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Proceedings of the 61st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute November 10 - 14, 2008 Gosier, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
The Manche-à-Eau Mangrove Lagoon, Guadeloupe (16°16'N; 61°33'W), French West Indies,
in the Life Cycle of Coastal Fish Species
JEAN-LUC BOUCHEREAU1 and PAULO DE TARSO CHAVES2
1Université des Antilles-Guyane, UMR 7138 CNRS IRD MNHN UPMC, Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution, Dpt de
Biologie, Campus Fouillole, BP 592, F-97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
2Depto de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Brazil.
ABSTRACT
The functioning of the Manche-à-Eau lagoon and of its mangrove environment with the population of marine fish of
Guadeloupe has been studied since 1983, and particularly in the 2000s. This ecosystem supports a stable fish assemblage structure
because of its twice a day turnover (14.8%) of marine water. It is a favorable and important site for the reproduction (38%) and
growth (46%) of a large number of species. The life cycle of these fish species share, for the most part, an ecophase in the mangrove
in brackish water and a marine ecophase outside the lagoon. The mangrove plays a vital role in the retention of continental
nutrients. This facilitates the trophic exploitation of vegetal and animal detritus bases by the fish in high population density. The
majority of populations present individuals reaching length at least 40% from the known maximum length for the species, although
only 38.1% have individuals longer than 300 mm. The mangrove aids in the spawning activity of fish species (41% to 58% of the
total abundance) and in the reproductive (maturation, migration) process (58% in density and 70% in biomass). The sedentary
species lay their eggs in the mangrove, whereas the temporary species stay there during their trophic ecophase or after a genesic
migration from the sea to assure sexual maturation for both sexes in the species.
KEY WORDS: Life cycle, guilds, trophic, genesic, ecophase
El Ciclo de Vida de los Peces Costeros en una Laguna de Manglar:
La Manch-à-Eau (16°16’N; 61°33’O), Guadalupe, Antillas Francesas
El funcionamiento de la laguna de la Manche-à-Eau y de su ecosistema de manglar en conjunto con el samblaje de peces
marinos ha sido estudiado desde 1983 y particularmente en los años 2000. Este ecosistema alberga una samblaje de peces de
estructura estable a causa de la renovación bicotidiana del agua marina (14,8%). Es un sitio favorable e importante para la
reproducción (38%) y el crecimiento (46%) para un gran número de especies. El ciclo de vida de la mayor parte de ellas se
descompone en una eco fase en el agua sometida a al manglar y la otra al exterior de la laguna en la mar. El manglar juega un papel
crucial en la retención de nutrientes de origen continental. Este facilita la explotación trófica del detritus de base vegetal o animal
para los individuos de poblaciones presentes en gran número. En la mayor parte de las poblaciones de peces, al menos 40 % de los
individuos llegan a su talla máxima conocida aunque solamente el 38,1 % poseen individuos de una longitud superior a 300mm.
Los manglares contribuyen al desove de la diferentes especies de peces ( 41% a 58% de la abundancia total) y a los procesos
reproductivos de migración y/o de maduración (58% en densidad y 70% en biomasa). Las especies sedentarias depositan sus huevos
en el manglar en tanto que las especies temporales se quedan allí durante su eco fase trófica o después de una migración genésica del
mar para asegurar la maduración sexual de ambos sexos en la especie.
PALABRAS CLAVES: Ciclo de vida, gremios, eco fase, trófico, genésico.
Le Cycle de Vie des Poissons Côtiers dans une Lagune à Mangrove:
La Manche-à-Eau (16°16'N; 61°33'O), Guadeloupe, Antilles Françaises
Le fonctionnement de la lagune de la Manche-à-Eau et de son écosystème à mangrove avec l’assemblage des poissons marins
de la Guadeloupe à été étudié depuis 1983, et particulièrement dans les années 2000. Cet écosystème héberge une structure stable de
l’assemblage de poisons à cause du renouvellement biquotidien d’eau marine (14,8%). C’est un site favorable et important pour la
reproduction (38%) et la croissance (46%) d’un grand nombre d’espèces.. Le cycle de vie de la plupart d’entre elles se décompose
en une écophase en eau saumâtre de mangrove et l’autre à l’extérieur de la lagune en mer. La mangrove joue un rôle crucial dans la
rétention de nutriments d’origine continentale. Ceci facilite l’exploitation trophique des détritus de base végétale ou animale par les
individus de populations présents en grand nombre. Dans la plupart des populations de poissons, au moins 40% des individus
atteignent la longueur maximum connue pour l’espèce, bien que 38,1% seulement ont une longueur individuelle supérieure à
300mm. La mangrove participe à l’activité de ponte des espèces de poissons (41% à 58% de l’abondance totale), et aux processus
reproductifs de migration et/ou de maturation (58% en densité et 70% en biomasse). Les espèces sédentaires déposent leurs œufs
dans la mangrove, alors que les temporaires y accomplissent une écophase trophique pour leur croissance ou génésique pour leur
reproduction.
