Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats, India

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Citation: Nayaka, S. and Upreti, D.K. 2005. Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats, India. Sahyadri E-News,
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Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats, India
Sanjeeva Nayaka & D.K. Upreti
Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute,
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, India.
E-mail: sanjeeva_n@yahoo.com, upretidk@rediffmail.com
Abstract: The Western Ghats has maximum number of crustose lichens represented by 618 taxa
followed by foliose and fruticose with 269 and 62 species respectively. The Nilgiri Biosphere
area of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu has been better explored for lichens while other localities
remain under explored. Hence, among different states Tamil Nadu has the highest number of
lichens with 657 taxa followed by Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra with 336, 288 and 91 taxa
respectively. The lichens recorded from Goa are included under Maharashtra as they are few in
number, while no records from Gujarat are available. In case of Tamil Nadu most of the lichens
are from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The article enumerates the occurrence of 949 taxa of lichens in
Western Ghats with high percentage of endemism (26.7%), which is highest for any
Lichenogeographic regions in India. Graphidaceous, Parmelioid, Physcioid, Pyrenocarpous and
Thelotremataceous lichens dominate the region. This article also discusses the history of
lichenological investigation in Western Ghats, economic importance of lichens of the region and
their conservation problems.
Introduction
The symbiotic association between an alga and a fungus has resulted in a new life form called
lichen. It is present in a wide range of habitats throughout the world and dominates terrestrial
ecosystems (about 8%). 20,000 species of lichens have been reported globally. The Indian
subcontinent has 2,450 species of lichens, of which India alone has about 2040 species (Awasthi,
2000).
Western Ghats (here after referred as WGs) is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, which
stretches from Tapti valley in the north of Gujarat to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, covering a
distance of 1600 km with over 100 km wide. The WGs runs through different states of south-
western India such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and covers
various types of vegetation including evergreen, tropical deciduous, scrub, montane, subtropical
temperate forests and grasslands. The diversity of higher plant flora and fauna has been studied
in great detail since European colonization in India. Although there has been substantial research
in terms of medicinal and ecosystem values, the lower plants such as lichens, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, algae and fungi have not received desired attention.

Lichenological investigations in India and Western Ghats: History
Lichens of India are being studied since 1753 AD. Linnaeus mentioned the occurrence of Lichen
fuciformis (L.) DC. ( Rocella montagnei Bél.) from India, in his masterpiece ‘Species Plantarum'.
Eric Acharius (1810, 1814) the father of Lichenology describes lichens in his classical works
‘Lichenographia Universalis' and ‘Synopsis Methodica Lichenum'. There after the Indian lichens
have been described by various lichenologists.
Bélanger (1838) was the first person to study the lichens of WGs, who described a total of 40
taxa from Pondicherry and Coromandel Coast of which six were new to science. Montagne
(1842), Stirton (1876, 1879), Hue (1898, 1899, 1900a,b, 1901), Jatta (1902, 1905, 1911), Smith
(1926), Choisy (1931), Santesson (1952), Moreau and Moreau (1952) were the important
European lichenologists who studied lichens of WGs. Awasthi (1965) and Singh (1964) have
compiled lichens described by various researchers till 1960s including that of WGs.
Quraishi (1928) and Chopra (1934) were the pioneer lichenologists in India who studied the
Himalayan lichens. Dr. D.D. Awasthi, ‘Father of Indian Lichenology', started the study of
lichens in a systematic way. His work on lichens of WGs was first published in 1957 (Awasthi,
1957), which reported new species, like Parmelia (Hypogymnia) pseudobitteriana (from
Kodaikanal). The school of lichenology at Lucknow University contributed a lot to the lichens of
Nilgiri and Palni Hills (Singh 1984). The lichenological investigation in WGs was strengthened
during 1960's with the setting up of the school of lichenology at Agarkar Research Institute
(‘Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science'), Pune. Lichenology laboratory of National
Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and Botanical Survey of India have compiled vast
information on the lichens of WGs. Singh (1980) consolidated the lichenological investigation
between 1966-1977. Upreti (1992, 1995, 1997) and Upreti and Nayaka (2000, 2003) updated the
developments in Indian lichenology.
Status of lichen diversity in WGs
Catalogue of the lichens from India, Nepal, Pakistan and Ceylon (Awasthi, 1965) lists around
250 taxa of WGs lichens. 225 taxa were added to the lichens of WGs during 1966-1977 (Singh,
1980). Patwardhan (1983), and Singh and Sinha (1997) estimation, shows 800 lichen species in
WGs. Kumar and Stephen (1997a) in their attempt to consolidate information have listed 315
and 771 lichen taxa (Kumar and Stephen 1999), mainly based on macro and microlichen keys of
Awasthi (1988,1991).
The present communication attempts to update the list of lichens for WGs. The nomenclature
changes are incorporated by following Egan (1987) and CABI Bioscience Database
(http://www.indexfungorum.org/index.htm). There are 949 lichen taxa in WGs belonging to 929
species, 20 varieties, 150 genera and 54 families, which is around 45% of the total lichens in
India, the highest for any lichenogeographical region in the country. The crustose lichen
dominates in WGs represented by 618 taxa followed by foliose lichens and fruticose lichens,
which are represented by 269 and 62 taxa respectively. Out of the 949 lichen taxa the occurrence
of 10 are doubtful in WGs. The highest number of endemic lichens (253 species (26.7%)) is

