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A new species of Vinca (Apocynaceae) from eastern Anatolia, Turkey

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Mehmet. - Koyuncu at Ankara University
Mehmet. - Koyuncu
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Vinca soneri Koyuncu sp. nova (Apocynaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characters of this new species from the related species V. herbacea Waldst. & Kit. are discussed. Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu bölgesinden yeni bir Vinca (Apocynaceae) türü Özet: Vinca soneri Koyuncu (Apocynaceae) Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinden (Türkiye) bilim dünyası için yeni bir tür olarak tanımlanmış ve yakın tür olan V. herbacea Waldst. & Kit. ' den ayırt edici morfolojik özellikleri tartışılmıştır.
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M. KOYUNCU
247
Turk J Bot
36 (2012) 247-251
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-1103-19
A new species of Vinca (Apocynaceae) from eastern Anatolia,
Turkey
Mehmet KOYUNCU
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100 - TURKEY
Received: 31.03.2011
Accepted: 06.11.2011
Abstract: Vinca soneri Koyuncu sp. nova (Apocynaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from eastern
Anatolia in Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characters of this new species from the related species V. herbacea Waldst.
& Kit. are discussed.
Key words: Apocynaceae, Vinca, Kemaliye, Erzincan, Turkish  ora
Türkiye’nin Doğu Anadolu bölgesinden yeni bir Vinca (Apocynaceae) türü
Özet: Vinca soneri Koyuncu (Apocynaceae) Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinden (Türkiye) bilim dünyası için yeni bir tür olarak
tanımlanmış ve yakın tür olan V. herbacea Waldst. & Kit.’ den ayırt edici morfolojik özellikleri tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar sözcükler: Apocynaceae, Vinca, Kemaliye, Erzincan, Türkiye  orası
Research Article
* E-mail: koyuncu@pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr
Introduction
e genus Vinca L. (Apocynaceae) is native to
Europe, north-west Africa, and south-west Asia
and comprises 6 species: Vinca di ormis Pouret,
V. erecta Regel & Schmalh, V. pubescens d’Urv., V.
herbacea Waldst. & Kit., V. major L., and V. minor
L.; the last 3 occur in Turkey (Stearn, 1972, 1973,
1978). However, during a botanical excursion to
Sarıkonaklar village in Kemaliye District in 1992
Dr. Pharm. Osman SONER and I found a species
yet unknown, forming a large population on stony
dry slopes. It is an erect subshrub with dark green
leaves and blue-whitish  owers, which di ers from
the 3 species of Vinca recorded in Turkey (Stearn,
1978). We took coloured pictures of the plant and
collected herbarium specimens. Voucher specimens
are stored in Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy
Herbarium (AEF). As a result, I described this new
species of Vinca and provided a key to distinguish it
from the other Vinca species from Turkey. In Turkey
it is always possible to describe a new species as well
as new records (Hamzaoğlu et al., 2010; Koç et al.,
2011; Özhatay et al., 2011).
A new species of Vinca (Apocynaceae) from eastern Anatolia, Turkey
248
Species description
Vinca soneri Koyuncu sp. nova (Figures 1, 2, 4).
Type: Turkey, B7 Erzincan: Kemaliye, above
Sırakonaklar village, dry stony slopes. 1600-1900 m,
16.05.1992 (in  ower & in fruit), M.Koyuncu 9067 &
O.Soner (holo types: AEF 16951, iso types: ANK, GAZI).
Diagnosis: A nis Vinca herbacea sed caule erecto
et 25-50 cm (non ascendenti ad 20 cm), surculus
serpentibus carenti (non ad 60 cm), foliis eliptico-
ovatis et 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm (non anguste ellipticis,
elliptico-lanceolatis ad ovatis et 0.6-5 × 0.2-3 cm),
petiolo 0-1 mm (non 1-4 mm), calyce 8-10 mm (non
3-10 mm) corollae tubo 2-2.5 cm (non 1-2 cm),
pistilo 15-16 mm (non 7-8 mm), folliculo 5-7 cm
(non 2.5-3.5 cm) di ert (Table, Figures 2-5).