MOTS CLÉS: Cycle de vie, guildes, écophase, trophique, génésique.
Page 308 61st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
INTRODUCTION
The characteristics of the ecosystems in shallow
depths belong to the paralic domain. The dense concentra-
tion of suspended matter associated with an important
biological productivity provides excellent conditions for
the colonization of these environments by a large number
of invertebrate and vertebrate species (Yáñez-Arancibia et
al. 1993). Because of their mobility and influence on many
trophic levels, the fish play a very important role in the
functioning of the paralic ecosystems. The fish occupy
them at different stages of their life history in using them
as a nursery to benefit the young through the abundance of
food present and as shelter against predators (Thayer et al.
1987). Also, it is used as a place of permanent residence,
in the case of sedentary species; it is temporary for the
anadromous and catadromous species, those that seasonally
migrate, (trophic or genesic), or for many occasional
incursions for those who use these environments only in an
irregular fashion (Quignard 1984). This study describes,
with the results of several authors, how a mangrove
ecosystem, such as the Manche-à-Eau lagoon, is used by
the fish assemblage living there.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Manche-à-Eau lagoon (MAE) is located (16°15'N;
61°35'W) at the Northeast of the Island of Basse-Terre in
Guadeloupe, French West Indies, in the Caribbean Sea
(Figure 1). This semiclosed 0.26 km2 lagoon receives
continental freshwaters from diffuse peripheral running
waters and marine waters via a semidiurnal tide of low
amplitude (40 cm). The average depth ranges from 1.5 m
to 2.0 m (Assor 1987), and the movements of the water
masses are slow and complex. This lagoon is linked with
the Grand-Cul-de-Sac-Marin (GCSM) lagon by a channel,
the Rivière-Salée, which delimits the two main islands of
the Guadeloupe archipelago: the Basse-Terre and the
Grande-Terre Islands (Figure 1). The lagoon is totally
fringed by a typical vegetation of mangrove trees
(Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncu-
laria racemosa). The fish were caught with a passive
fishing gear called capéchade (Quignard and Farrugio,
1981), with high selectivity, including a 45-m-long
stopping net (the paradière) suspended with floats. Fish
are driven to three bow nets sustained with arches forming
funnels with mesh sizes decreasing from 8 to 6 mm
(Bouchereau et al. 1989).
Description of the Ecosystem and Fish Community
Studied
Seasonality of the abiotic factors and the presence of
important relationships between the marine and continen-
tal regions ― The composition of the MAE lagoon is
influenced by the entry of marine water all year long. The
water volume turnover at each tide (14.8%) twice a day
combined with an active and various hydrodynamism
(Mantran et al., submitted to Geomorphology) contribute to
vivify the lagoon more and provide information for a better
interpretation of the Well-Being Index values and the
populational parameters gradients of the fish assemblage
living in this ecosystem. No gradient are observed with the
abiotic variables. The water characteristics are homogene-
ous (Mantran et al. In press) everywhere in the lagoon, in
the water column and whatever the period studied
(temperature: 30.02°C; salinity: 36.16 ‰; pH: 8.29;
turbidity: 6.10 mg/L; conductivity: 5.51 S/m; dissolved
oxygen: 7.18 mg/L; dissolved solids: 32.78 g/L; osmolar-
ity: 1021.7milliosmoles). Salinity is not a global explaina-
tory factor in the understanding of the fish assemblage
structuration in the MAE (Bouchereau et al. 2008). During
the dry season in February or April, the salinization
influence due to marine water entrance or hydric deficit
consequently to evaporation is little spread because only
two stations are concerned from the seven visited. During
the rainy season, the desalinization mainly governed by the
direct impluvium and the continental water percolation
exerts a larger influence since it concerns five stations in
July and four in December.
