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Posting, commenting, and tagging: Effects of sharing news stories on Facebook
Abstract
Social networking sites such as Facebook provide new ways of sharing news stories that allow users to act as opinion leaders in their networks, encourage discussion, and potentially increase their involvement in current events. This study identifies the particular features of Facebook that facilitate the discussion of news and tests their effects on involvement and feelings of influence. Participants (N = 265) in a 3 (Broadcast level: news feed vs. wall post vs. direct message) × 3 (Elaboration: opinion vs. question vs. no comment) × 2 (Involving-friends: tag vs. no tag) between-subjects factorial experiment were randomly assigned to share a story from a news website on Facebook. Results show that user involvement in the news content depends on the social affordances of the site, particularly those that allow for audience customization and those that drive network feedback. Asking the network’s opinions and targeting specific friends led to greater involvement in the news content. Discussion through comments led to a greater sense of influence and greater involvement for those sharing the news story. These findings highlight the importance of encouraging individuals to act as sources of information in their networks to drive engagement in current events in the changing news landscape.
... Updates to the CMM indicate that more interactive paths to elaboration emerge when it comes to social media (Oeldorf-Hirsch, 2018). Importantly, the literature on human-computer interaction (HCI) suggests that different user-system interactions can generate disparate levels of cognitive elaboration, which would then make a difference in the learning outcomes (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015)-that is, the learning outcomes are likely to vary per user action. Nonetheless, scarce research has examined whether and how learning from social media differs by specific user interactions, and even less research exists in the context of reproductive health in China. ...
... While users may first read and think about the content and then decide whether to interact or not, the process-based view of user engagement indicates that active user-system interactions can generate additional cognitive involvement beyond the initial cognitive activity that may happen prior to the interaction itself (Oh, Bellur, & Sundar, 2018;O'Brien & Toms, 2008). Empirical studies have also supported that interaction-based engagement significantly influences information processing due to the induced cognitive involvement (e.g., Kim & Stout, 2010;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015;Oh & Sundar, 2015). Moreover, according to the CMM, media use is a prerequisite for cognitive elaboration. ...
... Commenting is another means of common user engagement on social media, allowing users to explicitly reply to a user using personalized and composed messages (Burke, Kraut, & Marlow, 2011). Given the context collapse of social media platforms, engaging in commenting activity serves as a mode of mass personal communication, facilitating public exchanges of personal thoughts and opinions that are open to potential discussion and deliberation (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Importantly, discussing a certain topic with others provides individuals with additional opportunities to coherently integrate the existing information stored in their memories with the newly encountered information, fostering individuals' elaborative processing of the mediated content in light of the CMM (Eveland, 2004). ...
... Therefore, there is a tendency for each user to chat and share information either in public posts or private messages, from one platform to another by using a share button or plugins built-in with the platforms. The sharing behavior in social media is intended to maintain interaction and stimulate user engagement to chat about the shared information (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). However, these actions become negative when individuals fail to control emotions, impressions and manipulate technology for personal gain (Parkinson, 2008;Powers et al., 2011;Lyu, 2016). ...
... Apart from being active users, individuals engage in media that provides added value and competitive social features. They would set a purpose or goal after selecting a media because any content performed in the media will be evaluated by the audience especially when individuals want to build influences in a particular media (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). ...
... Information sharing in social media can be divided in several themes such as entertainment (Oliver & Raney, 2011), personal, sensational, political or casual (Osatuyi, 2013), current issues (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015), words of inspiration (Easton et al., 2018) and many more. Surprisingly, some users received pornographic content in Whatsapp (Ahmad et al., 2020), scattering rumors (Lai et al., 2020) and internet trolling (Navarro-Carrillo et al., 2021) thus proving that sharing a negative and sensitive materials also happen in social media (Hornik et al., 2015). ...
There is a possibility for a user to unintentionally over or misuse the technology when sharing or receiving content with others. As a result, individuals will confront distrust issues, emotional disturbance, and information confusion stemming from user actions. This study aims to determine the patterns of content and sharing in social media. By using online survey research, a total of 408 users aged 20 years and above were selected through convenience sampling and required to answer a set of questionnaires through Google forms. The result shows that the majority of the users prefer to share rather than commenting and resharing information on social media. They were interested in sharing topics related to health and current issues, or comments and re-share topics on humor and jokes. In conclusion, intentionally sharing information would stimulate content to be viral on social media.
... Therefore, there is a tendency for each user to chat and share information either in public posts or private messages, from one platform to another by using a share button or plugins built-in with the platforms. The sharing behavior in social media is intended to maintain interaction and stimulate user engagement to chat about the shared information (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). However, these actions become negative when individuals fail to control emotions, impressions and manipulate technology for personal gain (Parkinson, 2008;Powers, Rauh, Henning, Buck & West, 2011;Lyu, 2016). ...
... Apart from being active users, individuals engage in media that provides added value and competitive social features. Next, they would set a purpose or goal after selecting a media because any content performed in the media will be evaluated by the audience especially when individuals want to build influences in a particular media (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Not only that, social media is a comfortable space for millennials as they allocate more time online (Cicevic, Samcovic & Nesic, 2016). ...
... The use of social media for personal and social purposes can be summarized as the process of sharing, seeking and receiving information in a variety of content. Individuals share topics such as entertainment (Oliver & Raney, 2011), personal, sensational, political or casual (Osatuyi, 2013), current issues (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015), words of inspiration (Easton, Morton, Tappy, Francis & Dennison, 2018) and many more. Surprisingly, teenagers often receive pornographic content in Whatsapp (Ahmad, Rose, Ishak & Chettiar, 2020) thus proving that sharing a negative and sensitive material also happen in social media. ...
... This study considers social media engagement to encompass both click-based interactions (i.e., actions) and attention to other users' interaction traces (i.e., cues). Although social media engagement has been shown to affect people's psychology and behavior in computer-mediated communication (CMC) research (e.g., Li et al., 2020;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015;Oh et al., 2021;Phua & Ahn, 2016), its impact on people's intention to participate in collective action remains understudied. ...
... Social media actions can exacerbate feelings of anger towards social injustices by elevating people's involvement with the issue and reinforcing their shared identity with the disadvantaged group (Jasper, 1998). Self-as-source perceptions triggered by social media actions may increase people's perceived relevance and importance of the issue, which can heighten their anger towards social agents, policies, or systems perpetrating mistreatment (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015;Selvanathan et al., 2018). Previous research has shown that anger is a key predictor of advantaged group members' collective action intention to help disadvantaged groups, such as Muslim immigrants (Klandermans et al., 2008), less fortunate people (Montada & Schneider, 1989), and structurally disadvantaged groups like Aborigines in Australia (Leach et al., 2007). ...
This study examined the effect of social media engagement on collective action intention to help Ukrainian refugees. This study proposes a dynamic, transactional model that draws upon computer-mediated communication research and the dynamic dual pathway model of collective action (DPPM) to investigate the impact of two types of social media engagement, namely actions and cues, on intergroup helping. The model aims to achieve two objectives: First, it examines the mediating role of anger and collective efficacy, the two parallel psychological mechanisms proposed by DPPM, in the effects of action and cues on collective action intention. Second, it tests the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between collection action intention and social media actions and cues over time. A three-wave longitudinal survey of U.S. adults was conducted after the Russian-Ukrainian War started. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed that social media action predicted greater collective action intentions indirectly through collective efficacy but not anger. Social media cues did not predict collective action intentions through collective efficacy or anger. Collective action intentions, in turn, increased subsequent social media actions and cues, forming a positive feedback loop. The effect of social media actions on collective action intention was stronger than that of social media cues.
... These experiences allow users to assert their identity and to act as a gatekeeper of information for their audience (Sundar, 2008). As a result, users gain a sense of responsibility over the shared issue, leading them to be more involved in that issue (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). This can also be true of self-posting behaviors, which place the user as a primary source of that information. ...
... However, we have reasons to believe that attitudes and behavior are also reciprocally related to different social media interactions (i.e., exposure, liking, commenting, sharing and posting of climate messages). Existing research has found that such social media interactions with political/environmental topics were influenced by pre-existing attitudes (Casaló & Escario, 2018), interests (Kalogeropoulos et al., 2017;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015), and past 13 SOCIAL MEDIA AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITIONS AND BEHAVIORS behavior (Maki & Rothman, 2017). S. Lee and Xenos (2022) found further evidence for reciprocal pathways between political social media use (i.e., social media interactions with political content) and political participation. ...
Despite the circulation of climate content on social media, little longitudinal research has explored their relations with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours. Considering that individual behaviours, in conjunction with structural change, are critical to mitigate climate change, this two-wave panel study among 657 adolescents examined how social media interactions (i.e. exposure, liking, commenting, sharing and posting of climate messages) reciprocally related to adolescents’ pro-environmental cognitions (i.e. descriptive and injunctive norms, attitudes) and behaviour. The study showed transactional relationships between self-posting and sharing of climate content over time. Pro-environmental behaviour at Wave 1 (W1) positively related to all cognitive variables at Wave 2 (W2), yet no reciprocal relationship occurred as none of the cognitive variables (W1) predicted behaviour (W2) over time. Moreover, with the exception of the positive link between ‘liking’ (W1) and attitudes (W2), no (reciprocal) relationships between social media interactions and adolescents’ pro-environmental cognitions and behaviour occurred over time.