Description: Perennial subshrub with woody
rootstock. Stem erect, simple, pilose, 25-50 cm high;
trailing shoots absent. Leaves opposite, deciduous,
subsessile or shortly petiolate, simple, entire, ovate-
elliptic, 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm, base and apex acute, margin
smooth and glabrous, beneath puberulent only on
nerves, with veins spreading at 10-12 from midrib;
petiole 0-1 mm long. Flowers large, solitary in leaf
axils. Calyx 8-10 mm; lobes linear, glabrous. Corolla
infundibular, blue or pale-blue; lobes white-blue,
1.2-1.5 cm long; tube 2-2.7 cm. Stamens included,
inserted, c. ½ up corolla tube;  laments 2 mm,
bent forward then back; anthers with  at ap-like
appendage at apex and with hairs on the back. Stylus
slender and slightly shorter than anthers height;
stigma capitate with hairs at apex. Follicles 5-7 cm;
seeds 1-3, 10-12 mm long, tuberculate. Flowering
time: 5- 6. Dry stony slopes, 1200-2800 m.
Specimens examined: Vinca soneri B6 Sivas:
Between Ulaş and Zara, around Değirmenboğazı
village, dry stony slopes, 1490 m, 20.07.2008 (in fruit),
M.Koyuncu 15942 (AEF 25289); Zara to Divriği,
around Bolucan, dry slopes, 1500 m, 24.07.2008 (in
fruit), M.Koyuncu 15961 et al. (AEF 25262); Divriği to
Zara, around Cürek village, slopes, 1100 m, 18.07.2009
(in fruit), M.Koyuncu 16241 & N.Arslan (AEF 25632);
B7 Erzincan: Kemaliye, Yılanlı Dağ, around Umutlu
village, stony slopes, 2400-2800 m, 27.9.1984 (in
fruit), M.Coşkun (AEF 15165); Above Aşağı Umutlu
village, 1400-1650 m, 28.9.1984 (in fruit), M.Tanker
& M.Coşkun s.n. (AEF 15166); Kemaliye, above
Sırakonaklar village, 1500-1700 m, 15.05.1994 (in
ower), M.Koyuncu & O.Soner s.n. (AEF 16143); B7
Malatya: Between Eğin and İliç, mica schist area, 1420
m, 21.06.2005 (in fruit) M.Koyuncu 15083 & N.Arslan
(AEF 24690); Kemaliye, between Sırakonaklar village
and Halife Holy Tomb slopes, 1500 m, 21.05.2002 (in
ower), M.Abu Asaker s.n. (AEF 22948).
Habitat: Vinca soneri grows on a serpentine steppe
and slopes along with Helichrysum noeanum Boiss.,
123456789
42°
40°
38°
36°
26° 28° 30° 32° 34° 36° 38° 40° 42° 44°
A
B
C
0 100 200
km
Figure 1. Distribution of Vinca soneri (▲) and Vinca herbacea (■).
M. KOYUNCU
249
Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham,
Hedysarum nitidum Willd., Campanula stricta L.,
Morina persica L., Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl,
Teucrium polium L., Scorzonera tomentosa L., Stachys
lavandulifolia Vahl, Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin
ex Baker, Sternbegia clusiana (Ker-Gawler) Ker ex
Sprengel, Beta trygina Waldst. & Kit., and Astragalus
lagurus Willd. (Figures 1, 2, 4).
Key for identi cation of the species of Vinca in
Turkey
1. Plant dying down completely in winter;
herbaceous or subshrub; veins of leaves diverging
from midrib at 10°-35° or 40°-60°
2. Stem to 20 cm; trailing shoots present; leaves
0.6-5 × 0.2-3 cm; veins of leaves diverging from
midrib at 10°-35° …......................V. herbacea
1 cm
B
1 cm
1 cm
F
1 mm
1 mm
1 mm
1 cm
1 cm
1 cm
2 mm
E1 E2 E3
GACD
H
Figure 2. Vinca soneri (from holotype Koyuncu 9067). A, B- habit, C- opened corolla, D- calyx, E1, E2,
E3- stamens, F- pistil, G- fruit, H- leaf venation.
