varnished .................. M. fuscipes
1. Majority of spores ,10 mm long; apothecia robust or not, but
excipulum and upper stalk never appearing to be thinly white-varnished
(though very rarely may appear to be faintly white-pruinose) .................. 2
2. Excipulum with large, thin-walled isodiametric cells with rounded
contours ............................................................................... M. albonigrum
2. Excipulum with periclinally-arranged cells that may get quite large,
but are always with angled contours ........................................ M. subtile
Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) Fink
MYCOBANK MB 411213
This species was described by Nylander from New
England (Tibell 1987). The apothecia are black, taller
(0.7–1.3 mm tall) and stouter (stalk 0.07–0.12 mm in
diameter) than those of the much more common M.
subtile (stalk 0.04–0.06 mm in diameter), and is
principally distinguished by the large, thin-walled, nearly
isodiametric cells in the lower part of the excipulum.
These cells are with rounded contours, as opposed to the
large, thick-walled rectangular cells observed in the
excipulum of some specimens of M. subtile. In wet
mount, the apothecia are reddish brown, most asci are,
typically, ,50 mm long at maturity, and the apices of
semi-mature asci are with short channels that taper
upward from a broad base. The spores are non-septate,
prolate-spheroidal, brown to dark brown, 6.0–8.0 33.0–
3.5 mm.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Acer
saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis and Fraxinus nigra;
lignicolous on Fagus grandifolia and Ostrya virginiana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; not
commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003), Asia
(e.g., Titov 1998), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia
(e.g., Tibell 1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1982)
and South America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Hamil-
ton Co., Selva 5962 (UMFK). VERMONT: Washington Co.,
356 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
Selva 5107 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva 11229
(UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 919 (UMFK). CANADA.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7170 (UMFK).
Mycocalicium fuscipes (Tuck.) Fink
MYCOBANK MB 411215
Described by Tuckerman (1872) as ‘‘larger and
stouter than Mycocalicium subtile,’’ the excipulum and
upper part of the stalk are ‘‘as if thinly white-varnished’’
and ‘‘the hymenial gelatin is I+blue.’’ The apothecia are
usually tall (1.5–2.0 mm tall), the asci long (55–65 mm
long), and the spores non-septate, prolate-spheroidal,
and large (8.5–16 33.0–7.0 mm).
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Acer saccharum; ligni-
colous on Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Betula allegha-
niensis, Quercus rubra, Salix sp. and Thuja occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (Oregon and Washington,
Selva unpublished).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5172 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co.,
Selva 4958 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 3283
(UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva
3866 (UMFK); Madawaska Co., Selva 11387 (UMFK).
Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala
MYCOBANK MB 395703
Principally lignicolous and rarely corticolous, this is
far and away the most common calicioid species in the
Acadian Forest. The size of the apothecia can be quite
variable, but are typically 0.4–0.9 mm tall, dark brown to
black, K–, and with relatively thin stalks (0.04–0.06 mm
in diameter). The hyphae of the excipulum are
periclinally-arranged and can get quite large and
angularly-contoured, the asci are ,50 mm long, and
the spores are non-septate, prolate-spheroidal, brown to
dark brown, 5.0–8.5 32.5–4.5 mm, and with smooth
surfaces. The apothecia of M. albonigrum are typically
taller (0.7–1.3 mm tall), stouter, and have excipular cells
with rounded, not angular, contours. Mycocalicium
subtile might also be confused with species of Chae-
nothecopsis with non-septate, prolate-spheroidal spores,
i.e., C. nana,C. ochroleuca and C. rubescens, but is easily
distinguished by its lack of a thin channel at the tip of its
asci. In addition, the apothecia of C. nana are principally
corticolous and rarely lignicolous, brown to reddish-
brown in wet mount, have young spores that are
typically laterally-oriented in the ascus, and have mature
spores with a distinctive areolate ornamentation. The
apothecia of Chaenothecopsis ochroleuca have white-
pruinose stalks and unique chemical reactions when
exposed to K, and C. rubescens is always associated with
Trentepohlia and has K+red apothecia.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Abies
balsamea, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea
spp., Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga
canadensis; lignicolous on Acer rubrum, A. spicatum,
Betula cordifolia, B. papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia, Frax-
inus americana, Larix laricina, Populus balsamifera,
Prunus pensylvanca, P. serotina, Quercus rubra and
Sorbus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004), Australasia (e.g., Tibell 1987), Africa (e.g., Tibell
2001), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1998).
Representative specimens. U. S. A. NEW YORK:
Hamilton Co., Selva 5960 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos
Co., Selva 4541 (UMFK). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Selva 2302
(UMFK). CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 8528
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7054
(UMFK).