... On the one hand, informational uses may better gratify cognitive needs than belongingness needs when there is a relatively impersonal exchange of information about current events, politics, research, the arts, careers, etc. (Marshall et al., 2020). People may not only deepen their cognitive involvement in a news story through sharing it on Facebook, but they may also enjoy a heightened sense of agency through taking on the role of information gatekeeper or opinion leader (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). People may also share news and information on Facebook if it enhances their own status and reputation, not necessarily because they wish to strengthen their connection with others (Pi et al., 2013;Thompson et al., 2020). ...
... Canadians' greater independence and motivation to spread information on Facebook was associated with greater knowledge-sharing prosocial Facebook behavior over the diary period, but their weaker motivation to use Facebook for belongingness was associated with lower motivation to actively spread information and, in turn, knowledge-sharing. These results help to clarify the mixed literature on cultural differences in information-sharing on social media: it may be influenced by belongingness motives across cultures, as sharing information may enhance social capital (Guo et al., 2014) and benefit the members of one's in-group (Pi et al., 2013), but people from cultures that privilege the independence of the self, and the active spreading of information as gatekeepers/opinion leaders (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015) or statusseekers (Thompson et al., 2020), may be particularly likely to engage in prosocial knowledge-sharing on social media. Thus, people may require both the agency and assertiveness of independence alongside the desire for inclusion and belongingness to actively share helpful information on social media. ...
Almost two billion people use Facebook every day, but relatively few studies have examined the ways that culture shapes its use, and in turn, its associations with well-being. Our 1-week daily diary study sought to extend this literature by comparing prosocial uses of Facebook in a collectivist culture, Thailand ( N = 169), and in an individualist culture, Canada ( N = 131). We found that, relative to Thais, Canadians more frequently engaged in knowledge-sharing prosocial Facebook behaviour (i.e., providing useful information to Facebook friends), which was mediated by their more independent self-construal, stronger motivation to use Facebook for spreading information, and weaker motivation to use it for belongingness. Only Canadians reported higher life satisfaction on days they engaged in more prosocial knowledge-sharing. However, Thais and Canadians were equally likely to engage in emotionally-supportive prosocial Facebook behavior, which was associated with higher positive affect and life satisfaction in both groups.
... Consuming news on social platform has cognitive effects. Studies indicate that engaging with news or comments on social media fosters a sense of involvement and emotional resonance (Oeldorf & Sundar, 2015). Regarding political massages, accessing information on social platform enhances efficacy and knowledge (Dimitrova, et al., 2014). ...
In contemporary society, social media has emerged as the predominant platform
for the dissemination of political information, with a primary goal of influencing
user perspectives. Despite its prevalence, scant research has scrutinized the
cognitive mechanisms underlying the reception of political messages via social
media and their consequent impact on attitude transformation. This study
endeavors to investigate the nexus between political information consumption on
social media and the efficacy of political persuasion, while also probing the roles
of political interest and cognitive elaboration in this persuasive process.
Employing a survey methodology distributed through social media networks, the
study amassed responses from 470 participants residing in Jakarta and its
environs. Findings elucidate the discernible influence of social media usage for
political information consumption and cognitive elaboration on the dynamics of
political persuasion, whereas political interest exhibited negligible impact.
Consequently, this study underscores the potential for political information
purveyors to leverage social media platforms to foster cognitive engagement
among users, thereby enhancing receptivity to political messaging.
... This action has the potential to increase the reach and visibility of the post more than likes or comments [64]. However, users often share content for self-fulfillment or self-serving purposes rather than purely for branding [65]. Users engage on social media by sharing content aligned with their ideal selves, presenting a particular image to others [66]. ...
This study rigorously explores the transformative impact of the digital landscape on businesses and consumers, with a specific focus on the pivotal role of social media engagement in shaping brand equity. Aligned with the contemporary imperative for businesses to establish a robust online presence, our primary objectives involve gaining a comprehensive understanding of the transformative impact of social media engagement on brand equity and exploring the nuanced dynamics of consumer relationships cultivated through these platforms. To precisely assess this impact, our research employs a rigorous methodology, introducing validated Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to quantitatively measure the influence of social media engagement behaviors on various dimensions of brand equity. The findings reveal crucial insights: liking enhances brand-consumer relationships, sharing significantly impacts self-presentation motives, and commenting complements brand association and loyalty. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of how specific engagement behaviors distinctly influence elements of brand equity. The novelty of our research lies in developing and validating a precise measurement model for the impact of social media engagement on brand equity, representing a significant improvement and addressing a notable gap in the existing literature. This scholarly contribution extends its relevance to both academic research and practical applications in digital marketing. The study not only highlights the transformative influence of social media engagement on brand equity but also signifies a methodological advancement through SEM. The derived insights offer actionable implications for enhancing digital marketing strategies, optimizing social media performance, and fostering long-term sustainability in the ever-evolving digital landscape. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-04-02 Full Text: PDF
... 21, No. 2, 2023, pp. 100-10 104 8 to the recipient for reading (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). In contrast, the message blocked page shows a notification that the text has been blocked if the provided text contains negative emotions, preventing the recipient from reading it (Wu et al., 2020). ...
The exposure to unpleasant emotions or content in messages can lead to health complications, including high blood pressure and several heart-related disorders. Hence, the identification of unpleasant emotions in written content can serve as a beneficial instrument in addressing certain health-related issues. Emotions can be communicated through diverse modalities, including written text, spoken language, and facial gestures. The objective of this work is to create a Text-based emotion detection system that possesses the capability to accurately identify emotions within text messages. The use of message filtering mechanisms that detect and block content containing negative emotions can serve as a preventive measure to shield users from accessing messages that have the potential to adversely impact their well-being. Conversely, messages that convey positive or neutral emotions remain accessible for comprehension. In order to accomplish this objective, a combination of three machine learning algorithms, namely Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression, were employed, adhering to the CRISP-DM approach. The Logistic Regression technique achieved the greatest accuracy rate of 98.4% and was employed in the construction of the detection system. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the system was developed utilizing HTML and CSS, with the integration of diverse components to establish a comprehensive and operational interface for the user.
... In this report, Facebook reveals a somehow closed setting for information consumption, as most of the content viewed did not include a link to a source outside the platform: "the majority of News Feed content views in the US were on posts without links and were from content viewers' friends or from Groups they were connected to" [10]. Despite these findings, news sharing is an important social media behavior, as receiving valuable comments on shared news content leads to a sense of influence, and seeking others' opinions increases involvement more than sharing one's own opinion [12]. ...
Facebook and other social media tools are pervasive in information consumption habits. Health information is a relevant part of information activities and behavior, and its importance has been highlighted during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Facebook news feed rises as an information channel for many individuals, who read and share health information for different purposes, including fake news and disinformation sources, disregarding basic assessment criteria, or fact-checking strategies. This chapter explores current knowledge about online health information behavior through social media, focusing on Facebook, Covid-19, and the misinformation phenomenon. A literature review was performed, using 51 recent works (between 2020-2021). The main goals of this chapter are to understand online information behavior in the social media setting; to assess the landscape of fake or misinformed health information transmitted through Facebook; and to evaluate the relationship between Facebook and health information during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results show two dominant research approaches: information behavior analysis, mostly acquisition and sharing activities; and online content analysis, focusing on infodemic, social behavior, and public health authorities’ communication strategies. Despite serious concerns towards misinformation, research reveals a yet uncertain scenario regarding solutions to counter this public health issue.
... The media has also created new career opportunities for youth, such as content creators and social media influencers, which are increasingly in demand (Giles & Edwards, 2018). The platform is also used to connect with friends and family, share or exchange ideas with the online community (Chukwuere & Chukwuere, 2017), create self-profile, send photos and videos, and update news statuses (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). ...
Social media usage has been observed to increase in times of crisis, like the COVID-19 pandemic, when it served as the primary means of communication with the outside world. The amplification is hypothesised to cause higher adverse consequences to adolescents with disruptive behaviours. These vulnerable youngsters, characterised by higher negative emotionality, could experience a more unfavourable impact of the media than those with non-disruptive behaviours. However, the extent to which the media can affect disruptive adolescents is unknown. Twenty-one secondary school adolescents identified with several disruptive behaviour records were selected for a survey and online observation of an explanatory mixed-method design. Nine adolescents' personal Instagram accounts were observed for over three months. The data recorded a medium-high social media use among the respondents, particularly in maintaining existing relationships. There were patterns of oblivious, excessive attention-seeking posts from the qualitative exploration, which conflicts with the adolescents' weak agreement on using the media to make themselves known. The adolescents' postings on spiritual advice brought some engrossing tone down of the adolescents' behaviours. The grounded religious beliefs could be their self-control mechanism when using the media. The echo chamber of their spiritual advice postings and controlled media use could be much-needed interventions for adolescents with disruptive behaviours.
