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Use of rating of perceived exertion for determining plyometric exercises intensity in physically active men

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Abbas Asadi at Payame Noor University
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The purpose of this study was to use rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale to evaluate popular bilateral plyometric exercise intensities. Fourteen physically active men (age 20.64 ± 1.4 years; height 176.93 ± 6.83 cm; weight 75.28 ± 11.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and performed a set of ten repetitions plyometric exercises to depth jump from 35 cm box, 35 cm box jump, depth jump from 60 cm box, 60 cm box jump, pike jump, tuck jump, and squat jump in a session with 5-min rest in between exercises. RPE was measured following the completion of each exercise using 0-10 Borg RPE scale. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the level of significant was set at p <0.05. The results indicated that squat jump was harder than other types of bilateral plyometric exercises such as 35 cm box jump, depth jump from 35 cm box, and tuck jump (p < 0.05). Moreover, the 35 cm box jump was easier than other plyometric exercises (p < 0.05). With regard to the results of this investigation, it can be recommended that athletes and strength and conditioning professionals use these findings to design plyometric training in their training schedule and keep in their mind that plyometric exercises have different intensities, however, the total volume was matched.
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ORIGINAL ART I C L E
Use of rating of perceived exertion for determining plyometric
exercises intensity in physically active men
Abbas Asadi
Received: 23 January 2014 / Accepted: 13 February 2014 / Published online: 7 March 2014
ÓSpringer-Verlag Italia 2014
Abstract The purpose of this study was to use rating of
perceived exertion (RPE) scale to evaluate popular bilateral
plyometric exercise intensities. Fourteen physically active
men (age 20.64 ±1.4 years; height 176.93 ±6.83 cm;
weight 75.28 ±11.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this
study and performed a set of ten repetitions plyometric
exercises to depth jump from 35 cm box, 35 cm box jump,
depth jump from 60 cm box, 60 cm box jump, pike jump,
tuck jump, and squat jump in a session with 5-min rest in
between exercises. RPE was measured following the
completion of each exercise using 0–10 Borg RPE scale.
Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and
the level of significant was set at p\0.05. The results
indicated that squat jump was harder than other types of
bilateral plyometric exercises such as 35 cm box jump,
depth jump from 35 cm box, and tuck jump (p\0.05).
Moreover, the 35 cm box jump was easier than other
plyometric exercises (p\0.05). With regard to the results
of this investigation, it can be recommended that athletes
and strength and conditioning professionals use these
findings to design plyometric training in their training
schedule and keep in their mind that plyometric exercises
have different intensities, however, the total volume was
matched.
Keywords Perceived effort Stretch-shortening cycle
Borg scale
Introduction
It has been well documented that plyometric training is an
effective training mode for increasing muscular perfor-
mance especially muscular power [1,2]. Several coaches
and professional athletes used this type of training on their
training schedule wishing to enhance their performance.
Plyometric exercises are a form of resistance training that
uses body weight as the load. Hence, they are subjects to
the same principle of mode, frequency, volume, progres-
sion, recovery, and intensity of other methods of training.
Intensity is perhaps the most important of these because it
often determines other parameters such as volume and
recovery [3].
Plyometric intensity has also been defined as the amount
of stress placed on involved muscles and connective tissue
and joint, and it is dictated by the type of exercise that is
performed [3]. There were scarce and little research for
quantifying the intensity of a large number of plyometric
exercises, especially with respect to evaluating the nature
of the plyometric exercise and how to best incorporate it
into an optimal training program. Previously, authors
evaluated the intensity of plyometric exercises with elec-
tromyography (EMG) and vertical ground reaction force
(VGRF) [4,5]. They found that depth drop from 90 cm box
and con hop exercises are more intense than other types of
bilateral plyometric exercises [4,5]. Previous studies used
professional device to determine plyometric exercise
intensity, whereas these devices and equipments are not
available for strength and conditioning professionals. For
this goal, several authors proposed a cheap tool for
screening intensity of plyometrics with using rating of
perceived exertion (RPE) scale [6–10]. It has been reported
that RPE scale is a valid tool for determining resistance and
endurance exercise intensities [8–11], but the knowledge
A. Asadi (&)
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697,
Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
e-mail: abbas_asadi1175@yahoo.com
123
Sport Sci Health (2014) 10:75–78
DOI 10.1007/s11332-014-0176-y
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personal
copy
about this tool for screening plyometric exercise intensity
is scarce. Moreover, no study explored quantification of
popular bilateral plyometric exercise intensity using RPE
scale. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
popular bilateral plyometric exercises (depth jump from 35
to 60 cm box, 35 and 60 cm box jump, pike jump, tuck
jump and squat jump) intensity using RPE scale in recre-
ationally physically active men.