A new species of Vinca (Apocynaceae) from eastern Anatolia, Turkey
250
1 cm
B1 mm
1 mm
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm
1 cm
F1 F2 F3
A
E
C
D1 D2 D3
Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Vinca herbacea (Koyuncu 1895, 10549, 3340, 8946, 5253, 5018, 7823 &
from Flora of Turkey). A- opened corolla, B- calyx, C- pistil, D1, D2, D3- stamens, E- fruit, F1, F2,
F3- leaf venation.
Figure 4. Habit of Vinca soneri (from holotype Koyuncu 9067). Figure 5. Habit of Vinca herbacea (Koyuncu 7823).
Table. Diagnostic characters of Vinca soneri with the related V. herbacea.
Characters Vinca soneri Vinca herbacea
Stem 25-50 cm to 20 cm
Trailing shoots absent to 60 cm
Leaves 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm 0.6-5 × 0.2-3 cm
elliptic-ovate narrowly elliptic, elliptic lanceolate
Petiole 0-1 mm 1-4 mm
Calyx 8-10 mm 3-10 mm
Tube of corolla 2-2.7 cm 1-2 cm
Stamens anthers with hairs on the back anthers hairy at apex
Pistil 15-16 mm 7-8 mm
Follicles 5-7 cm 2.5-3.5 cm
Flowering time May-June March-May
M. KOYUNCU
251
2. Stem 25-50 cm; trailing shoots absent; leaves
5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm veins of leaves diverging
from midrib at 40°-60° ....................... V. soneri
1. Plant evergreen; shrub; veins of leaves diverging
from midrib at 40°-60°
3. Leaves and calyx ciliate; leaf-blades
subcordate or rounded at base; calyx lobes
6-8 mm ……………......……….…V. major
3. Leaves and calyx glabrous; leaf-blades
usually cuneate at base; calyx lobes 3-4 mm
……………..........……………….. V. minor
Etimology:  e species is named a er the late
Mustafa SONER (father of Osman SONER), from
Sırakonaklar village, whose help during the collection
of this plant was very much appreciated.
Conservation status: Kemaliye is a small pretty
town on the southern skirts of the Munzur Mountains
within the province of Erzincan in Turkey. Because
of the large plateaus, animal breeding is the main
source of livelihood in this area. Beekeeping and fruit
agriculture are the second most important economic
activities in the region. Mulberries, prunes, grapes,
sour cherries, and apricots are the main fruits that are
cultivated in the region where the  ora is composed
of steppe vegetation and partial forests.
Due to human activities, grazing, and erosion, the
species is strongly threatened with extinction in the
wild if protection measures are not taken.  erefore,
we recommended the classi cation of V. s on e r i as
“Critically Endangered (CR)” according to the IUCN
criteria (IUCN, 2001).
Acknowledgements
I want to thank Prof. Dr. Hayri Duman for preparing
the Latin diagnosis and his critical reading of the
manuscript. I also thank Doç. Dr. Ayşe Mine Özkan
for correction of the English in this paper and Gülnur
Ekşi for the illustrations.
References
Hamzaoğlu E, Aksoy A & Budak Ü (2010). A new species of
Silene (Caryopyllaceae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of
Botany 34: 47-50.
IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version
3.1. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Species Survival
Commission.
Koç M, Aksoy A & Hamzaoğlu E (2011). A new species of
Minuartia (Caryophyllaceae) from northwestern Anatolia,
Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 337-341.
Özhatay N, Kültür Ş & Aslan S (2011). Check-list of additional
taxa to the supplement  ora of Turkey V. Turkish Journal of
Botany 35: 1-36.
Stearn WT (1972). Vinca L. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges
NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM & Webb DA
(eds.), Flora Europea. vol. 3, p. 69. Cambridge University
Press.
Stearn WT (1973). A synopsis of the genus Vinca including its
taxonomic and nomenclatural history. In: Taylor WI &
Farnsworth N (eds.) e Vinca alkaloids; botany, chemistry,
pharmacology: pp. 19-94.
