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Leaf, Essential Oil and Artemisinin Yield of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) As Influenced by Harvesting Age and Plant Population Density
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of harvesting age and plant population density on agronomic and chemical characters of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) during 2009. Four levels of harvesting age and five levels of population density were arranged in split plot design with three replications. Harvesting age was assigned to main plots and plant population density to sub plots. The effects of harvesting age and plant population density were assessed by analyzing data on growth, yield and yield components of A. annua. Interaction effects of harvesting age and plant population density was highly significant (p < 0.01) on plant height, leaf area index, dry leaf yield haG and significant (p < 0.05) on artemisinin yield. Dry leaf yield plantG 1 1 and artemisinin content were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by harvesting age and plant population density. Branch numbers/plant, essential oil (EO) content and EO yield were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by plant population density. In this study, the maximum dry leaf yield (3.15 t/ha), EO yield (19.2 kg/ha) and artemisinin yield (10.9 kg/ha) were attained at plant population density of 27, 777 plants haG and harvested at 5 months 1 after transplanting (MAT), 4 t0 7 MAT and 7 MAT for dry leaf yield, EO yield and artemisinin yield, respectively.
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... LAI [ Table 3]. The present study is in agreement with the report of Damtew et al. (2011) where an increase in LAI with increase in plant population density was recorded, this could be ascribed to the greater number of plants/unit area [20]. Increased LAI might be due to increased rate in capture of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). ...
... LAI [ Table 3]. The present study is in agreement with the report of Damtew et al. (2011) where an increase in LAI with increase in plant population density was recorded, this could be ascribed to the greater number of plants/unit area [20]. Increased LAI might be due to increased rate in capture of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). ...
Moringa is a typical representative of multipurpose tropical tree crop due to the high nutritional value, it is an important source for food to many communities and provides raw materials for animal feed industries. This study investigates the influence of plant densities (15 x 15 cm, 15 x 20 cm, 20 x 20 cm, and 20 x 30 cm) and four (4) harvesting intervals (HI) of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data on silvicultural practices were collected and six (6) plants were randomly selected for harvest from each plot which were subsequently separated into leaves, stems and twigs. Fresh and air-dried weights were recorded for analysis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to separate the means. Results of the present study show non-significant effects of plant density (p>0.05) between treatments. However, greater number of branches, leaves, height and biomass accumulation was recorded at 8 weeks harvesting interval. A significant interaction effects were recorded between spacing and HI.
... Artemisia alcohol, 1.8-cineole camphor, germacrene D, camphene hydrate, alpha-pinene, beta caryophyllene, [16,31] flavonoids, coumarins, b-galactosidase, b-glucosidase, B-sitosterol, and stigmasterol are all found in the essential oil's non-volatile component [6]. The amounts of artemisinin and essential oils in the leaves of A. annua ranged from 0.01 to 1.4% and 0.04 to 1.9%, respectively, despite the fact that there are about 400 species of artemisia [9,17]. Artemisinin and other essential secondary metabolites are only found naturally in the leaves of A. annua and these compounds can be further processed to create derivatives of pharmacological significance [6,7,29,68]. ...
In Asia, Artemisia annua L. tea and press juice are used to cure malaria and its associated symptoms. Artemisia annua comes under the Anthemideae tribe, which includes the roughly 500 species of Artemisia L., is primarily distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. Due to the presence of numerous active components or secondary metabolites, artemisia typically exhibits a wide range of bioactivity. The drug’s active component, Artemisinin (ARS), was created as an antimalarial and is used all over the world. It’s interesting to note that the bioactivity is not just used to cure malaria. It is discovered that medications of the ARS type also exhibit anti-cancerous activity in vivo and in vitro. Artemisinin and its analogues have been demonstrated to reduce intracellular free iron levels in cancer cells, which are substantially higher than those in normal cells. Apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, tumour-related signal transduction pathways are responses to oxidative stress in cancer cells that are triggered by ARS and its derivatives. Artemisia annua L. extracts contain anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal antimicrobial substances. The purpose of this review is to illustrate how artemisinin retrieves various illnesses and conditions. Another objective of ours is to compile an up-to-date report on the various activities of artemisinin
... When studying the effect of the Artemisia annua harvest age on essential oil production, Damtew et al. [48] demonstrated that there was no change in the essential oil content, but the content of artemisinin, an antimalarial compound, was significantly altered. The same result was found by Rocha et al. [49] when studying the influence of the age of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) on the chemical composition of the essential oil of this species. ...
