Content uploaded by Rajesh Jeewon
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rajesh Jeewon on Dec 19, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 4(24), pp. 2661-2669, 18 December, 2010
Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr
ISSN 1996-0808 ©2010 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Endophytic Pestalotiopsis species associated with
plants of Palmae, Rhizophoraceae, Planchonellae and
Podocarpaceae in Hainan, China
Liu, A. R.1, 2*, Chen, S. C.1, Lin, X. M.1*, Wu, S. Y.1, Xu, T.2, Cai F. M.1 and Raesh Jeewon3
1College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People’s Republic of China.
2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029,
People’s Republic of China.
3Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
Accepted 25 August, 2010
A survey of the endophytic Pestalotiopsis associated with 27 plant species belonging to four families in
Hainan Province was carried out from 2007 to 2008. Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species varied in the host plant’s tissues, sites and natural environmental conditions.
Species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis varied in different families of plants. A total of 43
endophytic Pestalotiopsis species were isolated, of which 23, 11, 9 and 8 species were obtained from
families of Palmae, Rhizophoraceae, Podocarpaceae and Planchonellae, respectively. The species of
Pestalotiopsis isolated from different hosts in Palmae family varied from 1 to 7. The colonization
frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis varied from environmental factors. The colonization
frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in dry years were lower than that in usual years. Shannon-
Wiener index of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in Palmae, Rhizophoraceae, Podocarpaceae and
Planchonellae changed from 1.4775 to 2.5013. Evenness index changed from 0.3624 to 1.0431. Richness
index of endophytic Pestalotiopsis had no correlation with Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index.
The coefficient of community of endophytic Pestalotiopsis among the four plant families was less than
0.5, showing low similarity.
Key words: Endophytic Pestalotiopsis, colonization frequencies, diversity, host preference, richness index.
INTRODUCTION
Fungal endophytes have been characterized by their
ability to produce apparently harmless infections in living
plant tissues (Carroll and Carroll, 1978; White and Cole,
1985; Tejesvi et al., 2009). Extensive surveys in a wide
variety of plants indicated that endophytes are apparently
ubiquitous. But the researches of endophytic fungi were
mostly concentrated in the northern hemisphere and
temperate zones. Recent study of endophyte in tropical
region begun with the investigation of endophyte in
*Corresponding author. E-mail: evallyn@163.com. Tel: +0086
379 64361682.
Manilkara bidentata and mangrove wild legume canavalia
cathartica, which indicated that endophytic fungi were
important community among fungi (Lodge et al., 1996;
Anita and Sridhar, 2009). Although, investigations of
endophytic fungi in some tropical plants were carried out,
only several or even one plant species were involved in
each study (Ananda and Sridhar, 2002; Kelemu et al.,
2003; Maria and Sridhar, 2003; Gao et al., 2005;
Suryanayanan et al., 2005; Rodriguez et al., 2009).
Extensive surveys with the plants in the tropical area in
China have not been done.
Endophytic Pestalotiopsis has been considered as a
main part of the endophytic fungi community in nature
(Strobel et al., 1996, 1997; Okane et al., 1997, 1998;
2662 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
Cannon and Simmons, 2002; Toofanee and
Dulymamode, 2002; Kumar and Hyde, 2004; Photita et
al., 2004; Wei and Xu, 2004; Rodriguez et al., 2009).
Diversity analysis of endophytic Pestalotiopsis would join
the research community composition and species
distribution of endophytic fungi.
The regions of tropical forest were considered as the
most abundant area of fungal resource (Bills and
Polishhook, 1994; Gilbert and Sousa, 2002). Hainan
Island lies in South China Sea, latitude 18°16’ and
20°23’, where the abundant plant, water, and heat
resources in tropic rain forest provide basic condition for
the development and multiplication of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate
the species diversity of endophytic Pestalotiopsis on
plants of Palmae, Rhizophoraceae, Podocarpaceae and
Planchonellae in the tropical region, of Hainan Province,
China.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection
The healthy leaves and twigs were collected from the Xinglong
Tropical Botanical Garden, the Danzhou Tropical Botanical Garden,
the Jianfengling Natural Forest Reserve and the Dongzaigang
Mangrove Reserve in Hainan Province in April 2007 and 2008.
