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IPM 205-7 (IC0589309-IC0589310; INGR11043-INGR11044), a Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Germplasm with Super Early Maturity

March 2013

March 2013
26(1):89-90

Authors:

Aditya Pratap

Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Shiv Kumar

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

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Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 26(1): 86–101 (2013)

Plant Germplasm Registration Notice 89

Associated Characters and Cultivated Practices

Stem is green, stiff robust. Resistant against PFSR, is

an economically important disease causes reduction of

18.7% in cob weight and 11.2% in 1000-grain weight

in infected plants (Cook, 1978). The losses due to this

disease in India have also been calculated to range from

10 to 42% (Payak and Sharma, 1978; Desai et al., 1991;

Harlapur et al., 2002).

2. DMR – PFSR – 9: (JCY3-7-1-2-1(Z Path) -b-2-1-

3-1) is inbred line, source of resistance to post owering

stalk rots of maize caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

and Fusarium moniliforme (Rakshit et al., 2011). The

primary source of this material is JCY series from

PAU, Ludhiana. The inbred was developed at DMR

New Delhi, for desirable character following pedigree

breeding methodology. The germplasm /parental material

was received from PAU, Ludhiana under collaborative

programme of evaluation inbred lines against PFSR

during 2001-2004. The multi-location evaluation of the

genotype was done in hot spot locations at Hyderabad,

Udaipur, Delhi and Ludhiana against PFSR from 2006 –

2010 under articial epiphytotic condition. Maintenance

and multiplication of inbred line was done at Directorate

of Maize Research, New Delhi and winter nursery at

Hyderabad.

Morpho-agronomic Characteristics

Plant exhibited stay-green character, stiff, strong stem,

purple brace root, with light purple silk, sparse spikelets,

purple silk, plant length – long, ear conico- cylindrical;

Grains are dent, yellow round in shape with desirable

plant type and good agronomic traits like optimum ear

placement, stiff stalk, good pollen shed. The inbred was

consistently resistant against PFSR. The disease reaction

recorded from 1.0 to 4.2 on 1-9 rating scale (1 is highly

resistant, 9 is highly susceptible) across the location

during 4 years of testing.

Associated Characters and Cultivated Practices

Stem is green, stiff robust. Resistant against PFSR which

is an economically important disease causes reduction

of 18.7% in cob weight and 11.2%in 1000-grain weight

in infected plants (Cook, 1978). The losses due to this

disease in India have also been calculated to range from

10 to 42% (Payak and Sharma, 1978; Desai et al., 1991;

Harlapur et al., 2002).

References

Rakshit S, HB Santosh, JC Sekhar, R Nath, M Shekhar, GK

Chikkappa, RN Gadag and S Dass (2011) Analyses of genetic

diversity among maize inbred lines differing for resistance

to pink borer and post-owering stalk rot J. Plant Biochem.

Biotech. DOI: 10.1007/s13562-011-0043-8.

Cook RJ (1978) The incidence of stalk rot (Fusarium spp.) on

maize hybrids and its effect of yield of maize in Britain.

Ann. Appl. Biol. 88: 23-30.

Desai S, RK Hegde and S Desai (1991) A preliminary survey

of incidence of stalk rot complex of maize in two districts

of Karnataka. Ind. Phytopatho. 43:575-576.

Harlapur SI, MC Wali, M Prashan, NM Shakuntala (2002)

Assessment of yield losses in maize due to charcoal rot in

Ghataporabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) command area of

Karnataka Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 15: 590-591.

Payak MM and RC Sharma. 1978. Research on disease of maize.

PL 480 project Final Technical Report (April 1969–March

1975). ICAR, New Delhi, 228p.

3. IPM 205-7 (IC0589309-IC0589310; INGR11043-INGR11044), a Mung bean

(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Germplasm with Super Early Maturity

Aditya Pratap, Debjyoti Sen Gupta, BB Singh and Shiv Kumar

Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur-208 024, Uttar Pradesh

(E-mail: adityap@icar.org.in)

IPM 205-7: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is

an important short duration grain legume having wider

adaptability and low input requirements. It is widely

grown in the sub-tropical countries of the South and

Southeast Asia, Australia, West Indies, South and North

America and Tropical and Subtropical Africa. India is

the largest producer of mungbean and alone accounts

for 65% of the world acreage and 54% of the world

production. In India, it is grown in kharif (monsoon),

rabi (winter) and spring/summer seasons in different

agro-ecological regions. While comparatively longer

duration genotypes (65-75 days maturity) are suitable for

cultivation in the kharif season, short duration genotypes

(<60 days maturity) are desirable for spring/summer

seasons. Because of scarcity of irrigation water and

intense heat wave during the months of April and May

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Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 26(1): 86–101 (2013)

Anjali Kak, RK Tyagi

coinciding with the reproductive phase of this crop in

spring/summer sown crop, short duration genotypes are

urgently required which can mature in about 50 days.