present; of which 210 are found only in WGs while remaining 43 occur in other
lichenogeographical regions of India (Table 4).
Parmeliaceae with 137 species belonging to 22 genera is the dominant family in the WGs while
Graphis is the dominant genus with 49 species. 10 dominant lichen families and 16 dominant
genera are listed in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Perithecia bearing lichens (Pyrenocarpous)
mostly with crustose thallus (needs a more or less smooth and soft surface) exhibit their
luxuriance in the WGs represented by 177 taxa, belonging to lichen families Arthopyreniaceae,
Astrotheliaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Strigulaceae, Trichotheliaceae, Trypetheliaceae, Verrucariaceae.
The Pamelioid, Graphidaceous, Physcioid and Thelotremataceous lichens with 137, 103, 90 and
72 species respectively also dominates the area.
Except for numerical and some nomenclature changes, the status of lichen diversity recorded in
the present study from WGs (Table 3) is similar to the earlier reports (Singh and Sinha, 1997).
The lichens in most parts of WGs are tropical in nature, while the higher altitudes of Nilgiri,
Palni Hills and Kodaikanal support the growth of temperate lichens.
Economic importance of lichens
The lichens have been household items of Indians since ancient times as medicines and in
various cultural events (Kumar and Upreti, 2001). ‘Shipal' in Atharveda (1500 B.C) is the first
record of lichen used as medicine. The vernacular name ‘Charila' is widely used in Ayurveda, an
ancient system of medicine in India. The Sanskrit synonyms of lichens are ‘Shailaya' and ‘Shila
Pushp' (Shila = rock, Pushp = flower). Lichens are used in the preparation of an indigenous
perfume named ‘Otto' (the Hina Attar) at Kannauj, a town of Uttar Pradesh, which has been
famous for the past 800 years for its perfume production. The common condiments used in food
dishes called ‘Gharm Masala', ‘Meat Masala', ‘Sambar Masala' also contains lichen powder or
whole plants as a major ingredient. The lichens have around 700 secondary metabolites, of which
550 are unique Most of these secondary metabolites have antibiotic properties and the much-
exploited one is the usnic acid. Among the 949 lichen taxa of WGs, a total of 23 species that
have well documented ethnic or commercial utilization are marked in Table 4 (Upreti et al.,
2005). The lichens are sensitive to air pollution and microclimatic changes. Hence, widely
considered as bioindicators and constitute an important component of biodiversity in a region.
Conservation of WGs lichens
The factors responsible for loss of lichen diversity in India (Upreti, 1995) include the change in
the ecological conditions, forest cover, loss of habitat and increase of the urban and industrial
areas. The anthropogenic activities in hilly regions such as ‘Jhoom' cultivation, agriculture,
mineral extraction, tourism, hydroelectric and road building projects are leading to the rapid
deterioration of lichen rich habitats. Over exploitation and selective removal of economically
important lichens by local people pose serious threat to the lichens in India. Collected from the
temperate regions of the Himalayas lichens are used indigenously and also exported. The
Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal hills are the main areas of lichen collection in India. Few
ethnic groups in the central Indian region of Madhya Pradesh and in certain localities of WGs
also collect these plants. In the last five decades lichens of India has considerably declined in

diversity and abundance. The raw material required for the various uses of lichens is quite high.
The lichens weigh very little when dry, thus a vast bulk of these plants is required. 320 tons of
lichens are annually utilized for different purpose in Nepal and adjoining regions of India
(Moxham, 1986). Approximately 750 metric tons of lichens are brought in annually from the
Uttaranchal hill and 800 metric tons from other regions of India, including Himachal Pradesh,
Sikkim and Assam; of this about 50-80 metric tons are exported (Shah, 1997). The study of
lichen samples available in local markets of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu yielded 11
species of lichens (Upreti et al., 2005). Quantitative studies have not been carried out in WGs to
assess the amount of lichen collected, utilized, exported and its effect on particular lichen species
or whole lichen diversity of the region.
Scope for lichenological investigation in WGs
Despite numerous studies in WGs, there still remain a number of interesting protected areas and
special habitats such as Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka, Sanctuaries in Goa, forests of
Gujarat, mangrove vegetation in the west coast to be explored for lichen. So far most of the
survey and collection have been made from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The mangrove vegetation has
richer folicolous lichens and up to date only 39 species of them are recorded from WGs. The
lichenological data from Nilgiri and Palni Hills is outdated and reassessment of lichen diversity
in the area should be carried out. Some of the lichen species such as Bulbothrix bulbochaeta
(Hale) Hale, Hypotrachyna dodapetta Hale and Patw, Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale and
Ahti, P. disparile (Nyl.) Hale, P. erhizinosum (Awasthi) Awasthi, P. kamatii Patw. and Prabhu,
P. xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, and Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) An addition of minimum 200 species
can be expected if thorough exploration of lichens is carried out in the WGs. Bioprospecting
lichen wealth is another interesting aspect to be attempted in the WGs. The scarcity of trained
personnel for lichenology in India has lead to insufficient or non-exploration of many important
and interesting localities in the country. It has become a necessity to create awareness among the
students, common people, forest officials and authorities regarding the importance of lichens and
the actions to be taken to conserve their diversity now.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director, National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow for providing laboratory facilities work, to Dr. G. P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India,
Allahabad for providing information regarding WGs lichens and to Mrs. Poonam for helping in
data entry.
References and Books
Table 1 : Dominant lichens families in Western Ghats arranged in decreasing order of species
richness. Top
S.No.
Family
Species
Genus
S.No
Family
Species
Genus
1
Parmeliaceae
137
22
6
Arthoniaceae
47
4
2
Graphidaceae
103
6
7
Trichotheliaceae
44
3
3
Physciaceae
90
9
8
Collamataceae
42
2

4
Pyrenulaceae
79
3
9
Pertusariaceae
37
2
5
Thelotremataceae
72
4
10
Lecanoraceae
36
4
Table 2 : Dominant lichen genus (more than 20 species) in Western Ghats arranged in
decreasing order of species richness. Top
S.No.
Genus
Species
S.No.
Genus
Species
1
Graphis
49
9
Ocellularia
27
2
Porina
42
10
Anthracothecium
26
3
Pyrenula
42
11
Leptogium
26
4
Parmotrema
35
12
Thelotrema
24
5
Pertusaria
33
13
Hypotrachyna
23
6
Lecanora
32
14
Arthothelium
22
7
Usnea
30
15
Graphina
22
8
Buellia
27
16
Heterodermia
21
Table 3 : Distribution of lichens in different lichenogeographical regions. (Singh and Sinha
(1987) with updation for WGs) Top
S.No.
Lichenogeographic region
Total no. of
taxa/species
No. of endemic
species
Percentange of
endemism
1.
Western Himalayan Region
550
22
4
2.
Eastern Himalayan Region
759
133
17.5
3.
Western Dry Region
39
6
15.3
4.
Gangetic Plain
224
14
6.2
5.
Central India
48
4
8.3
6.
Western Ghats
949
253
26.7
7.
Eastern Ghats & Deccan Plateau
31
4
12.9
8.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
307
73
23.7
Table 4 : List of lichens described from Western Ghats, their family, growth form, distribution in
different states and status. (Note : K=Kerala, TN=Tamil Nadu, KN=Karnataka, M=Maharashtra,
+ = present, – = absent, EI = endemic to India, EWG = endemic and found only in Western
Ghats, OD = occurrence doubtful, * = lichens with ethnic or economic importance, and # =
foliicolous). Top
Sl.
No.
Taxa
Family
Growth
Form
K
TN
KN
M
Status
1
2
3
4
1
Anthracothecium assamiense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EI
2
Anthracothecium austroindicum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
3
Anthracothecium awasthii
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
4
Anthracothecium borbonicum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
5
Anthracothecium confine
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
6
Anthracothecium corticatum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
7
Anthracothecium depressum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–