Materials and methods
Subjects
The subjects were 14 recreationally physically active men
(age 20.64 ±1.4 years; height 176.93 ±6.83 cm; weight
75.28 ±11.1 kg) who were familiar with plyometric
exercise and trained stretch-shortening cycle exercises and
resistance training for three times weekly. All participants
were instructed to benefit, possible risk associated with
participating in this study and signed consent form which
was in accordance with University’s review board. The
subjects were healthy, free from any lower body injuries
and had no orthopedic problems. The inclusion criteria
included: (1) able to lift 2.5 their body weight leg press
exercise, (2) had not taken anabolic steroids, growth hor-
mone, or related performance-enhancement drugs of any
kind.
Procedures
Each participant was tested for each of the different plyo-
metric exercises’ conditions during a single visit. Partici-
pants were instructed to abstain from rigorous physical
activity for at least 24 h prior to participating in the study to
reduce possible performance altering neuromuscular fati-
gue. Before testing, each participant’s height, weight, and
age were recorded. A standardized warm up consisting of
low intensity running, static stretching, activity-specific
dynamic stretching and lower body lunging and squatting
movements was performed prior to the main testing proto-
col. The plyometric exercises were performed in a random
order: depth jump from 35 cm box (DJ-35), 35 cm box
jump (35-BJ), depth jump from 60 cm box (DJ-60), 60 cm
box jump (60-BJ), pike jump (PJ), tuck jump (TJ), and squat
jump (SJ), respectively (Fig. 1). A set of ten repetitions was
used for each exercise. A 5-min rest interval was maintained
between each exercise to allow recovery of the phosphagen
system and to ensure maximal effort for each exercise. After
completing ten repetitions of each exercise, the subject was
asked ‘‘How would you rate your effort?’’ The participants
would verbally indicate a number to rate their overall effort
based on score 0–10 [6,10].
Instrumentation
The rating of perceived exertion was assessed using CR-10
RPE scale. The RPE scale has been shown to be a valid
instrument in which to evaluate perceived exertion and thus
the regulation and quantification of exercise intensity in a
variety of populations. Numbers from 0 to 10 on the scale
were used to rate the intensity of the entire workout session.
A rating of -0- was associated with rest, and the highest
rating, 10, referred to maximal effort (Table 1) [6,8].
Statistical procedures
Data are presented as mean ±SD. A repeated-measures
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc
test was used to analyze the RPE responses after different
plyometric exercises. Significance level was set at p\0.05.
All statistical analyses were performed through the use of a
statistical software package (SPSS
Ò
, Version 16.0, SPSS,
Chicago, IL).
Fig. 1 Plyometric exercises
Table 1 The Borg 10-category
scale for rating of perceived
exertion
Rating Descriptor
0 Rest
1 Very, very easy
2 Easy
3 Moderate
4 Somewhat hard
5 Hard
6
7 Very hard
8
9
10 Maximal
76 Sport Sci Health (2014) 10:75–78
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Results
There were significant differences between SJ and DJ-35
(p=0.033), 35-BJ (p=0.001) and TJ (p=0.001) in
perceived exertion. Moreover, statistically significant dif-
ferences were observed between 35-BJ and TJ (p=0.023),
PJ (p=0.001), 60-BJ (p=0.015), DJ-60 (p=0.004) and
DJ-35 (p=0.006) that revealed low intensity for 35-BJ in
comparison to other types of bilateral plyometric exercises
(Fig. 2).
Discussion
This was the first study that examined the intensity of
popular bilateral plyometric exercises using RPE scale. The
findings revealed that SJ is harder than other types of
plyometric exercises. Although, previous studies attempted
to determine plyometric exercise intensities by EMG,
motor unit recruitment and VGRF, these devices are not
available for strength and conditioning professionals [4,5].
