A new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes from the semiarid region of Brazil

Abstract

During an inventory of ascomycetes in the semi-arid region of Brazil, one new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes were found. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit were performed to investigate the placement of the new taxa within the class Dothideomycetes. Anteaglonium brasiliense is described as a new species within the order Pleosporales, and Graphyllium caracolinense is described as a new species nested inside Hysteriales. Morphological and molecular data support Hysterodifractum as a new monotypic genus in the Hysteriaceae. The type species, H. partisporum, is characterized by navicular, carbonaceous, gregarious hysterothecia and pigmented, fusiform ascospores that disarticulate into 16 ovoid or obovoid, septate, part-spores. This is the first report of a hysteriaceous fungus producing part-spores.

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Accepted by Kevin Hyde: 13 Mar. 2014; published: 20 Aug. 2014
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PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN
1179-3163
(online edition)
Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press
Phytotaxa 176 (1): 298–308
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Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.176.1.28
A new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes from the
semiarid region of Brazil
DAVI AUGUSTO CARNEIRO DE ALMEIDA
1
, LUÍS FERNANDO PASCHOLATI GUSMÃO
1
& ANDREW
NICHOLAS MILLER
2
1
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, S/N – Novo Horizonte, 44036-900. Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
2
Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820
* email: daviaugusto@gmail.com
Abstract
During an inventory of ascomycetes in the semi-arid region of Brazil, one new genus and three new species of
hysteriaceous ascomycetes were found. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear
ribosomal 28S large subunit were performed to investigate the placement of the new taxa within the class
Dothideomycetes. Anteaglonium brasiliense is described as a new species within the order Pleosporales, and
Graphyllium caracolinense is described as a new species nested inside Hysteriales. Morphological and molecular data
support Hysterodifractum as a new monotypic genus in the Hysteriaceae. The type species, H. partisporum, is
characterized by navicular, carbonaceous, gregarious hysterothecia and pigmented, fusiform ascospores that disarticulate
into 16 ovoid or obovoid, septate, part-spores. This is the first report of a hysteriaceous fungus producing part-spores.
Key words: Dothideomycetes, LSU, phylogeny, Pleosporomycetidae, taxonomy, tropical microfungi
Introduction
Hysteriaceous ascoloculares ascomycetes produce navicular, carbonaceous, persistent ascomata that are superficial
or erumpent and dehisce through a longitudinal slit (Boehm et al. 2009a, Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009),
traditionally referred to as hysterothecia (Clements 1909). The classification of hysterothecia has been debated
since the 19
th
century, due to the transitional nature of the ascoma in which they sometimes resemble perithecia or
appear as apothecium. Fries (1823), for instance, included Actidium, Glonium, Hysterium and Lophium in
Phacidiacei in the Pyrenomycetes. Thereafter, Fries (1835) changed his classification and transferred Phacidiacei to
Discomycetes, while keeping Lophium in the Pyrenomycetes. In 1842, Corda included Actidium, Glonium,
Hysterium, Hysterographium, and Lophium in Hysteriaceae (Corda 1842a,b) in the Myelomycetes. Later authors
did not agree with this classification of the Hysteriaceae (Bisby 1923), since some included it in the Pyrenomycetes
(De Notaris 1847, Duby 1862, Saccardo 1874), while others placed it in the Discomycetes (Fuckel 1869, Saccardo
1873, Schroeter 1908, Seaver 1909). Classifications proposed from the 20
th
century onwards placed the
hysteriaceous fungi in the Loculoascomycetes (Luttrell 1955), which was subsequently replaced in part by the
Dothideomycetes (Eriksson & Winka 1997). At the ordinal level, the Hysteriaceae was classified in
Pseudosphaeriales (Gäumann 1949), Dothiorales (Müller & von Arx 1950), Dothideales (von Arx & Ma 1975),
Pleosporales (M. E. Barr 1987) or in its own order, the Hysteriales (Kirk et al. 2001, 2008, Luttrell 1955).
Hysteriaceous fungi producing conchate or dolabrate, thin-walled, laterally compressed ascomata with an
evaginated slit, were segregated from Hysteriaceae and placed in Mytilinidiaceae, under Melanommatales (Barr
1990a), Pleosporales (Kirk et al. 2008) or Mytilinidiales (Boehm et al. 2009a, Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010).
Phylogenetic studies based on molecular data have shown that the hysteriaceous fungi do not form a
monophyletic group (Boehm et al. 2009a,b, Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). These studies indicated that the
navicular, thick-walled hysterothecium with a prominent longitudinal slit evolved at least five times, while the
conchate or dolabrate, thin-walled, laterally compressed hysterothecium has evolved at least two times within