8
Anthracothecium globeliferum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
9
Anthracothecium goaense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
10
Anthracothecium gonistomum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
11
Anthracothecium himalayense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
12
Anthracothecium himalayense
var. pseudohimalayense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
13
Anthracothecium indicum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EI
14
Anthracothecium macrosporum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
15
Anthracothecium maculatum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
16
Anthracothecium manipurense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
17
Anthracothecium megaspermum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
18
Anthracothecium ochrotropum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
19
Anthracothecium oculatum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
20
Anthracothecium platystomum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
21
Anthracothecium pustiliferum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
22
Anthracothecium pyrenuloides
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
23
Anthracothecium seminudum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
24
Anthracothecium staurosporum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
25
Anthracothecium thwaitesii
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
26
Anthracothecium variolosum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
27
Arthonia inconspicua
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
28
Arthonia medusula
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
29
Arthonia pellea
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
30
Arthonia recedens
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
31
Arthonia reniformis
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
32
Arthonia tumidula
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
33
Arthopyrenia alboatra
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
34
Arthopyrenia clavaeformis
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
35
Arthopyrenia fraxinii
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
36
Arthopyrenia indusiata
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
37
Arthopyrenia lapponina
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
38
Arthopyrenia nidulans
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
39
Arthopyrenia punctiformis
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
40
Arthopyrenia subnexa
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
41
Arthopyrenia terminata
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
42
Arthothelium abnorme
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EI
43
Arthothelium achromaticum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
44
Arthothelium albescens
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
45
Arthothelium anomalum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
46
Arthothelium awasthii
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EI
47
Arthothelium chiodectoides
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
48
Arthothelium chlorofuscum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
49
Arthothelium corticatum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
50
Arthothelium deplantatum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
51
Arthothelium dispersum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
52
Arthothelium distentum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–

53
Arthothelium fuscoroseum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
54
Arthothelium karnatakanse
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
55
Arthothelium keralense
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
56
Arthothelium maculatum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
57
Arthothelium nigrescens
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
58
Arthothelium nigrodiscum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
59
Arthothelium plicatum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
60
Arthothelium ramosum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
61
Arthothelium saxicolum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
62
Arthothelium subruanum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
63
Arthothelium verruculosum
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
64
Arthothelium zahlbrucknerii
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
65
Aspicilia cinerea
Hymeneliaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
66
Astrothelium ochrothelizum
Astrotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
67
Bacidia alutacea
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
68
Bacidia apiahica
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
69
Bacidia fusconigrescens
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
70
Bacidia fusconigrescens var.
oleosa
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
71
Bacidia incongruens
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EI
72
Bacidia laurocerasi
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
73
Bacidia medialis
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
74
Bacidia millegrana
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
75
Bacidia nigra
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG/OD
76
Bacidia personata
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
77
Bacidia phaeolomoides
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
78
Bacidia polychroa
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
79
Bacidia psorina
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
80
Bacidia rubella
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
81
Bacidia rufescens
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
82
Bacidia spadicea
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
83
Bacidia subletorum
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
84
Bacidia submedialis
Bacidiaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
85
Bacidina apiahica
Lecanoraceae
Crustose #
–
+
–
–
86
Badimia pallidula
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose #
–
+
–
–
87
Baeomyces soredifer
Beomycetaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
88
Brigantiaea ionoexcipula
Brigantiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
89
Brigantiaea leucoxantha
Brigantiaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
90
Brigantiaea nigra
Brigantiaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EWG
91
Brigantiaea pulchra
Brigantiaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
92
Buellia aethalea
Brigantiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
93
Buellia aggredians
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
94
Buellia betulinoides
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
95
Buellia ceylanensis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
96
Buellia conformis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
97
Buellia confusa
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–

98
Buellia curatellae
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
99
Buellia curtisii
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
100
Buellia disconformis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
101
Buellia disjecta
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
EWG
102
Buellia flavella
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
103
Buellia flavelloides
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
104
Buellia glaucotheca
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
105
Buellia granularis
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
106
Buellia hemispherica
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
107
Buellia indica
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
108
Buellia inornata
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
109
Buellia insignis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
110
Buellia isidiophora
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
111
Buellia nilgiriensis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
112
Buellia palniensis
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
113
Buellia pleiotera
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
114
Buellia sororioides
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
115
Buellia stigmea
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
116
Buellia stillingiana
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
117
Buellia subsororioides*
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
118
Buellia substigmea
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
119
Bulbothrix bulbochaeta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
120
Bulbothrix isidiza
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
121
Bulbothrix meizophora*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
122
Bulbothrix sensibilis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
123
Bullatina aspidota
Gomphillaceae
Crustose #
–
+
–
–
124
Byssolecania fumosonigricans
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose #
–
+
–
–
125
Byssoloma leucoblepharum
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
126
Byssoloma subdiscordans
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
127
Byssophragmia monospora
Uncertain affinity
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
128
Calicium abietinum
Caliciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
129
Calicium glaucellum
Caliciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
130
Calicium robustellum
Caliciaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
131
Calopadia fusca
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
132
Calopadia puiggarii
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
133
Calopadia subceorulescens
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
134
Caloplaca ferruginea
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
135
Caloplaca flavorubescens
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
136
Caloplaca malaensis
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
137
Caloplaca pindarensis
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
138
Caloplaca sipeana
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
139
Caloplaca vitellinula
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–