For this, several authors recommended to use RPE for
determining plyometric exercise intensities because this
tool of measurement is valid and have cost-benefit for them
and can be used anywhere [4,11]. According to the results
of this study, SJ was the hardest exercise. This finding is in
contrast with previous recommendations that depth jumps
are the highest intensities of plyometrics [12]. The greater
RPE for SJ compared with DJ-35, 35-BJ, and TJ could be
greater motor unit recruitment and that exercises such as
TJ, PJ, 60-BJ, DJ-60, DJ-35 resulted in greater motor unit
recruitment than the 35-BJ.
With regard to the findings of the present investigation,
there is a strong linear relationship between RPE and
plyometric exercise-type intensities. This means that
during exercise movement, corollary discharges from the
motor cortex are concurrently sent to both the recipient
muscle and the somatosensory cortex [11,13]. The higher
load during plyometric exercise such as SJ resulted
greater tension development and increased motor unit
recruitment and firing frequency [11]. A positive slope in
RPE, indicating an increase in the intensity of the per-
ceptual signal originating in the active skeletal muscle
throughout each set of exercise, may be related to meta-
bolic and/or neurological factors associated with fatigue
[14]. Fatigue during plyometric exercises could be due to
the depletion of plasma creatinine, decreasing the pH with
increasing muscle lactate accumulation, or carbohydrate
depletion [8,15] and resulting increases in perception of
exertion during plyometric exercise. It seems that SJ
induced greater stimulation of above mechanisms and
these responses were moderate for DJ-35, DJ-60, 60-BJ,
PT, and TJ, whereas these mechanisms were very low for
35-BJ. As previously demonstrated, muscles forced to
overcome a heavy load require greater tension develop-
ment, which requires an increase in motor unit recruit-
ment and firing frequency [7,9]. For greater motor unit
recruitment to be accomplished the motor cortex may
send stronger signals to the sensory cortex; this gives rise
to increase perception of effort. It has been theorized that
these stronger corollary signals may be the primary cause
of the differences in RPE of varying types of plyometric
exercise as shown by previous studies and the present
study [4–6].
To summarise, the present study demonstrated that RPE
increased significantly for SJ. The rating of perceived
exertion was higher for SJ as compared to other types of
popular bilateral plyometric exercises, also the perceived
exertion was lower for 35-BJ when compared with other
plyometric exercises. These findings can be a key note for
strength and conditioning professionals and athletes to
monitor their plyometric exercise and training intensities
when performed at different types of exercise. In this study,
only one set of plyometric exercise was performed, for
future studies, it can be recommended that the authors used
several sets. The limitations of this study were number of
subjects and professional athletes. For future study, it can
be recommended that researchers used professional ath-
letes. Moreover, the results of the current investigation can
be used for recreationally physically active men, and fur-
ther work is needed to determine if similar effects are
obtained in the professional sporting population and
women subjects.
Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges the volun-
teers involved in this study. No sources of funding were sought or
awarded for this study and the author reports no conflicts of interest
regarding this study.
Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest.
Fig. 2 The rating of perceived exertion among bilateral plyometric
exercises (mean ±SD). Asterisk significantly difference with 35-BJ;
ampersand significantly difference with DJ-35; hash significantly
difference with TJ (p\0.05)
Sport Sci Health (2014) 10:75–78 77
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... Different research has assessed plyometric intensity using the RPE (Asadi, 2014;Khodaei et al., 2017), and these authors recommend the RPE as a feasible method to assess plyometric intensity. Although using the earlier suggested methods to measure plyometric intensity is more popular among scientists, the necessary instruments are not available to strength and conditioning professionals (Asadi, 2014). For this reason, the research suggests that the RPE provides an innovative and practically compatible alternative for measuring plyometric exercise intensity. ...
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... For example, laboratory-based approaches have used force platforms 138,140,141 to assess kinematic-kinetic potential markers of intensity (eg, ground reaction force) in different jump exercises, or electromyography 128,130 to assess neuromuscular activation as a potential intensity-marker. In addition, a few field-based intervention approaches 101,133,[142][143][144] have provided insights regarding the role of potential markers of PJT intensity. However, no consensus emerged from these studies regarding a clear evidence-based definition of PJT intensity for different jump exercises. ...