Such genotypes when sown after the harvest of rabi crops

can complete their life cycle well before the onset of

intense heat wave escaping extreme temperatures during

pod lling and maturity stage, giving good harvest. Such

genotypes can also t well in different crop rotations

and cropping systems. Keeping this in view, an extra

early maturing genotype, IPM 205-7 (IC0589309), was

developed at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

This genotype has been derived from a cross ‘IPM 02-1

x EC 398889’ following pedigree method of breeding. It

has short-statured and erect plants with green, ovate and

entire leaves and a green stem with purple splashes. The

owers are of light yellow color while the pod habit is

intermediate. Pods are short, straight and black on maturity

while the seeds are green and shining. IPM 205-7 has

synchronous maturity and it is resistant to Mungbean

Yellow Mosaic Virus. This genotype matured 11-19

days earlier than the different check varieties when sown

under Kanpur conditions (20o 27’ N latitude, 80o 14’ E

longitude, and 152.4 meter above the mean sea level).

While IPM 205-7 matured in 46-48 days, the check

varieties matured in 55-67 days. This genotype can be

used as a donor for transfer of earliness in agronomically

superior backgrounds.

IPM 409-4: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

is economically one of the most important pulse crops

of the Vigna group and it is cultivated since prehistoric

period in India. It is grown throughout Asia, Australia,

West Indies, South and North America, Tropical and

Subtropical Africa. In India, it is cultivated in different

seasons including spring, summer, rabi and kharif.

Development of early maturing genotypes is one of the

prime breeding objectives in mungbean improvement

programme because such genotypes can t well in

different crop rotations and multiple cropping systems.

During spring/summer season, their cultivation after the

harvest of wheat in North and Central India may save

at least one to two irrigations and one pesticide spray

leading to considerable savings. Besides this, it may also

help the crop escape from terminal heat wave, which can

otherwise lead to premature ower drop and signicant

yield loss due to lesser pod set. Keeping this in view, an

extra early maturing genotype, IPM 409-4 (IC0589310),

has been developed at Indian Institute of Pulses Research,

Kanpur. This genotype derived from a cross ‘PDM 288

x IPM 03-1’, following pedigree method of breeding,

has short-statured, erect and determinate plant type. The

leaves are dark green, ovate and medium-sized with

greenish purple veins while the owers are light yellow

in colour. The pods are present above the canopy and are

short, black and curved while the seeds are green, shiny

and oval in shape. When sown under Kanpur conditions

(20o 27’ N latitude, 80o 14’ E longitude, and 152.4 meter

above the mean sea level), this genotype matured 10-19

days earlier than the check varieties. While IPM 409-4

matured in 46-48 days, the check matured in 55-67 days.

This genotype has synchronous maturity and is also

resistant to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus. Keeping

in view its higher yield, resistance to MYMV and extra

early maturity, it can be evaluated for possible release

besides using it as donor in hybridization programme

for development of early maturing and high yielding

varieties of mungbean.

4. VBG-09-012 (INGR11045), an Urd Bean (Vigna mungo) Germplasm with

Multi-Pod Formation at Base of Peduncle, Leaf Axils and Base of Clusters

M Pandiyan

National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban-622 303, Pudukkottai Dist., Tamil Nadu

(E-Mail: mpandiyan8@yahoo.co.in)

It is derived from Vigna mungo ADT3 x V. mungo var. silvestris. It is unique plant type with multipod formation

at base of peduncle, leaf axils and base of clusters.