140
Campylothelium nitidum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
141
Candelaria concolor
Candeleriaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
142
Candelaria indica
Candeleriaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
143
Canomaculina subsumpta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
144
Canomaculina subtinctoria*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
145
Canoparmelia carneopruinata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
146
Canoparmelia cinerascens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
147
Canoparmelia crozalsiana
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
148
Canoparmelia ecaperata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
149
Canoparmelia pustulescens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
150
Canoparmelia texana*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
151
Catapyrenium lachneum
Verrucariaceae
Foliose
–
–
–
+
152
Catillaria endochroma
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
153
Catillaria intermixta
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
154
Catillaria leptocheila
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
155
Catillaria leptocheiloides
Catillariaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
156
Catillaria nilgiriensis
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
157
Catillaria obscura
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
158
Catillaria pulverea
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
159
Catillaria versicolor
Catillariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
160
Cetrelia olivetorum
Catillariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
161
Chiodecton hypochnoides
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
162
Chiodecton leptosporum
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
163
Chrysothrix candelaris
Chrysothricacae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
164
Cladonia bacillaris
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
165
Cladonia caespiticia
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
166
Cladonia ceratophylla
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
167
Cladonia chlorophaea
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
168
Cladonia cornuta
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
169
Cladonia crispata
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
170
Cladonia farinacea
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
171
Cladonia fimbriata
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
172
Cladonia furcata
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
173
Cladonia macilenta
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
174
Cladonia polydactyla
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
175
Cladonia ramulosa
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
176
Cladonia scabriuscula
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
177
Cladonia vulcanica
Cladoniaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
178
Clathroporina duplicascens
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
179
Coccocarpia erythroxyli
Coccocarpiaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
180
Coccocarpia palmicola
Coccocarpiaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
181
Coccocarpia pellita
Coccocarpiaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
182
Collema auriforme
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
183
Collema callibotrys
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
184
Collema callybotrys var.
coecophyllizum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–

185
Collema coccophyllum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
186
Collema conglomeratum var.
crassiculum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
187
Collema crispum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
188
Collema furfuraceum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
189
Collema glaucophthalmum
Collemataceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
190
Collema glaucothalmum var.
implicatum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
192
Collema leptaleum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
191
Collema leptaleum var. bilosum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
193
Collema nigrescens
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
194
Collema pulcellum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
+
195
Collema rugosum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
196
Collema subflaccidum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
197
Collema subnigrescens
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
198
Cornicularia muricata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
+
–
199
Cryptothecia albomaculata
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
200
Cryptothecia anamalaiensis
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
201
Cryptothecia awasthii
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
202
Cryptothecia culbersonae
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG
203
Cryptothecia emergens
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
204
Cryptothecia faveolata
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
205
Cryptothecia groenhartii
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
206
Cryptothecia involuta
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EI
207
Cryptothecia lunulata
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
208
Cryptothecia macroacarpa
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
209
Cryptothecia macrospora
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
210
Cryptothecia nilghiriensis
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
211
Cryptothecia stirtonii
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
212
Cryptothecia subnidulans
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
213
Cryptothecia subtecta
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
214
Cryptothecia verrucominuta
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
215
Cryptotheica porosa
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
216
Cyphelium sessile
Caliciaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
217
Degelia plumbea
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
218
Dendriscocaulon intricatulum
Uncertain affinity
Crustose
+
–
–
–
OD
219
Dendriscocaulon umhausense
Uncertain affinity
Crustose
–
+
–
–
220
Dermatocarpon vellereum
Verrucariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
221
Diploschistes actinostomus
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
222
Diploschistes candissimus
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
223
Diploschistes cinereocaesis
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
224
Diploschistes megalosporus
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
225
Diploschistes muscorum subsp.
bartlettii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
226
Diploschistes muscorum subsp.
muscorum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–

227
Diploschistes rampoddensis
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
228
Diploschistes scruposus
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
229
Diplotomma pharcidium
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
230
Diplotomma proximatum
Physciaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
231
Dirinaria aegialita
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
232
Dirinaria aegialita var. angelica
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
233
Dirinaria applanata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
234
Dirinaria applanata var.
endochroma
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
235
Dirinaria confluens
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
236
Dirinaria consimilis
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
237
Dirinaria picta
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
238
Endocarpon pusillum
Verrucariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
239
Erioderma meiocarpum
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
240
Erioderma polycarpon
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
241
Everniastrum cirrhatum*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
242
Everniastrum nepalense*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
243
Everniastrum vexans
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
244
Fellhanera bouteillei
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
245
Fellhanera fuscatula
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
246
Fellhanera rhapidophylli
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
247
Fellhanera semecarpi
Pilocarpaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
248
Flavoparmelia caperata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
249
Flavopuctelia flaventior*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
250
Fuscopannaria adanata
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
251
Fuscopannaria coerulescens
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
252
Glyphis cicatricosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
253
Glyphis confluents
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
254
Graphina andamanica
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
255
Graphina canaliculata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
256
Graphina cleistoblephara
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
257
Graphina confluens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
258
Graphina dimorphodes
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
259
Graphina epixantha
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
260
Graphina fissofurcata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
261
Graphina hololeuca
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
262
Graphina incrustans
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
263
Graphina junghunii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
264
Graphina macella
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
265
Graphina marcescens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
266
Graphina nanodes
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
267
Graphina nylanderi
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG

268
Graphina obtecta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
269
Graphina obtecta var.
tuberculosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
270
Graphina panhalensis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
271
Graphina parilis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
272
Graphina perticosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
273
Graphina philippina
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
274
Graphina subnitida
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
275
Graphina subserpentina
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
276
Graphis afzelii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
+
277
Graphis ajarekarii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
278
Graphis anfructuosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
279
Graphis anguillaeformis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
280
Graphis aphanes
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
+
281
Graphis arecae
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EWG
282
Graphis asahinae
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
283
Graphis assimilis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
284
Graphis capillaceae
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EWG
285
Graphis celata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
286
Graphis ceylanica
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
287
Graphis congesta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
288
Graphis dumastii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
289
Graphis duplicata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
290
Graphis exalbata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
+
291
Graphis foliicola var. major
Graphidaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
EWG
292
Graphis garoana
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
293
Graphis glaucescens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
294
Graphis glauconigra
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
295
Graphis grammatis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EWG
296
Graphis guimarana
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
297
Graphis homichlodes
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
298
Graphis hossei
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
299
Graphis illinata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
300
Graphis illota
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
301
Graphis inquinata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
302
Graphis intermediella
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
303
Graphis intritica
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
304
Graphis karstenii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
305
Graphis lineola
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
306
Graphis longiramea
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EI
307
Graphis marginata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
308
Graphis modesta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
309
Graphis nakanishiana
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
310
Graphis nigroglauca
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
311
Graphis patwardhanii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG

312
Graphis persicina
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
+
313
Graphis persulcata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
314
Graphis proserpens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
315
Graphis pyrrhocheiloides
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
316
Graphis schizograpta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
317
Graphis scripta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
318
Graphis sikkimensis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EI
319
Graphis striatula
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
320
Graphis subassimilis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
321
Graphis subvirginea
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
322
Graphis tenella
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
323
Graphis triticea
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EWG
324
Graphis vittata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
+
325
Gyalectidium filicinum
Gomphillaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
326
Haematomma puniceum
Haematommataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
327
Helminthocarpon subalbatum
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
328
Heppsora indica
Lecideaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
329
Heterocyphelium leucampyx
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
–
–
+
–
330
Heterodermia albicans
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
331
Heterodermia angustiloba
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
332
Heterodermia boryi
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
333
Heterodermia comosa
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
334
Heterodermia coronata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
335
Heterodermia dentritica
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
336
Heterodermia diademata*
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
337
Heterodermia dissecta
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
338
Heterodermia flabellata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
339
Heterodermia hypocaesia
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
340
Heterodermia hypoleuca
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
341
Heterodermia incana
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
342
Heterodermia isidiophora
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
343
Heterodermia japonica
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
344
Heterodermia leucomela*
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
345
Heterodermia obscurata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
346
Heterodermia podocarpa
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
347
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
348
Heterodermia speciosa
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
349
Heterodermia togashii
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
350
Heterodermia tremulans*
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
351
Hyperphyscia adglutinata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
352
Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
353
Hypogymnia zeylanica
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
354
Hypotrachyna awasthii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
EWG
355
Hypotrachyna boquetensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–

356
Hypotrachyna costaricensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
357
Hypotrachyna crenata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
358
Hypotrachyna degelii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
359
Hypotrachyna dodapetta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
360
Hypotrachyna endochlora
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
361
Hypotrachyna exsecta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
362
Hypotrachyna imbricatula
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
363
Hypotrachyna immaculata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
364
Hypotrachyna infirma
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
365
Hypotrachyna intercalanda
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
366
Hypotrachyna kingii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
367
Hypotrachyna livida
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
368
Hypotrachyna masonhalei
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
369
Hypotrachyna microblasta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
370
Hypotrachyna neodissecta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
371
Hypotrachyna orientalis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
372
Hypotrachyna osseoalba
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
373
Hypotrachyna physcioides
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
374
Hypotrachyna revoluta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
375
Hypotrachyna rockii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
376
Hypotrachyna thryptica
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
EWG
377
Laurera aurantiaca
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
378
Laurera columellata
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
379
Laurera fusispora
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
380
Laurera keralensis
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
381
Laurera kundaraensis
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
382
Laurera madriporiformis
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
383
Laurera megasperma
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
384
Laurera subbenguelensis
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
385
Laurera subphaeomelodes
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
386
Laurera tuberculosa
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
387
Laurera vezdae
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
388
Lecanactis quassiae var.
plurilocularis
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
389
Lecanora albella
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
390
Lecanora alophana
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
391
Lecanora andina
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
392
Lecanora argentata
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
393
Lecanora caesiorubella
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
394
Lecanora cancilians
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
395
Lecanora carpinea
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
396
Lecanora chlarotera
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
397
Lecanora cinereofusca
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
+
–
+
398
Lecanora cinereofusca var.
himalayensis
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
399
Lecanora coronulans
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–

400
Lecanora fimbriatula
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
401
Lecanora flavidofusca
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
402
Lecanora flavidomarginta
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
403
Lecanora helva
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
+
–
+
404
Lecanora impudens
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
405
Lecanora indica
Lecanoraceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
406
Lecanora insignis
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
407
Lecanora intumescens
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
408
Lecanora iseana
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
409
Lecanora leprosa
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
410
Lecanora melanommata
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
411
Lecanora perplexa
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
412
Lecanora pseudargentata
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
413
Lecanora psundistera
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
414
Lecanora pulicaris
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
415
Lecanora subalbellina
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
416
Lecanora subimmersa
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
417
Lecanora subrugosa
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
418
Lecanora sulphurescens
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
419
Lecanora tropica
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
420
Lecanora varia
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
421
Lecidea oreinodes
Lecideaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
422
Lecidella enteroleucella
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
423
Lecidella parasema
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
424
Leioderma sorediatum
Pannariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
425
Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula
Imperfect
lichenized fungi
Crustose
–
+
–
–
426
Leptogium adpressum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
427
Leptogium austro-americanum
Collemataceae
Foliose
+
–
+
+
428
Leptogium azureum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
429
Leptogium brevissonii
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
430
Leptogium burgessii
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
431
Leptogium burnetiae var.
hirsutum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
432
Leptogium chloromelum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
+
433
Leptogium cochleatum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
434
Leptogium corticola
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
435
Leptogium cyanescens
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
436
Leptogium denticulatum
Collemataceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
437
Leptogium fallax
Collemataceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
438
Leptogium furfuraceum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
439
Leptogium gelatinosum
Collemataceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
440
Leptogium indicum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
–
–
+
EI
441
Leptogium inflexum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
442
Leptogium isidiocellum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
443
Leptogium marginellum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–

444
Leptogium milligranum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
445
Leptogium molluccanum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
446
Leptogium papillosum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
447
Leptogium phyllocarpum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
448
Leptogium pichneum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
449
Leptogium platynum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
450
Leptogium saturninum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
451
Leptogium ulvaceum
Collemataceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
452
Leptorhaphis epidermidis
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
453
Letrouitia aureola
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
454
Letrouitia domingensis
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
455
Letrouitia flavocrocea
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
456
Letrouitia muralis
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
457
Letrouitia transgressa
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
458
Letrouitia vulpina
Letrouitiaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
459
Lithothelium indicum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG
460
Lobaria adscripturiens
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
461
Lobaria discolor
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
462
Lobaria discolor var.
subinterversaens
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
463
Lobaria japonica
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
464
Lobaria retigera*
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
465
Lopadium coorgianum
Lopadiaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
466
Lopadium palniense
Lopadiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
467
Lopadium pezizoideum
Lopadiaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
468
Maronea constans
Fuscideaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
469
Mazosia bambusae
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
#
+
–
–
–
470
Mazosia melanophthalma
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
471
Mazosia phyllosema
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
472
Mazosia rotula
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
473
Megalospora pruinata
Megalosporaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
474
Megalospora sulphurata
Megalosporaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
475
Megalospora tuberculosa
Megalosporaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
476
Menegazzia terebrata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
477
Mycomicrothelia nonensis
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
478
Mycomicrothelia thelena
Arthopyreniaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
479
Myelochroa aurulenta*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
480
Myelochroa denegans
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
481
Myelochroa indica
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
482
Myelochroa irrugans
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
483
Myelochroa perisidians
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
484
Myelochroa xantholepis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
485
Myriotrema anamalaiensis
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
486
Myriotrema clandestinum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–