Isolation and identification
The leaves and twigs were separated from their branches and
washed with running tap water, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol
(60 s), 1.3% NaClO (5 min) and 75% ethanol (30 s) (Wei and Xu,
2004). Samples were washed three times with sterilized water, cut
into pieces of 1 cm long and placed on PDA medium. The plant
tissues were incubated at 25°C for 3-20 days and were checked
regularly. Pure fungal cultures were obtained by single spore
isolation following the methods outlined by Lacap et al. (2003) and
Liu et al. (2007).
Hyphal tip from the colony margin was transferred into new Petri-
dish with PDA medium. When colony grew up to 2 cm in diameter,
the autoclaved segment of the carnation leaf (Dianthi caryophylii L.)
was added to the culture to promote sporulation (Fisher et al., 1982;
Strobel et al., 1996). Pestalotiopsis species were identified
according to the morphological descriptions of Steyaert (1949),
Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993).
The living cultures of Pestalotiopsis species were deposited in
the Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou and
the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center in
Beijing, China.
Data analysis
Colonization frequency was calculated as the number of plant
tissue segments colonized by Pestalotiopsis species divided by the
total number of segments assessed (Liu et al., 2007). The
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was used to estimate the
species diversity of the fungal assemblages recovered from a
particular type of sample (leaf and twig) and from different sampling
sites. The H was calculated according to the following formula:
H = -
=
×
k
i
pipi
1
ln
Where, k is the total number of fungal species, and pi is the
proportion of individuals that species i contributes to the total
(Pielou, 1975).
To evaluate the degree of community similarity of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species between two sampling sites, Sorenson’s
coefficient (CS) was employed and calculated according to the
following formula:
CS = 2j/ (a+b),
Where, j is the number of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species that
coexisted in both sampling sites, a is the total number of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species in one sampling site, and b is the total
number of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species in the other sampling
site (Liu et al., 2007; Tejesvi et al., 2008).
Statistical analysis was made by DPS (Data Processing System)
version 7.05 professional edition.
RESULTS
Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in different host plants
The colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species in seven plants of Palmae, nine mangrove plants,
five plants of Planchonellae and six plants of
Podocarpaceae are shown in Figure 1.
The colonization frequency of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species in the leaves of Palmae plants varied from 0.8 to
27.2% (Figure 1), and the colonization of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species in leaves of mangrove plants
varied from 3.3 to 40.0% (Figure 1). Five plants of
Planchonellae were selected to analyze the colonization
frequency of endophytic Pestalotiopsis (Figure 1). The
colonization frequency of the endophytic Pestalotiopsis in
twigs of Manilkara zapota was significantly higher
(23.3%) than those of other plants, but there was no
significant difference among the other plants. The
colonization frequency of Podocarpaceae plants were
1.7, 15, 16.7, 8.3, 20 and 10% in Podocarpus fleuryi,
Podocarpus imbricatus, Dacrydium pierrei, Podocarpus
macrophyllus, and Nageia nagi, respectively (Figure 1).
Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in different years
The colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species in seven common plants of Palmae were
analyzed between 2007 and 2008 (Figure 2). The
colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species in Neodypsis decaryi were 50%. However, the
colonization frequencies in 2008 were only 4.4%. The
other plants of Palmae behaved in the same trend in
varied degree except in Hyophorbe lagenicaulis and
Caryota ochlandra. No endophytic Pestalotiopsis species
was isolated from C. ochlandra, Zalacca wallichiana and
Liu et al. 2663
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Colonization frequency (%)
Palmae
a
ef de
b
f
c
d
0123456789
Colonization frequency(%)
mangrove
a
bcd
ab ab
d
bc
cd
ab
bc
12345
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Colonization frequency(%)
Colonization frequency(%)
Planchonellae
a
b
b
bb
1 2 3 4 5 6
Plant species
Podocarpaceae
d
b
b
c
a
c
Figure 1. Colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in leaves of different host plants; Palmae: 1. Neodypsis
decaryi; 2. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis; 3. Wodyetia bifurcate; 4. Chamaedorea oblongata; 5. Caryota ochlandra; 6. Zalacca
wallichiana; 7. Chrysalidocarpus lutesens. Mangrove: 1. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; 2. Kandelia candel; 3. Bruguiera
sexangula; 4. Bruguiera sexangula; 5. Ceriops tagal; 6. Rhizophora mucronata; 7. Hibiscus tiliaceus; 8. Aegiceras
coniculatum; 9. Xylocarpus granatum. Planchonellae: 1. Manilkara zapota; 2. Madhuca hainanensis; 3. Mimusops elengi;