Methodological Characteristics and Future Directions for Plyometric Jump Training Research: A Scoping Review Update
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
  • SCAND J MED SCI SPOR
The aim of this scoping review was i) to update a previous review on the main methodological characteristics and shortcomings in the plyometric jump training (PJT) literature, and ii) to recommend, in light of the identified methodological gaps, future research perspectives. We searched four electronic databases. From 6,128 potentially relevant articles, 420 were considered eligible for inclusion. As an update of a previous review, this represents an increase of ~200 articles, illustrating that this field of research is growing fast. However, the relative “quality” or shortcomings were similar when compared to the preceding scoping review. In the current article, the main identified shortcomings were an insufficient number of studies conducted with females, individual sports, and high-level athletes (~22%, ~7%, and ~14% of overall studies, respectively); insufficient description of training prescription (~54% of studies); and studies missing an active/passive control group and a randomised group allocation process (~37% and ~24% of overall studies, respectively). Furthermore, PJT was often combined with other training methods and added to the participants’ regular training routines (~50% and ~35% of overall studies, respectively). The main outcomes of this scoping review urge researchers to conduct PJT studies of high methodological quality (e.g., randomised controlled trials) to get trustworthy evidence-based knowledge. In addition, owing to the limited research conducted with females, individual sports, and high-level athletes, more studies are needed to substantiate the available findings. Finally, the identification of cohort-specific PJT dose-response relations which elicit optimal training effects still need to be identified, particularly in the long term. Key words: power; exercise therapy; resistance training; exercise; stretch-shortening cycle; muscle strength.
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Effect of Four Weeks Plyometric Training with and without Blood Flow Restriction on Serum Bone Formation and Degeneration Markers in Inactive Girls
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2020
Background and Objectives: It has been shown that low intensity physical activity rarely increases bone density or renewal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate effects of four weeks of plyometric training with and without vascular occlusion on serum levels of bone‌ alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), as markers of bone formation and bone degeneration in inactive girls. Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted 36 inactive female students aged 23.84±1.096 years with a mean body mass index of 22.59±0.52 kg/m2 who were randomly divided into a plyometric training group without blood flow restriction, a plyometric training group with blood flow restriction and a control group. The experimental groups performed four weeks of plyometric training (three sessions per week), while the control group did not perform any exercise. Blood samples were obtained 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. Measurement of BALP and CTX was carried out using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Collected data were analyzed using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 23) and at significance level of ≤ 0.05. Results: The level of BALP was significantly higher in the low intensity exercise with blood flow restriction group compared to the control group (P=0.005) and the low intensity exercise group without blood flow restriction (P=0.003). The BALP/CTX ratio, as marker of bone metabolism, increased significantly following low intensity exercise with blood flow restriction compared with the other groups (P
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How can plyometric training best be implemented for an U18 Basketball Team? Minor in Sports and Talent
Experiment Findings
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
Implementation of a Yearly Plyometric Training Program based on the most recent meta-analysis about this topic. The goals were focused on improving strength, change of direction, sprint time and jump height in an under 18 Dutch basketball team; Top Basketball Gelderland Dragons - https://www.tbgdragons.nl/. A novel iPhone app (MyJump2) was employed for measuring jump performance.
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Monitoring Plyometric Exercise Intensity Using Rating ofPerceived Exertion Scale
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2014
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of rating of perceivedexertion (RPE) scale to measure plyometric exercise intensity during low (L), moderate (M) and high(H) intensity. Fourteen physically active students (age; 21±1.1 y, height; 178.7±8.2 cm and body mass;74.6±9.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and performed each intensity once separated with24 h recovery. The H consisted of 1 set of 5 repetitions at 90% of the subject’s vertical jump height(VJH). The M consisted of 10 repetitions at 70% VJT, and the L consisted of 1 set of 15 repetitions at50% VJH. RPE was measured following the completion each intensity using 0-10 Borg RPE scale. Datawas analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the level of significant was set at p < 0.05. Theresults indicated increases in RPE following enhancing exercise intensity (p < 0.05). Performing fewerrepetitions at a higher intensity was perceived to be more difficult than performing more repetitions at alower intensity. The results of the current investigation revealed that the RPE method is effective inmonitoring different plyometric exercise and training intensities and it can be recommend that strengthand conditioning professionals and athletes use the RPE method based on the effectiveness tool formonitoring their plyometric exercise and training sessions at different intensities.