Deciphering of Genotype × Environment Interaction to Identify Stable Heat-Tolerant Mung Bean Genotypes by GGE Biplot Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Under the climate change scenario, high-temperature stress declines crop yields. The present study was designed with the objectives to identify the stable heat-tolerant genotypes for grain yield under normal and heat stress conditions at three locations. The 80 mung bean genotypes and 3 check varieties were sown in three agro-ecological zones of Pakistan, namely, Chakwal, Piplan, and Bhakkar. The experiments were planted in two sowing dates, i.e., the normal sowing and late sowing by using an augmented randomized block design with 6 blocks at each location. The plot size for each genotype was 2.4 m2 at all the locations. All cultural and agronomic practices were carried out as per recommendations. Ten randomly selected plants were used to record the yield-related traits. An infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) was used to measure physiological traits like photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance. To study the nature of relationship among traits, Pearson correlation analysis was done using SPSS software (v. 16.0). The GGE biplots were constructed to graphically represent the genotype and GE interaction of multi-environment data using the software plant breeding tools. Three views of the GGE biplot were generated to display the comparative performance, rank, and stability of each genotype in the tested environments. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a positive interaction of grain yield with pods plant−1, seed pod−1, 100 grain weight, and harvest index, while days to flowering and maturity had a negative association under normal and heat-stressed conditions. The GGE biplot analysis efficiently explained 85.1% of the total variation and demonstrated that among 8 vertex genotypes of polygon biplot, the G14 and G38 were heat tolerant as these genotypes outclassed others in all the heat-stressed environments. In contrast, the genotypes G51 and G74 produced maximum yield under normal conditions (E3 and E5). Among all the genotypes, genetic diversity was observed for grain yield and other morpho-physiological traits. Significant G × E interaction was observed. The genotypes G14, G38, and G51 were identified as stable and heat tolerant in most of the environments. These findings will be helpful for development of heat-tolerant mung bean breeding material in the future.

Current Perspectives on Introgression Breeding in Food Legumes

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Food legumes are important for defeating malnutrition and sustaining agri-food systems globally. Breeding efforts in legume crops have been largely confined to the exploitation of genetic variation available within the primary genepool, resulting in narrow genetic base. Introgression as a breeding scheme has been remarkably successful for an array of inheritance and molecular studies in food legumes. Crop wild relatives (CWRs), landraces, and exotic germplasm offer great potential for introgression of novel variation not only to widen the genetic base of the elite genepool for continuous incremental gains over breeding cycles but also to discover the cryptic genetic variation hitherto unexpressed. CWRs also harbor positive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for improving agronomic traits. However, for transferring polygenic traits, “specialized population concept” has been advocated for transferring QTLs from CWR into elite backgrounds. Recently, introgression breeding has been successful in developing improved cultivars in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), lentil (Lens culinaris), mungbean (Vigna radiata), urdbean (Vigna mungo), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Successful examples indicated that the usable genetic variation could be exploited by unleashing new gene recombination and hidden variability even in late filial generations. In mungbean alone, distant hybridization has been deployed to develop seven improved commercial cultivars, whereas in urdbean, three such cultivars have been reported. Similarly, in chickpea, three superior cultivars have been developed from crosses between C. arietinum and Cicer reticulatum. Pigeonpea has benefited the most where different cytoplasmic male sterility genes have been transferred from CWRs, whereas a number of disease-resistant germplasm have also been developed in Phaseolus. As vertical gene transfer has resulted in most of the useful gene introgressions of practical importance in food legumes, the horizontal gene transfer through transgenic technology, somatic hybridization, and, more recently, intragenesis also offer promise. The gains through introgression breeding are significant and underline the need of bringing it in the purview of mainstream breeding while deploying tools and techniques to increase the recombination rate in wide crosses and reduce the linkage drag. The resurgence of interest in introgression breeding needs to be capitalized for development of commercial food legume cultivars.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationships in Asiatic Vigna using ITS and cpDNA loci

Article

Nov 2022
VEGETOS

Asiatic Vigna constitutes group of economically important pulses that are off tremendous agronomic importance. These pulses are not only source of proteins and other nutrients in human diet but also known for increasing soil fertility by nitrogen fixation. However, their inherent low genetic base is the major constraint in the production of improved varieties resulting in low yield. The pulses have increasingly been pushed to marginal lands and therefore, adding in low production. There is an urgent need to explore wild forms for novel genes for the genetic upgradation of cultivated forms, as till now only, exotic lines and cultivated germ plasm has been exploited for the same. Also, it is important to decipher the relationship of wild forms with V. mungo (L.) Hepper and V. radiata (L.) Wilczek. The present study was undertaken to assess genetic diversity and relationship among selected Vigna species belonging to two sub genera of genus Vigna using sequence data of four loci namely ITS1, ITS2, TrnLUAA intron and psbA- trnHGUG region. Comparative phylogeny based on DNA sequence analysis of chloroplast and nuclear loci across the sub genus Ceratatropis has suggested para phyletic origin of sub genus. ITS1 region indicated 70.32% potentially informative sites in comparison to ITS2 in which 66.23% sites were potentially informative. Sequences of psbA – trnHGUG intergenic spacer of cpDNA has 46.37% potentially informative sites, whereas trnLUAA intron has only 10.87%. Cladograms on the basis of ITS 1 are more successful in differentiating groups and have more clearly depicted interspecies relationships in comparison to other three loci namely, ITS 2, trnLUAA intron and psbA-trnH. cpDNA loci are more homoplasious and are less informative than ITS 1 and ITS 2 in Vigna as indicated by values for CI and RI. In comparison to ITS loci, cpDNA loci were inadequate to infer species relationships and differentiation of groups.

