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Revisions In Paleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae)
Abstract
The paleotropical subtribes Erlangeinae, Centrapalinae and Gymnantheminae are described as new. Fourteen paleotropical genera are described, raised from lower rank, resurrected, enlarged or reduced with 110 new combinations. Cabobanthus (2 spp.), Hilliardiella (8 spp.), Orbivcstus (4 spp.), Vemoniastrum (8 spp.), Koyamasia (1 sp.), Brenandendron (3 spp.), Myanmaria (1 sp.) and Manyonia (1 sp.) are described as new. Oocephala (S. B. Jones) H. Rob. (2 spp.) and Lampropappits (O. Hoffm.) H. Rob. (3 spp.) are elevated to generic rank. Four genera are resurrected, the Asian Acilepis D. Don with 9 of 10 species newly combined, the African Bechiwn DC. (2 spp.), Centrapaliis Cass. (9 spp.), Linzia Sch. Bip. ex Walp. with 5 of 7 species newly transferred, and Polydora Fenzl (8 spp.). One species is transferred to make a total of 27 in Distephanus, 4 species are transferred to total 7 in Cyanthillium, and 39 species are transferred to total 43 in Gymnantheinum. Lamprachaeniwn Benth. is synonymized with Phyllocephalum Blume with 1 species transferred.
... Pollen morphology has been informative for inferring relationships at the family level in Compositae and important characters include the pollen grain shape in polar view (amb), class of endoapertures, thickness of exine layers, and size of spines (Blackmore et al. 2009). Pollen has also been pivotal in the new subtribal classification of paleotropical Vernonieae proposed by Robinson (1999). Historically, pollen characters have been studied in Vernonieae by different authors in the last century and have been of great importance for systematic study of the tribe at the subtribal and generic level (e.g. ...
... Historically, pollen characters have been studied in Vernonieae by different authors in the last century and have been of great importance for systematic study of the tribe at the subtribal and generic level (e.g. Wodehouse 1928;Salgado-Labouriau 1973;Jones 1981;Bolick 1991;Robinson 1999). ...
... Previous studies have suggested the sublophate 3-colporate pattern, ('Pollen Type A' of Keeley and Jones (1979), found mostly in Africa, south-eastern Asia and some Neotropical taxa) is the ancestral condition (Keeley & Jones 1979) in Vernonieae but not all authors support this hypothesis (Robinson 1999). However, the model of pollen evolution in Vernonieae has not been tested in a molecular phylogenetic context at the tribal level, in part due to insufficient sampling breadth in previous studies especially for taxa from Africa and south-eastern Asia. ...
Centauropsis is a genus of eight species in the family Compositae, all of which are endemic to Madagascar. There is almost no information about the pollen of this genus, with only one species having its pollen described to date, which hinders systematic studies involving this genus and closely related taxa. In this study, we comprehensively characterise the pollen of Centauropsis, with details on morphology and ultrasculpture for six of the eight species of the genus. The pollen of Centauropsis is here characterised as 3-colporate, with sublophate ornamentation and nanoreticulate sexine. The species differ from each other mostly in length of the axis, morphology of the colporus endoaperture, and spine shape and size. The correlation between palynological characters and their variation within and between species was explored using principal component analyses (PCA) and cluster analyses (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean [UPGMA] and Euclidean distance). Full palynological descriptions, measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) images are provided for all examined species.
... Southern Africa, Robinson et al. 2016, andThailand, Bunwong et al. 2014). Together with these regional studies, some recent treatments of segregate genera have helped advance the taxonomy of Vernonieae in the Eastern Hemisphere (see Robinson 1990, 1999b, 2005, 2009a, 2009b, 2012, Robinson and Funk 2011, Robinson and Skvarla 2006, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2010a, 2010b, 2013, Robinson et al. 2008, 2014. Prior to these studies, only a few addressed genus-level taxonomic revisions, including Baccharoides Moench (Isawumi et al. 1996), Distephanus Cass. ...