487
Myriotrema compunctum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
488
Myriotrema concretum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
489
Myriotrema elachistoteron
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
490
Myriotrema fissurinum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
491
Myriotrema glaucescens
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
492
Myriotrema glaucophaenum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
493
Myriotrema microporum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
494
Myriotrema norstictideum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
495
Myriotrema terebrans
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
496
Myriotrema trypaneoides
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
497
Myriotrema wightii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
498
Nadvornikia diplotylia
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
–
–
+
–
499
Ocellularia albo-olivacea
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
500
Ocellularia allosporoides
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
501
Ocellularia arecae
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
502
Ocellularia asiatica
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
503
Ocellularia auberiana
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
504
Ocellularia berkeleyana
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
505
Ocellularia canara
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
506
Ocellularia canariana
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
507
Ocellularia diacida
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
508
Ocellularia garoana
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
509
Ocellularia groenhartii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EWG
510
Ocellularia jamesii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
511
Ocellularia karnatakensis
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
512
Ocellularia leucina
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
513
Ocellularia mahabalei
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
514
Ocellularia neomasonhalei
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
515
Ocellularia papillata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
516
Ocellularia patwardhanii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
517
Ocellularia perforata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
518
Ocellularia platystoma
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
519
Ocellularia
pseudoexanthismocarpa
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
520
Ocellularia subperforata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
521
Ocellularia terebrata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
522
Ocellularia thelotremoides
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
523
Ocellularia udupiensis
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
524
Ocellularia verrucoisidiata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
525
Ocellularia verrucomarginata
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
526
Ochrolechia africana
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
527
Ochrolechia androgyna
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
528
Ochrolechia subpallescens
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
529
Ochrolechia subviridis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
530
Opegrapha filicina
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG

#
531
Opegrapha leptoterodes
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
532
Opegrapha longula
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
533
Opegrapha prosodea
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
534
Opegrapha rufescens
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
535
Opegrapha subvulgata
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
536
Opegrapha viridis
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
537
Opegrapha vulgata
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
538
Pannaria complanata
Pannariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
EWG
539
Pannaria emodi
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
540
Pannaria leucosticta
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
541
Pannaria nilgherrensis
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
542
Pannaria rubiginosa
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
543
Pannaria stylophora
Pannariaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
544
Paraparmelia murina
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
545
Paraparmelia pustulescens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
546
Parmelia erumpens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
547
Parmeliella conopleoides
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
548
Parmeliella pannosa
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
549
Parmeliella papillata
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
550
Parmeliella philippina
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
551
Parmeliella tryptophylla
Pannariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
552
Parmelinella simplicoir
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
EWG
553
Parmelinella wallichiana*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
554
Parmelinopsis cryptochlora
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
555
Parmelinopsis expallida
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
556
Parmelinopsis horrescens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
557
Parmelinopsis spumosa
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
558
Parmentaria keralaensis
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
559
Parmentaria maculata
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
560
Parmentaria occulata
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
561
Parmentaria oligospora
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
562
Parmentaria operta
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
563
Parmentaria verrucosareolata
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
564
Parmotrema abessinicum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
565
Parmotrema andinum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
566
Parmotrema austrosinense*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
567
Parmotrema awasthii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
EWG
568
Parmotrema chinense
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
569
Parmotrema cooperi
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
570
Parmotrema crinitoides
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
571
Parmotrema crinitum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
572
Parmotrema cristiferum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
+
–
EI
573
Parmotrema defectum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
574
Parmotrema dilatatum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
575
Parmotrema direagens
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–

576
Parmotrema disparile
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
577
Parmotrema erhizinosum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
578
Parmotrema grayanum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
579
Parmotrema hababianum*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
580
Parmotrema indicum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
581
Parmotrema kamatii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
EWG
582
Parmotrema margaritatum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
583
Parmotrema mellissii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
584
Parmotrema mesotropum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
585
Parmotrema nilgherrense*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
586
Parmotrema planatilobatum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
587
Parmotrema praesorediosum*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
588
Parmotrema
pseudonilgherrense*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
589
Parmotrema rampoddense
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
590
Parmotrema saccatilobum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
–
+
591
Parmotrema sanctae-angelii*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
592
Parmotrema stuhlmannii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
593
Parmotrema stuppeum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
594
Parmotrema subarnoldii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
595
Parmotrema tinctorum*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
596
Parmotrema tsavoense
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
597
Parmotrema vartaki
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
EWG
598
Parmotrema xanthinum
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
599
Peltigera canina
Peltigeraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
600
Peltigera collina
Peltigeraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
601
Peltigera didactyla
Peltigeraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
602
Peltula euploca
Peltulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
603
Pertusaria acuta
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
604
Pertusaria albescens
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
605
Pertusaria amara
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
606
Pertusaria amarkantakensis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
607
Pertusaria cinchonae
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
608
Pertusaria colorata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
609
Pertusaria concinna
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
610
Pertusaria coronata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
611
Pertusaria dehiscens var.
depressoir
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
612
Pertusaria depressa
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
613
Pertusaria granulata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
614
Pertusaria idukkiensis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
615
Pertusaria indica
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
616
Pertusaria kodaikanalensis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
617
Pertusaria leioplacella
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
618
Pertusaria leioterella
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
619
Pertusaria leucosora
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–

620
Pertusaria leucosorodes
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
621
Pertusaria mattogrossensis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
622
Pertusaria multipuncta
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
623
Pertusaria neilgherrensis
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
624
Pertusaria pertusa
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
625
Pertusaria punctata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
626
Pertusaria pustulata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
627
Pertusaria quassiae
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
628
Pertusaria rimosa
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
629
Pertusaria splendens
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EWG
630
Pertusaria subdepressa
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
631
Pertusaria subochraceae
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EWG
632
Pertusaria tetrathalamia
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
633
Pertusaria trisperma
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
634
Pertusaria tuberculifera
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
635
Pertusaria velata
Pertusariaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
636
Phaeographina austroindica
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
637
Phaeographina awasthii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
638
Phaeographina caesiopruinosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
639
Phaeographina caesioradians
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
640
Phaeographina canarensis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
641
Phaeographina coorgiana
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
642
Phaeographina halei
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
643
Phaeographina limbata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
644
Phaeographina nakanishii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
645
Phaeographina nilgiriensis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
646
Phaeographina pudica var.
platyloma
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
647
Phaeographina quassiaecola
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
648
Phaeographina steblocarpa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
649
Phaeographina wattiana
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EI
650
Phaeographis albolabiata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
651
Phaeographis angulosa
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
652
Phaeographis endophaeiza
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
653
Phaeographis hypoglauca
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
/OD
654
Phaeographis hypoglaucoides
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
655
Phaeographis instrata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
656
Phaeographis inusta
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
657
Phaeographis leightonii
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
658
Phaeographis medusiformis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
659
Phaeographis nilgiriensis
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
660
Phaeographis platycarpa var.
indica
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
661
Phaeographis subdividens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
662
Phaeographis submaculata
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–