Breeding Progress and Future Challenges: Abiotic Stresses

Chapter

Feb 2020

Mungbean is a short-season tropical grain legume grown on some six million hectares each year. Though predominantly a crop of smallholder farmers and subsistence agriculture mungbean is increasingly seen as a high value crop for international markets with broad acre production under modern farming systems established in Australia, South America, West Asia and Africa. Key benefits of mungbean are its nutritional and monetary value. It provides a short duration, flexible disease break when fit into intensive wheat, rice and summer cereal rotations and its self-sufficiency for nitrogen. The short growing season of 55–100 days places a ceiling on productivity which is further impacted by the traditional low-input farming systems where mungbean is most frequently produced; global yield averages are 0.5 tonnes per hectare though 3 tonnes per hectare is considered achievable under favourable conditions. Increased reliability of mungbean in subsistence systems has been achieved by developing shorter duration, more determinate ideotypes and by the manipulation of sowing time. The strategy of reducing exposure to risk was very successful in transforming mungbean rather than identifying and breeding inherent resilience. The major abiotic stresses of mungbean presented here are drought, heat, waterlogging, low temperatures and salinity. Sources of tolerance identified for all of these stresses have been identified in the germplasm collections of cultivated mungbean as well as wild relatives. Future research efforts must combine known sources of genetic variation with the investigation into the biochemical and physiological processes in order to understand and breed for tolerance to abiotic stress in mungbean.

Towards Development of Climate Smart Mungbean: Challenges and Opportunities

Chapter

May 2019

Mungbean is a quantitative short-day plant and grown across environments, locations, and seasons. It has inherent intrinsic tolerance mechanisms to many of the environmental stresses. However, being grown so widely, suffers from high temperatures, terminal moisture stress, soil salinity, and photo-thermo period sensitivity. Significant advancements have been made in the past 3–4 decades towards the development of input responsive, high yielding, disease-resistant, and short-duration varieties in mungbean. However, breeding for abiotic stress resistance has largely remained untouched and consequently, these pose serious constraints to mungbean production. Abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, etc. have deleterious effects on the morphology, physiology, and reproductive ability of the plants and ultimately reduce their plasticity and adaptation to changing climates, thereby affecting the quality and quantity of the produce significantly. Ample genetic and genomic resources are now available in mungbean and related Vigna crops, which can be exploited for the development of climate smart mungbean cultivars. Through various breeding approaches, climate smart traits can be incorporated in mungbean which will lead them to adapt to changing climate and perform well across environments. This chapter focuses on the development of climate smart mungbean and highlights gaps which need to be filled to this effect.

Vigna

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2014

The genus Vigna comprises more than 200 species of which 7 are of tremendous agronomic importance. These are grown mainly in the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world. Valued for their grains with high and easily digestible proteins, these crops are also known as forage, green manure, and cover crops. Due to a short life cycle, these are suitable as catch crops and also fit well in intercropping, mixed or relay cropping. For genetic improvement of cultivated vignas, mainly cultivated germplasm and exotic lines have been used so far. However, despite development of several improved cultivars in different Vigna crops, biotic and abiotic stresses still remain the major constraints in realizing their true yield potential. While plethora of genes conferring resistance/tolerance to these stresses have already been transferred from cultivated germplasm, wild genetic resources offer additional sources of useful alien variation which can be incorporated in cultivated Vigna through alien gene transfer. With better understanding of the processes behind pollen germination and pollen tube growth, fertilization, embryo and endosperm development and inheritance pattern, strategies have been developed to avoid pre- and post-fertilization barriers in successful distant hybridization leading to alien gene transfer. These include making reciprocal crosses, repeated pollination, hormonal treatment of flower buds, polyploidization, use of bridge species and most importantly, embryo rescue which have increased success rate of alien gene transfer in Vigna through sexual hybridization. Nevertheless, alien gene transfer through genetic transformation and use of molecular breeding tools still lag behind in Vigna and therefore need special attention. The significant achievements made in different Vigna species in alien gene transfer and their utilization have been discussed in this chapter. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.