... A correlation between news consumption and voting trends has existed for a long time, predating the era of social media [6][7][8] . Traditionally, an opinion leader is a person with significant political participation 9 , is exceptionally high in trustworthiness 10 , and spreads a lot of information to their contacts 11 . However, new studies reveal that an opinion leader in a modern era does not need to acquire any of their traditional counterpart's characteristics [12][13][14] , and the motive behind their social activism can be rooted in self-presentational goals 15 . ...
This paper presents a novel approach leveraging Random Matrix Theory (RMT) to identify influential users and uncover the underlying dynamics within social media discourse networks. Focusing on the retweet network associated with the 2021 Iranian presidential election, our study reveals intriguing findings. RMT analysis unveils that power dynamics within both poles of the network do not conform to a “one-to-many” pattern, highlighting a select group of users wielding significant influence within their clusters and across the entire network. By harnessing Random Matrix Theory (RMT) and complementary methodologies, we gain a profound understanding of the network’s structure and, in turn, unveil the intricate dynamics of the discussion extending beyond mere structural analysis. In sum, our findings underscore the potential of RMT as a tool to gain deeper insights into network dynamics, particularly within popular discussions. This approach holds promise for investigating opinion leaders in diverse political and non-political dialogues.
... Such features are "objects of intense feelings" (Bucher & Helmond, 2018) that fundamentally shape how people use the platform and even "understand themselves" (Hallinan & Brubaker, 2021). Despite being "lightweight actions," social media engagement can have real "social value" for users (Scissors et al., 2016): Likes contribute to feelings of support (Carr et al., 2016), self-esteem (Reich et al., 2018), and status (Marwick, 2013), while Sharing and Commenting augment users' sense of influence (Kim, 2018;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Researchers have also investigated social media engagement as a form of "political engagement" (Hallinan et al., 2022), where Liking, Commenting, and Sharing political content are "civic acts" that meaningfully shape democratic discourse (Tenenboim, 2022). ...
Social media engagement is ubiquitous but contested, simultaneously framed as an everyday form of support and an urgent societal risk. To make sense of these competing claims, we introduce the concept of value affordances, defined as the set of ethical, aesthetic, and relational principles that emerge from the interaction between different stakeholders and technological infrastructures. We develop a novel method involving focus groups and value cards to study the value affordances of engagement features and explore how international students attribute values to the Like, Comment, and Share buttons of TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube. Across platforms, participants agree that engagement features promote expression, care, and community and hinder privacy, mindfulness, peace, and safety. We discuss how our participants navigate value tradeoffs, emphasizing individual agency over structural factors when evaluating the design of platforms, using social media creatively, and assigning responsibility for harm to other users.
... Users of Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook are rapidly sharing their news and ideas with otsers [21][22]. Twitter has become one of the largest and most popular microblogging websites. ...
Big data is one of the important topics which is still open for a wide range of applications for extracting useful information and knowledge for supporting organizations by planning and decision-making. Social media as a technology is an important resource of data, especially because it has been widely used in the last years. A Hashtag is recently one of the most popular features provided by Social media and is used by most social media users to express, share, and retrieve opinions and feelings regarding a specific theme. Hashtag features in social media are used more and more in recent years to discuss and debate important current events by public audience. This paper sheds light on how business can use such sources of information and how needed technical processes can be implemented accordingly. The paper demonstrates sentiment analysis as a scenario for such implementation. The main innovation in this paper is not limited to the technical method used, but rather to focus on the idea of using hashtags as information source in business, which is still rarely addressed in science. This paper will provide a novel model based on text mining techniques to provide a sentiment analysis for classifying business-related Hashtags posted on social media from the customers. The results will be presented and verified through samples of positive, and negative classified comments extracted from the Hashtags for supporting the organization by planning and decision making for generating completive advantages.
... Socialisation and status-seeking (impression management) were highly correlated to news dissemination on SM platforms (Berger, 2014;Goh et al., 2009;Lee et al., 2011;Scholz et al., 2017). The desire to exert social influence, build social status and obtain information affected the news-sharing intention (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015;Thompson et al., 2020). Wong and Burkell (2017) concluded that people shared news to change others' opinions and present themselves in a positive light, to inform or entertain, to stay connected and to be 'part of the crowd'. ...
Sharing news over social media (SM) has become an everyday practice among internet users all over the world. Despite the potential importance of news-sharing, little is known about this phenomenon in the Arab region. The news-sharing literature and Uses and Gratifications approach form the theoretical framework of the current research which examines the tendency of news-sharing on SM and its motivations among Emiratis and Arabs residents in the United Arab Emirates. It also explores the correlation between motivation and topics shared on SM. It investigates the difference in news-sharing and motivational factors among the demographic groups, mainly gender, age, nationality and level of education. A convenient sample of 324 respondents filled an online constructed questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed four motivational factors that stimulate respondents to share news through SM. A positive significant correlation between news-sharing and both ‘status-seeking’ and ‘social responsibility’ was found. The correlation was non-significant between news-sharing and both ‘socialising’ and ‘dissemination of information’. These factors significantly correlate positively with the type of topics that the Arab respondents share on SM. There is no significant difference between males and females in the news-sharing motivational factors except in the category of ‘socialising’, which is higher in the mean value among females than males. Emiratis have higher mean values in all news-sharing motivations as compared to Arab expats.
... The notion of "self as source" is the heart of the agency model of customization (Sundar, 2008b), which posits that the customizability afforded by the interface can serve to increase user agency, which leads to beneficial attitudinal, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. When the user acts as the source, s/he/they will have a higher stake in it and thus pay more attention to the content and have greater involvement (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). It also means that the user will identify more strongly with it and feel greater behavioral control over the interface, as per the agency model. ...
... Hence, the topical posts in the users' news feeds are accompanied by a variety of opinions, which can influence the behavior of users regarding their participation in online discussions [16]. Majorities in opinion distributions can trigger the same influential effects as in offline contexts and may lead to silencing minority opinions, although the strength of this effect can differ [19]. ...
Since digital media has become an important vehicle for news consumption, users are inevitably faced with a plethora of different news sources to choose from. Whether or not news is credible is often decided by recognition, intuition, and habits. However, it has become increasingly difficult for users to accurately assess the credibility of news articles. To understand how users evaluate credibility when seeing news on Facebook, we examine the interplay of the opinion of an article with additional credibility cues. To determine their utility, we use a novel conjoint-based research approach. In our experiment (n=178) we study four cues: Facebook reactions, a user rating, an institutional badge, and links to related content. In the last case, this content can either support or contradict the original news. We found that different cues have significantly different effects on credibility evaluation. We see that related content creates higher credibility than the other cues.Keywordsuser studycredibility cuessocial mediatrust badgesconspiracy theoriesfake news
... This move towards more incivility could be a result of increasing digitalization and a response to the kind of content that social media platforms rely on for revenue. This prioritization on uncivil content on social media is similar to journalistic focus on conflict (Bennett, 2016), as more attention-grabbing content leads to greater user engagement through shares, likes, and comments (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). ...
Uncivil campaign ads on social media may polarize and mobilize voters, both directly and indirectly, by fueling affective polarization in user comments. Uncivil campaign content may trigger uncivil comments, thereby further increasing polarization and mobilization. To test the effects of such dynamics, we conducted a survey-experiment during the assembly elections in the Indian state of West Bengal in March/April 2021 (N = 921). We edited real campaign video ads on Facebook and manipulated their source (one of two parties), incivility in the video (civil/uncivil) as well as incivility in user comments (civil/uncivil) and examined their effects on affective polarization and political mobilization. We found party identification to be the strongest predictor of affective polarization, with ad incivility playing only a limited role. Our findings help extend the debates on affective polarization in the context of social media which are becoming increasingly prominent in political campaigns and provides empirical evidence from a non-Western context.
... This move toward more incivility could be a result of increasing digitalization and a response to the kind of content that social media platforms rely on for revenue. This prioritization on uncivil content on social media is similar to journalistic focus on conflict (Bennett, 2016), as more attentiongrabbing content leads to greater user engagement through shares, likes, and comments (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). ...
Uncivil campaign ads on social media may polarize and mobilize voters, both directly and indirectly, by fueling affective polarization in user comments. Uncivil campaign content may trigger uncivil comments, thereby further increasing polarization and mobilization. To test the effects of such dynamics, we conducted a survey-experiment during the assembly elections in the Indian state of West Bengal in March/April 2021 (N = 921). We edited real campaign video ads on Facebook and manipulated their source (one of two parties), incivility in the video (civil/uncivil) as well as incivility in user comments (civil/uncivil) and examined their effects on affective polarization and political mobilization. We found party identification to be the strongest predictor of affective polarization, with ad incivility playing only a limited role. Our findings help extend the debates on affective polarization in the context of social media which are becoming increasingly prominent in political campaigns and provide empirical evidence from a non-Western context.
... Overall audience engagement is perceived as a means to improve audience's trust in news media, deliver economic benefits, and strengthen journalism's democratic function in society (Singer et al., 2011). On the audience side, social media engagement is an indication of the high level of audience involvement with election news (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015) that might lead to different patterns in voter learning, opinion formation, and participation. Against this backdrop, the current study aims to identify ways in which journalists can engage audiences with quality information during electoral campaigns that contributes to an informed and active voter. ...