663
Phaeographis submarcescens
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
664
Phaeographis subtigrina
Graphidaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
665
Phaeophyscia ciliata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
666
Phaeophyscia hispidula
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
667
Phaeophyscia orbicularis
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
668
Phaeophyscia sciastra
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
669
Phylliscum testudinum
Lichinaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
670
Phyllopsora buettneri
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
671
Phyllopsora corralina
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
+
+
+
672
Phyllopsora haemophaea
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
673
Phyllopsora kiiensis
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
674
Phyllopsora manipurensis
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
–
+
+
675
Phyllopsora parvifolia
Biotoraceae
Foliose
+
+
+
–
676
Physcia aipolia
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
677
Physcia alba
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
678
Physcia crispula
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
679
Physcia dimidiata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
680
Physcia integrata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
681
Physcia stellaris
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
682
Physcia tribacia
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
683
Physcia tribacoides
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
684
Physcidia cylindrophora
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
685
Pleurotrema aggregatum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
686
Pleurotrema filisporum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG
687
Pleurotrema flavopallidum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
688
Pleurotrema horrisii
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
689
Pleurotrema immersum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
690
Pleurotrema indicum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG
691
Pleurotrema karnatakense
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
692
Pleurotrema macrosporum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
693
Pleurotrema megaspermum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
694
Pleurotrema monosporum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
695
Pleurotrema muelleri
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EWG
696
Porina americana
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
697
Porina angustata
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
+
EI
698
Porina atriceps
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
+
+
–
–
699
Porina atroperiostiola
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
EWG
700
Porina aurantiaca
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
701
Porina chrysophora
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
702
Porina cupreola
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
703
Porina decamera
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
704
Porina dolichophora
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
705
Porina elliptica
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG

706
Porina epiphylla
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
+
+
+
–
707
Porina epiphylla var. antriceps
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
+
+
–
–
708
Porina fulvella
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
709
Porina glaucoflava
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EWG
710
Porina halei
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
+
EWG
711
Porina innata
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
712
Porina interestes
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
713
Porina internigrans
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
714
Porina interspersa
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
OD
715
Porina isidiata
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
716
Porina karnatakensis
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
+
+
+
–
EWG
717
Porina limbulata
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
718
Porina mastoidea
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
+
719
Porina microcarpa
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
–
+
–
EWG
720
Porina monocarpa
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
721
Porina multiloculata
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
+
+
+
–
EWG
722
Porina nilgiriensis
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
EWG
723
Porina nitidula
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
724
Porina ochrostoma
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
725
Porina octomera
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
726
Porina pallescens
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
727
Porina palniensis
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
EWG
728
Porina platystoma
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
729
Porina rufula
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
730
Porina santessonii
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
+
+
EWG
731
Porina semecarpi
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
732
Porina subcutanea
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
733
Porina subgigantospora
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
EI
734
Porina subhibernica
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
EI
735
Porina subinterestes
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EI
736
Porina subsanctirosae
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EWG
737
Porina thaxteri
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–

738
Protoblastenia russula
Psoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
739
Pseudocyphellaria argyracea
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
740
Pseudocyphellaria aurata
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
741
Pseudocyphellaria crocata
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
742
Pseudocyphellaria intricata
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
743
Pseudopyrenula pupula
Lobariaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
744
Psorella isidiophora
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
745
Psorella psorina
Biotoraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
746
Psoroma hispidulum
Pannariaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
EWG
747
Punctelia borreri
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
748
Punctelia neturalis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
749
Punctelia rudecta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
750
Punctelia subrudecta
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
751
Pyrenastrum oblistescens
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
752
Pyrenula aducta
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
753
Pyrenula anamalaiensis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
754
Pyrenula aspistea
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
755
Pyrenula cayennensis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
756
Pyrenula citiformis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
757
Pyrenula comirana
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
758
Pyrenula cuyabensis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
759
Pyrenula elegans
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
760
Pyrenula glabrescens
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
761
Pyrenula immersa
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
762
Pyrenula immissa
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
EI
763
Pyrenula interducta
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
764
Pyrenula introducta
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
EI
765
Pyrenula karnatakensis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
766
Pyrenula kurzii
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
767
Pyrenula leucostoma
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
768
Pyrenula limae
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
769
Pyrenula macularis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
770
Pyrenula mamillana
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
771
Pyrenula mamillata
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
772
Pyrenula mastophorizans
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
773
Pyrenula melaleuca
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
774
Pyrenula microcarpoides
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
775
Pyrenula minarum
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
776
Pyrenula nanospora
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
777
Pyrenula nitens
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
778
Pyrenula nitida
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
779
Pyrenula obscurior
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
780
Pyrenula ochraceoflava
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
+
–
781
Pyrenula ochraceoflavens
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
782
Pyrenula oculata
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
783
Pyrenula oxysporiza
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–

784
Pyrenula pinguis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
785
Pyrenula pluricarpa
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
786
Pyrenula subacutalis
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
+
EI
787
Pyrenula subcamptospora
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
788
Pyrenula subglabriuscula
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
789
Pyrenula sublaevigata
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
790
Pyrenula submastophora
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
791
Pyrenula subnitidella
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EI
792
Pyrenula suboligocarpa
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
793
Pyrenula zeylanica
Pyrenulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
794
Pyrgidium montellicum
Sphrinctrinaceae
Crustose
+
+
–
–
795
Pyrgillocarpon indicum
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
+
–
+
–
796
Pyrgillus javanicum
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
+
–
–
–
797
Pyrrhospora russula
Lecideaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
798
Pyxine asiatica
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
EWG
799
Pyxine austroindica
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
EWG
800
Pyxine berteriana
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
801
Pyxine coccifera
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
802
Pyxine cocoes
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
803
Pyxine cocoes var. prominula
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
804
Pyxine cognata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
805
Pyxine coralligera
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
806
Pyxine cylindrica
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
+
–
EWG
807
Pyxine keralensis
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
EWG
808
Pyxine meissenerina
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
809
Pyxine minuta
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
810
Pyxine nilgiriensis
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
EWG
811
Pyxine palniensis
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
EWG
813
Pyxine petricola
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
812
Pyxine petricola var. pallida
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
–
+
–
814
Pyxine reticulata
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
815
Pyxine sorediata
Physciaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
816
Pyxine subcinerea
Physciaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
817
Ramalina africana
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
818
Ramalina arabum
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
819
Ramalina Berteri
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
–
+
–
EWG
820
Ramalina celastri
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
821
Ramalina farinacea
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
822
Ramalina fraxinea
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
823
Ramalina geniculata
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
824
Ramalina inflata
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
825
Ramalina leiodea
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
826
Ramalina nervulosa
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
+
–
+
–
827
Ramalina pacifica
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
+
+
+
–