4. Synsepalum dulcificum; 5. Lucuma nervosa. Podocarpaceae: 1. Podocarpus fleuryi; 2. Podocarpus imbricatus; 3.
Dacrydium pierrei; 4. Podocarpus macrophyllus; 5. Nageia nagi; 6. Podocarpus macrophyllus.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1234567
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
2007
2008
Colonization frequency(%)
a
ba
a
a
b
a
b
a
a
a
Palmae
12345
Plant species
a
a
b
a
ba
a
a
b
Podocarpaceae
Figure 2. Colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis of the leaves in different years. Palmae: 1. Neodypsis
decaryi; 2. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis; 3. Wodyetia bifurcate; 4. Chamaedorea oblongata; 5. Caryota ochlandra; 6.
Zalacca wallichiana; 7. Chrysalidocarpus lutesens. Podocarpaceae: 1. Podocarpus fleuryi; 2. Podocarpus imbricatus; 3.
Dacrydium pierrei; 4. Podocarpus macrophyllus; 5. Nageia nagi.
2664 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
1 2 3 4
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Colonization frequency(%)
Plant species
Danzhou
Jianfengling
Xinglong
b
b
a
a
aa
b
a
b
a
Figure 3. Colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in the leaves of Palmae in three locations. 1. Hyophorbe
lagenicaulis; 2. Wodyetia bifurcate; 3. Caryota ochlandra; 4. Chrysalidocarpus lutesens.
Chrysalidocarpus lutesens in 2008. The analysis of the
colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in
five plants of Podocarpaceae between 2007 and 2008
revealed that the colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in 2007 were notably higher than that in
2008, whereas no marked difference in colonization
frequencies of P. macrophyllus was observed between
2007 and 2008 (Figure 2).
Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in different locations
Four plants of Palmae were selected to study the
influence of sampling site on colonization frequencies of
endophytic Pestalotiopsis in Danzhou, Jianfengling and
Xinglong (Figure 3). For colonization frequencies on
different sites, no significant difference for C. ochlandra
were found, however the colonization frequencies of C.
lutesens showed distinctly difference in the three
locations. Moreover, the colonization frequencies in H.
lagenicaulis, Wodyetia bifurcata and C. lutesens in
Xinglong were higher than those for the other two
positions. It was obviously interesting that the
colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis of
some plants showed significant difference in different
sites, but some plants showed no distinct difference. It
indicated that the colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis varied as sampling positions and plant
species varied.
Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in different tissue
Nine mangrove plants and five Planchonellae plants were
selected to study the influence of different tissues on
colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
(Figure 4).
The colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species in twigs were significant higher
than that in leaves (P<0.05, Figure 4), especially, when
there was no endophytic Pestalotiopsis isolated from the
leaves in some host plants (Kandelia candel, Bruguiera
sexangula, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras
coniculatum, Madhuca hainanensis, Mimusops elengi,
Synsepalum dulcificum and Lucuma nervosa).
Species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species in different host plants
Species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis varied
in different families of plants (Table 1). Among 51
endophytic Pestalotiopsis species, 23, 11, 9 and 8
species were obtained from the families of Palmae,
Liu et al. 2665
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0123456789
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Colonization frequency(%)
Twigs
Leaves
a
b
a
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Mangrove
12345
Colonization frequency(%)
Plant species
Twigs
Leaves
a
b
a
a
a
a
Planchonellae
Figure 4. Colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in different organization. Mangrove: 1. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; 2. Kandelia
candel; 3. Bruguiera sexangula; 4. Bruguiera sexangula ; 5. Ceriops tagal; 6. Rhizophora mucronata; 7. Hibiscus tiliaceus; 8. Aegiceras
coniculatum; 9. Xylocarpus granatum. Planchonellae: 1. Manilkara zapota ; 2. Madhuca hainanensis ; 3. Mimusops elengi ; 4. Synsepalum
dulcificum; 5. Lucuma nervosa.