This study provides insights on how journalists in the Western Balkans conceptualize and practice audience engagement during electoral campaigns. Taking a holistic approach, we first explore audience demand and news supply of strategic and negative election news on Facebook, then turn to news editors to explore what type of audience logic drives their reporting. Our data confirm previous findings about audience demand for strategic news but contradict the predominance of audience negativity bias in the context of Southeast Europe. These findings support generic trends in how social media audiences engage with political information, but also emphasize the importance of the socio-political context as a determinant of audience engagement with online news. Interview data identified an alignment between journalists’ imagined readership preferences with the reality, yet reporting patterns on Facebook do not entirely follow engagement trends. Together, these findings suggest that journalism culture developed in this region is more nuanced than previously defined, while news editors embrace new technologies to serve the commercial needs and audience strengthening logics in parallel during electoral campaigns.
... This could be a result of both conscious or nonconscious decisions. Lastly, perhaps the more positive and diverse content is more enabling to individuals, thus encouraging them to share this news content with their online friends and followers (Greer and Yan, 2010;Oeldorf-Hirsch and Sundar, 2015). Unlike broadcasts, in which individuals connect directly to the news source by watching television or listening to the radio, on social-networking applications the news content is actively passed between people (Greer and Yan 2010). ...
... The rise of social networking sites (SNS) has changed the amount and medium from which individuals get their information. Traditionally, an opinion leader is a person with significant political participation 4 , is exceptionally high in trustworthiness 5 , and spreads a lot of information to their contacts 6 . However, new studies reveal that an opinion leader in a modern era does not need to acquire any of their traditional counterpart's characteristics [7][8][9] , and the motive behind their social activism can be rooted in self-presentational goals 10 . ...
Social media is now one of the primary channels for consuming news. As a result, political figures and activists are increasingly using social media to push their interests. So, users who are influential in trends gain a lot of weight since they may change the narrative of the conversation. In this study, we employ random matrix theory to identify these influential users of Twitter in the 2021 Iranian presidential election. According to our research of trending hashtags, the most prominent people, in this case, were actually bots, showing the existence of coordinated and deceitful operations. Furthermore, we indicate which community has these leaders, implying that a specific community controls the trend of these hashtags. As a test case for our methodology, we use Twitter's popular hashtags for the Iranian presidential election in 2021.
... This may be attributed to the fact that the aordances of "Likes" may not be an accurate indicator of users' cognitive eort or personal values, as indicated by the comment that "We all hit Like on things we don't care about." According to previous literature, the aordance of a one-click "Like" button requires little delibration [12], while other activities such as commenting may be a better indicator of commitment [65]. Given that users exert greater eort when answering questions to explicitly express their tness preferences in the in-app content-based ltering condition, a health RS based on one's personal preferences may generate feelings of being carefully listened to and appreciated. ...
Recommender systems (RS) have become increasingly vital for guiding health actions. While traditional systems filter content based on either demographics, personal history of activities, or preferences of other users, newer systems use social media information to personalize recommendations, based either on the users’ own activities and/or those of their friends on social media platforms. However, we do not know if these approaches differ in their persuasiveness. To find out, we conducted a user study of a fitness plan recommender system (N = 341), wherein participants were randomly assigned to one of six personalization approaches, with half of them given a choice to switch to a different approach. Data revealed that social media-based personalization threatens users’ identity and increases privacy concerns. Users prefer personalized health recommendations based on their own preferences. Choice enhances trust by providing users with a greater sense of agency and lowering their privacy concerns. These findings provide design implications for RS, especially in the preventive health domain.
... As previously established, the mass media plays an influential role in shaping public perceptions and attitudes toward issues (Bryant & Zillmann, 2009), as well as informing public debate and policy implementation (Barua, 2010;Bhatia et al., 2013;Muter et al., 2013;Sadath et al., 2013;Weaver, 2007). However, with the emergence of social media, the consumption of media has shifted, as a growing number of people report a reliance on social media for updates on recent news rather than going to published news articles (Glynn et al., 2012;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). Social media may then have a profound influence on public opinion (Feezell, 2018). ...
Animal welfare legislation in Australia is influenced by “community expectations.” Given a major source of publicly available information on animal welfare law is that from media articles, it is likely the information discussed online could be influencing public opinion and consequently shaping animal welfare legislation reform efforts. This study examined the social media discourse in response to news articles on animal welfare law in Australia. A content analysis was applied to Facebook comments from posts originating from a formal news agency discussing animal cruelty and penalties over a 6-month period between 1 June 2019 to 1 December 2019. All posts were screened against eligibility criteria and imported into NVivo for inductive coding. A total of 24 Facebook posts with an accumulative 1,723 comments were coded and thematically analyzed. Six primary themes were generated from the analysis: (1) failure of the court system; (2) failure of the legislation; (3) failure of the government; (4) emotive reactions; (5) risk of violence; and (6) mistrust in the media. The social media discourse was scathing of the legal system, with a particular focus on failings of the animal welfare law justice system. It is likely that this type of discourse surrounding animal law enforcement could be playing an influential role over the “expectations” influencing animal welfare legislation reform in Australia.
... This practice is called "mentioning," and it encourages people mentioned in a Tweet to share it or further engage with the brand's community (Moz, 2020). Mentions facilitate engagement among social media users by linking to their profiles and creating a stronger sense of community (Oeldorf-Hirsch and Sundar, 2015). ...
Religion is a key factor in how American consumers spend their time and money. It serves as a significant component of the U.S. economy, with religiously affiliated people contributing trillions to the economy annually. The majority of religious consumers in the U.S. are Christians, making them a critical segment for marketers. Influencer marketing, which involves the use of endorsements from individuals with large social media followings, has emerged as an effective advertising tactic for reaching Christians on social media. However, there is a lack of research exploring the complexities of religion in advertising messaging, especially in the context of influencer marketing. To fill this gap, we apply the social identity, persuasion knowledge, and symbolic interactionism theories to propose relationships between message cues in Christian influencers' social media posts and follower engagement. We analyzed 20,068 Facebook posts, 20,517 tweets, and 13,857 Instagram posts to determine the impact of three categories of message cues on engagement. Across multiple studies, key findings indicate religious and promotional cues increase and decrease engagement across platforms, respectively. The impact of social media cues, such as hashtags and mentions, differs depending on the platform.
... The processes of retrieving information stored in memory, including both formal knowledge and personal experiences, and connecting two new bits of information together in new ways are prerequisites for producing, posting, and sharing content, and in this sense, it is reasonable that digital media engagement activities regarding S&T topics would contribute to science knowledge acquisition by enhancing understanding and comprehension. Previous literature has documented that commenting on, sharing, and posting content on digital media can create a rich environment that fosters learning (Greenhow & Reifman, 2009;Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). For instance, in a study on the role of social media engagement in learning, Oeldorf-Hirsch (2018) found that Twitter engagement, measured by the frequency of liking, commenting, and sharing information on Twitter, enhanced users' knowledge of current events. ...
Despite the rapid development of science and technology (S&T) in China, few studies have examined the factors related to public opinions toward funding S&T development. Using a nationwide sample from an online survey in China (N = 702), this study examined how Chinese attention to S&T information on digital media was associated with public support for funding, based on an extended cognitive mediation model, in which their scientific literacy and nationalism toward scientific and technological development in China were examined as the outcomes of information consumption and as predictors of support for funding S&T development. The results indicated that attention to S&T information on digital media was positively associated with two information processing strategies—elaboration of S&T information and digital media engagement with S&T topics. Moreover, elaboration was positively related to scientific literacy and nationalism, whereas digital media engagement was positively associated with the nationalism but not with the literacy. Next, individuals’ scientific literacy and nationalism were positively associated with their support for funding S&T development. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
... The feedback that they generated from users could produce invaluable public perspective on social issues in Nigeria. As news sharers, they confirmed that news flows from the media to opinion leaders, who then share it with their followers (Oeldorf-Hirsch & Sundar, 2015). ...
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Nigerian social media micro-celebrities were prominent players in the dissemination of information. This study examines the roles that one group of Nigerian micro-celebrities, YouTube video bloggers (vloggers)—also known as “YouTubers”—played during the pandemic. The research analysed the contents of COVID-19-themed videos that 15 popular Nigerian YouTubers posted on their channels between 29 February and 5 August 2020. The study was guided by the two-step flow of communication theory, in terms of which information first flows from mass media to opinion leaders, who then, in the second step, share the information with their audiences. The study found that all 15 YouTubers played positive roles as opinion leaders—by providing health and safety information on COVID-19, challenging myths, and educating audiences through entertainment. Only two of the YouTubers studied were found to have shared some information that misinformed their audiences about the virus and how to fight it. The study therefore concluded that Nigerian YouTubers, as opinion leaders, can be important allies to governments and organisations when health crises arise in the country.