Phaeocalicium
Not lichenized (photobiont absent), but parasitic on
the polypore Tricaptum, or, more typically, restricted to
the bark of branches, twigs and saplings of particular
genera or species of tree or shrub; apothecia stalked, dark
brown to black; mazaedium absent, i.e., when viewed in
a wet mount, the majority of mature spores are found
within asci than are found outside asci; asci cylindrical,
.50 mm long, formed singly; spores non-septate or 1–3-
septate, ellipsoidal, light to dark brown. Represented by
ten species in the Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHAEOCALICIUM IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Mature spores non-septate ........................................................................ 2
1. Mature spores septate ................................................................................. 4
2. Apothecia laterally-compressed, rendering excipulum flat and fan-
shaped .......................................................................................................... 3
2. Apothecia not laterally-compressed, the excipulum not flat or fan-
shaped; stalk often K+green or aeruginose ....................... P. praecedens
3. Excipulum with isodiametric cells; on Betula spp. and rarely on
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa ........................................................ P. betulinum
3. Excipulum with periclinally-arranged hyphae; on Alnus viridis ssp.
crispa ................................................................................. P. compressulum
4. Mature spores 1-septate ............................................................................. 5
4. Mature spores 3-septate ............................................................................. 8
5. Apothecia growing over the small polyporous fungus Tricap-
tum biforme (on angiosperms) and rarely over T. abietinum (on
gymnosperms) .......................................................... P. polyporaeum
5. Apothecia growing on branches, twigs and saplings of trees and shrubs .... 6
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 357
6. Excipulum laterally-compressed, flat and fan-shaped; on Betula
spp. ...................................................................................... P. flabelliforme
6. Excipulum not laterally-compressed, neither flat nor fan-shaped ........ 7
7. Growing on Rhus spp. ................................................................. P. curtisii
7. Growing on Populus spp. .................................................... P. populneum
8. Excipulum with periclinally-arranged cells, reddish, K+red-
enhanced; common on Betula spp. and rarely on Sorbus ameri-
cana .................................................................... P. matthewsianum
8. Excipulum with isodiametric cells, not reddish, K2;onQuercus
rubra or Hamamelis virginiana .................................................................. 9
9. Septa of spores unpigmented; on bark of Quercus
rubra ................................................................................. P. minutissimum
9. Septa of spores pigmented, as dark as walls; on bark of Hamamelis
virginiana .............................................................................. P. tremulicola
Phaeocalicium betulinum (Nyl.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 128554
The small (,0.5 mm tall) apothecia of Phaeocali-
cium betulinum have capitula that are laterally-com-
pressed into a fan-shaped head and excipula formed of
isodiametric hyphae. The spores are non-septate, ellip-
soidal, pale brown, and 10–15 34.0–5.5 mm. It is found,
nearly exclusively, on the branches, twigs, and saplings of
Betula spp., but has also been collected once (in 67
collections) on Alnus incana ssp. rugosa.Phaeocalicium
compressum, the only other Phaeocalicium in the Acadian
Forest with simple spores and laterally-compressed
capitula, has an excipulum with periclinally-arranged
hyphae and is found exclusively on A. viridis ssp. crispa.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on branches, twigs, and
saplings of Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Betula alleghaniensis,
B. cordifolia and B. papyrifera.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec;
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov et al.
2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 5313 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva
8295 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co.,
Selva 3847 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 7715
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Selva 6721
(UMFK).
Phaeocalicium compressulum (Nyl. ex Vain.) A. F. W.
Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 319520
Phaeocalicium compressulum has apothecia that are
,0.5 mm tall, laterally-compressed capitula that are flat
and fan-shaped, excipula with periclinally-arranged
hyphae, and non-septate, ellipsoidal, brown spores that
measure 9.0–13 34.0–6.0 mm. Phaeocalicium betulinum,
the only other species of Phaeocalicium in the Acadian
Forest with laterally-compressed capitula and non-
septate spores, is distinguished by the isodiametric
hyphae in its excipula. Phaeocalicium compressulum is
found exclusively on Alnus viridis ssp. crispa. The other
common alder in the Acadian Forest, A. incana ssp.
rugosa, has a nearly exclusive association with another
calicioid fungus, Stenocybe pullatula, which has been
collected only once in approximately 100 collections on
Sorbus americana. Even when these two alders are
together in the same field or along the same stream,
these exclusive relationships continue to exist.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on branches, twigs and
saplings of Alnus viridis ssp. crispa.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec;
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Hancock
Co., Selva 10430 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Queens
Co., Selva 6752 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., Selva
6863 (UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Selva 7126
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: La Haute Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva 10918
(UMFK).
Phaeocalicium curtisii (Tuck.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 319521
This species is easily recognized by the small
apothecia (0.5–0.6 mm tall), the absence of laterally-
compressed capitula, the 1-septate spores with pale septa
that are ellipsoidal, brown, and 10–20 33.5–6.0 mm, and
its restriction to Rhus typhina, a shrub to small tree that
is planted near homes and grows in waste places and
along freeways within the Acadian Forest region.
Specimens have also been seen in regional herbaria
where the substrate is identified as R. glabra, a fact that is
difficult, perhaps impossible, to confirm. Tuckerman
(1859) cites another substrate, Robinia pseudoacacia, ‘‘at
the Hot Springs, Virginia.’’ I have collected from this
substrate in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and
the only Phaeocalicium found was P. flabelliforme.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on the branches and twigs
of Rhus typhina.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine and New Brunswick; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell & Ryan 2004b).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Clinton
Co., Buck 30871 (NY). VERMONT: Addison Co., Selva 5134
358 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
(UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Carroll Co., Selva 5424 (UMFK).
MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 456 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW
BRUNSWICK: Kings Co., Clayden 8003 (NBM).