Development of Super Early Genotypes in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek]

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2013

Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] also known as mungbean in South Asia, is an important pulse crop of the Vigna group. Among the major production constraints, terminal heat stress during summer season and pre-harvest sprouting during rainy season considerably reduce its productivity. If the crop duration of greengram is shortened by 10-15 days without significant yield penalty, the losses caused by these stresses can be avoided in its major production base. Two extra short duration genotypes of greengram were developed at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur which matured significantly early (45-48 days) during summer as well as rainy seasons as compared to 60-65 days of the earliest maturing check varieties (PDM139 and Sona Yellow). The genotype IPM 205-7 was developed from the cross ‘IPM 2-1 x EC 398889’and IPM 409-4 from ‘PDM 288 x IPM 3-1’ following the pedigree method of selection. Both the genotypes showed resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and have been registered with NBPGR as INGR11043 and INGR11044, respectively. The major morphological characteristics of these genotypes are short and erect plants, dark green ovate leaves, light yellow flowers, small black pods on maturity, and shining green seeds. These genotypes can be directly released as cultivars after their adaptation test and can also be useful donors for earliness and MYMIV resistance.

Analyses of genetic diversity among maize inbred lines differing for resistance to pink borer and post-flowering stalk rot

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2011

Identification of the diverse sources of resistance is an important issue among the breeders for developing pest and disease free hybrids, to reduce the inoculum load, to prolong the life of inbred lines/hybrids and to reduce the cost of cultivation. Molecular diversity analysis was carried out among 23 maize inbred lines with respect to post flowering stalk rot and pink borer. Forty six SSR markers were employed among eight post flowering stalk rot (PFSR) and seven pink borer resistant lines along with eight other inbred lines to identify diverse resistant sources for developing resistant heterotic combinations to above pests and diseases. Number of alleles per SSR marker ranged from 2 to 9 averaging 4.11. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.272 to 0.839 with an average of 0.568. Discrimination rate (DR) of the markers ranged from 0.095 to 0.861 with a mean of 0.618. Number of alleles was highly correlated with PIC and DR. The pair-wise genetic dissimilarity values ranged from 0.05 to 0.84 with an overall mean of 0.64. Un-weighted neighbour joining clustering put 23 genotypes in two main clusters, which were further subdivided into 5 and 6 sub-clusters, respectively. We obtained 56 rare and 26 unique alleles in specific inbred lines, which can be used for identification of these lines. The present study has revealed considerable diversity among inbred lines differing for resistance against PFSR and pink borer; and provided ample scope for selection of parents for utilization in heterosis breeding KeywordsMaize–Pink borer–Post-flowering stalk rot–Diversity–SSRs

The incidence of stalk rot (Fusarium spp.) on maize hybrids and its effect on yield of maize in Britain

Article

Feb 2008
ANN APPL BIOL

R. J. COOK

Stalk rot was present in each of 78 maize crops and six hybrid maize trials examined between 1971 and 1975. Fusarium culmorum was the main cause of the disease and was isolated from 67 of the 82 samples from which isolates were made. Lodging was found to be related to, and a natural succession of, the earlier wilting symptom caused by infection with F. culmorum. Yield losses were estimated in 39 crops between 1973 and 1975 and the disease caused a mean reduction of 18-7% in cob weight and 11-2% in 1000-grain weight of infected plants over the 3 yr of the survey.

A preliminary survey of incidence of stalk rot complex of maize in two districts of Karnataka

Jan 1991
575-576

S Desai
S Rk Hegde
Desai

Desai S, RK Hegde and S Desai (1991) A preliminary survey of incidence of stalk rot complex of maize in two districts of Karnataka. Ind. Phytopatho. 43:575-576.

Assessment of yield losses in maize due to charcoal rot in Ghataporabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) command area of Karnataka Karnataka

Jan 2002
590-591

S I Harlapur
M Mc Wali
Prashan
Shakuntala

Harlapur SI, MC Wali, M Prashan, NM Shakuntala (2002) Assessment of yield losses in maize due to charcoal rot in Ghataporabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) command area of Karnataka Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 15: 590-591.

Research on disease of maize

Mar 1969
228

M M Payak
Sharma

Payak MM and RC Sharma. 1978. Research on disease of maize. PL 480 project Final Technical Report (April 1969-March 1975). ICAR, New Delhi, 228p.

IPM 205-7 (IC0589309-IC0589310; INGR11043-INGR11044), a Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Germplasm with Super Early Maturity

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