... Articles in the discussion/sharing of opinions category (15) include articles on how information propagates on social media, using affordances as one of the dimensions of analysis (Meredith, 2017). The way information is shared on social media is facilitated and constrained by specific platform's affordances (Fu and Zhang, 2019;Oeldorf-Hirsch and Sundar, 2015), most notably persistence (Neubaum, 2021) and visibility (Ramirez, 2018). Most of the studies in this category look into Twitter and employ quantitative analysis of large datasets (Panda et al., 2020;Rodak, 2020;Walsh and Baker, 2021). ...
An increasingly influential strand of research on social media relies on the concept of affordances to account for effects. However, hindering the possibility of a unified theory of affordances in social media is the conceptual blurring surrounding the concept. This article engages in a comprehensive review of the affordances literature in social media, aiming to provide an overview of the current state of the art and clarify the use of the concept. Through a systematic literature review, the characteristics of affordances research in social media are uncovered: the most prominent areas of application, research approaches, and dominant typologies and conceptualisations. Significant blurriness of the term ‘affordance’ is identified as well as an inconsistent use in research. To tackle these problems, a unified definition of affordances in social media is proposed based on the synthesis of knowledge on affordances in technology and social media. The suggested definition captures the core aspects of the concept to reduce ambiguity in the use of the concept and further the research on affordances of social media. The article provides the groundwork for future use of affordances theory in social media research.
Examining the dissemination of evidence on social media, we analyzed the discourse around eight visible scientists in the context of COVID-19. Using manual ( N = 1,406) and automated coding ( N = 42,640) on an account-based tracked Twitter/X dataset capturing scientists’ activities and eliciting reactions over six 2-week periods, we found that visible scientists’ tweets included more scientific evidence. However, public reactions contained more anecdotal evidence. Findings indicate that evidence can be a message characteristic leading to greater tweet dissemination. Implications for scientists, including explicitly incorporating scientific evidence in their communication and examining evidence in science communication research, are discussed.
This research explores the behavioural patterns of social media users in response to policies, bridging a gap in the literature by providing in-depth insights into the interaction between user behaviour and public policies relating to social media. An important contribution of this research lies in its holistic approach to understanding how social media users respond to various public policies and their impact on their behaviour. This research aims to explore the influence of the interaction between social media and public policy, understanding how user behaviour on these platforms affects responses to government policies. This study uses qualitative research methods with a scientometric approach. The main results underline the crucial role of social media not only as a communication channel but also as a significant influence tool in shaping public opinion and policy. These studies show that social media has a dual potential, which can support professional and community development, as well as influence government policies and actions through social interaction and information dissemination. However, negative impacts are also evident, such as in the spread of fake news that can significantly alter political views. The practical implications of this research emphasise the need for proactive and systematic government strategies in using social media for the dissemination of accurate information and combating fake news, thereby improving the effectiveness of policy communication and responsiveness to public needs.
The usage of social media has a detrimental effect on children's development-physically, socially, cognitively, and emotionally. Findings demonstrate that stress, privacy issues, cyber-bullying, anxiety, insomnia, sexting, depression, allegations, online harassment, self-harm, substance abuse, and even mortality issues are commonly identified among children. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of social media curiosity increased, which had a more negative impact on children's behavior. However, on the other hand, it affords many opportunities for learning, entertainment, enrichment, and personal growth by keeping in touch with friends, exchanging information, providing support and advice, and delivering a plethora of information. As a result, restricting children from using social media is not an appropriate approach, despite all of the benefits. Parents, counselors, academicians and pediatricians, as well as the digital industry, must do all they can to keep children safe from harm by taking a proactive rather than a reactive strategy when problems emerge. Thus, the chapter will emphasise the positive and negative aspects of social media and illuminate some of the potential solutions to the difficulties that are recognised when utilising social media.
This study examined the reliability and validity of the “Measure of Life Priorities” (MLP) which was developed to ascertain a person’s Good Lives Model (GLM) goods. The MLP was validated against a number of relevant constructs, and the test-retest reliability of the measure was evaluated. The MLP had acceptable reliability for both Importance (α= .694) and Achievement (α= .733) of the goods. Most items demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability (ICCs from .52 to .74) and an overall trend demonstrating that items focused on Importance appeared more reliable. The implications include broadening the settings in which the GLM can be studied.
Purpose-Most new media research focuses on behavior as a measure of engagement, while the psychological state of being occupied with its content has received little attention. This study examined news engagement beyond pure action observation by exploring young people's psychological experiences with the news. Design/methodology/approach-The study carried out a digital native's survey on 212 people (18-28 years). The focus of the survey was on understanding individuals' engagement with online news using affective and cognitive components. The authors compared the influence of each type of engagement on youth consumption of and attitudes toward online news. Findings-The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that affective engagement can be a stronger predictor of online news consumption than cognitive engagement. While affective engagement significantly predicts positive attitudes toward online news, cognitive engagement had no significant effect. Originality/value-These findings suggest that "engaging the heart" is more influential than "engaging the mind" in drawing young people to the news in today's information environment. The study thus contributes to the understanding of the cognitive and emotional focus on news content and their importance in shaping young people's expectations of online news. The findings from this study could have broader implications for future trends in online news consumption.
This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of second screening on online political participation in Indonesia (Jakarta) and Pakistan (Islamabad). The results showed that second screening had a significant effect on citizens' online political participation in Jakarta directly or mediated through social media elaboration and political efficacy. However, the practice did not have any effect in Islamabad, and the differing results might be attributed to sociocultural distinctions inherent in the two countries. The study confirmed that second screening significantly impacted online political discussion and elaboration on social media. Further studies could be carried out to examine the degree of acceptance accorded to news disseminated through these platforms.
The rise of Twitter as a news platform has radically changed the way we
access, consume, and share news. Twitter becomes an important hub to
quickly and easily access accurate information in times of crisis such as
COVID-19 and is frequently used in journalism practices. This study examines
how the COVID-19 pandemic is covered by news agencies in the Twitter
ecosystem, the weight of the news about the pandemic in tweets and the
sentiment analysis of the news. Within the scope of the study, the tweets
related to COVID-19 shared between 2020 and 2021 by eight news agencies
(BBC World, Reuters, CNN, Associated Press, TRT World, AL Jazeera English,
DW English, Euronews) that broadcast on a global scale and have a high
number of followers on Twitter are analyzed by using text mining methods.
Firstly, the frequently used words in tweets were obtained by using the text
analysis technique n-gram. Secondly, the sentiment values of all the tweets
and the words are computed and later classified into certain categories.
Lexicon based sentiment dictionaries such as VADER and NRC utilized in
the sentiment analysis process. Findings reveal that messages containing
fear, anxiety, sadness, and negative polarity are prevalent in the news during
the pandemic.
This study modelled the online environment characteristics and message characteristics that predict news sharing among social media users. This study’s data were obtained from a cross-sectional national survey conducted in Nigeria. Qualtrics was used to recruit data from 1320 participants in Nigeria. The participants were recruited via a stratified quota sampling which reflected the country’s census statistics for gender and age. We found the message characteristics to predict news-sharing behaviour among social media users in Nigeria. By implication, the characteristics of a message encountered online influence the news-sharing behaviour of social media users. We also found that the online environment characteristics predict news-sharing behaviour, which implies that the external factor, that is, the relationship a user has with his network members, predicts sharing behaviour. Some theoretical and practical implications were provided to conclude the study.
This study examined the effects of interactive mediated contact, intergroup contact enabled by social media engagement, on attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees, as well as the psychological mechanisms underlying these effects, such as empathy and perceived threat. A three-wave longitudinal survey of 555 US adults was conducted in March and May 2022. The results of a cross-lagged panel model showed that interactive mediated contact predicted greater empathy and perceived threat. Subsequently, these two factors predicted positive and negative attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees, respectively. Empathy and perceived threat mediated the effect of interactive mediated contact on intergroup attitudes over time. Furthermore, intergroup attitudes predicted increased empathy and decreased perceived threat subsequently, but did not predict
Purpose
The current study aims to investigate the factors that impact the feedback received on answers to questions in social Q&A communities and whether the expertise-required question influences the role of these factors on the feedback.
Design/methodology/approach
To understand the antecedents and consequences that influence the feedback received on answers to online community questions, the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is applied in this study. The authors use web data crawling methods and a combination of quantitative analyses. The data for this study came from Zhihu; in total, 353,775 responses were obtained to 1,531 questions, ranging from 49 to 23,681 responses per question. Each answer received 0 to 113,892 likes and 0 to 6,250 comments.
Findings
The answers' cognitive and emotional components and the answerer's influence positively affect user feedback behavior. In addition, the expertise-required question moderates the effects of the answer's cognitive component and emotional component on the user feedback, moderating the effects of the answerer's influence on the user approval feedback.
Originality/value
This study builds upon a limited yet growing body of literature on a theme of great relevance to scholars, practitioners and social media users concerning the effects of the connotation of answers (i.e. their cognitive and emotional components) and the answerer's influence on user feedback (i.e. approval and collaborative feedback) in social Q&A communities. The authors further consider the moderating role of the domain expertise required by the question (expertise-required question). The ELM model is applied to explore the relationships between questions, answers and feedback. The findings of this study add a new perspective to the research on user feedback and have implications for the management of social Q&A communities.