Phaeocalicium flabelliforme Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 415926
As one of three species of Phaeocalicium found on
Betula spp. in the Acadian Forest, P. flabelliforme is the
only one with 1-septate spores that are ellipsoidal, brown
and 9.0–14 33.0–5.0 mm. The apothecia are ,0.5 mm
tall and have laterally-compressed capitula that are
flattened and fan-shaped.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on the branches, twigs,
and saplings of Betula alleghaniensis, B. cordifolia and
B. papyrifera.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and
the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov et al. 2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 4722 (UMFK). MAINE: Hancock Co., Selva
10403 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co.,
Selva 10776 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 8669
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: Bonaventure Co., Selva 10802 (UMFK).
Phaeocalicium matthewsianum Selva & Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 459982
Described by Selva & Tibell (1999), the apothecia of
Phaeocalicium matthewsianum have laterally-com-
pressed, fan-shaped capitula and 3-septate spores that
are ellipsoidal, brown, and 14–18 34.5–6.0 mm. The
apothecia are typically ,0.6 mm tall, have reddish, K+
red-enhanced excipula, and have been found nearly
exclusively on Betula spp. and only once (in 84
collections) on Sorbus americana.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on the branches, twigs
and saplings of Betula alleghaniensis, B. cordifolia,
B. papyrifera and Sorbus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Rikkinen 2003).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Essex
Co., Selva 4768 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
5407 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 3085 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 3911
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 8893 (UMFK).
Phaeocalicium minutissimum (G. Merr.) Selva
MYCOBANK MB 459983
Transferred from Stenocybe to Phaeocalicium by
Selva & Tibell (1999), this species was originally
described by G. K. Merrill (1909) from Camden Hills
State Park in Maine. To date, it has been found
exclusively on the smooth bark of Quercus rubra trunks,
branches, twigs and saplings. The apothecia are ,0.5 mm
tall, exhibit a tendency towards having laterally-com-
pressed capitula in larger specimens only, and the
excipula are composed of isodiametric to somewhat
irregular cells. The spores are 3-septate with unpigment-
ed septa, ellipsoidal, brown, and 14–19 35.0–6.5 mm.
The somewhat similar P. tremulicola is distinguished by
its 3-septate spores with dark septa and association with
Hamamelis virginiana.Phaeocalicium minutissimum is
the subject of a COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada) status report that lists
its status as ‘‘data deficient.’’ The full report is available
through the COSEWIC Secretariat, Canadian Wildlife
Service, Environment Canada.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on the smooth bark of
trunks, branches, twigs and saplings of Quercus rubra.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine and New Brunswick; not
commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Massachu-
setts, Ontario and outside the Gaspe region of Quebec.
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Addison
Co., Selva 5133 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Coos Co., Selva
5329 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 4408 (UMFK);
Knox Co., Selva 3940 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Queens Co., Selva 6753 (UMFK).
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 319522
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum is seen quite often in the
Acadian Forest, growing most commonly over the small
polyporous fungus Tricaptum biforme, on angiosperms,
and rarely over T. abietinum, on conifers. The apothecia
are black, 0.4–0.9 mm high, have capitula that are not
laterally-compressed, stalks with periclinally arranged
hyphae that are broadly-rectangular and quite distinc-
tive, and spores that are 1-septate, elloipsoidal, pale
brown and 9.0–16 33.0–4.5 mm.
Substrate(s). Growing over the small polyporous fungi
Tricaptum biforme and T. abietinum on the trunks of Abies
balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. saccharum,
Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia, Picea
spp., Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Quercus alba, Q.
rubra, Tilia americana and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Island; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Hutchison 1987) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson &
Pystina 2004).
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 359
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Benning-
ton Co., Selva 11242 (UMFK). NEW HAMPSHIRE:GraftonCo.,
Selva 5260 (UMFK). MAINE: Penobscot Co., Selva 3166 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:AlbertCo.,Selva 11337 (UMFK).
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:QueensCo.,Selva 7047 (UMFK).
Phaeocalicium populneum (Brond. ex Duby) A. F. W.
Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 319523
Found exclusively on Populus spp., the apothecia of
Phaeocalicium populneum are short (0.4–0.6 mm tall),
without laterally-compressed capitula, and have 1-septate
spores that are ellipsoidal, brown and 10–21 34.0–6.5 mm.
It is most similar to P. curtisii, but the substrates upon
which each species is found are different. In specimens of
P. populneum collected in the Acadian Forest, the length of
the spores contrast with lengths between 10–14 mm
reported in the literature by others (Goward 1999; Purvis
et al. 1992; Stordeur et al. 2010; Tibell 1975, 1996, 1999).
Goward (1999) reported that ‘‘such material has been
assigned to separate (unnamed) species by Callan & Ring
(1994); further work is needed.’’
Substrate(s). Corticolous on the branches, twigs and
saplings of Populus balsamifera, P. candicans, P. nigra
var. italica and P. tremuloides. Populus candicans and P.
nigra var. italica are strictly cultivars in the Acadian
Forest region.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Gaspe
´
region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Rutland
Co., Selva 5162 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 2450
(UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co.,
Selva 3935 (UMFK); Restigouche Co., Selva 9978 (UMFK).
NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness Co., Selva 6600 (UMFK).