Stearn WT (1978). Vinca L. In: Davis PH (ed.) Flora of Turkey
and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 6, pp. 161-163. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
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A través de los años el Jardín Botánico de Bogotá ha realizado numerosos esfuerzos para la publicación de guías de campo tratando algunos grupos de plantas, colecciones o áreas específicas de las colecciones vivas del Jardín. Entre estas, solo para mencionar algunas, se elaboró la Guía ilustrativa de las colecciones especializadas para la conservación (CEPAC) (Santos, Fernández y Sarmiento, 2009), la Guía de las especies amenazadas presentes en las colecciones vivas del Jardín, las Criptógamas del Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis, musgos, helechos y plantas afines, la Guía de plantas acuáticas del Jardín de humedales y Las Orquídeas del Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis. El Jardín también ha publicado algunas guías destinadas a ayudar al público a recorrer sus colecciones, tales como la guía para el visitante (Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, 2009) y la Guía didáctica del Jardín introductorio o glosológico. Bajo este escenario, la Guía de géneros de angiospermas y gimnospermas del Jardín Botánico de Bogotá se enriqueció con los trabajos previos y se concibió como un producto que pudiera articular y complementar dichos esfuerzos. La presente guía trata las plantas espermatófitas, es decir aquellas que producen semilla, incluyendo gimnospermas y angiospermas, las cuales no habían sido abordadas de forma general con anterioridad y que paradójicamente representan el grueso de las plantas existentes en las colecciones vivas del Jardín. La guía está enfocada a nivel de género. Las plantas vivas del Jardín ascienden a cerca de 51.204 individuos pertenecientes a 1027 especies, 626 géneros y 179 familias; 75 de las especies en el Jardín presentan alguna categoría de amenaza, 31 en categoría vulnerable, 30 en peligro y 14 en peligro crítico. En un escenario ideal se esperaría tener representadas en la guía todos los géneros y especies que crecen en el Jardín, pero este sería un trabajo monumental, muy extenso para un solo abordaje; sin embargo, esta tarea queda abierta a ser completada en posteriores esfuerzos. En la presente guía se optó por tomar una muestra representativa de la gran diversidad de plantas existentes en el Jardín y por ello fueron seleccionados 200 géneros de los más abundantes y llamativos de las colecciones vivas. Se incluyeron tanto géneros nativos del área de Bogotá como también aquellos de presencia común en jardines y zonas verdes, en su mayoría de origen exótico. Algunas plantas de interés evolutivo o por considerarse rarezas también fueron incluidas, varias de ellas solo pueden ser observadas en Bogotá en las colecciones vivas del Jardín, tal es el caso de los géneros Ginkgo y Banksia. También se incluyeron algunos géneros importantes para conservación ex situ y para los cuales algunas de sus especies se encuentran en riesgo de extinción, tal fue el caso de Quercus, Colombobalanus, Cedrela, Polylepis y Ceroxylon. Como un valor agregado muchas de las especies fotografiadas para la guía fueron colectadas, identificadas e ingresadas al herbario JBB. Los especímenes de herbario pueden ser consultados en físico en las instalaciones del Jardín u online en su plataforma web. La guía se encuentra organizada en cuatro partes: un corto capítulo introductorio, donde se hace una reseña sobre la organización de las colecciones vivas y se incluye un mapa general del Jardín para ayudar con la ubicación de las plantas Maloca Área infantil (Foto: John Bernal) en las colecciones. Luego se presenta información básica sobre la morfología de las gimnospermas y las angiospermas, para posteriormente explicar cómo debe ser usada la guía y cómo se estructura cada una de las fichas de géneros incluidas. La segunda parte incluye el cuerpo principal de la guía donde se incluyen claves para ayudar en la identificación de los géneros y se relacionan las fichas de los 200 géneros, organizadas en orden alfabético por familias, y dentro de cada una, en orden alfabético por géneros. Posteriormente se presenta una bibliografía minuciosa para quien quiera ahondar más en alguno de los géneros tratados y finalmente se presenta un glosario ilustrado en el que se encuentra un compendio de los términos botánicos que consideramos podrían requerir una definición explícita para el lector.