While algorithms govern our newsfeed on social networking sites, most studies have sought to explore conditions to encourage audience interaction with news content. Few, however, have examined how audiences may refrain from content interaction which provides key indicators for news organizations gauging content impact and reflects online civic engagement. Through the theoretical lens of self-presentation and hyperpersonal model, this study examines the role of algorithmic awareness and self-monitoring in SNS news consumption. Using an online survey of Facebook news consumers (N = 808), findings reveal an association between algorithmic awareness, self-monitoring, and active news consumption on Facebook. The mediating role of self-monitoring indicates that levels of algorithmic awareness encourage active consumption when the stakes for self-presentation on the platform are high. Differences in algorithmic awareness levels by gender, age, and education are identified. The study provides promising preliminary evidence on how algorithmic awareness impacts SNS news consumption and practical implications for practitioners.
The widespread panic associated with media exposure is a serious challenge to worldwide governments in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, alleviating negative social emotions, particularly panic, is an urgent issue for the state media. By using the comments of a Weibo post from The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Youth League, drawing on the notion of extrinsic emotion regulation , this paper conducts a detailed analysis of negative emotions regulation through discourse strategies by the Chinese state media and their effects in the context of COVID-19. The results demonstrate that, by exploiting language strategies, the state media can arouse positive emotions amongst users, thus distract the public from experiencing negative emotions. In addition, the state media participate in online interactions, thereby creating positive public emotional spaces. This study indicates that digital platforms like Weibo, occasionally equipped with emotionalized narrative, are of significant value in the regulation of negative emotions in public crisis contexts.
By performing actions such as “liking” a post, commenting on it, or sharing it with others, we are constantly expressing our opinions about ongoing news and public affairs on online media platforms. How do these acts of expression affect our feelings and opinions? We address this question from an “affordance” perspective, focusing on the effects of both the presence of the expression affordance (cue effects) and users’ actual engagement with it (action effects). We conducted an online experiment (N = 368) on a news website with thumbs-up/down and/or commenting as low-effort and high-effort expression affordances, respectively. Data revealed that the low-effort affordance led to more affective polarization while the high-effort affordance promoted increased interest in deliberation. Merely presenting a commenting cue mitigated affective polarization by increasing perceived interactivity. However, when users engaged the affordance by providing comments, it tended to reinforce pre-existing opinions. These findings have theoretical and practical implications.
Kanaat önderi kavramı, bir bireyin fikir ve görüşleriyle diğer bireylerin tutum ve davranışları üzerinde etkili olmasını ifade eder. Kamuoyu oluşumunda, toplumsal bilincin sağlanmasında önemli bir işlevi yerine getiren köşe yazarları ise dile getirdikleri fikirleriyle okuyucu/takipçi/izleyicilerin görüş ve düşüncelerinin oluşmasında etkili olan kanaat önderlerinin başında gelmektedir. Özellikle, Facebook, Twitter gibi sosyal ağlar vasıtasıyla köşe yazarlarının takipçileriyle yüksek etkileşimli bir alanda daha aktif iletişim kurabilme imkânına kavuşması, kanaat önderleri olarak önemlerini daha da artırmıştır. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışmada, Türkiye’de kanaat önderleri olarak köşe yazarlarının Twitter’ı nasıl, ne şekilde, ne gibi işlevlerle ve hangi temel konular çerçevesinde kullandıklarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden tipik durum örneklemesi kullanılarak seçilen 5 köşe yazarının 01.12.2020-31.01.2021 tarihleri arasındaki Twitter paylaşımları içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda köşe yazarlarının Twitter’ı, çevrimiçi ortamlardaki köşe yazılarına link vermek için sıklıkla kullandığı görülmüştür. Bulgular, köşe yazarlarının kendi çalıştığı gazete dışında profesyonel olan diğer medya kuruluşları ve çeşitli kaynaklardan da yararlandıklarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, köşe yazarlarının çeşitli kaynaklardan elde ettikleri haber, bilgi ve görüşlere olumlu veya olumsuz düşüncelerini ekleyerek takipçileriyle paylaştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum köşe yazarlarının, kanaat önderleri olarak “News Curation” yöntemine yöneldiklerine işaret etmektedir.
O vídeo de uma médica de nome Stella Immanuel que diz ter encontrado em estudos com a hidroxicloroquina uma potencial cura para a doença COVID-19 gerou alguma polémica. O presente artigo compara duas abordagens diferentes ao nível de duas plataformas informativas, sendo uma jornalística – 'Observador' – e outra não jornalística – 'Notícias Viriato' –, que se pode inserir na classificação de plataforma alternativa. O objetivo foi analisar o que veicula o discurso asso- ciado a cada artigo, enquanto meios transmissores de informação, recorrendo à análise do discurso. As conclusões demonstram que cada artigo veicula um discurso diferente em torno da hidroxicloroquina e da perceção do vídeo partilhado por figuras influentes na rede social Instagram, as quais o viram removido pouco tempo depois.
The video of the medical doctor Stella Immanuel, who claims to have found a potential cure for the COVID-19 disease in some studies using hydroxychloroquine, has caught the attention of many for its polemic statements. This article offers a comparison between two different approaches that two informative platforms display: one of them is a journal- istic platform – 'Observador' –, whereas the other is a non- journalistic platform – 'Notícias Viriato' – that can be classified as an alternative platform. The main goal of this work was analysing what is conveyed by the discourse related to each article, once both constitute transmission means of information, using the Critical Discourse Analysis. The conclusions reveal that each article conveys a distinctive discourse in what comes to the use of hydroxychloroquine and the perception of the shared video on Instagram by influent people, who saw it removed shortly after.
Using an online panel survey in the United States, this study examines how multi-platform social media use impacts news engagement on social media. Results show that multi-platform social media use prompts incidental exposure to counter-attitudinal news and further encourages people to cognitively elaborate on the counter-attitudinal information, which in turn contributes to news engagement on social media. However, news engagement is performed in a biased way that is supportive of like-minded content and non-supportive of counter-attitudinal content. Furthermore, the indirect effect of multi-platform social media use on biased news engagement becomes stronger when one’s network is more homogeneous. Although studies have pointed to the democratic prospects of multi-platform social media use as it leads to cross-cutting exposure, our results suggest that it could lead users to engage with news in ways that confirm their pre-existing attitudes and disconfirm counter-attitudinal ones.
Sharing is a central activity on social media platforms and a key component in crafting one’s self-presentation online. In the context of news, user-driven sharing is seen as vital to the success of digital journalism. While research has examined why people choose to share news online, much less is known about non-sharing—that is, why people may be reluctant to share, and what that determination suggests about the nature of news and self-presentation. We examine qualitative interview responses from a cross-section of US news consumers to investigate this question. We find that non-sharers tend to believe that news is “toxic” and potentially damaging to their reputations as well as their relationships. Not sharing news is a protective mechanism for identity maintenance, even as it brings worries about one’s voice being silenced in the process.
Recently, scholars tested how digital media use for informational purposes similarly contributes to foster democratic processes and the creation of social capital. Nevertheless, in the context of today's socially-networked-society and the rise of social media applications (i.e., Facebook) new perspectives need to be considered. Based on U.S. national data, results show that after controlling for demographic variables, traditional media use offline and online, political constructs (knowledge and efficacy), and frequency and size of political discussion networks, seeking information via social network sites is a positive and significant predictor of people's social capital and civic and political participatory behaviors, online and offline.
This study examines the impact of social media spaces on news consumption, based on an online survey of 1600 Canadians. News organizations are rushing into social media, viewing services like Facebook and Twitter as opportunities to market and distribute content. There has been limited research outside the United States into the effects of social media on news consumption. Our study found that social networks are becoming a significant source of news for Canadians. Two-fifths of social networking users said they receive news from people they follow on services like Facebook, while a fifth get news from news organizations and individual journalists they follow. Users said they valued social media because it helped them keep up with events and exposed them to a wider range of news and information. While social interaction has always affected the dissemination of news, our study contributes to research that suggests social media are becoming central to the way people experience news. Networked media technologies are extending the ability of users to create and receive personalized news streams. Investigating how networked publics are reframing the news and shaping news flows would contribute to our understanding of the evolving relationship between the journalist and the audience.
Research has established a positive relationship between Facebook use and perceptions of social capital, a construct that describes the total resources − both potential and actual − available in one’s social network. However, the process through which social capital conversions occur is unclear. This study presents results from semi-structured interviews with 18 adult Facebook users (ages 25 to 55) about their Facebook use, focusing on how participants use the site to request and provide social support (associated with bonding social capital) and information (associated with bridging social capital). Findings describe how Facebook use facilitates interactions related to social capital and users’ beliefs about the potential negative outcomes of these interactions, providing insight into how users negotiate potential benefits and risks when making decisions about site use.
