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Abstract
A new scheme of classification of gymnosperms is proposed in this paper, based mainly on the Bract Scale and Seed Scale Complex theory as well as the Multi-nerved leaved evolutionary line in gymnosperms. Twelve families are involved in the new system.
... 柏属, 这个观点还需要深入的分子系统学研究, 笔 者建议保留该属。此外, 南洋杉科澳洲分布的瓦勒 迈杉属(Wollemia Jones et al.)仅在北京植物园温室 有引种, 与FOC一致, 本文没有包括该属。 中 国 裸 子 植 物 的 6 个 特 有 属 分 别 是 银 杏 属 (Ginkgo L.)、银杉属(Cathaya Chun et Kuang)、长苞 铁杉属、金钱松属(Pseudolarix Gordon)、白豆杉属 (Pseudotaxus W. C. Cheng)和水杉属(Metasequoia Hu et W. C. Cheng), 较FOC增加了长苞铁杉属。8个 引种栽培的属分别是南洋杉属(Araucaria Jussieu)、 贝 壳 杉 属 (Agathis Salisbury) 、 金 松 属 、 红 杉 属 (Sequoia Endlicher) 、 巨 杉 属 (Sequoiadendron J. Buchholz)、落羽杉属(Taxodium Richard)、罗汉柏属 (Thujopsis Siebold et Zucc. ex Endlicher)和美洲柏 Yang et al., 2003;Fu, 2004;Yang, 2005;Möller et al., 2013)和新记录(如: 蒙涛等, 2013; Historical changes in the amount of recognized species and infraspecies of gymnosperms in China 3 地理分布 裸子植物在各省区的分布有明显差异(表1)。科 ...
... records were combined into lists of plant families or higher clades used by each of the 16 major yponomeutoid lineages identified on our molecular phylogeny. Higher classification of host plants follows APG III [65] for angiosperms and Fu et al. [66] for gymnosperms. Host ranges of individual yponomeutoid species were categorized as either oligophagous (feeding on plants in a single order) or polyphagous (feeding on plants in more than one order). ...
Yponomeutoidea represent one of the major radiations in the basal ditrysian Lepidoptera. Yponomeutoidea are especially important for tracing the early evolutionary history of Lepidoptera-plant interactions because they are one of the earliest groups to evolve external feeding (Powell et al., 1998) and to extensively colonize herbs as well as shrubs and trees (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). Despite its importance to tracing the early evolution of Lepidoptera, the superfamily Yponomeutoidea has been neglected by systematists, and its biodiversity and phylogeny remain poorly understood. Due to the lack of phylogenetic approaches, several researchers have suggested different definitions of Yponomeutoidea which are still in contention. Disagreements on the phylogeny of Yponomeutoidea in turn have helped to obscure inter-relationships of the basal lepidopteran groups and hindered the testing of evolutionary hypotheses on which these bear. To improve the systematic resolution of Yponomeutoidea, phylogenetic analyses based on 5 to 26 nuclear genes were conducted. The resulting trees were dated by relaxed molecular clock methods with fossil calibration constraints. The molecular approaches suggested a phylogeny of Yponomeutoidea which is different from other morphology-based hypotheses. The results provide new insights on the circumscription of Yponomeutoidea and on the evolution of host plant associations in the basal ditrysian Lepidoptera.
... But it is clear that, on the basis of vegetative characters and its peculiar leaf anatomy, Austrotaxus is intermediate between taxads and Podocarpus (Ferre et al. 1977;Hu et al. 1992). Fu et al. (2004) proposed a new scheme of gymnosperm classification at family level based on bract scale and seed scale complex theory and multi-nerves leaved evolutionary line in gymnosperms. They divided 12 families into two groups, Multinervidae and Taxidae. ...