828
Ramalina roesleri
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
829
Ramalina subpusilla
Ramalinaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
830
Relicina abstrusa
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
831
Relicina sydneyensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
832
Relicinopsis dahlii
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
833
Relicinopsis malaccensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
834
Rimelia cetrata
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
835
Rimelia reticulata*
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
+
+
+
836
Rinodina badiella
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
837
Rinodina oxydata
Physciaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
838
Roccella montagnei
Rocellaceae
Fruticose
–
–
+
–
839
Rolfidium peltatum
Biotoraceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
840
Schismatomma atomellum
Uncertain-
Arthoniales
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
841
Schismatomma incurvulum
Uncertain-
Arthoniales
Crustose
–
+
–
–
842
Schistophoron tenue
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
–
+
–
–
843
Sclerophyton indicum
Opegraphaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
844
Solorina saccata
Peltigeraceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
845
Sphaerophorus diplotypus
Sphaerophorus
Fruticose
+
–
–
–
EWG
846
Sphinctrina angelica
Sphinctrinaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
847
Sphinctrina gomphilloides
Sphinctrinaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
848
Sphinctrina nitidula
Sphinctrinaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
849
Sphinctrina tubaeformis
Sphinctrinaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
850
Sporopodium xantholeucum
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
851
Staurothele fissa
Verrucariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
+
852
Stereocaulon austroindicum
Stereocalaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
853
Sticta cyphellulata
Lobariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
854
Sticta damaecornis
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
855
Sticta filicina
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
856
Sticta fuliginosa
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
857
Sticta limbata
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
858
Sticta nylanderiana
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
859
Sticta orbicularis
Lobariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
860
Sticta platyphylloides
Lobariaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
861
Sticta sylvatica
Lobariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
862
Sticta weigelli
Lobariaceae
Foliose
+
+
–
–
863
Stirtonia monospora
Arthoniaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
864
Strigula complanata
Strigulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
865
Strigula elegans
Strigulaceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
866
Strigula maculata
Strigulaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
867
Strigula nemathora
Strigulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
868
Strigula nitidula
Strigulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
869
Strigula subelegans
Strigulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–

870
Strigula subtillissima
Strigulaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
871
Tapellaria bilimbioides
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
EWG
872
Tapellaria phyllophilla
Ectolechiaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
873
Teloschistes flavicans
Teloschistaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
874
Tephromela atra
Lecanoraceae
Crustose
–
+
+
–
875
Thelocarpon palniensis
Acarosporaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
876
Thelotrema alboannuliforme
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
877
Thelotrema alborosellum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
878
Thelotrema annuloelevatum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
879
Thelotrema armellense
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
880
Thelotrema canarense
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
881
Thelotrema confertum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
882
Thelotrema exertum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
883
Thelotrema hiatum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
884
Thelotrema indicum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
885
Thelotrema kalakkadense
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
886
Thelotrema kamatii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
887
Thelotrema laceratulum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
+
+
888
Thelotrema lepademersum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EWG
889
Thelotrema lepadinum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
890
Thelotrema lepadodes
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
891
Thelotrema leprieurii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
892
Thelotrema leprocarpum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
893
Thelotrema peoltii
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
894
Thelotrema porinoides
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
895
Thelotrema
pseudoexanthismocarpum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
896
Thelotrema pycnoporellum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
897
Thelotrema santense
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
898
Thelotrema subkeralense
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
899
Thelotrema tuberculiferum
Thelotremataceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
900
Tricharia allostrigosa
Gomphillaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
901
Trichothelium alboatrum
Trichotheliaceae
Crustose
#
–
+
–
–
902
Trypethelium catervarium
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
903
Trypethelium eluteriae
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
+
904
Trypethelium flavocinereum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EWG
905
Trypethelium luteum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
EWG
906
Trypethelium ochroleucum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
907
Trypethelium plicato-rimosum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
–
+
EWG
908
Trypethelium subnitidiusculum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
EI
909
Trypethelium tropicum
Trypetheliaceae
Crustose
+
+
+
–
910
Tylophoron moderatum
Uncertain-
Crustose
+
+
–
–

Caliciales
911
Tylophoron nidulans
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
+
–
–
–
EI
912
Tylophoron protrudens
Uncertain-
Caliciales
Crustose
+
–
–
–
913
Usnea acciculifera
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
914
Usnea albopunctata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
+
–
915
Usnea austroindica*
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
EWG
916
Usnea baileyii
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
917
Usnea bimolliuscula
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
918
Usnea ceylonica
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
919
Usnea complanata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
920
Usnea corralina
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
–
–
–
EWG
921
Usnea fischerii
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
–
–
–
EWG
922
Usnea fragilis
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
923
Usnea ghattensis
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
–
+
+
EWG
924
Usnea gigas
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
925
Usnea himalayana
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
926
Usnea lucea
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
927
Usnea luridorufa
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
928
Usnea maculata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
929
Usnea nilgirica
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
EWG
930
Usnea orientalis*
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
931
Usnea picta
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
932
Usnea pictoides
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
+
–
EWG
933
Usnea rigidula
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
934
Usnea rubicunda
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
935
Usnea spinosula
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
EWG
936
Usnea stigmata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
937
Usnea stigmatoides
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
+
–
EWG
938
Usnea subflorida
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
939
Usnea subsordida
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
940
Usnea undulata
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
+
–
941
Usnea vegae
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
+
+
–
–
942
Usnea vulneraria
Parmeliaceae
Fruticose
–
+
–
–
EWG
943
Verrucaria maura
Verrucariaceae
Crustose
+
–
–
–
944
Verrucaria muralis
Verrucariaceae
Crustose
–
+
–
–
945
Xanthoparmelia congensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
+
–
946
Xanthoparmelia fucina
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
947
Xanthoparmelia keralensis
Parmeliaceae
Foliose
+
–
–
–
948
Xanthorina parietina
Teloschistaceae
Foliose
–
+
–
–
949
Xylographa vitiligo
Teloschistaceae
Crustose
–
–
+
–
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Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute,
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, India.
E-mail: sanjeeva_n@yahoo.com, upretidk@rediffmail.com