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Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training on jumping and agility performance of basketball players
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2013
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of in-season plyometric training program on power and agility performance in young male basketball players. Twenty intermediate basketball players (age 20.1 ± 1.3 years; height 181.1 ± 8.5 cm; body mass 78.8 ± 5 kg) from Division I province team volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divided into two groups: plyometric training (PL; n = 10) and control group (CG; n = 10). Plyometric training took place twice weekly for 6 weeks including three sets of 15 repetitions of depth jump (from 45-cm box height), vertical jump, and standing long jump, in addition to regular basketball practice of the team. Vertical jump (VJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 4 × 9-m shuttle run, agility t test (ATT), and Illinois Agility Test (IAT) were measured at pre- and post-training. The PL group showed significant improvement (P Keywords: Agility; Basketball; Jump; Plyometric exercise Document Type: Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-013-0159-4 Affiliations: Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Islamic Republic of Iran, Email: abbas_asadi1175@yahoo.com Publication date: December 1, 2013 $(document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = $(".originaldescription").text().replace(/\\&/g, '&').replace(/\\, '<').replace(/\\>/g, '>').replace(/\\t/g, ' ').replace(/\\n/g, ''); if (shortdescription.length > 350){ shortdescription = "" + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + "... more"; } $(".descriptionitem").prepend(shortdescription); $(".shortdescription a").click(function() { $(".shortdescription").hide(); $(".originaldescription").slideDown(); return false; }); }); Related content In this: publication By this: publisher In this Subject: Anatomy & Physiology , Medicine , Public Health By this author: Asadi, Abbas GA_googleFillSlot("Horizontal_banner_bottom");
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Neuromuscular adaptations to plyometric training: Depth jump vs. countermovement jump on sand
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2013
The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of depth jump and countermovement jump training on neuromuscular adaptations using vertical jump and electromyography activity in the muscles. Twenty-seven healthy males (age 20.4 ± 0.3 years; weight 69.8 ± 6.1 kg; height 177.3 ± 6.2 cm) were recruited to participant in the present study and were randomly divided into three groups: depth jump (DJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and control group. The experimental groups performed either DJ or CMJ training twice weekly for 6 weeks. The training program included five sets of 20 repetitions DJ (from the height of a 45-cm box) or CMJ exercise onto 20-cm dry sand. The electromyography activities in the vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles, and vertical jump (VJ) were measured a week pre and post 6 weeks of training. The results showed significant increases in the integrated electromyography for the VM and RF following DJ and CMJ training on sand, also the DJ and CMJ training on sand induced significant improvement in VJ performance (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the DJ and CMJ training on sand improved electrical activities in the muscle and jump performance, and it can be recommended that, coaches and athletes design plyometrics on sand, because these types of training on sand can be an effective method for improving neuromuscular adaptations.
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Cardiovascular and blood lactate responses to acute plyometric exercise in female volleyball and handball players
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2012
Although plyometrics are widely used in athletic conditioning, the acute cardiovascular responses to plyometric exercise in female subjects have not been described. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of plyometric exercise on cardiovascular responses, as well as blood lactate concentrations in female volleyball and handball players. Eight semiprofessional volleyball plays and ten handball players volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects performed five sets of box jumps and depth jumps with ten repetitions, respectively. After each set of exercises, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed. Blood lactate concentration was measured before and after exercise. Muscle soreness was also measured immediately before and immediately after plyometric exercise as well as 24, 48 and 72 h after plyometric exercise. No differences were found in any physiological indices between volleyball and handball players, except heart rate during box jump set 2 and the rate pressure product (RPP) during box jump sets 2 and 5 and depth jump set 1 (P > 0.05). Plyometric exercise increased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and RPP after each set of exercises (P < 0.05). Also, heart rate and RPP were higher during the depth jump exercise (P < 0.05). Plyometric exercise did not induce any significant changes in muscle soreness (P > 0.05). The blood lactate concentrations were significantly increased above resting levels (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that plyometric box and depth jumping can be used in an overall programme to properly prepare athletes for competition in events that require both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism components.
