STAV SMREKOVÝCH PORASTOV SLOVENSKA A NÁVRH OPATRENÍ NA ZVÝŠENIE ICH STABILITY A PRODUKČNOSTI

Abstract

V roku 2011 výmera lesných pozemkov dosiahla 2 011 467 ha a porastovej pôdy 1 940 108 ha. Dlhodobo sa
zvyšuje lesnatosť, ako percentuálny podiel výmery lesných pozemkov z celkovej plochy Slovenska. V roku 2011
bola 41,0 %. To radí Slovensko na popredné miesto medzi európskymi krajinami.

Full text

STAVSMREKOVÝCHPORASTOVSLOVENSKA
ANÁVRHOPATRENÍNAZVÝŠENIE
ICHSTABILITYAPRODUKČNOSTI
MilanZúbrik•MartinMoravčík•TomášHlásny•PavelPavlenda•Ladislav
Kulla•AndrejKunca•TomášBucha•IvanBarka•MatúšKajba•IvanSačkov
•JaroslavJankovič•BohdanKonôpka•AndrejGubka•ChristoNikolov
•JozefVakula•MiroslavKovalčík•RomanLeontovyč•JurajGalko
LesynaSlovensku
   


Vysokéobjemynáhodnýchťažieb



Obrázok 1. Vývoj objemu realizovanej náhodnej ťažby dreva
Súčasnýstavsmrekovýchporastov




    

174

Obrázok 2. Rozšírenie smrekových porastov na Slovensku









SchMidT-vogT
hLáSny, SiTková, 2010
konôPka 
novoTnýIps typographus

 

  

Ceratocystis

   
 
konôPka, PavLenda




Obrázok 3. Rozloha smrekových porastov v okresoch Slovenska
 
hoLuša et al.,
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
 175


 
       



Obrázok 4. Percentuálny nárast rozlohy poškodených a vyťažených smrekových porastov v rokoch 2006 – 2012
(pre okresy s rozlohou smrekových porastov v r. 2000 nad 500 ha) spracovaný na základe satelitných scén
Obrázok 5. Objem spracovanej smrekovej kalamitnej hmoty poškodenej podkôrnym
hmyzom v rokoch 2007 – 2011 prepočítaný na 1 ha smrekových porastov
  





Príčinysúčasnéhozdravotnéhostavusmrekovýchporastov
Imisie






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Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa


Obrázok 6. Trend objemu spracovaného dreva z dôvodu poškodenia imisiami. Zdroj hlásenia L116
Veterné kalamity

      



             


   





kunca, Zúbrik,

Obrázok 7. Vývoj objemu spracovanej náhodnej ťažby dreva z dôvodu poškodenia
vetrom. Najväčší podiel na uvedenom objeme majú smrekové porasty



 177

Rozpad vlastníckych vzťahov po roku 1989

    





Pasívna ochrana v chránených územiach
  





 



 

          

Premnoženie podkôrneho hmyzu









Obrázok 8. Porasty poškodené lykožrútom smrekovým v Tichej doline (Vysoké Tatry 2012)

Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa


Obrázok 9. Objem dreva napadnutého lykožrútom smrekovým – spracované.
Dôsledky zlého zdravotného stavu smrekových porastov
     



Dôsledkyzléhozdravotnéhostavusmrečín
Ekonomické dôsledky


     
 

Ekologické dôsledky

       
      



Sociálne dôsledky

 
        


      

Návrhopatrenínazlepšeniezdravotnéhostavusmrečín
       

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
 179





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Opatrenie1.Výstavba,rekonštrukcia,dostavbaaprestavbalesnejdopravnejsiete





Opatrenie2. Ochranalesnýchporastov–náhodná(asanačná)ťažbaaporastováhygiena




  





Opatrenie3. Ochranalesnýchporastov–inštaláciaferomónovýchlapačovnapodkôrny
adrevokaznýhmyz
     









Obrázok 10. Rôzne konštrukčné typy feromónových lapačov na podkôrny hmyz: (zľava)
Ekotrap, Teysohn, Lindgren funel trap, Experimentálny prototyp, BEKA trap

Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa


Opatrenie4. Ochranalesnýchporastov–prípravaklasickýchaotrávenýchlapákov
napodkôrnyadrevokaznýhmyz


         









  



Obrázok 11. Počet lapákov a lapačov inštalovaný v lesoch SR od roku 1996
Opatrenie5. Ochranalesnýchporastov–odkôrňovanieaktívnychchrobačiarov
apreventívneodkôrňovanie
 
      

Obrázok 12. Odkôrnené smrekové kmene nie sú atraktívne pre podkôrny hmyz




 181

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




Opatrenie6. Ochranalesnýchporastov–použitiechemických,biotechnických
abiologickýchprípravkovprotipodkôrnemuadrevokaznémuhmyzu
             






Opatrenie7. Ochranalesnýchporastov–prípravalapacíchkôrnaodchyttvrdoňov
alykokazov


HylobiusHylastes







gaLko et al.,
Opatrenie8. Ochranalesnýchporastov–vysádzaniesadenícošetrenýchprotitvrdoňom
alykokazom




    


 





Opatrenie9. Ochranalesnýchporastov–ochranaprotiodhryzuraticovouzverou




FinĎo, PeTráš, 2011)

Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa


Opatrenie10. Ochranalesnýchporastov–ochranaprotiobhryzu,lúpaniu
avytĺkaniuraticovouzverou












Opatrenie11. Protipožiarneopatrenia
  

 