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... Others still consider them as one large family Apocynaceae (Judd et al., 1994;Struwe et al., 1994;Sennblad and Bremer, 1996;Endress and Bruyns 2000). Apocynaceous plants are herbs, shrubs or trees and perennial or very rarely annual (Muschler, 1912;Bailey, 1949;Boulos, 2000;Koyuncu, 2012;Venkateshwar et al., 2013). The stem was erect, climbing or twining and trete or 4 angled (Bolos, 2000;Rodda and Simonsson, 2011;Sidney, 2012). ...
Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2019
Apocynaceae is one of the important families that is present all over the world. The aim of this study is to provide some anatomical features of 7 species that represent 7 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies (Apocynoideae, Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae and Rauvolfioideae) related to Apocynaceae. The species samples were collected from different areas in Egypt. The study was focus on the morphological and anatomical characters of stems and leaves. The results were recorded in the form of comparison between the examined plants. Most of these plants are perennial herbs as in Cynanchum acutum L. but some are shrubs as in Carissa spinarum L. and trees as in Alstoniascholar is R.Br. The stem is woody in some of the investigated plants as in Alstoniascholaris R.Br. and succulent in some plants as in Pachypodium lamerei. The leaves are simple, spirally, opposite and opposite decussate. Leaves shape are ovate, elliptic, oblonglanceolate or cordate with entire margin. The vascular bundles in all of the examined plants are bicollateral. From the analysis of all the available data by using the Multi Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) Program it could be stated that Apocynaceaeand Asclepiadaceae are very similar to each other which could be ranked in one large family Apocynaceae. In conclusion, we emphasize the previous recommendations to merge both Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae families in one large family, that is Apocynaceae.
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... Ülkemiz oldukça zengin bir floristik yapıya sahiptir. Ülkemiz florası yıllardır çalışılıyor olsa da halen ülkemizden bilim dünyasına yeni bitki türleri tanıtılmakta (Öztürk vd., 2011;Koyuncu, 2012) ve yeni bitki kayıtları (Yıldırım ve Gemici, 2010;Vural ve Şapcı, 2012) verilmektedir. ...
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Insight into palynological characteristics of Vinca species in Turkey and their taxonomic relationship
Article
  • Aug 2021
The aim of this research is the palynological characterization of all Vinca species naturally grown in Turkey. In this context six Vinca (Apocynaceae) taxa from Turkey were investigated: V. herbacea Waldst & Kit., V. ispartensis Koyuncu & Ekşi, V. minor L., V. major subsp. major L., V. major subsp. hirsuta (Boiss.) Steam, V. soneri Koyuncu, by a palynological approach and similar/different palynological characters of the closer taxa (especially two new species and subspecies) were defined.Thus, pollen structures of six taxa and their systematical relations could be discussed. The pollen type of the studied taxa was determined as colpate and the sculpture as psilate. The results have reconfirmed that palynological characters show minor differences between the investigated taxa of the genus. Nevertheless, these features can be used for discrimination of the taxa of the genus. PAST-Multivar-Cluster and PCA analysis were applied to the obtained data to compare the palynological characters of the six taxa and prove the similarities of the pollen among the investigated taxa . The results indicated the relation between two new Vinca species (V. soneri Koyuncu, V. ispartensis Koyuncu & Ekşi) and their closest taxa (V. herbacea). The observed results exhibited that V.herbacea is quite closer to the V.ıspartensis compare to V.soner with regard to the palynological features. Also, the two subspecies were observed as closest to each other. In conclusion, with few exceptional states, the palynological findings support the morphological classification. As it appears from the results, palynological parameters can be helpful for taxonomical classification of the plant taxa.
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Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Vinca L. Extracts on multiple myeloma cell lines
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2020
Abstract – Objective: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic disease characterized by pathological plasma cells that cause the gathering of carcinogenic cells in the bone marrow. Despite the development of new drugs and the use of herbal preparations as treatment support, MM remains untreatable. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of extracts of species of Vinca, Vinca herbacea Waldst. and Kit and Vinca soneri Koyuncu, on MM cell lines were investigated. Materials and Methods: The WST-1 test was used to determine the antiproliferative effects at different doses and time intervals of the applied extracts on MM cells and real-time polymerase chain reaction, caspase enzyme activity, and flow cytometry techniques were used to reveal the apoptotic effects. Results: As a general finding, it can be assumed that Vinca extracts may be a potential treatment for MM. The result of the WST-1 test revealed that Vinca extracts, especially that of V. herbacea, had time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on MM cells. Moreover, an increase in proapoptotic gene expressions, such as BAX, BIK, p53, and casp3, and an increase in caspase 3 enzyme activity indicated that the extracts resulted in apoptosis of MM cells. Conclusions: As a basic contribution, it was determined that extracts from species of Vinca have cytotoxic, apoptotic, and invasion inhibitory effects on MM cells.