Phaeocalicium praecedens (Nyl.) A. F. W. Schmidt
MYCOBANK MB 319524
Exhibiting an exclusive association with species of
Populus,Phaeocalicium praecedens has apothecia that are
0.6–0.9 mm high, capitula that are not laterally-
compressed, and non-septate spores that are ellipsoidal,
brown and 10–13 34.0–5.0 mm. In most, but not all of
the apothecia tested, the stalks are K+aeruginose to
turquoise.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on branches, twigs and
saplings of Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island; not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Carroll Co., Elizabeth Lay 06-0314 (Personal herbarium
of Elizabeth Lay). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Kings Co.,
Selva 9778 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 6632
(UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Selva 7127
(UMFK).
Phaeocalicium tremulicola (Norrl. ex Nyl.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 415927
The only collection of this species in the Acadian
Forest was collected in New Brunswick only recently by
Dr. Troy McMullin, who has graciously permitted me to
include it in this manuscript. The apothecia are ,0.5 mm
tall, with capitula that are not laterally-compressed and
excipula composed of isodiametric cells. The spores are
ellipsoidal, brown, 3-septate with strongly-pigmented
septa and 14–17 34.5–5.5 mm. In addition to the
strongly-pigmented septa, the species is distinguished
from the somewhat similar P. minutissimum by its
association with Hamamelis virginiana.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on branches, twigs, and
saplings of Hamamelis virginiana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick, where it is rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tucker 2014), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov et al. 2004).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Charlotte Co., R. T. McMullin 7536 (OAC)
Sclerophora
Thallus crustose, lichenized, with Trentepohlia as the
photobiont, endosubstratic; apothecia stalked, the ex-
cipulum either forming or not forming a collar around
top of stalk. The bottom of the excipulum forms a collar
when it appears to surround the upper portion of the
stalk (best viewed from below). The apothecia can also
be pruinose, with white, yellow, reddish-brown, or violet
pruina, or epruinose; mazaedium present, i.e., when
viewed in a wet mount, the majority of mature spores are
found outside of asci than are found within asci, pale,
sometimes covered with pruina; asci cylindrical to
clavate, formed singly; spores non-septate, spherical,
hyaline. Represented by five species in the Acadian
Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCLEROPHORA IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Stalk of apothecium extending upward into a hole at the bottom of
the excipulum, which appears to surround the top of the stalk as a
collar (best viewed from below) ................................................................ 2
1. Stalk of apothecium simply expanding upward to form the
excipulum, hence no collar is formed (best viewed from below) ......... 4
360 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
2. Apothecia typically ,1.0 mm tall; spores 7.0–8.5 mm in diame-
ter ................................................................................................... S. nivea
2. Apothecia typically .1.0 mm tall; spores variable ................................. 3
3. Spores 3.0–6.0 mm in diameter ............................................... S. amabilis
3. Spores 7.0–9.0 mm in diameter .............................................. S. farinacea
4. Apothecia typically .0.9 mm tall; excipulum and stalk of
apothecia with reddish-brown pruina; spores 4.5–6.0 mmin
diameter ............................................................ S. coniophaea
4. Apothecia typically ,0.9 mm tall; excipulum and stalk epruinose or
white-pruinose; spores 3.0–3.5 mm in diameter ................... S. peronella
Sclerophora coniophaea (Norman) Mattsson & Middelb.
MYCOBANK MB 130787
Sclerophora coniophaea has an endosubstratic thallus
associated with the photobiont Trentepohlia,tallapothecia
(0.9–1.5 mm) with excipula that do not form a collar
around the top of the stalk, a distinctive reddish-brown
pruina on the excipulum and stalk, and non-septate, sphe-
rical, hyaline spores that measure 4.5–6.0 mmindiameter.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Betula alleghaniensis
and Tsuga canadensis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward et al. 1996),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK:
Madawaska Co., Turgeon FL122089 (NBM). NOVA SCOTIA:
Inverness and Victoria Cos., Selva 6616 (UMFK); Inverness
Co., Selva 7834 (UMFK); Victoria Co., Selva 8697 (UMFK).
Sclerophora nivea (Hoffm.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 107592
A species that appears to be less common today than
in the past, the thallus of Sclerophora nivea is
endosubstratic and associated with the photobiont
Trentepohlia. The apothecia are ,1.0 mm tall and the
excipula form a distinct collar around the top of the
stalk. The color of the stalk is pale yellow and the
excipulum is with pale yellow or white pruina. Young
apothecia beginning to emerge from the substrate are
covered by a bright yellow pruina. The non-septate,
spherical, hyaline spores are 7.0–8.5 mm in diameter.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Fraxinus nigra and
Ulmus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont,
New Hampshire, Maine and New Brunswick; rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003) and
Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Addison
Co., 1879, Pringle s.n. (VT). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Cheshire Co.,
1852, Russell s.n. (NY). MAINE: Franklin Co., 1904, Riddle
s.n. (F).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Kent Co., Selva 9022 (UMFK);
Madawaska Co., Selva 10566 (UMFK).
Sclerophora peronella (Ach.) Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 107593
Sclerophora peronella has been collected by me on only
two occasions in the Acadian Forest. It has an endosubstratic
thallus associated with the photobiont Trentepohlia,apothe-
cia that are ,1.0 mm tall, and excipula that do not form a
collar around the top of the stalk. The mazaedium is pale
yellowish-pink to yellowish brown, and may be covered with
a white pruina at maturity. The non-septate, spherical,
hyaline spores are 3.0–3.5 mmindiameter.Thecapitulaof
young apothecia are covered with a faint, lemon yellow
pruina. This species is the subject of a COSEWIC
(Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in
Canada) status report that lists its status as ‘‘of special
concern.’’ The full report is available through the COSEWIC
Secretariat, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.