Rhizophoraceae, Podocarpaceae and Planchonellae,
respectively. Species composition of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis also displayed great differences in different
plants of same family. Among 16 palmaceous plants, 8,
7, 5 and 5 species were isolated from Roystonea regia,
Z. wallichiana, N. decaryi and C. lutesens, respectively.
However, for the other 12 plants, only 1 to 3 species were
obtained from each plant. The average of the species
number of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in palmaceous
plants was 2.7. The endophytic Pestalotiopsis species
number varied from 1 to 8, 1 to 3 and 1 to 5 in different
mangrove plants, Podocarpaceae and Planchonellae,
with an average of 3.0, 2.2 and 2.6 species per host,
respectively.
A total of 180, 52, 59 and 38 Pestalotiopsis isolates
were obtained from plants of Palmae, Rhizophoraceae,
Podocarpaceae and Planchonellae, respectively. The
most common species of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in
plants of Hainan Province were P. adusta, P. clavispora,
P. paeoniae, P. virgatula and P. zonata (Table 2). The
most common Pestalotiopsis species were similar
between Palmae (P. clavispora, P. virgatula and P.
zonata) and Podocarpaceae (P. virgatula and P. zonata)
and the most common Pestalotiopsis species in plants of
Rhizophoraceae and Planchonellae were P. adusta and
P. paeoniae, respectively.
Shannon-Wiener diversity index of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species in plants of both Palmae (2.4641)
and Rhizophoraceae (2.5013) were much higher than
that in Podocarpaceae (1.4775) and in Planchonellae
(1.8707) (Table 2). Although, 52 strains were isolated
from Rhizophoraceae, no more than three strains were
isolated from Palmae. The Evenness index and
Shannon-Wiener index of endophytic Pestalotiopsis were
very high among the four families.
DISCUSSION
Colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis
Okane et al. (1998) found that endophytic Pestalotiopsis
species were colonized in seven species of Ericaceae
with different colonization frequencies (0.7 to 17.1%) in
Kyoto and Japan. Cannon and Simmons (2002) reported
the diversity and host preference of leaf endophytic fungi
in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana. In contrast to
studies in temperate ecosystems, no distinct fungal
communities were identified for individual plant species,
suggesting that the degree of host preference was low.
The results of this study showed that colonization
frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis in Hainan varied
with different host plants, but the degrees of host
preference were different in different plant families.
The colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis species varied with different host tissues in
this study. Taylor et al. (1999) investigated the
endophytes in Arenga tremula from four locations.
Quantitative and qualitative differences in endophyte
assemblages from old and young tissues were observed,
and more isolates were recovered from old tissues
2666 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
Table 1. Host plants and their endophytic Pestalotiopsis species in Hainan, China.
Host plants Pestalotiopsis species
Palmae
Chamaedorea elegans Mart. Liebm P. clavispora
Areca catechu L.r P. photiniae
Roystonea regia (H.B.K) Cook. P. briosiana, P. elastica, P. fuchsiae, P. photiniae, P. palmarum, P.
pandani, P. virgatula, P. zonata
Cyrtostachys renda Bl. P. cinchonae
Wodyetia bifurcata A.K.Jrvine P. clavispora, P. menezesiana
Chamaedorea oblongata Mart. P. briosiana, P. virgatula, P. zonata
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Mart. P. bicolor, P. clavispora
Chamaedorea metallica O.F.Cook ex H.E.Moore P. clavispora
Livistona chinensis(Jacq.)R.Br. P. foedans
Neodypsis decaryi Jum P. clavispora, P. gracillis, P. lambertiae, P. pauciseta, P. zonata
Chrysalidocarpus lutesens H. Wendl. P. adusta, P. clavispora, P. gracillis, P. virgatula, P. zahlbruckneriana
Arenga engleri Beccari P. clavispora
Zalacca wallichiana Salacca. P. adusta, P. algeriensis, P. briosiana, P. fici, P. palmarum, P.