Considering the therapeutic potential of Varronia curassavica Jacq. essential oil and the great value in the pharmaceutical market, this study aims to evaluate the influence of plant age on the chemical composition and biological activities of V. curassavica Jacq. essential oil. The plant age is a parameter that can influence the chemical composition of the essential oil, as well as its pharmacological potential. For this purpose, essential oils from aerial parts of V. curassavica produced at different ages (4, 10, 14 and 18 months-age) were used. According to chromatograms obtained by GC-MS, the essential oils were mainly composed of α-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, α-santalene, alloaromadendrene and α-humulene. The chemical composition of V. curassavica essential oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively with the aging of the plants, and the essential oils from plants at 18 month-age appeared to be the most distinct from the others. The tested essential oil samples showed inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (MIC = 1000 µg/mL) but did not show antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. The cytotoxic activity levels against the murine macrophages varied among the oils extracted from the plants at different ages; the IC50 values of the essential oils increased with age (171.90 µg/mL at 18 month-age). More studies should be carried out to assess whether age also affects the therapeutic effects of essential oils, resulting in the manufacture of plant-derived formulations that balance production costs, toxicity and therapeutic effects.
... Previous studies on spacing of aromatic plants such as Palmarosa , O. basilicum (Sadeghi et al., 2009), and Artemisia spp. (Damtew et al., 2011) found that maximum herb yield was obtained at closer plant spacing, confirming our results. Callan et al. (2007) studied higher dill essential oil production at higher plant density. ...
Ocimum basilicum L., popularly known as "sweet basil," is native to South Africa, America, and Asia. In India,
numerous cultivars and varieties of O. basilicum have been released for commercial cultivation, which are
rich in specific essential oils. In this study, the effects of phenological stages and plant density on the productivity
of high-quality essential oil of CIM-Sukhda cultivar of O. basilicum and the effects of drying methods on
essential oil quality were investigated. In the present study, four plant spacing (45cm £ 30cm, 45cm £ 40cm,
45cm £ 45cm, 45cm £ 60cm), four growth stages (vegetative, semi-flowering, full flowering and seed formation)
and drying up to one month were compared. A total of 20 compounds were identified by GC and GCMS,
with linalool (66.9-84.2%), geranial (1.1-9.0%), neral (0.8-7.0%) and 1,8-cineole (0.5-3.4%) as the main
constituents. The results showed that both plant density and growth stages affected herb and essential oil
yield. The essential oil yield of CIM-Sukhda plants is higher at the time of full flowering (106.2 kg ha�1) with
> 75.0% linalool content in the essential oil.
... Abirami et al. (2014) also reported a maximum oil yield at closer spacing in contrast to higher spacing in Artemisia annua. The present findings are also in agreement with the result of (Zewdinesh et al., 2011) found higher essential oil yield at the highest plant density in A. annua. Likewise, in corn mint, highest biomass and maximum essential oil yield were produced due to the narrow spacing (Rao, 2002). ...
Artemisia annua L. has been diagnosed as a potent medicinal herb and has been well documented in the historical pharmacopoeias of distinctive Asian and European nations. The WHO has suggested Artemisia annua as a potential pharmacological agent and as an antimalaria drug. The entire plant has been recognized to possess antipyretic, antihelminthic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, and stomachic properties. In African, Artemisia annua brew has been used to deal with malaria. A. annua has a key ingredient known as artemisinin, which serves as the chemical basis for the world’s antimalarial programmes and combinatorial curative therapy. Current research indicates that artemisinin is active in killing human breast cancer cells. As a result, the characterization and separation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. has received augmented global interest.