Social networking is a phenomenon of interest to many scholars. While most of the recent research on social networking sites has focused on user characteristics, very few studies have examined their roles in engaging people in the democratic process. This paper relies on a telephone survey of Southwest residents to examine the extent to which reliance on social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and YouTube has engaged citizens in civic and political activities. More specifically, this study looks at the extent to which social networking sites influence political attitudes and democratic participation after controlling for demographic variables and the role of interpersonal political discussion in stimulating citizen participation. The findings indicate that reliance on social networking sites is significantly related to increased civic participation, but not political participation. Interpersonal discussion fosters both civic participation and political activity. Implications of the results for democratic governance will be discussed.
This two-wave national panel study was designed to test the causal claims of the “cognitive mediation model.” The data indicate strong support for the following causal relationships predicted by the model: (a) surveillance motivations influence information processing, (b) information processing influences knowledge, and (c) motivations influence knowledge only indirectly through information processing. However, additional analyses demonstrated that these variables are not related in a simple unidirectional causal pattern. Instead, panel analyses found that most of these relationships are mutually causal. Future research should consider the reciprocal nature of relationships between information processing and knowledge, particularly as it relates to the study of the knowledge gap hypothesis.
Does Internet use have the potential to build social capital? Emerging evidence suggests that politically knowledgeable, interpersonally trusting, and civically engaged individuals share particular patterns of Internet use. In previous national survey studies, Internet use has been divided into a handful of excessively broad categories, and researchers have been unable to address newer, category-spanning Internet uses as well as the potential impact of individual Web sites. By examining the use of online social networks in a nationally representative sample of young people, this study explores the varied relationships between indicators of social capital and Internet use on a site-specific level (i.e., MySpace vs. Facebook). Indeed, differences between social networking sites are as large as those between more global categories of use (e.g., informational vs. social networking) and are robust to attempts to account for differences between the users of the sites. In explaining these relationships and exploring the differences between social networking sites, we suggest that Web site use induces a site-specific culture that can either encourage or hinder social capital.
This article examines the role of the Internet as a source of political information and a sphere for public expression. Informational media use, whether traditional news sources or online public affairs content, is expected to foster interpersonal political discussion and online civic messaging, contributing to increased civic participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three types of synchronous structural equation models are tested: cross sectional (relating individual differences), fixed effects (relating intraindividual change), and auto regressive (relating aggregate change). All models reveal that online media complement traditional media to foster political discussion and civic messaging. These two forms of political expression, in turn, influence civic participation. Other variable orderings are tested to compare the theorized model to alternative causal specifications. Results reveal that the model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically, with the influence of the Internet, rivaling the mobilizing power of traditional modes of information and expression.
Microblogging is a new form of communication in which users can describe their current status in short posts distributed by instant messages, mobile phones, email or the Web. Twitter, a popular microblogging tool has seen a lot of growth since it launched in October, 2006. In this paper, we present our observations of the microblogging phenomena by studying the topological and geographical properties of Twitter's social network. We find that people use microblogging to talk about their daily activities and to seek or share information. Finally, we analyze the user intentions associated at a community level and show how users with similar intentions connect with each other.
This paper examines new para-journalism forms such as micro-blogging as “awareness systems” that provide journalists with more complex ways of understanding and reporting on the subtleties of public communication. Traditional journalism defines fact as information and quotes from official sources, which have been identified as forming the vast majority of news and information content. This model of news is in flux, however, as new social media technologies such as Twitter facilitate the instant, online dissemination of short fragments of information from a variety of official and unofficial sources. This paper draws from computer science literature to suggest that these broad, asynchronous, lightweight and always-on systems are enabling citizens to maintain a mental model of news and events around them, giving rise to awareness systems that the paper describes as ambient journalism. The emergence of ambient journalism brought about by the use of these new digital delivery systems and evolving communications protocols raises significant research questions for journalism scholars and professionals. This research offers an initial exploration of the impact of awareness systems on journalism norms and practices. It suggests that one of the future directions for journalism may be to develop approaches and systems that help the public negotiate and regulate the flow of awareness information, facilitating the collection and transmission of news.
This study examines the mediating effects of information-processing strategies on the relationship between use of local news media, informational use of the Internet, and sources of social capital: interpersonal trust, reciprocity, and associational membership. Analyses of a telephone survey data (n = 546) of American adults show that even though local news media were influential, information-processing strategies were more powerful than attention in explaining learning from local news media about social norms at the individual level. These findings support the usefulness of the cognitive mediation model of information-processing behaviors in examining learning from local news media about social norms. Of the two strategies, elaborative processing played a more important role than active reflection in the mediating process. Informational use of the Internet had a significant and independent effect on associational membership, after demographic, structural anchoring, local media use, and information-processing measures were statistically controlled.
The microblogging service Twitter is in the process of being appropriated for conversational interaction and is starting to be used for collaboration, as well. In an attempt to determine how well Twitter supports user-to-user exchanges, what people are using Twitter for, and what usage or design modifications would make it (more) usable as a tool for collaboration, this study analyzes a corpus of naturally-occurring public Twitter messages (tweets), focusing on the functions and uses of the @ sign and the coherence of exchanges. The findings reveal a surprising degree of conversationality, facilitated especially by the use of @ as a marker of addressivity, and shed light on the limitations of Twitter's current design for collaborative use.
Social network sites (SNSs) are bundles of information and communication tools that can be used to support collaboration, among other uses. In a qualitative study of adult Facebook users (N=18), we found that some users did turn to the site for information uses that are embedded in social activities, including organizing events, establishing online groups, and seeking information. We also discuss the features of Facebook that respondents discussed as being important to these uses.
This study attempts a new conceptualization of communication "sources" by proposing a typology of sources that would apply not only to traditional media but also to new online media. Ontological rationale for the distinctions in the typology is supplemented by psychological evidence via an experiment that investigated the effects of different types of source attributions upon receivers' perception of online news content. Participants (N = 48) in a 4-condition, between-participants experiment read 6 identical news stories each through an online service. Participants were told that the stories were selected by 1 of 4 sources: news editors, the computer terminal on which they were accessing the stories, other audience members (or users) of the online news service, or (using a pseudo-selection task) the individual user (self). After reading each online news story, all participants filled out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire indicating their perceptions of the story they had just read. In confirmation of the distinctions made in the typology, attribution of identical content to 4 different types of online sources was associated with significant variation in news story perception. Theoretical implications of the results as well as the typology are discussed.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to draw from the diffusion of innovations theory to explore multi-levels of influences (i.e. individuals, networks, news attributes) on news sharing in social media.
Design/methodology/approach
– A survey was designed and administered to 309 respondents. Structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to examine the three levels of influential factors. These included self-perceptions of opinion leadership and seeking at the individual level, perceived tie strength and homophily at the network level, and finally, perceived news credibility and news preference at the news attribute level.
Findings
– The results revealed that the influences of self-perceptions of opinion leadership, perceived tie strength in online networks and perceived preference of online news had significant effects on users’ news sharing intention in social media. However, self-perceptions of opinion seeking, homophily, and perceived news credibility were not significant.
Originality/value
– This is one of the first studies on news sharing in social media that focus on diverse levels of influential factors. In particular, the research suggests the viability of the diffusion of innovations theory to explain this pervasive global phenomenon. Further, the influential factors identified may help to stimulate active participation in social media platforms and ultimately enhance the sustainability of these platforms.
Two studies explored the relationship between blogging and psychological empowerment among women. First, a survey (N = 340) revealed that personal journaling empowers users by inducing a strong sense of community whereas filter blogging does so by enhancing their sense of agency. Various user motivations were also shown to predict psychological empowerment. Next, a 2 (type of blog) X 2 (comments) X 2 (site visits) factorial experiment (N = 214) found that 2 site metrics—the number of site visits and number of comments—affect psychological empowerment through distinct mechanisms—the former through the sense of agency and the latter through the sense of community. These metrics are differentially motivating for bloggers depending on the type of blog maintained: filter or personal.
When you share content in an online social network, who is listening? Users have scarce information about who actually sees their content, making their audience seem invisible and difficult to estimate. However, understanding this invisible audience can impact both science and design, since perceived audiences influence content production and self-presentation online. In this paper, we combine survey and large-scale log data to examine how well users' perceptions of their audience match their actual audience on Facebook. We find that social media users consistently underestimate their audience size for their posts, guessing that their audience is just 27% of its true size. Qualitative coding of survey responses reveals folk theories that attempt to reverse-engineer audience size using feedback and friend count, though none of these approaches are particularly accurate. We analyze audience logs for 222,000 Facebook users' posts over the course of one month and find that publicly visible signals --- friend count, likes, and comments --- vary widely and do not strongly indicate the audience of a single post. Despite the variation, users typically reach 61% of their friends each month. Together, our results begin to reveal the invisible undercurrents of audience attention and behavior in online social networks.