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Check list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey III
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2013
The sixth check-list of the series entitled "Check-list of Additional taxa to the Flora of Turkey" comprises a total of 228 taxa based on the data given in 140 papers published the period between January 2011-November 2013. Additionally taxa which have not been recorded neither in the 11 volumes of the Flora of Turkey nor in the five previously published supplementary check-lists. With this paper the following are added to the Turkish flora. 186 taxa new to science and 42 taxa new record.
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A new species of Minuartia (Caryophyllaceae) from northwestern Anatolia, Turkey
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
Minuartia turcica M.Koç (Caryophyllaceae) is described as a new species of sect. Minuartia. Th e specimens were collected from the village of Yukarıçift lik in the district of Safranbolu (Karabük Province, Turkey). Th e new species is similar to Minuartia leucocephaloides, but the diff erences between the 2 species are discussed in this paper. Descriptions and illustrations are given, as is information on the distribution and conservation status of the new species. Türkiye'nin kuzeybatı Anadolu bölgesinden Minuartia'nın (Caryophyllaceae) yeni bir türü Özet: Minuartia turcica M.Koç (Caryophyllaceae) sect. Minuartia'nın yeni bir türü olarak tanımlandı. Örnekler Safranbolu Yukarıçift lik köyünden toplandı (Karabük). Yeni tür Minuartia leucocephaloides türüne yakındır. Türler arasındaki farklar tartışıldı. Yeni türün betimi, yayılışı, resmi ve koruma statüsü verildi.
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Check-list of Additional Taxa to the Supplement Flora of Turkey IV
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2009
The fourth check-list of the series entitled “Additional taxa to the Flora of Turkey” comprises a total of 175 taxa based on data given in 162 papers published up until the end of 2007. It provides details of taxa not recorded in the 11 volumes of the Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands nor in the there previously published supplementary check-lists.
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Vinca L
Article
  • Jan 1978
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A new species of Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey
Article
  • Dec 2008
Silene erciyesdaghensis Aksoy & Hamzaoğlu (Caryophyllaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Turkey. It belongs to section Lasiostemones. Its diagnostic characters, description and taxonomic comments are given. Its characteristics are compared with the related Silene olympica. The geographical distributions of the new and related species are mapped. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) threat category and observations on the population are noted. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 730–733.
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Flora Europea A synopsis of the genus Vinca including its taxonomic and nomenclatural history
  • Jan 1972
  • 69-19
  • Stearn Wt Tutin
  • Heywood Vh Tg
  • Burges Na Moore
  • Dm
  • Valentine
  • Dh
Stearn WT (1972). Vinca L. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM & Webb DA (eds.), Flora Europea. vol. 3, p. 69. Cambridge University Press. Stearn WT (1973). A synopsis of the genus Vinca including its taxonomic and nomenclatural history. In: Taylor WI & Farnsworth N (eds.) Th e Vinca alkaloids; botany, chemistry, pharmacology: pp. 19-94.
A synopsis of the genus Vinca including its taxonomic and nomenclatural history
  • Jan 1973
  • 19-94
  • W T Stearn
Stearn WT (1973). A synopsis of the genus Vinca including its taxonomic and nomenclatural history. In: Taylor WI & Farnsworth N (eds.) Th e Vinca alkaloids; botany, chemistry, pharmacology: pp. 19-94.
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 3.1. Gland and Cambridge
  • Jan 2001
IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 3.1. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 3.1. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Species Survival Commission
  • Jan 2001
  • Iucn
IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 3.1. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Species Survival Commission.