virgatula, P. zonata
Cocos nucifera L. P. cinchonae
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. P. heterocornis
Caryota ochlandra Hance P. coffeae, P. peycnonelii, P. Sorbi
Mangrove plants
Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. P. adusta, P. clavispora, P. foedans, P. Pauciseta
Lagerstroe miaindica L. P. clavispora
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. P. adusta P. Clavispora
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. P. adusta, P. Clavispora
Bruguiera sexangula Lour P. adusta, P. heterocornis, P. Clavispora
Ceriops tagal (Perr.)C.B.Rob. P. adusta
Xylocarpus granatum Koenig P. adusta
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Poir. P. adusta, P. clavispora, P. gracillis, P. heterocornis, P. neglecta, P.
virgatula
Kandelia candel L. P. adusta, P. cinchonae, P. gracillis, P. paeoniae, P. pauciseta, P.
photiniae, P. vaccinii, P. virgatula
Aegiceras coniculatum (L.) Blanco P. foedans, P. Virgatula
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel P. virgatula
Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki P. photiniae, P. virgatula
Podocarpus imbricatus Bl. P. clavispora, P. versicolor
Dacrydium pierrei Hichel P. alöes, P. vismiae, P. Zonata
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don. P. cinchonae, P. Hainanensis
Nageia nagi (Thunb.) O. Ktze. P. clavispora, P. virgatula, P. Zonata
Planchonellae
Lucuma nervosa A.DC. P. alöes, P. clavispora, P. theae, P. virgatula, P. Zonata
Madhuca hainanensis Chun et How P. paeoniae
Manilkara zapota (Linn.) Van Royen P. leucothoes, P. paeoniae, P. subcuticulari, P. Zonata
Synsepalum dulcificum Denill P. alöes, P. Theae
Mimusops elengi Linn P. zonata
Liu et al. 2667
Table 2. The composition of the endophytic Pestalotiopsis from the four families of the host plants.
Number of the isolates/ Relative abundance (%)
Species Palmae Rhizophoraceae Podocarpaceae Planchonellae
P. adusta 5/2.78 20/38.46 - -
P. algeriensis 1/0.56 - - -
P. alöes - - 3/5.08 2/5.26
P. bicolor 2/1.11 - - -
P. briosiana 10/5.56 - - -
P. cinchonae 3/1.67 1/1.95 46.78 -
P. clavispora 33/18.33 9/17.31 14/16.95 7/18.42
P. coffeae 2/1.11 - - -
P. elastica 1/0.56 - - -
P. fici 2/1.11 - - -
P. foedans 2/1.11 2/3.85 - -
P. fuchsiae 2/1.11 - - -
P. gracillis 21/11.67 5/9.62 - -
P. hainanensis - - 1/1.69 -
P. heterocornis 3/1.67 3/5.77 - -
P. lambertiae 1/0.56 - - -
P. leucothoes - - - 3/7.89
P. menezesiana 16/8.89 - - -
P. neglecta - 3/5.77 - -
P. paeoniae - 1/1.92 - 11/28.94
P. palmarum 3/1.67 - - -
P. pandani 1/0.56 - - -
P. pauciseta 2/1.11 3/4.77 - -
P. peycnonelii 1/0.56 - - -
P. photiniae 8/4.44 1/1.92 3/5.08 -
P. sorbi 1/0.56 - - -
P. subcuticulari - - - 3/7.89
P. theae - - - 4/10.53
P. vaccinii - 1/1.92 - -
P. versicolor - - 3/5.08 -
P. virgatula 22/12.22 3/5.77 13/22.03 1/2.63
P. vismiae - - 1/1.69 -
P. zahlbruckneriana 1/0.56 - - -
P. zonata 37/20.56 - 21/35.59 7/18.42
Total number of isolates 180 52 59 38
Shannon-Wiener index (H') 2.4641 2.5013 1.4775 1.8707
Evenness index (J) 0.7859 1.0431 0.3624 0.8996
Richness index (S) 23 11 9 8
independent of the age of the palm. The distribution of
endophytic fungi might be affected by tissue texture,
physiology and chemistry (Petrini and Carroll, 1981;
Polishook et al., 1996; Arnold et al., 2001; Cheng et al.,
2009). In this study, the colonization frequencies of
endophytic Pestalotiopsis were different in different tissue
of same plant. In general, colonization frequencies in
twigs were relatively higher than that in leaves.
The colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in plant were influenced by the natural
condition. Kumaresan and Suryanayanan (2001)
investigated the endophytic fungi of R. apiculata and R.
mucronata growing in the Pichavaram mangrove of Tamil
Nadu, Southern India. The results showed that more
endophytes could be isolated during the rainy months
than the dry period. Similar result was obtained in other
study (Maria et al., 2003; Karamchand et al., 2009). In
this study, the colonization frequencies of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis in plant samples of Palmae and
Podocarpaceae collected in April 2007 were significantly
2668 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
higher than that collected in April 2008. It was rainless in
most area of Hainan during September 2007 to May
2008. The drought and high temperature may be the
reasons for the differences in 2007 and 2008.
Species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
A total of 43 endophytic Pestalotiopsis species were
isolated from 37 plant species belonging to 4 families.
Species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis varied
in the different families of plants even though, in same
family, species composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis
also displayed great differences. The number of
Pestalotiopsis species isolated from Palmae was highest
in the four plant families. This was mainly because the
numbers of plant species in Palmae which were selected
for comparison with the other three families in this study
were more. This is also the main reason while the
Evenness and Shannon-Wiener indexes of endophytic
Pestalotiopsis were the highest in Rhizophoraceae and
not in Palmae.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China Grants (Nos. 30700002, 30270015),
National Key Technology R&D Program during the 12th
Five-Year Plan Period (2011BAD12B03),Foundation for
Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of
Guangdong (LYM08065), National Science Foundation
for Post-doctoral Scientists of China (Grant No.
20070411191) and Innovation and Technology Fund in
Henan University of Science and Technology
(2010CZ0001).
REFERENCES
Ananda K, Sridhar KR (2002). Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots
of mangrove species on the west of India. Can. J. Microbiol., 48:
871–878.
Anita DD, Sridhar KR (2009). Assemblage and diversity of fungi
associated with mangrove wild legume canavalia cathartica. Trop.
Subtrop. Agroecosyst., 10: 225–235.
Arnold AE, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS (2001). Fungal endophytes in
dicotyledonous neotropical trees: Patterns of abundance and
diversity. Mycol. Res., 105: 1502–1507.
Bills GF, Polishhook JD (1994). Abundance and diversity of a lowland
rain forest in Costa Rica. Mycologia, 86: 187–198.
Cannon PF, Simmons CM (2002). Diversity and host preference of leaf
endophytic fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana.
Mycologia, 94: 210–220.
Carroll GC, Carroll FE (1978). Studies on the incidence of coniferous
needle endophytes in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Bot., 56: 3034–
3043.
Cheng ZS, Pan JH, Tang WC, Chen QJ, Lin YC (2009). Biodiversity
and biotechnological potential of mangrove-associated fungi. J. For.
Res., 20: 63–72.
Fisher NL, Burgess LW, Toussoun TA, Nelson PE (1982). Carnation
leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium
species. Phytopathology, 72: 151–153.
Gilbert GS, Sousa WP (2002). Host specialization among wood-decay
polypore fungi in a caribbean mangrove forest. Biotropica, 34: 396–
404.
Gao XX, Zhou H, Xu DY, Yu CH, Chen YQ, Qu LH (2005). High
diversity of endophytic fungi from the pharmaceutical plant,
Heterosmilax japonica Kunth revealed by cultivation-independent
approach. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 249: 255–266.
Karamchand KS, Sridhar KR, Bhat R (2009). Diversity of fungi
associated with estuarine sedge Cyperus malaccensis Lam. J. Agric.
Technol., 5: 111-127.
Kelemu S, Dongyi H, Guixiu H, Takayama Y (2003). Detecting and
differentiating Acremonium implicatum: Developing a PCR-based
method for an endophytic fungus associated with the genus
Brachiaria. Mol. Plant Pathol., 4: 115–118.