Obrázok 13. Počet požiarov v lesoch Slovenska
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Opatrenie12. ZmenaPSLvlesnýchcelkochvýznamnezasiahnutýchodumieranímsmrečín





kuLLa, PeTrá š
Opatrenie13.
Výchovavlesochpoškodenýchbiotickými,abiotickýmiaantropogénnymi
škodlivýmičiniteľmi–realizáciavýchovnýchzásahovnapodporu
stabilityabiodiverzitynáslednýchporastov
   





 183



Obrázok 14. Živelná prirodzená obnova smreka v rozpadajúcom sa poraste (VDO Kysuce)
Opatrenie14. Obnovalesnýchporastov–vnášaniechýbajúcichdrevínprezvýšenie
odolnostiaadaptáciubudúcichlesovnaKZ











Opatrenie15. ZakladanienovýchkvalikovanýchzdrojovLRMprechýbajúce
avnášanédreviny
  





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Opatrenie16. Revitalizácia–optimalizáciapHpôdyvápnením
    



 




Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa





      
odráZSký, 1990,
PavLenda,MaTerna
Opatrenie17. Revitalizácia–zabezpečeniedostatočnejpotrebyživín
 
        







Záver





Zoznamnavrhovanýchopatreníapodopatrení
Opatrenie1.Výstavba, rekonštrukcia, dostavba a prestavba lesnej dopravnej siete
 
Opatrenie2.Ochrana lesných porastov – náhodná (asanačná) ťažba a porastová hygiena
 
 
 
Opatrenie3.Ochrana lesných porastov – inštalácia feromónových
lapačov na podkôrny a drevokazný hmyz
 
 
 
 
 
Opatrenie4.Ochrana lesných porastov – príprava klasických
a otrávených lapákov na podkôrny a drevokazný hmyz

 
Opatrenie5.Ochrana lesných porastov – Odkôrňovanie aktívnych
chrobačiarov a preventívne odkôrňovanie

 185




Opatrenie6.Ochrana lesných porastov – použitie chemických, biotechnických
a biologických prípravkov proti podkôrnemu a drevokaznému hmyzu



Opatrenie7.Ochrana lesných porastov – príprava lapacích kôr na odchyt tvrdoňov a lykokazov
 
Opatrenie8.Ochrana lesných porastov – vysádzanie sadeníc ošetrených proti tvrdoňom a lykokazom






Opatrenie9.Ochrana lesných porastov – ochrana proti odhryzu raticovou zverou



Opatrenie10.Ochrana lesných porastov – ochrana proti obhryzu, lúpaniu a vytĺkaniu raticovou zverou

  

Opatrenie11.Protipožiarne opatrenia



 
Opatrenie12.Zmena PSL v lesných celkoch významne zasiahnutých odumieraním smrečín

Opatrenie 13. Výchova v lesoch poškodených biotickými, abiotickými a antropogénnymi škodlivými
činiteľmi – realizácia výchovných zásahov na podporu stability a biodiverzity následných porastov





Opatrenie14.Obnova lesných porastov – vnášanie chýbajúcich drevín pre zvýšenie odolnosti a adaptáciu
budúcich lesov na KZ
   


Aktuálneproblémyvochranelesa


  





Opatrenie15.Zakladanie nových kvalikovaných zdrojov LRM pre chýbajúce a vnášané dreviny
         




Opatrenie16.Revitalizácia – optimalizácia pH pôdy vápnením



Opatrenie17.Revitalizácia – zabezpečenie dostatočnej potreby živín

  
    


Poďakovanie
Tento článok vznikol vďaka podpore v rámci OP Výskum a vývoj pre projekt “Prognosticko-informačné systémy pre
zvýšenie efektívnosti manažmentu lesa“ (ITMS 26220220109) a projekt “Progresívne technológie ochrany les-
ných drevín juvenilných rastových štádií” (ITMS 26220220120) spolunancovaný zo zdrojov Európskeho fondu
regionálneho rozvoja, vďaka infraštruktúre získanej v rámci projektu „Centrum excelentnosti biologických metód
ochrany lesa“ (ITMS 26220120008) a vďaka projektom nancovaných agentúrou APV V, projektu „Výskum vplyvu
disturbančných faktorov na dlhodobý vývoj zdravotného stavu lesov Slovenska“ (APV V-0707-12) a „Biologické me-
tódy regulácie populačnej dynamiky hmyzu premnožujúceho sa na smreku a duboch“ (APVV-0045-10).
Literatúra
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
 187

konôPka, b., PavLenda, P. novoTný, J., varínSky,
Ja kol 

konôPka, J.,    
Zúbrik, MHynutie smrečín, príčiny, dôsledky, riešenia

kuLLa, L., PeTráš, r.et al  

kunca, a.

kunca, a., Zúbrik, M.,

MaTerna, J.
novoTný, JZúbrik, M

PavLenda, P.               

PodráZSký, v.,

SchMidT-vogT, h.,   

ZuMr, v.Ips typographus 

Ing.MilanZúbrik,PhD.1,Ing.MartinMoravčík,CSc.2,doc.RNDr.TomášHlásny,PhD.2,
Ing.PavelPavlenda,PhD.2,Ing.LadislavKulla,PhD.2,Ing.AndrejKunca,PhD.1,
Dr.Ing.TomášBucha2,Mgr.IvanBarka,PhD.2,Mgr.MatúšKajba2,Ing.IvanSačkov,PhD.2,
Ing.JaroslavJankovič,CSc.2,doc.Dr.Ing.BohdanKonôpka2,Ing.AndrejGubka,PhD.1,
Ing.ChristoNikolov1,Ing.JozefVakula,PhD.1,Ing.MiroslavKovalčík,PhD.2,
Ing.RomanLeontovyč,PhD.1,Ing.JurajGalko,PhD.1



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