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Quantification of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces of Popular Bilateral Plyometric Exercises
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2009
  • J STRENGTH COND RES
The purpose of this study was to quantify the vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) developed during the performance of popular bilateral plyometric movements. Fourteen power-oriented track and field men of collegiate and national level randomly performed 3 trials of 9 different bilateral plyometric exercises in a single testing session. Three depth drop (DD) and 3 depth jump (DJ) conditions from 30, 60, and 90 cm heights (DD30, DD60, and DD90 and DJ30, DJ60, and DJ90) were tested, in addition to vertical jump (VJ), standing long jump (SLJ), and 2 consecutive jump (2CJ) conditions. Peak impact VGRFs were normalized to body weight. Additionally, all conditions were compared against the VJ in an intensity index. The SLJ condition resulted in a significantly higher peak VGRF than the 2CJ condition (p < or = 0.05). 90DD, 90DJ, 60DD, and SLJ had a significantly greater peak VGRF (5.39, 4.93, 4.30, and 4.22 times body weight, respectively) than the VJ condition (3.34 times body weight). The 30DJ condition had an insignificantly smaller peak VGRF (2.78 times body weight) when compared with the VJ. Practitioners may use these findings to more effectively progress athletes in these movements based on their intensities.
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Monitoring Different Types of Resistance Training Using Session Rating of Perceived Exertion
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2007
To evaluate the effectiveness of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to measure effort during different types of resistance training. Fifteen male subjects (age 26.7 +/- 4.3 years) performed 3 protocols. All protocols consisted of same 5 exercises but with different intensities, rest periods, and numbers of repetitions. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) was defined as the maximal amount of weight that an individual could lift 1 time without support. The strength protocol included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with 3 min rest between. The hypertrophy session included 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% with 1 min of rest, and the power session included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 50% with 3 min of rest. Session RPE is a modification of the standard RPE scale. Session and standard RPE were measured after the completion of each set and 30 min postexercise, respectively. Results showed a difference between both the 2 RPE values of the strength and hypertrophy protocols (P ? .05) but no difference between mean and session RPE values for the power protocol. During the familiarization session, session RPE was measured at 5-min intervals for 30 min postexercise. There was a significant difference (P ? .05) between the mean RPE values at the fifth and tenth min postexercise when compared with 30 min postexercise. All other session RPE values showed no significant difference. The session RPE method appears to be effective in monitoring different types of resistance training, and session RPE after 30 min was a better indicator of the overall resistance sessions than average RPE.
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Sensation of force in muscles of different length
Article
  • Oct 1979
Five subjects matched a series of static contractions of a muscle with simultaneous contractions of the contralateral muscle. Matching experiments were conducted with adductor pollicis, biceps, and triceps muscle pairs. Individual muscle lengths were varied thereby altering maximal force according to the length-tension relationship. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and ulnar nerve stimulation produced greatest forces at the same length. Excitatory input was monitored from smoothed rectified electromyograms (SREs); the measure of sensation was matching force. In two muscles with the same MVC, the slope of the function relating reference and matching forces was about 1.0. Slopes of functions obtained from muscles with unequal MVCs were proportional to the ratio of MVCs. Differences in MVC were accompanied by significant differences in the slope from 1.0 but the intercepts did not differ from zero. Corresponding SRE relations during these trials were not influenced by muscle length indicating a constant excitatory input for a given level of sensation. These data suggest that the conscious sensation of force from human skeletal muscle contraction depends primarily on the central command to muscle and is only slightly modified by feedback from peripheral receptors.
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Standardized Scaling Procedures for Rating Perceived Exertion During Resistance Exercise
Article
  • Sep 2001
The purpose of this project was to determine the validity of standardized Borg scale instructions and scale anchoring procedures to measure active muscle rating of perceived exertion and overall rating of perceived exertion during resistance exercise. Anchoring procedures were determined for each of 7 exercises before the completion of 2 counterbalanced experimental trials. In one trial, subjects lifted 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) 5 times. In the other, subjects lifted 30% of 1RM 15 times. Adjusted R2 and SEMs were used to determine linearity of Borg 15-category scale responses with respect to repetitions at equal work increments for both the group and the sum of the individuals. Both group and individual responses had high adjusted R2 and low SEM values. These results suggest that the current scaling instructions used with the Borg 15-category scale are valid for use during resistance exercise.
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