Kumar DSS, Hyde KD (2004). Biodiversity and tissue-recurrence of
endophytic fungi in Tripterygium wilfordii. Fungal Divers., 17: 69–90.
Kumaresan V, Suryanayanan TS (2001). Occurrence and distribution of
endophytic fungi in a mangrove community. Mycol. Res., 105: 1388–
1391.
Lacap DC, Hyde KD, Liew ECY (2003). An evaluation of the fungal
‘morphotype’ concept based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Fungal
Divers, 12: 53–66.
Liu AR, Xu T, Guo LD (2007). Molecular and morphological description
of Pestalotiopsis hainanensis sp. nov., a new endophyte from a
tropical region of China. Fungal Divers., 24: 23–36.
Lodge DJ, Fisher PJ, Sutton BC (1996). Endophytic fungi of Manilkara
bidentata leaves in Puerto Rico. Mycologia, 88: 733–788.
Maria GL, Sridhar KR (2003). Diversity of filamentous fungi on woody
litter of five mangrove plant species from the southwest coast of
India. Fungal Divers., 14: 109–126.
Nag Raj TR (1993). Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-
bearing Conidia. Canada: Mycologue Publications. Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, p. 1101.
Okane I, Nagagiri A, Ito T (1997). Preliminary study of endophytic fungi
in evergreen plants from Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands. The Institute
for Fermentation, Osaka Research Communications, 18: 45–51.
Okane I, Nagagiri A, Ito T (1998). Endophytic fungi in leaves of
ericaceous plants. Can. J. Bot., 76: 657–663.
Petrini O, Carroll GC (1981). Endophytic fungi in foliage of some
Cupressaceae in Oregon. Can. J. Bot., 59: 629–636.
Photita W, Lumyong S, Lumyong P, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD (2004).
Are some endophytes of Musa acuminata latent pathogens? Fungal
Divers, 16: 131–140.
Pielou EC (1975). Ecological Diversity. Wiley Inter Science, New York.
Polishook JD, Bills GF, Lodge DJ (1996). Microfungi from decaying
leaves of two rainforest trees in Puerto Rico. J. Ind. Microbiol., 17:
284–294.
Rodriguez RJ, White Jr JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009). Fungal
endophytes: diversity and functional roles. New Phytol., 182: 314–
330.
Steyaert RL (1949). Contribution to the study of Monographic Pestalotia
Not.et Monochaetia Sacc. Bull. Jard. Bot. State Brussels, 19: 285–
354.
Strobel G, Yang XS, Sears J, Kramer R, Sidhu RS, Hess WM (1996).
Taxol from Pestalotiopsis microspora, an endophytic fungus of Taxus
wallichiana. Microbiology, 142: 435–440.
Suryanarayanan TS, Wittlinger SK, Faeth SH (2005). Endophytic fungi
associated with cacti of Arizona. Mycol. Res., 109: 635–639.
Sutton BC (1980). The Coelomycetes Kew, Surrey, England:
Commonwealth Mycological Institute, pp. 263–266.
Taylor JE, Hyde KD, Jones EBG (1999). Endophytic fungi associated
with the temperate palm, Trachycarpus fortunei, within and outside its
natural geographic range. New Phytol., 142: 335–346.
Tejesvi MV, Kini KR, Prakash HS, Subbiah V, Shetty HS (2008).
Antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antibacterial properties of
endophytic Pestalotiopsis species from medicinal plants. Can. J.
Microbiol., 54: 769–780.
Tejesvi MV, Tamhankar SA, Kini KR, Rao VS, Prakash HS (2009).
Phylogenetic analysis of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species from
ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees. Fungal Divers., 38:
167–183.
Toofanee BS, Dulymamode R (2002). Fungal endophytes associated
with Cordemoya integrifolia. Fungal Divers, 11: 169–175.
Wei JG, Xu T (2004). Pestalotiopsis kunmingensis sp. nov., an
endophyte from Podocarpus macrophyllus. Fungal Divers, 15:
247–254.
White JF, Cole GT (1985). Endophyte-host associations in forage
grasses. III. In vitro inhibition of fungi by Acremonium
coenophalium. Mycologia, 77: 487–489.
Liu et al. 2669