N
0250 m
16° 16' 39''
61° 33' 20''
GUADELOUPE
6
1
7
2
3
4
5
RS
Rivi¸re Salˇe
x
61°30
16°15
10km
Basse-
Terre
Grande-Terre
Lagon du Grand-
Cul-de-Sac-Marin
Rivi¸re
Salˇe
Lagune de la
Manche--Eau
Figure 1. Guadeloupe’s position in the French West Indies
and the location of the Manche-à-Eau lagoon, with its
connexion to the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin lagon.
Bouchereau, J.-L. and J. de T. Chaves GCFI:61 (2009) Page 309
The biological zonation of the Manche-à-Eau lagoon,
according to the quality observed, is made of three zones,
from II to IV: the zone II is more spread at South and
narrow along the island, the zone III occupies the greater
part of the ecosystem and the zone IV centered on the two
main depressions at South and West, on the shallows and
its North-West border and the end of the sector enclaved at
South-West. The geomorphology, hydrodynamism and
current populational descriptors relationship are to be more
taken into account to understand the fish assemblage
structure and other biological compartments.
An ichtyofaunistic composition of strong marine identity ―
Except when salinity could be supposed to attain some-
times low values in certain part of the lagoon and then
freshwaterfish like Poecilia vivipara are observed (Nelson
2003), more than 98.4% of the 64 species of fish counted
(from the studies of Louis 1983, Bouchereau et al. 2008,
Caberty et al. 2004, Chantrel 2002, Fréjaville 2002, Lopes
2003, Moura 2003, Veilleur et al. 2008) are saltwater fish.
The Perciforms (Gerreidae, 53,26%; Sciaenidae, 3,64%;
Haemulidae, 0.03%) and the Clupeiforms (Clupeidae,
34.38%; Engraulidae, 5.58%) dominate in biomass and
number (96.89%) of species. Among the species, a
majority occupies the lagoon, either occasionally, or to
carry out a trophic or reproductive (genesic) ecophase.
Only a small fraction of the fish assemblage fulfills all of
its life cycle in the ecosystem (Figure 2).
Even though the number of species in this fraction is
small, its members are numerous (Bouchereau et al. 2008).
This was observed by Chaves and Bouchereau (1999) in
the Guaratuba Bay, Southern Brazil.
Constancy of the totality of the assemblage ― A group of
seven species constitutes between 75% and 98% of the
abundance of the fish population. Depending on the year,
this group is shared between any of 14 species. The
species that has the maximum abundance is not uniform
throughout the year, even though they are present there
almost permanently. One can say that the species change,
but their functions remain essentially the same, regardless
of the year (Bouchereau et al. 2008, Chantrel and
Bouchereau 2002, Fréjaville and Bouchereau 2002, Lopez
2003, Moura 2003) as it was observed in the Guaratuba
Bay (Chaves and Bouchereau 1999).
One can notice two peaks of abundance of the
ichtyofauna, one after the dry season (April) and the other
after the hurricane season (December), that are transition
periods with dry and rainy seasons. This is probably linked
to a primary productivity more important to this time
period, resulting from an increase in the transparency of the
water and of the availability of nutrients, brought to the
system by the bay’s tributaries during strong rains. Here
the mangrove plays a very important role in the functioning
of this assemblage (Yáñez-Arancibia et al. 1993). The fact
that the roots favor the retention and sedimentation of the
suspended materials permits their ulterior incorporation in
the primary productivity when the photosynthesis becomes
more important (Caberty et al. 2004).