This paper reports on a case study of Twitter posts (tweets) by chatterboxers to study whether theories of organization of information are applicable to the study of user-supplied labels in Twitter. Chatterboxing is the act of watching a televised event such as the Super Bowl and using a second screen to engage with others, primarily in real time. Researchers have used communication theory as a framework for study of Twitter, considering both #hashtags and @mentions to be primarily communicative. To ascertain whether #hashtags may be fundamentally different and amenable to study as organizational conventions as well, we first compared differences between usage of #hashtags and @mentions during the Super Bowl by taking tweets from three locations identified as heavily invested in the event (hometowns of the teams and the location of the game: Boston, NYC, Indianapolis) and tweets from locations that were not invested (Dallas, Miami, Seattle). Non-parametric statistical comparisons were made between tweets from the three invested and non-invested groups to ascertain whether the uses of labeling conventions were identical. Next a qualitative analysis of a subset of non-location specific tweets supplied information about the content of tweets, the aboutness of #hashtags, and the placement of #hashtags in the tweets. Our findings indicate that #hashtags and @mentions do have two separate functions but that location has a positive influence on their statistical dependency. We also find that #hashtags are used as organizational mechanisms and can reflect aboutness. Specifically, #hashtags are used to describe in order to categorize and to retrieve in order to follow or join a conversation, and future studies should be able to use theories of organization of information to analyze these labels as a way of complementing their otherwise communicative nature.
This article examines the news behaviors and attitudes of teenagers, an understudied demographic in the research on youth and news media. Based on interviews with 61 racially diverse high school students, it discusses how adolescents become informed about current events and why they prefer certain news formats to others. The results reveal changing ways news information is being accessed, new attitudes about what it means to be informed, and a youth preference for opinionated rather than objective news. This does not indicate that young people disregard the basic ideals of professional journalism but, rather, that they desire more authentic renderings of them.
In what ways do online groups help to foster political engagement among citizens? We employ a multi-method design incorporating content analysis of online political group pages and original survey research of university undergraduates (n = 455) to assess the relationship between online political group membership and political engagement—measured through political knowledge and political participation surrounding the 2008 election. We find that participation in online political groups is strongly correlated with offline political participation, as a potential function of engaging members online. However, we fail to confirm that there is a corresponding positive relationship between participation in online political groups and political knowledge, likely due to low quality online group discussion.
With the emergence of user-generated content platforms, 'users' are typically referred to as active, engaged and creative contributors of content, as illustrated by new hybrid terms such as 'produsers' or 'co-creators'. This article explores user agency as a complex concept, involving not only the user's cultural role as a facilitator of civic engagement and participation` but also his economic meaning as a producer, consumer and data provider, as well as his volatile position as volunteer or aspiring professional in the emerging labour market. We need such a multidisciplinary approach to user agency if we want to understand how socio-economic and technological transformations affect the recent shake-up in power relationships between media companies. advertisers and users. Video-sharing site YouTube serves as a case study. The 'you' in YouTube not only refers to content creators, but also to data providers whose profiled information is capitalized by site owners. Commercialization of user-generated platforms and incorporation of self-produced content in digital environments powered by Google render user agency even more complex.
The cognitive mediation model predicts that the impact of a learning gratification for news media use on knowledge of news content is mediated by information processing variables. Specifically, surveillance gratifications seeking should encourage two forms of information processing: news attention and elaboration. These forms of information processing should covary and have a direct and positive impact on learning of news content. The impact of surveillance gratifications seeking on knowledge—expected at the zero-order level—should be approximately zero when these information processing variables are controlled. A secondary analysis of two sample surveys (N = 512 and N = 567) plus analysis of original data specifically designed to test the model (N = 299) provide nearly complete support for hypotheses derived from the model in the context of political learning from the news. Suggestions for expansion of the model are provided.
A study of "the dynamics of person-to-person communication and influence" as compared to the apparent direct effect of mass media. The authors have found evidence of the "possible relevance of interpersonal relations as an intervening variable in the mass communications process." The latter half of the book is concerned with a research carried on in Decatur, Illinois, upon a cross-section sample of 800 women in which a variety of reaction producing influences were studied to determine the degree and extent of their impact on ultimate behavior. Factors influencing leadership status were analyzed. 180-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study considered involvement as audience activity, as an indication that audience members are participating in mass media content. On the basis of previous communication research, involvement is viewed as audience activity with both cognitive and affective dimensions. Cognitive involvement reflects attention to, recognition of, and elaboration on media content. Emotional involvement reflects internal feelings. The purpose of this study was to check the validity of this view of involvement in the context of local television news by (a) testing the relationship between the strength of news viewing motivation and involvement intensity, (b) testing the relationship between the type of news viewing motivation and involvement orientation, and (c) testing the relationship between cognitive and emotional involvement. Adult local news viewers (N = 305) completed pertinent questionnaires. Pearson and canonical correlation partly supported the proposed view of media involvement. Utilitarian viewing motivation was associated with higher cognitive involvement and feelings of anger while watching local news. Diversionary motivation was associated with feeling happy while watching news. There were links between cognitive and emotional involvement with news. The discussion focuses on the importance of involvement and motivation in media effects research.
This article presents the basic tenets of social cognitive theory. It is founded on a causal model of triadic reciprocal causation in which personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective and biological events, behavioral patterns, and environmental events all operate as interacting determinants that influence one another bidirectionally. Within this theory, human agency is embedded in a self theory encompassing self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective and self-regulative mechanisms. Human agency can be exercised through direct personal agency; through proxy agency relying on the efforts of intermediaries; and by collective agency operating through shared beliefs of efficacy, pooled understandings, group aspirations and incentive systems, and collective action. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Growing transnational imbeddedness and interdependence of societies are creating new social realities in which global forces increasingly interact with national ones to shape the nature of cultural life.
This study attempts a new conceptualization of communication ‘sources’ by proposing a typology of sources that would apply not only to traditional media but also to new online media. Ontological rationale for the distinctions in the typology is supplemented by psychological evidence via an experiment that investigated the effects of different types of source attributions upon receivers' perception of online news content. Participants (N=48) in a 4-condition, between-participants experiment read 6 identical news stories each through an online service. Participants were told that the stories were selected by 1 of 4 sources: news editors, the computer terminal on which they were accessing the stories, other audience members (or users) of the online news service, or (using a pseudo-selection task) the individual user (self). After reading each online news story, all participants filled out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire indicating their perceptions of the story they had just read. In confirmation of the distinctions made in the typology, attribution of identical content to 4 different types of online sources was associated with significant variation in news story perception. Theoretical implications of the results as well as the typology are discussed.
This study examines the role of community integration and mass and interpersonal communication is predicting two types of local political participation; more conventional, "institutionalized" acts of participation and less traditional acts of participation and speaking out in a forum. An analysis of survey data (N = 389) showed a strong role of newspaper readership and a somewhat lower impact of interpersonal discussion oil istitutionalized participation. Different patterns emerged for participation in a civic forum, with interpersonal discussion having the strongest impact of the three communication variables. Television news use had no direct impact on either type of participation, but it did have a modest indirect impact on institutionalized participation. The data also showed direct effects of dimensions of community integration for participation in a forum only. Orientations toward the larger community rather than the local neighborhood were positively related to participating in a civic forum.
The popular media have publicized the idea that social networking Web sites (e.g., Facebook) may enrich the interpersonal lives of people who struggle to make social connections. The opportunity that such sites provide for self-disclosure-a necessary component in the development of intimacy--could be especially beneficial for people with low self-esteem, who are normally hesitant to self-disclose and who have difficulty maintaining satisfying relationships. We suspected that posting on Facebook would reduce the perceived riskiness of self-disclosure, thus encouraging people with low self-esteem to express themselves more openly. In three studies, we examined whether such individuals see Facebook as a safe and appealing medium for self-disclosure, and whether their actual Facebook posts enabled them to reap social rewards. We found that although people with low self-esteem considered Facebook an appealing venue for self-disclosure, the low positivity and high negativity of their disclosures elicited undesirable responses from other people.
Users on Twitter, a microblogging service, started the phenomenon of adding tags to their messages sometime around February 2008. These tags are distinct from those in other Web 2.0 systems because users are less likely to index messages for later retrieval. We compare tagging patterns in Twitter with those in Delicious to show that tagging behavior in Twitter is different because of its conversational, rather than organizational nature. We use a mixed method of statistical analysis and an interpretive approach to study the phenomenon. We find that tagging in Twitter is more about filtering and directing content so that it appears in certain streams. The most illustrative example of how tagging in Twitter differs is the phenomenon of the Twitter micro-meme: emergent topics for which a tag is created, used widely for a few days, then disappears. We describe the micro-meme phenomenon and discuss the importance of this new tagging practice for the larger real-time search context.
Reissued as The Design of Everyday Things in 1990. Author's website : http://www.jnd.org
Hypotheses involving mediation are common in the behavioral sciences. Mediation exists when a predictor affects a dependent variable indirectly through at least one intervening variable, or mediator. Methods to assess mediation involving multiple simultaneous mediators have received little attention in the methodological literature despite a clear need. We provide an overview of simple and multiple mediation and explore three approaches that can be used to investigate indirect processes, as well as methods for contrasting two or more mediators within a single model. We present an illustrative example, assessing and contrasting potential mediators of the relationship between the helpfulness of socialization agents and job satisfaction. We also provide SAS and SPSS macros, as well as Mplus and LISREL syntax, to facilitate the use of these methods in applications.
The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective efficacy to exercise control over personal destinies and national life.
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