Substrate(s). Corticolous and lignicolous on Acer
rubrum.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Nova
Scotia, where it is rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward et al. 1996),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Titov 1998).
Representative specimens. CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA:
Inverness Co., Selva 7628 (UMFK).
Sphaerophorus
Thallus fruticose, in cushions 2.0–6.0 cm high and
5.0–15 cm in diameter, richly-branched with branches
round in cross section. Lichenized, with a trebouxioud
photobiont, thallus pale to dark brown, reddish-brown,
pale grey to greenish-grey. Apothecia globose to
subglobose, terminal on branches; mazaedium present,
i.e., when viewed in a wet mount, the majority of mature
spores are found outside of asci than are found within
asci, black; asci cylindrical, formed singly; spores non-
septate, spherical to broadly-ellipsoidal, dark brown to
black. Represented by two species in the Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPHAEROPHORUS IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Thallus fruticose, usually with distinct main stems and short lateral
branches; medulla of branches I+blue; corticolous and terricolous
over moss ................................................................................. S. globosus
1. Thallus fruticose, richly branched, but usually without distinct
main stems; medulla of branches I–; saxicolous and terricolous over
moss ............................................................................................. S. fragilis
Sphaerophorous fragilis (L.) Pers.
MYCOBANK MB 121720
Sphaerophorous fragilis is easily recognized by its
fruticose growth form, which is richly-branched but
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 361
typically without distinct main stems. The branches are
pale brown, pale grey, or greenish-grey and form a
smaller, denser thallus (2.0–3.0 cm high and 5.0–12 cm
in diameter) than S. globosus, but the exposed medulla of
its branches does not have the I+blue reaction diagnostic
of that species.
Substrate(s). Saxicolous on boulders, on pebbles
over rocky ground, or over mossy ground.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, Nova Scotia and the Gaspe
´region
of Que
´bec (Sirois et al. 1988); rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Goward 1999),
Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson
& Pystina 2004).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
White Mountains, Howe 2046 (F). MAINE: Piscataquis
Co., Howe 2436 (F). CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton
Co., 1998, Sneddon s.n. (NSM).
Sphaerophorous globosus (Huds.) Vain.
MYCOBANK MB 405438
This species and Sphaerophorous fragilis are the only
fruticose representatives of calicioid lichens in the Acadian
Forest. Sphaerophorous globosus can be distinguished from
S. fragilis by its larger, more loosely-branched thallus (3.0–
6.0 cm high and 5.0–15 cm in diameter) that typically has
recognizable main stems, the brown to reddish-brown or
brownish-grey color of its branches, and the I+blue
reaction of the exposed medulla.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Abies balsamea, Acer
rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Picea spp.,
Pinus strobus, Thuja occicentalis and Tsuga canadensis;
terricolous.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec (Sirois et
al. 1988); not commonly encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003) and
South America (e.g., Tibell 1993).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., (Mt. Washington), 1960 Hutchinson s.n.
(NY); MAINE: Washington Co., Selva 11153 (UMFK).
CANADA.NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 6680 (UMFK);
Cape Breton Co., Selva 7185 (UMFK). PRINCE EDWARD
ISLAND: Queens Co., Selva 7074 (UMFK).
Sphinctrina
Not lichenized (without photobiont), but always
parasitic or parasymbiotic on thalli of either Pertusaria
or Protoparmelia; apothecia seemingly sessile or stalked,
obovoid, black; mazaedium present, i.e., when viewed in
a wet mount, the majority of mature spores are found
outside of asci than are found within asci, black; asci
cylincrical, formed singly, ,80 mm long; spores non-
septate, spherical, ellipsoidal, or almond-shaped, dark
brown, surrounded by a gelatinous hyaline envelope that
is best seen under oil immersion in dim light regulated
by the diaphragm. Represented by four species in the
Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPHINCTRINA IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Lichenicolous on species of Pertusaria ..................................................... 2
1. Lichenicolous on species of Protoparmelia ................................ S. anglica
2. Spores ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, pointed at both ends, 8.5–
19 mm long ........................................................................... S. tubaeformis
2. Spores spherical, 4.5–7.0 mm in diameter ................................................ 3
3. Lower part of excipulum and upper part of stalk reddish-brown, K+
red-enhanced; cells of excipulum periclinally-arranged ...... S. turbinata
3. All parts of apothecia K–; cells of excipulum isodiametric ...... S. leucopoda
Sphinctrina anglica Nyl.
MYCOBANK MB 405473
Sphinctrina anglica is distinguished from the other
species of Sphinctrina in the region by its association
with lichens in the genus Protoparmelia, and not with
Pertusaria. The short (0.2–0.4 mm tall), obovoid, black
apothecia are K– and have a short but distinct stalk. The
non-septate spores are spherical, dark brown, 7.0–10 mm
in diameter, and have a thin, hyaline, gelatinous
envelope that surrounds them.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on species of Protopar-
melia, which are corticolous on Pinus strobus and Thuja
occidentalis.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont and New Hampshire;
rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 2004), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004).