Tendency to concentrate small sized species ― It is well
known that the laguno-estuairian environments are
normally rich in small fish. The presence of reduced
length individuals can be explained at the following levels
(Bouchereau et al. 2000, Veilleur et al. 2008):
RESIDENT SPECIES:
(<13% of species)
Lophogobius cyprinoides
Bathygobius soporator
Coryphopterus glaucofraenum
Gobionellus smaragdus
Gobionellus shufeldti
Sphoeroides testudineus
Bairdiella ronchus
Gymnothorax furnieri
MIGRATORY/OCCASIONAL SPECIES
(>87% of species):
Harengula clupeola, H. humeralis
Diapterus rhombeus
Eucinostomus argenteus, E. gula,
E. melanopterus, Eugerres brasilianus,
Gerres cinereus
Chaetodipterus faber
Atherinomorus stipes
Archosardus rhomboidalis
Sphyraena baracuda
Caranx latus
Centropomus undecimalis, C. par.
SEA
MANCHE-À-EAU LAGOON
Figure 2. Examples of residing, occasional or migrant species occupying the Manche-à-
Eau lagoon.
Page 310 61st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
i) Specific ― if the individuals belong to a species
whose maximum size is naturally reduced;
ii) Populational ― if the species to which they
belong demonstrates a slower and/or more limited
growth in the estuaries when compared to
populations of the same species in other ecosys-
tems, and
iii) Ecophase ― if the ecosystem only accommodates
the individuals of these populations in the early
stages of their life cycle.
In the MAE lagoon, the distribution in those three
groups of 42 species studied is the following : A, 33.33%;
B, 40.47%; C, 26.19%. Group B is the most important. In
A the individuals own to species whose potential size is
week or correspond to a little advanced development stage.
In B they cannot reach in lagoon the MLO noted elsewhere
because their growth is limited in mangrove system. The
fish populations of this group are found in the workshop
lagoon at juvenile or sub-adult stages. Group C contains
all species able to exceed the 300mm MLO elsewhere than
the MAE workshop lagoon (Bouchereau et al. 2008).
The relationship "maximum length observed in the
lagoon (MLO) - maximum available length in scientific
documentation (MAL)" can be expressed by the equation:
MLO/MAL= -0.389 x MAL-0.0002695
(n = 41; r = 0.391; for
ν
= 40, Pr > F = 0.011).
This formula can be used to compare this mangrove
with other mangroves or other coastal regions in general as
a favorable site for different sized fish. Bouchereau et al.
(2000) present an approach considering these descriptions
and their implications for the aquaculture.
Flexibility of feeding habits and dominance of detritivorous
bases ― Many studies show the role played by the
mangroves as a place of growth of the fish and crustaceans.
These studies are founded on the idea that in these
ecosystems exists a larger availability of food, either in
plant matter, or refuse (Yáñez-Arancibia et al. 1993). All
the trophic and occupancy guilds are represented in the
MAE lagoon. In the fish assemblage studied by Caberty et
al. (2004) made up with 39 species and 25 families, the
fishes feed preferentially on invertebrates associated or not
with plants or fish, like that of Guaratuba Bay. The small
number of piscivorous species is a very common trait to
many mangrove ecosystems. The occupancy guilds are
represented differently in biomass: in the lagoon, migrant
and occasional species dominate in different proportions
whereas in the Guaratuba Bay resident and migrant
dominate in equivalent proportions (Chaves and
Bouchereau 2004). The resident of both ecosystems
exploit similarly the available resources, showing their
strong adaptativeness. Resident, primarily detritivorous,
and migrants, exploit alternatively detritus and primary
production without trophic competition. The trophic guilds
and migrants are eeuitably represented.
These facts reinforce the importance of the primary
consumers, associated with the producers, as a dietary
resource for the ichthyofauna of the mangrove. Flexible
feeding habits are observed at MAE lagoon within the
major part of the studied group; their general diet is
susceptible to overlap between other species. Yet,
according to Albaret (1994) lagoon fish have a common
famous strategy, in which trophic opportunism is necessary
for their population to face strong seasonal variations and
trophic competitors in this type of environment.
An important reproductive site not only for paralic species
but also thalassic species ― The Manche-à-Eau mangrove
lagoon is used as a spawning area, regularly or occasion-
ally, by the fish in the region. In addition to the species
that spawn in the mangrove, the bay also attracts other non-
resident species that carry out their sexual maturation there.
As a result, direct participation of the mangrove in the
reproductive activity concerns an estimated 58 to 70% of
total fish abundance (38% of species). This reinforces the
importance of mangrove environments for the success of
the life cycle of fish species in this coastal region.