Distephanus Cass. comprises 43 distinctive species of shrubs and small trees that have been placed historically within the ironweed tribe, Vernonieae (Asteraceae). Using the most expansive sampling of Distephanus to date, this study aims to test the monophyly of this genus and facilitate its classification. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted using four molecular markers from the nuclear and plastid genomes. These data also supported divergence dating analyses that were performed to understand the timing of diversification events within Distephanus and other related genera as well as ancestral area reconstruction analyses to infer the biogegraphic history of species diversity in this group. Results from this study indicate that, as currently circumscribed, Vernonieae is not monophyletic and that Distephanus is, in fact, sister to a clade that comprises Vernonieae and another tribe, Moquinieae, which only includes two species restricted to Brazil. On the basis of these findings, Distephanus is classified in a new tribe that we describe here, Distephaneae. This new tribe comprises 41 species of Distephanus that are easily distinguished from Moquinieae and Vernonieae based on the presence of florets with yellow corollas and trinervate leaves.
... The Asteraceae family is one of the main groups of flowering taxa from plant kingdom represented by 24 tribes. [1] It has been subject of investigation for so long. Asteraceae produces a quite rich and diverse chemical space, the best known of which are sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, stigmastanes, and lignans. ...
The chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the whole plant of Gymnanthemum theophrastifolium (Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern) H.Rob. (Asteraceae) led to the isolation of a new elemane-type sesquiterpene (1), a new acetonide derived polyacetylene (2) and a naturally occurring compound (3) from the plant kingdom along with sixteen known compounds (4-19). Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS analysis. This is the first report on the chemical constituents of G. theophrastifolium. Furthermore, compounds 12, 13, and 14 are reported for the first time from the family Asteraceae, while compound 9 is reported for the first time from the genus Gymnanthemum. Thus, the present results provide valuable insights to the chemophenetic knowledge of G. theophrastifolium, which is also discussed in this work.
... Palynology has shown to be a useful tool in the circumscription of genera. Robinson (1987Robinson ( , 1988aRobinson ( , b, 1990Robinson ( , 1996Robinson ( , 1999a, for instance, used palynological information to fragment the genus Vernonia Schreb. into smaller and, probably, monophyletic units. ...
Given the wide morphological variability of pollen grains and spores, palynology can provide important contributions to several branches of science. Palynological information, alone or in conjunction with other data, is particularly useful for the taxonomic delimitation of species, genera, families, and higher-rank taxa. The pollen character with the highest relevance as a taxonomic marker is the type of structure resulting from sporogenesis: if a spore, it characterizes the large groups of vascular (Pteridophyta s.l.) and avascular (Bryophyta s.l.) cryptogams; if a pollen grain, it characterizes gymno- and angiosperms. Pollen unit, polarity, aperture, and sexine ornamentation are other important pollen characters; these traits are genetically determined and do not respond to variations in environmental conditions. Palynology applied to taxonomy has been the major field of research of the Álvaro Xavier Moreira Laboratory of Palynology, Brazil. Palynotaxonomy has proven useful in the study of the families Asteraceae, Passifloraceae, Podostemaceae, Vitaceae, and Leguminosae, among others. It is noteworthy the growing use of palynology to support cladistic and multidisciplinary studies seeking to establish relationships and degrees of kinship between different groups of plants to trace the evolutionary history of taxa.
Vernonia amygdalina Delile is an important plant species well-known for its medicinal as well as nutritional values. Various phytochemical studies proved that, the plant contains many bioactive compounds of different pharmacological properties, proteins, fats, fibres, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, etc. Considerable disagreement prevails in the placement of this species under the genus Gymnanthemum Cass. instead of Vernonia Schreb. This paper thus reviews the scientific knowledge on its medicinal as well as nutritional values and future prospective.
The North American Prairie landscape at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew at Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, is discussed. The abundance of the Compositae in the North American Prairies is outlined, by tribe, and comments provided on a range of 105 interesting Compositae that could be considered in prairie plantings, for dry, moist and wet situations. The exclusion of a number of plants that are most unsuitable for prairie plantings is also covered, with whole tribes, such as the Cardueae and Anthemideae, excluded from potential planting schemes, and a limited selection made from the Lactuceae and Senecioneae. The Astereae, other than providing a large selection of potential prairie plants, is discussed more fully, especially with the break‐up of the core genus Aster . Both inside and outside of the prairie environment there have been many taxonomic changes, with name changes of concern to taxonomists and horticulturists alike. Shaw's list is revised, relevant to those he left in Aster , and some observations made on how the splitting of Aster is still an active area of research. The differing propagation methods, in general and for the Compositae in particular, are outlined, covering vegetative propagation methods, and seed harvesting, cleaning, and sowing preparation techniques outlined. A number of previously published plates from Curtis's Botanical Magazine are used to illustrate some of the tribes, and are supplemented by photographs of several species, mostly from the Heliantheae, in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The supportive appendices cover: Appendix 1 – 105 suitable Compositae that can be considered for prairie plantings, each with an indication of tribe, common name/s, publication details of those previously illustrated in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (or in this issue), the plate number under which it was published, together with those republished in this issue, and photographs of a handful of others, together with an indication of the base colour/s of the flowering capitula of each, and Appendix 2 an updated list of the species left in Aster in Shaw's 2014 list following several subsequent transfers into other genera, and a different view of the taxonomy of some of the genera.
