ArticlePDF Available

Assessment of Typhoon Trajectories and Synoptic Pattern Based on Probabilistic Cluster Analysis for the Typhoons Affecting the Korean Peninsula

Authors:
  • Korea Institute of Hydrological Survey

Abstract

Lately, more frequent typhoons cause extensive flood and wind damage throughout the summer season. In this respect, this study aims to develop a probabilistic clustering model that uses both typhoon genesis location and trajectories. The proposed model was applied to the 197 typhoon events that made landfall in the Korean peninsula from 1951 to 2012. We evaluate the performance of the proposed clustering model through a simulation study based on synthetic typhoon trajectories. The seven distinguished clusters for typhoons affecting Korean peninsula were identified. It was found that most of typhoon genesis originated from a remote position (10^{\circ}{\sim}20^{\circ}N, 120^{\circ}{\sim}150^{\circ}E) near the Equator. Cluster, type B can be regarded as a major track due to the fact that its frequency is approximately about 25.4% out of 197 events and its direct association with strong positive rainfall anomalies.
47 4 2014 4
385
國水資源學會論文集
47 4 2014 4
pp. 385396
확률론적 클러스터링 기법을 이용한 한반도 태풍경로
종관기후학적 분석
Assessment of Typhoon Trajectories and Synoptic Pattern Based on Probabilistic
Cluster Analysis for the Typhoons Affecting the Korean Peninsula
*/ ** / ***
Kim, Tae-Jeong / Kwon, Hyun-Han / Kim, Ki-Young
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Abstract
Lately, more frequent typhoons cause extensive flood and wind damage throughout the summer season.
In this respect, this study aims to develop a probabilistic clustering model that uses both typhoon genesis
location and trajectories. The proposed model was applied to the 197 typhoon events that made landfall
in the Korean peninsula from 1951 to 2012. We evaluate the performance of the proposed clustering model
through a simulation study based on synthetic typhoon trajectories. The seven distinguished clusters for
typhoons affecting Korean peninsula were identified. It was found that most of typhoon genesis originated
from a remote position (10°
20°N, 120°
150°E) near the Equator. Cluster, type B can be regarded as a
major track due to the fact that its frequency is approximately about 25.4% out of 197 events and its direct
association with strong positive rainfall anomalies.
Keywords
: typhoon track, clustering, synoptic pattern
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
.
1951 2012 197
.
, . 1951 2012 197
7 ,
10°
20°N, 120°
150°E .
B 25.4% ,
(positive) Anomaly .
: , ,
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
*
,
(e-mail: kim.t.j.@jbnu.ac.kr)
Master Course, Department of Civil Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
**
,
,
(e-mail: hkwon@jbnu.ac.kr)
Corresponding Author
, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
***
K-water
2
(e-mail: kky@kwater.or.kr)
General Manager, Infrastructure Research Center, K-water Institute
J. KOREA W ATER RESOUR CES ASSOCIATION
Vol. 47, No. 4: 385 -396, April 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/JKWR A.2014.47.4. 38 5
pISSN 1226-6280 • eISSN 2287-6138
386
1.
.
,
. ,
,
2013
·
.
,
.
.
(Typhoon), ·
·
(Hurricane), ·
(Cyclone)
.
(World
M
etero-
logical
O
rgani
z
ation, W
MO
)
(
M
aximum
S
ustained Wind
S
peed,
MS
W
S
)
T
D
(Tropical
D
epression,
MS
W
S<
17 m/s), T
S
(Tro-
pical
S
torm, 17 m/s
< MS
W
S <
25 m/s), TY (Typhoon,
MS
W
S
33 m/s) , T
S
.
.
(37%),
·
(22%), (15%)
,
,
(Lee, 2001).
2002
5
1,480
, 2003
4
2,220
.
, 2007 9
13
.
(
O
h et al., 2008).
. Lee et
al. (1992) 1960 1989 30
(maximum wind velocity)
. Back et al. (1999) 1945 1999 53
.
50 m/s
8
9
,
1973
. Yoo and
Jung(2000) 2000
,
P
ark et al. (2006)
,
.
.
O
h et al. (2007)
,
.
(
O
h et al., 2009).
Empirical
S
imulation Technique
(
S
cheffner et al., 1996)
(Knutson et al., 2010
;
Emanuel et al., 2008).
D
imego and
Bosart (1982) 1972 Agens
.
.
, ,
47 4 2014 4
387
M
onth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
M
ean
Count - - - - 2 19 97 125 84 8 - - 335 3.1
Table 1. Effected Typhoon in Korea during 1904
2012
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
0
5
10
Number of Typho ons effected in Korea
Time(year)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
0
20
40
Number of Typho ons
Number of Typhoons effected in Korea
Number of Typhoons
Fig. 1. No. of Typhoons Affecting the Korea
Peninsular and Total No. of Typhoons at Equator
during 1951
2012 Years
.
.
,
.
. 1
, 2
. 3
4
.
2.
2.1
17 m/s
,
.
(
, 2011) 32°
40°N, 120°
135°E
.
(K
M
A)
(J
M
A)
,
(
R
egional
S
peciali
z
ed meteo-
rological Centers-Tokyo Typhoon Center)
, ,
,
6
.
109
(1904
2012)
335. 3.1
8
, 7
, 9
7
8
66%
.
5
, 6
10
.
·
.
. ,
,
.
F
igs. 1 and 2 1951 2012
197
0.122
.
.
1951 2012
197 3.21
,
7 1959
.
388
5678910
0
20
40
60
80
Month
Number of typhoons effected in Korea
Fig. 2. Monthly Frequency of No. of Typhoons during
1951
2012 Years
2.2
2.2.1
(clustering method)
,
,
. Jeong and Bae (2004)
. Kim et al. (2011)
-means
(
F
C
M
) 1965 2006
855 7
,
, ,
,
. Kim et al. (2013)
-means
. Lee and Kwon (2011)
-means
(circular statistics)
. Kim and Lee (2008)
-means
(low flow)
, Bayesian
.
-
M
eans Clustering,
-
M
eans Clustering,
M
ountain Clustering,
S
ub-
tractive Clustering .
-means
.
Elsner and Liu (2003)
Elsner (2003)
.
3
. Blender et
al. (1997)
-means
6
.
,
-means
(total
variance)
.
-means
. Harr and Elsberry (1995)
(empirical
orthogonal functions, E
OF
)
.
(finite mixture)
(probabilistic) Curve-Aligned Clustering (
P
CAC)
.
P
CAC
-means
. ,
P
CAC
.
P
CAC
4
.
,
.
,
.
,
(order)
.
.
,
,
(
G
affney., 2004).
P
CAC
.
×
.
Eq. (1)
.
,
(1)
×
47 4 2014 4
389
(vandermonde)
,
.
(
)
.
×
.
×
0
×
(noise)
.
(noise variance)