Representative specimen. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Hamilton
Co., Selva 5973 (UMFK). VERMONT: Addison Co., Lende-
mer 27229 (NY). NEW HAMPSHIRE:CoosCo.,Buck 53687
(NY).
Sphinctrina leucopoda Nyl.
MYCOBANK MB 405484
Sphinctrina leucopoda has short (0.2–0.3 mm tall)
apothecia that are obovoid, black, K–, and grow over
species of Pertusaria. It has a distinct stalk, an excipulum
with isodiametric cells, and non-septate, spherical, dark
brown spores that are 4.0–6.0 mm in diameter and
surrounded by a hyaline, gelatinous envelope. The very
similar S. turbinata has apothecia in which the
excipulum is composed of periclinally-arranged hyphae
362 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
and the lower part of the excipulum and upper part of
the stalk are reddish-brown and K+red-enhanced.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on species of Pertusaria,
which are corticolous on Quercus, according to label
information on two specimens seen at NY.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Vermont
and New Hampshire; extremely rare.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Tibell &
Thor 2003), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g.,
Tibell 1987) and South America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. VERMONT: Chitten-
den Co., 1878, Pringle s.n. (VT). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Cheshire
Co., 1852, Russell s.n. (NY).
Sphinctrina tubaeformis A. Massal.
MYCOBANK MB 282273
Sphinctrina tubaeformis has only been found growing
over Pertusaria alpina in the Acadian Forest. It can
further be distinguished from other Sphinctrina species
in the region by the short (0.2–0.3 mm tall), black,
narrowly-obovoid apothecia, the tendency of the apo-
thecia to be grouped into clusters of 2–6, and the non-
septate, ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, dark brown spores
that measure 8.5–19 36.0–10 mm, with both ends
pointed and a distinct, hyaline gelatinous envelope
surrounding them.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Pertusaria alpina,
which is corticolous on Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia
and Fraxinus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine and New Bruswick; not commonly
encountered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 2004), Europe
(e.g., Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor
2003), Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001), Australasia (e.g., Tibell
1987), Central America (e.g., Tibell 1996) and South
America (e.g., Tibell 1996).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 5283 (UMFK); Coos Co., Selva 5307
(UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva 592 (UMFK);
Piscataquis Co., Selva 2391 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNS-
WICK: Carleton Co., Clayden 23366 (NBM).
Sphinctrina turbinata (Pers.:Fr.) De Not.
MYCOBANK MB 247086
Far and away the most common species of
Sphinctrina in the Acadian Forest, Sphinctrina turbinata
is characterized by the short (0.2–0.6 mm tall), black,
obovoid apothecia growing over Pertusaria consocians,
P. macounii and P. rubefacta. Also diagnostic are the
reddish to reddish-brown and K+red-enhanced color of
the lower part of the excipulum and upper part of the
stalk, the periclinally-arranged cells of the excipulum,
and the hyaline, gelatinous envelope surrounding the
non-septate, spherical (to squarish), dark brown spores
that are 5.0–7.0 mm in diameter. The very similar S.
leucopoda has an excipulum with isodiametric cells, and
all parts of its apothecia are K–.
Substrate(s). Lichenicolous on Pertusaria consocians,
P. macounii and P. rubefacta, which are corticolous
on Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A.
saccharum, A. spicatum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyr-
ifera, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus nigra, Ostrya virginiana,
Picea spp., Populus balsamifera, Quercus rubra, Sorbus
americana, Tilia america and Thuja occidentalis; lignico-
lous, over Pertusaria consocians,onThuja occidentalis;
saxicolous over P. consocians.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 2004), Europe
(e.g., Tibell 1999), Asia (e.g., Hermansson & Pystina
2004) and Africa (e.g., Tibell 2001).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Grafton Co., Selva 5259 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 1217 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2716 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Restigouche Co., Selva 3856
(UMFK). QUE
´BEC: La Haute-Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva 10913
(UMFK).
Stenocybe
Not lichenized (without photobiont), but saprophytic
and parasitic, restricted to the bark of trunks, branches,
twigs and saplings of particular genera or species of tree or
shrub; apothecia stalked, black; mazaedium absent, i.e.,
when viewed in a wet mount, the majority of mature
spores are found within asci than are found outside asci;
asci cylindrical, .70 mm long, formed singly; spores
narrowly- to broadly-ellipsoidal, 1–3-septate. Represented
by three species in the Acadian Forest.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STENOCYBE IN THE ACADIAN FOREST
1. Apothecia ,0.5 mm tall, often branched; on Alnus incana ssp.
rugosa,orSorbus americana .................................................... S. pullatula
1. Apothecia .0.5 mm tall; on conifers ....................................................... 2
2. Corticolous on Abies balsamea; apothecia ,1.5 mm tall, with
straight stalks .................................................................................. S. major
2. Corticolous on Picea spp.; typically .1.5 mm tall, with stalks that are
rarely straight but instead flexuous, forked, and branched ..... S. flexuosa
Stenocybe flexuosa Selva & Tibell
MYCOBANK MB 459984
Described by Selva & Tibell (1999) from New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 363
Edward Island, (and British Columbia), Stenocybe
flexuosa is restricted to species of Picea, and is best
distinguished by the morphology of its apothecia. The
capitula are obconical to subspherical and rarely have
straight stalks. Instead, the apothecia are typically found
with contorted and flexuous stalks that are often forked
and with short lateral branches. They can get quite tall,
the tallest one, to date, measures 7.1 mm. The broadly-
ellipsoidal spores are brown, usually 3-sepate, with an
occasional 4-and 5-septate spore intermixed, and 24–34
38.0–11 mm.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Picea spp.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. New
Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and
the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; not commonly encoun-
tered.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Selva & Tibell 1999)
and Europe (e.g., Holien 2001).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. MAINE: Aroostook
Co., Selva 3754 (UMFK). CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Char-
lotte Co., Selva 9750 (UMFK); Madawaska Co., Selva 11374
(UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Inverness and Victoria Cos., Selva
6627 (UMFK). QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva
10991 (UMFK).