The reproductive patterns of MAE fish assemblage can
be classified in four types (Figure 3), according to the
model proposed by Chaves and Bouchereau (2000) on the
use of mangrove habitat for reproductive activity by the
fish community. Two types from the four spawn in the
mangrove.
Type 1 - Regular spawners. Spawning activity occurs
regularly in the mangrove. These species are not necessar-
ily residents of region, but always use it to spawn. Exam-
ples: Bairdiella ronchus, Lophogobius cyprinoids and
several other Gobiidae.
Type 2 - Occasional spawners. Spawning activity in the
mangrove is merely random. This region can be used to
spawn, but there is no evidence that a great number of
individuals in this group of species use it. These species
are not as abundant in the mangrove as those belonging to
Type 1. Examples: Centropomus parallelus, C. undeci-
malis, Dasyatis americana (Capapé et al., 2002).
Type 3 - Mature in system. Spawning activity does not
occur in the mangrove, but this region is frequented
regularly during the final phase of maturation. Examples:
Diapterus rhombeus, Mugil curema.
Type 4 - Do not mature in system. Spawning activity
does not occur in the mangrove, nor does gonadal matura-
tion, in many individuals. Examples: A. chirurgus, Anchoa
lyolepis, Harengula clupeola, Lutjanus griseus, Hyporham-
phus unifaciatus. Of the latter species, only juvenile
individuals were found in the mangrove.
Bouchereau, J.-L. and J. de T. Chaves GCFI:61 (2009) Page 311
From the 50 species registered in the MAE lagoon in
2002, and after the literature data and personal observa-
tions, 14% is type 1, 20% type 2, 4% (type 3) and 62%
(type 4). The density is for each type 1, 2, 3 and 4: 3.9,
20.8, 33.4, 41.9, respectively. Therefore, the spawning
activity in a regular or eventual frequency (types 1+2)
concentrates on species that represent a minimum of 41%
(number) or 58% (biomass) of the stock occupying the
lagoon. The fish species participation in the reproductive
process, in a larger sense (types 1+2+3), is represented by
at least 58% (density) or 70% (biomass) of the total
abundance.
Considering the reproductive features of some of these
species, more specifically fish populations from the French
West Indies mangrove lagoons, it appears that they are
generally multiple spawners, producing little small eggs
per batch. Some of Gobiid fish family provide particular
type of parental care as nest guarders.
The biomass (except the gobiidae not captured by the
fishing net used) is: 9.2, 32.9, 27.9, 30.0, respectively
(Figure 4).
Type 1: usual
spawning in the
mangrove
Type 2: occasional
spawning in the man-
Type 4: no
spawning or
maturation in the
mangrove
Type 3:
In the mangrove,
maturation only
The Manche-à-Eau Lagoon
Sea →
Mangrove
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
%
Species richness
Density
Biomass
Figure 4. Percentage of fish species number, density and biomass versus each type of
reproduction activity in the MAE lagoon. Types 1 and 2: spawn in the mangrove: type 1
always, type 2, occasionally; type 3: maturation only; type 4: not used for maturation or
spawning.
Figure 3. Use of Manche-à-Eau mangrove lagoon by the fish assemblage for reproduction.
The circles represent spawning and gonadal maturation achieved partially or entirely in or
around the mangrove (adapted from Chaves & Bouchereau, 2000).
Page 312 61st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
CONCLUSION
The Manche-à-Eau lagoon and its mangrove environ-
ment largely occupied by ichthyofauna, also present on the
coastal border, contribute considerably to the growth and
reproduction of many species, which reside there perma-
nently, temporarily or as regular migrant. The seasonal
variations of the climate influence lightly the abiotic
parameters in the ecosystem. The geomorphology,
hydrodynamism and current population descriptors
relationship must be more taken into account to understand
the fish assemblage structure and other biological compart-
ments. The high marine water turnover in the MAE lagoon
contributes to vivify the brackish water quality and to
support a stable structure in the fish assemblage regularly
renewed by fish population coming in from the sea. The
mangrove provides shelter and food shared by all the
ecological guilds composing the fish assemblage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been undertaken in the framework of CAPES/
COFECUB bilateral project (n°376/02) between Brazil and France.
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