,
0
.
(con-
ditional density function)
Eq. (2)
.
 ex p
 
(2)
,
.
(regres-
sion mixture)
Eq. (3)
.
(3)
,
,
.
(proba-
bility density function,
PDF
) (likeli-
hood)
Eq. (4)
.
(4)
2.2.2 Expectation-Maximization
Expectation-
M
aximi
z
ation (E
M
)
. E
M
.
.
E
M
Expectation
(membership probability)
.

(5)


.

×
.
M
aximi
z
ation
(mixture)
.
(6a)

(6b)

(6c)
,
×
(concatenated)
,
×
.
. Expectation
M
aximi
z
ation
.
2.2.3
.
P
CAC
(mixture polynomial regression)
.
.
.
(overfitting)
(Kwon
et al., 2013),
Akaike
Information Criterion (AIC)
.
AIC
(model identifica-
tion) AIC
390
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Fig. 3. Synthetic Trajectories Based on Polynomial Regression and PCAC Clustering Results
(model fitting) (model optimi
z
ation)
(
F
araway and
Chatfield., 1998
;
Yang and
Z
ou., 2004). AIC
(fitting)
. AIC
Eq. (7)
.

ln
(7)
AIC
(penalty) .
AIC
AIC
.
AIC
.
3.
3.1
P
CAC
. 1
3
50
.
F
ig. 3
1
3
150
.
F
ig. 3
P
CAC
.
F
ig. 3
.
3.2
1951 2012 197
P
CAC
.
S
pline
. 3
2
(goodness of fit)
(Camargo
et al., 2007).
(log-likelihood function) AIC
,
AIC
.
K 1
10
AIC
F
ig. 4
AIC
.
, K 4
, K
=
5
. ,
K
=
7
AIC
7 .
F
ig. 5
197
A
G
7
.
(sea level pressure,
S
L
P
)
(geopotential height)
47 4 2014 4
391
0 5 10
-7.5
-7
-6.5
-6
-5.5 x 104
Number of Cluster
Log likelihood
0 5 10
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45 x 105
Number of Cluster
Akaike Information Criterion
Fig. 4. Log-likelihood Function and AIC Value Given No. of Typhoon Clusters
Cluster Type Number of Typhoon
A 39
B 50
C 27
D
16
E 17
F
16
G
32
Table 2. No. of Typhoon for each Cluster
.
10°
20°N, 120°
165°E
.
.
30°N
.
Table 2
.
B .
B 15°N, 135°E
30°N
. B
4
(1972)
(1999
, 3) (1995, 5)
(1998, 8)
(2004, 10) .
1998
1998 9
30
516.4 mm
2004
8
18
19
244.5
mm 280.0 mm
.
(2010)
(2011) B .
NCE
P
/NCA
R
(National Centers for Environmen-
tal
P
rediction/National enter for Atmospheric
R
esearch)
(reanalysis)
.
(global circulation model,
G
C
M
)
(forcing)
. N
O
AA
NCE
P
x
(u-wind vector), y
(v-wind vector)
850
P
a
S
L
P
3
.
F
ig. 6
(climate composite)
.
2012 7
1
8
3
S
L
P
(climate
392
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
(a) Cluster A (b) Cluster B
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
(c) Cluster C (d) Cluster
D
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
(e) Cluster E (f) Cluster
F
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Cluster D
Cluster E
Cluster F
Cluster G
(g) Cluster
G
(h) Cluster All
Fig. 5. Typhoon Trajectories and Derived Mean Tracks Associated with Different Clusters
pattern)
.
Anomaly
19812010
(long-
term climatology)
.
,
.
F
ig. 6
47 4 2014 4
393
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
(a) Cluster A (b) Cluster B
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
(c) Cluster C (d) Cluster
D
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
(e) Cluster E (f) Cluster
F
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 165.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
(g) Cluster
G
(h) Cluster all
Fig. 6. A Map Showing Distribution SLP and Wind Vector of Cluster
(H)
Anomaly .
Anomaly
(steering flow)
.
B
.
394
R
ank Cluster Type Typhoon Name
S
tation Name
M
aximum
R
ainfall (mm)
O
bservation
D
ate
1 C
RUS
A
G
angneung 870.5 2002. 8.31
2 A A
G
NE
S
Jangheung 547.4 1981. 9. 2
3 B YANNI
P
ohang 516.4 1998. 9.30
4
D G
LA
D
Y
S
Busan 439.0 1991. 8.23
5
G
NA
R
I Jeju 420.0 2007. 9.16
6
F M
AE
M
I Namhae 410.0 2003. 9.12
7 B BETTY Haenam 407.5 1972. 8.20
8 C
O
LI
V
E
S
amcheok 390.8 1971. 8. 5
9 B
O
L
G
A
D
ongducheon 377.5 1999. 8. 1
10 A JANI
S
Boryeong 361.5 1995. 8.25
Table. 3 Maximum Rainfall Ranking through the Typhoon
90.0° E 105.0° E 120.0° E 135.0° E 150.0° E 16 5.0° E 180.0° E 165.0° W
0.0°
15.0° N
30.0° N
45.0° N
60.0° N
-2
0
2
4
6
Fig. 7. A Map Showing Distribution Precipitation Rate (/day) and Mean Track of Cluster B
. A
.
G
B
G
B
F
ig. 6 .
F
ig. 7 B
5
Anomaly
.
B
.
47 4 2014 4
395
.
4.
.
.
K
M
A J
M
A
.
NCE
P
/NCA
R
.
.
1)
.
P
CAC
.
,
.
2) 7
. B 25.4%
,
. A
.
G
B
B
.
3)
B
(positive) Anomaly
. Anomaly
.
,
.
M
onte Carlo
.
/
(13
S
01)
.
.
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: 14-022 : 2014.02.24
: 2014.03.25
: 2014.03.25
... This indicates that most of the stations along the path of typhoons have a higher return period compared to the western coast of South Korea. Typhoons of South Korea mostly occur in the southwest and tend to move forward to the northwest (Kim et al., 2014). ...
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