Stenocybe major (Nyl.) Ko
¨rb.
MYCOBANK MB 207730
Collected only from the bark of Abies balsamea
in the Acadian Forest, the apothecia of this species
are 0.7–1.5 mm tall, with narrowly-obconical capitula
and relatively straight stalks. The 3-septate spores are
ellipsoidal, uniformly brown or, more typically, mot-
tled with light to dark brown hues, and 17–35 35.0–
8.0 mm.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Abies balsamea.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; very common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Tibell 1975), Europe
(e.g., Groner 2010) and Asia (e.g., Tibell & Thor 2003).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Coos Co., Selva 10892 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co.,
Selva 183 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2230 (UMFK).
CANADA.NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva
4109 (UMFK). NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co., Selva 6636
(UMFK).
Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) Stein
MYCOBANK MB 207955
Unlike the other two species of Stenocybe in the
Acadian Forest, S. pullatula has apothecia that are
relatively short (0.2–0.7 mm tall) and often multi-
branched. The spores are brown, narrowly-ellipsoidal,
11–17 33.0–5.0 mm, and, despite being 3-septate at
maturity, are more commonly encountered as non-
septate, 1- and 2-septate spores. The species is found
nearly exclusively on one of the two common alders in
the Acadian Forest, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, being
collected only once (in ,100 collections) on Sorbus
americana. Interestingly, the other common alder in the
region, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa, forms an exclusive
relationship with another calicioid fungus, Phaeocalicium
compressulum. Even when these two alders are growing
together in the same field or along the same stream, these
exclusive relationships have rarely been broken.
Substrate(s). Corticolous on Alnus incana ssp. rugosa
and Sorbus americana.
Distribution within the Acadian Forest. Adirondack
State Park in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island and the Gaspe
´region of Que
´bec; extremely
common.
Distribution outside the Acadian Forest. Known
from western North America (e.g., Peterson & Rikkinen
1999), Europe (e.g., Tibell 1999) and Asia (e.g., Tibell &
Thor 2003).
Representative specimens. U.S.A. NEW YORK: Essex
Co., Selva 10045 (UMFK). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Selva
1197 (UMFK); Piscataquis Co., Selva 2230 (UMFK). CANADA.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Northumberland Co., Selva 9718 (UMFK).
QUE
´BEC:LaCo
ˆte-de-Gaspe
´sie Co., Selva 10999 (UMFK).
CONCLUSIONS
Eighty-nine species in 11 genera of calicioid lichens
and fungi are currently known from the Acadian
Forest Ecoregion in northeastern North America. When
compared with the number of calicioid species for North
America as a whole (Esslinger 2014), the Acadian Forest
includes 12 of 18 species of Calicium (67%), 19 of 23
species of Chaenotheca (83%), 25 of 40 species of
Chaenothecopsis (63%), 2 of 4 species of Sphaerophorus
(50%), 4 of 6 species of Sphinctrina (67%) and 3 of 5
species of Stenocybe (60%); genera that are particularly
well-represented, with all of the species currently on the
North American checklist, are Microcalicium (4/4),
Phaeocalicium (10/10), and Sclerophora (5/5). The genera
that are most poorly represented in the region are
Cyphelium, with 18% (2/11), and Mycocalicium, with
33% (3/9) of the species on the North American
checklist.
Of the 89 species represented in the Acadian Forest,
those that are both extremely common and widespread
are Calicium glaucellum,C. parvum,C. salicinum and
C. trabinellum;Chaenotheca brunneola,C. chrysocephala,
C. furfuracea and C. trichialis;Chaenothecopsis debilis,C. nana,
364 The Bryologist 117(4): 2014
C. pusilla and C. pusiola;Mycocalicium subtile;Stenocybe major
and S. pullatula.
Among the rarest species in the region (i.e., those
represented by only on or two collections) are Calicium
adaequatum, C. adspersum, C. denigratum, and C.
quercinum; Chaenotheca servitii; Chaenothecopsis asper-
opoda, C. australis, C. edbergii, C. fennica, C. haematopus,
C. norstictica, C. ochroleuca, C. subparoica, C. tsugae, C.
ussuriensis; Phaeocalicium tremulicola; and Sclerophora
nivea and S. peronella.