Vernonia missurica Raf. (Compositae: Vernonieae: Vernoniinae) is described and illustrated, a full synonymy provided, the location of known type material provided, and its taxonomic position discussed; a selected iconography is indicated. The cultivation, propagation, pests and diseases and availability of the species are commented on. The complexity of the tribe Vernonieae in a global context is discussed and compared with that of the Eupatorieae. Vernonia Schreb. sensu stricto is considered by some to be restricted to North America and Mexico, with two disjunct species in South America. The infrageneric classification of Vernonia s.s. is commented on, although it is clearly appropriate to regard any formal classification as work in progress as historical attempts are a nomenclatural issue still to be resolved, if needed. The etymology of the generic names Vernonia and Vernoniopsis is introduced and then discussed at length. Vernoniopsis Dusén (Vernonieae), described following anatomical work on xylopodia, is considered to be congeneric with Pycnocephalum (Less.) DC. (Vernonieae). Dusén's name, once highlighted, has subsequently been added to Index Nominum Genericorum , although incorrect assumptions have been made in the Plants of the World Online record, and still have to be updated. A revised generic synonymy of Pycnocephalum and that of Pycnocephalum plantaginifolium (Less.) DC. is provided; the types of all heterotypic synonyms is stated, along with the location of known type material. The later homonym, Vernoniopsis Humbert (currently in the Astereae: Madagasterinae), thus requiring a replacement name, is given the name Jalantzia , and the appropriate new combinations, Jalantzia caudata and J. lokohensis , are made.
Cyanthillium hookerianum (Arn.) H. Rob. and Vernonia pectiniformis DC. subsp. puncticulata (DC.) Grierson (Asteraceae) are reported for the flora of India from the Southern Western Ghats. Short descriptions with illustrations and other details are provided here.
Changes in chromosome number have played an important role in the diversification and evolution of angiosperms. In Asteraceae, tribe Vernonieae are one of the most variable groups with regard to chromosome number. Previously, chromosome numbers n = 9 and 10 were thought to characterize the Old World members of the tribe, and n = 14, 16, 17 and 18 the New World members. This scenario was revised as a result of reports of new chromosome numbers, but the events leading to this wide variation remain unknown. Here we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Vernonieae in a temporal framework, assessing patterns of diversification and establishing possible relationships with chromosome events. Chromosomal evolution was analysed with ChromEvol, from a phylogenetic tree dated in BEAST. Shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures were inferred. Vernonieae originated ~46 Mya and the diversification rate increased sharply ~11 Mya after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. The ancestral chromosome number for the tribe was n = 10, which remained stable for Old World taxa, whereas n = 9 was the ancestral number for New World species. The tribe has undergone 32 chromosome rearrangements throughout its evolutionary history, with dysploidy and polyploidy possibly explaining the observed diversification pattern.
Changes in chromosome number have played an important role in the diversifcation and evolution of angiosperms. In Asteraceae, tribe Vernonieae are one of the most variable groups with regard to chromosome number. Previously, chromosome numbers n = 9 and 10 were thought to characterize the Old World members of the tribe, and n = 14, 16, 17 and 18 the New World members. This scenario was revised as a result of reports of new chromosome numbers, but the events leading to this wide variation remain unknown. Here we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Vernonieae in a temporal framework, assessing patterns of diversifcation and establishing possible relationships with chromosome events. Chromosomal evolution was analysed with ChromEvol, from a phylogenetic tree dated in BEAST. Shifts in diversifcation rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures were inferred. Vernonieae originated
~46 Mya and the diversifcation rate increased sharply ~11 Mya after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. The ancestral chromosome number for the tribe was n = 10, which remained stable for Old World taxa, whereas n = 9 was the ancestral number for New World species. The tribe has undergone 32 chromosome rearrangements throughout
its evolutionary history, with dysploidy and polyploidy possibly explaining the observed diversifcation pattern.
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