Soybean is one of the rapidly growing crops, both globally and in Ethiopia, though its productivity in the country is very low due to several production constraints, among which soybean rust is one of the most important one. Therefore, this study
was designed to evaluate sixty-four soybean genotypes which were introduced from USA, including three standard check varieties to identify sources of resistance for
the disease. The entries were laid out in an 8X8 simple lattice design and grown in the Southwestern Ethiopia at Jimma agricultural research center, during the 2017 and 2018 main cropping season. The analysis of variance revealed that significant difference for most of the studied traits, i.e., including Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), mean disease severity, and grain yield. Based on the field evaluation, a total of 44 soybean genotypes showed Reddish Brown (RB) lesions and 20 soybean genotypes showed Tan lesions; while none of the tested soybean genotypes showed immune reaction to soybean rust. Genotype PI417089A showed Tan lesions and higher value of AUDPC, and rust severity; however this genotype was the highest yielding genotype, indicating the tolerance of this genotype for Asian soybean rust. Genotypes that showed reddish brown reaction and tolerance to the disease need to be subjected to further testing and used as parental line for hybridization. The effort to identify very good source of resistance need to be strengthened, with major emphasis on characterizing the different types of rust races,evaluating large number of materials from diverse sources and understand the mechanisms of soybean genotypes tolerance and resistance to soybean rust.
Since 1984, we have been evaluating the plant s production potential determining its horticultural characteristics, and developed a rapid assay to determine artemisinin content from crude plant materials in anticipation of future improvement programs. Essential (volatile) oil composition was characterized in order to evaluate A. annua as a source of aroma chemicals for the fragrance industry
Malaria, one of the oldest known diseases, was referred to in Egyptian writings of the 16th century B.C. In the 17th century, Italians believed that breathing bad air (mal aria) arising from swamps was responsible for the disease, and the term malaria first entered the English medical literature in the first half of the 19th century. Each year, this disease afflicts over 300 million people worldwide, killing up to 2.7 million, mostly children. Most of these cases occur in Africa, but large areas of Asia, Central, and South America have high incidences of the disease (Nussenzweig and Long 1994). Out of 37 countries and territories, which are members of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), World Health Organization (WHO), 21 still have active malaria transmission (PAHO/WHO 1998).
Several field crop experiments were carried out on the annual determinate anti-malarial medicinal plant Artemisia annua over three annual cropping periods in the subtropical agroclimate of Indo-Gangatic plains. The experiments examined the effects of variation in the time of planting and harvest and of number of harvests on the yield of artemisinin and plant growth and development characters related to it. The observations showed that the artemisinin yield was positively correlated with leaf yield and number of harvests. High yields of artemisinin were realized when crop produced artemisinin-rich leaves accompanied by least possible growth of stem tissue, attained by multiple harvesting in early planted full time grown crops. The crops grown for ≥30 weeks and harvested three and four times gave average yields of 44.1±14.2 and 74.2±15.6, respectively, much higher than the maximum yield of 25 kg ha−1 reported for A. annua in earlier studies. It was concluded that for obtaining artemisinin in high yields the A. annua crop should be ratooned/multi-harvested four times.
Effect of varying levels of nitrogen and plant spacing on growth and green fodder yield of Mott elephant grass (Pennisetum purpurem Schum.) was studied under field conditions at Faisalabad. Experimental treatments comprised nitrogen levels, viz., 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 and plant spacing, viz., 45 x 45, 60 x 60, 75 x 75 and 90 x 90 cm. Experiment was laid out in a split plot design. In all cuttings, application of nitrogen significantly increased plant height, number of tillers stool-1, fresh weight stool-1, crop growth rate and green fodder yield ha-1 over control. Similarly an increase in plant spacing significantly increased number of tillers stool-1, fresh weight stool-1 and crop growth rate, but it caused a significant reduction in green fodder yield. On the basis of three-cutting average data, crop grown at 45 x 45 cm and fertilized @ 200 kg N ha-1 gave significantly maximum green fodder yield (90.88 t ha-1) per cutting while crop raised at 90 x 90 cm and without N fertilization produced minimum green fodder yield (37.21 t ha-1).
The effect of stage of harvest and plant growth regulators on herbage, artemisinin and essential oil yield of Artemisia annua was studied. Artemisinin content was maximum at the 16 week harvest (early flowering stage of growth) and declined at later harvests. Maximum essential oil content and tissue yield were obtained at the 20 week harvest (maximum flowering stage). Application of GA3 significantly increased yield and artemisinin content and application of kinetin increased yield and oil content. The increase in oil yield at the 20 week harvest promoted by GA3 application was attributed to the significant increase in dry matter production.