Searching the forests of northeastern North Amer-
ica for calicioid lichens and fungi is like looking for
treasure with a metal detector. Most of the time you
find the same things, but every once in a while you hit
the jackpot. Sometimes that ‘‘You’ve-got-to-be-kid-
ding-me’’ moment comes while examining these tiny
things under a microscope and the expected spherical
spores you’ve seen a hundred times before are almond-
shaped instead—as was the case when I found my first
Sphinctrina tubaeformis.OrwhenanexpectedK–
reaction procedes instead to the formation of red
norstictic acid crystals—‘‘apparently unique among
the Mycocaliciaceae’’ (Harris 1995) but nonetheless
true for Chaenothecopsis norstictica.Butitwasseveral
discoveries in particular, spread over a number of
years, that kept me excited about the group and
pushed me onward in search of the rare and the
unusual.
The first discovery came in 1984 when I sent a
specimen of what I thought was a sessile Chaenothecopsis
to Leif Tibell to see if he knew what it was. When he
wrote back that he had only recently described this
species from New Zealand, I couldn’t believe it—
Chaenothecopsis brevipes, known only from New Zealand
and Maine! In my first publication on lichens, I
introduced this species to North America (Selva 1988).
One of the reviewers of that manuscript was John
Thompson, whose flattering comments not only made
my day, but actually helped convince me that this was
the field of research I belonged in.
In 1989, I set out to ‘‘rediscover’’ the only calicioid
species for which the type locality is in Maine, Calicium
minutissimum Merrill. It was described from Camden
Hills State Park, on ‘‘the smooth bark of red oak,’’ by
eminent Maine lichenologist George Knox Merrill
(1909). It was never collected again. After rediscovering
it in the same place that Merrill had collected it, I set out
to find it elsewhere. Quercus rubra is at the northern
limit of its range in northern Maine, but I managed to
find it in Fort Kent and at various other sites in
Vermont, New Hampshire, New Brunswick, Quebec and
Ontario. The species was transferred to the genus
Phaeocalicium and provided with a new type by Selva
& Tibell (1999).
Another species that has not received much attention
is Mycocalicium fuscipes, which was described by Tucker-
man from New Jersey, then apparently forgotten. Except
for my collections, no others have been made of this
species. It is currently known from Vermont, New
Hampshire, Maine and New Brunswick, as well as from
Oregon and Washington.
Before I collected Chaenotheca servitii in Nova
Scotia, in 1995, it was known only from the type locality
in Slovakia. According to Tibell (1980), ‘‘It has been
collected on one occasion only, and it is with some
hesitation it is included in the present treatment.
Although the original collection was very rich and has
even been distributed in Na
´dvornı
´k’s exsiccate, little is
yet known about the variation and ecology of the
species.’’ Today it is known from only four collections in
the world.
After learning that resin is a substrate for calicioid
species, five resinicolous species were subsequently
added to the flora of the Acadian Forest, two of which
I described as new. Resinicolous species are always
exciting finds—particularly in eastern North America.
Unlike those I have collected in Oregon and British
Columbia, none of the specimens collected here in the
east have been found on the outer surface of the resin.
One finds them instead lining chambers and cavities on
the inside of the tree, i.e., on the inner surfaces of the
resin you see on the outside of the tree.
In 2010, I collected Calicium adaequatum for the first
time in eastern North America. Unlike some of the other
calicioid species that have been collected only one or two
times, C. adaequatum was completely unexpected. Why?
Because of what I thought I knew about its distribution,
as well as the fact that it was collected on the thin
branches of Betula papyrifera—here-to-fore a substrate
only inhabited by species of Phaeocalicium.
In addition to being used to assess forest continuity,
the calicioid lichens and fungi are one of our most
sensitive biomonitors of forest ecosystem health. Unfor-
tunately, in many parts of the country—including here
in the Acadian Forest—their numbers are on the decline
because of acid rain and ozone pollution. While they
may be one of our forests’ most elusive inhabitants, and
are not well-known in many areas, it is hoped that this
reference will help stimulate an interest in the group and
the role they play in environmental monitoring.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
If it were not for great mentors, great field companions and colleagues,
good identification keys to calicioid species, good sources of funding to
support trips into the field and to regional herbaria, and a great family
that supported me, moments of discovery like the ones described above
would not have been possible. So it is to the following individuals and
organizations that I offer my thanks for helping make these years so
rewarding: Mentors Irwin Brodo, Leif Tibell, Francis Rose and John
Selva: Calicioid lichens and fungi of the Acadian Forest 365
Thompson; field companions and colleagues, Stephen Clayden, Matthew
Paul Edberg, Bruno Hicks, Jim and Pat Hinds, Trevor Goward, Troy
McMullin and Art Lynds; authors of good identification keys to calicioid
species, Leif Tibell, Alexander Titov, Eric Peterson, Urs Groner and
Trevor Goward; organizations that have supported my work over the
years: The University of Maine at Fort Kent, the Maine Chapter of the
Nature Conservancy, the Appalachian Mountain Club, the National
Geographic Society, the New Brunswick Museum, the U. S. Forest
Service, the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, the National
Education Association Foundation, Sweetwater Trust, the Maine
Department of Conservation, the Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks
Canada, Baxter State Park Authority, the Maine State Critical Areas
Program and Acadia National Park. To the reviewers of this manuscript I
offer very special thanks for their attention to detail—a slow and
monotonous undertaking in a paper like this, as well as for their
corrections and helpful suggestions. And last, but certainly not least, I
thank my wife Marcy (Chaenothecopsis marcineae), daughter Katheryn
(Amphora katii, a diatom of all things!) and son Matthew (Phaeocalicium
matthewsianum) for their support and understanding over these many
years.
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