Taxaceae s. l. is a wider concept of classification treating five genera of Taxaceae s. str. and Cephalotaxus together. Cephalotaxus is morphologically very similar to the five genera of Taxaceae s. str. Various models of classification for six genera have already been published. However, the phylogenetic position and genuine relationships of these genera and species are still confusing. A cladistic analysis of Taxaceae s. l. has been carried out to resolve the problem existing in their phylogeny and to provide a new approach regarding the relationships of these six genera. Parsimony analyses were based on 28 characters and eight genera including two outgroups Agathis and Sciadopitys. The most parsimonious tree retained with branch length 38 and 194 rearrangement trials. Consistency index was 0.68 and retention index was 0.66. Principally, two main clades were found: one represented by Austrotaxus forming the base of the tree and another by the remaining five genera. Taxus + Pseudotaxus clade split after Austrotaxus, and Cephalotaxus was sister to Torreya + Amentotaxus clade. Taxus + Pseudotaxus clade was supported by the highest bootstrap value. Finally, cladistic analysis does not support existence of Cephalotaxaceae. Therefore, it would be better to classify Cephalotaxus within Taxaceae s. l. with the other five genera.
... records were combined into lists of plant families or higher clades used by each of the 16 major yponomeutoid lineages identified on our molecular phylogeny. Higher classification of host plants follows APG III [65] for angiosperms and Fu et al. [66] for gymnosperms. Host ranges of individual yponomeutoid species were categorized as either oligophagous (feeding on plants in a single order) or polyphagous (feeding on plants in more than one order). ...
Yponomeutoidea, one of the early-diverging lineages of ditrysian Lepidoptera, comprise about 1,800 species worldwide, including notable pests and insect-plant interaction models. Yponomeutoids were one of the earliest lepidopteran clades to evolve external feeding and to extensively colonize herbaceous angiosperms. Despite the group's economic importance, and its value for tracing early lepidopteran evolution, the biodiversity and phylogeny of Yponomeutoidea have been relatively little studied.
Eight nuclear genes (8 kb) were initially sequenced for 86 putative yponomeutoid species, spanning all previously recognized suprageneric groups, and 53 outgroups representing 22 families and 12 superfamilies. Eleven to 19 additional genes, yielding a total of 14.8 to 18.9 kb, were then sampled for a subset of taxa, including 28 yponomeutoids and 43 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses were conducted on data sets differing in numbers of genes, matrix completeness, inclusion/weighting of synonymous substitutions, and inclusion/exclusion of "rogue" taxa. Monophyly for Yponomeutoidea was supported very strongly when the 18 "rogue" taxa were excluded, and moderately otherwise. Results from different analyses are highly congruent and relationships within Yponomeutoidea are well supported overall. There is strong support overall for monophyly of families previously recognized on morphological grounds, including Yponomeutidae, Ypsolophidae, Plutellidae, Glyphipterigidae, Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Heliodinidae, and Bedelliidae. We also assign family rank to Scythropiinae (Scythropiidae stat. rev.), which in our trees are strongly grouped with Bedelliidae, in contrast to all previous proposals. We present a working hypothesis of among-family relationships, and an informal higher classification. Host plant family associations of yponomeutoid subfamilies and families are non-random, but show no trends suggesting parallel phylogenesis. Our analyses suggest that previous characterizations of yponomeutoids as predominantly Holarctic were based on insufficient sampling.
We provide the first robust molecular phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea, together with a revised classification and new insights into their life history evolution and biogeography.
... China has more conifers than any other country in the world (Ma, and Cao 2005), and research work has been plentiful in the past few years, such as the new system of gymnosperm classification proposed by Professor D.Z. Fu and colleagues (Fu et al. 2004) based on their longtime works (Fu 1992, Fu, andYang 1993a,b;Yang, and Fu 2001), with a total of 12 families accepted by this new scheme, as well as many others (Li et al. 2001a,b;Li, and Yang 2002). Another interesting re-discovery of Thuja sutchuenensis recently was also a remarkable work in the gymnosperm world (Xiang et al. 2002), since the species has been treated as EW by IUCN-SSC because no wild plant has been found in the past century. ...
Classification of gymnosperms from the viewpoint of palaeobotany Evolution in cordaites and conifers The female reproductive organs of conifers and taxads The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space
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Nageiaceae: A new gymnosperm
- D Z Fu
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