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A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF HYSTERIACEOUS ASCOMYCETES
Pleosporomycetidae (Boehm et al. 2009a). These studies resulted in several changes in the classification of the
group, such as the description of a new order, Mytilinidiales, two new families, Anteagloniaceae (Pleosporales) and
Gloniaceae incertae sedis, along with several new genera and combinations (Boehm et al. 2009a,b, Hyde et al.
2013, Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Hysteriales and Mytilinidiales are separate monophyletic groups that include
polyphyletic genera such as Gloniopsis, Hysterium, Hysterographium, and Lophium, while Anteaglonium,
Farlowiella and Glonium occur outside these two orders (Boehm et al. 2009b). Several genera, however, have yet
to be included in phylogenetic analyses such as Actidiographium, Actidium, Gloniella, Glyphium, Graphyllium,
Hysterocarina, Ostreola and Zoggium.
Clearly the systematics of the hysteriaceous fungi requires further study with the inclusion of additional
species and genera in phylogenetic analyses so that an improved classification can be established for this group.
The goal of this study was to include members of this group from Brazil, including one new putative genus and
three new species, in phylogenetic analyses to determine their evolutionary relationships within the
Dothideomycetes.
Materials and methods
Study area and morphological characterization
Samples of dead twigs and decaying wood were collected from November 2011 to May 2013 at Mata do Pau-
Ferro State Ecological Reserve (6º58’14”S, 35º 44’55”W), Ubajara National Park (3º50’24’’S, 40º54’17’W), Serra
da Jibóia (12º50’57”S, 39º28’31”W) and Serra das Confusões National Park (9º13’22”S, 43º29’39”W), in
northeastern Brazil. The former three areas are enclaves of Atlantic Forest located on mountain tops in the Caatinga
bioma with an area of approximately 600 ha, 6,288 ha and 5,928 ha, respectively (Barbosa et al. 2004, Brasil 2002,
Marques et al. 2008). Serra das Confusões National Park is characterized by caatinga vegetation and has an
approximate area of 823,435 ha (Brasil 2010). All four areas are located in the Brazilian semi-arid region.
Digital images of the ascomata were taken with a Canon G5 digital camera mounted on a MZ7.5 Leica
dissecting microscope. Ascomata were sectioned with a razor blade and the centrum placed in a drop of water on a
glass slide and covered with a cover slip. Digital images and measurements (n = 30) of the pseudoparaphyses, asci
and ascospores were made using a BX51 Olympus microscope equipped with brightfield and Nomarski
interference optics and a DP25 Olympus digital camera. Images were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and
ImageJ. Holotypes were deposited in the Herbarium of the State University of Feira de Santana (HUEFS) and
isotypes were deposited in the Fungarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS).
Multispore isolates were obtained by transferring the centrum onto Petri plates (60 mm diam.) containing
antibiotic water agar (agar 15g, chloramphenicol 100 mg, distilled water 1L) and spreading the asci and ascospores
on the agar surface. After 24-48 h of incubation at room temperature, germinated ascospores were transferred to
Petri plates (60 mm diam) containing potato dextrose agar (PDA, Difco). Fungal cultures were deposited at the
Bahia Culture Collection of Microorganisms (CCMB).
Molecular study
DNA was extracted from either fungal mycelia grown in potato dextrose broth (Difco) or from air-dried
ascomata (n = 30–50) using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, California). Ascomata were
rehydrated in 50 µL AP1 buffer for 3 h, followed by freezing at -80ºC for 7 days before DNA extraction. The
primer pair LROR-LR3 (Rehner & Samuels 1995) was used to PCR amplify partial 28S large subunit (LSU)
nrDNA using puReTaq
TM
Ready-To-Go PCR Beads (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, New York)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To increase efficiency, 2.5 µL of 10 ng/µL BSA (bovine serum
albumin) and 2.5 µL of 50% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) were added to the 25 µL PCR reactions. The
thermocycling parameters were as follows: initial denaturation at 95ºC for 5 min; 40 cycles of denaturation at 95ºC
for 30 sec; annealing at 47ºC for 15 sec, extension at 72ºC for 1 min with a final extension step of 72ºC for 10 min.
PCR products were purified using a Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega). Purified PCR
products were used in 11 µL sequencing reactions with BigDye
®
Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster
City, California) and primers LROR and LR3 (Rehner & Samuels 1995). Sequences were generated on an Applied
Biosystems 3730XL high-throughput capillary sequencer at the Keck Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-
Champaign. Each sequence fragment was subjected to an individual blast search to verify its identity. Sequences

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were assembled using Sequencher 5.0.1 (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, Michigan). Newly generated DNA
sequences are listed in Table I.
TABLE 1. New sequences obtained in this study.
a
HUEFS, Herbarium of the State Universtiy of Feira de Santana; CCMB, Bahia Culture Collection of Microorganisms.
Phylogenetic analyses
To investigate the phylogenetic placement of the new species, LSU sequences were manually aligned with
those from two previously published studies on the Hysteriales, Mytilinidiales and Gloniaceae (Boehm et al.
2009a, Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009) using MacClade v. 4.0 (Maddison & Maddison 2000). This dataset included
sequences of numerous genera currently circumscribed within the Dothideomycetes (Boehm et al. 2009a,b,
Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Ambiguous regions and introns were excluded from the final alignment using
Gblocks (Talavera & Castresana 2007). jModeltest (Posada 2008) was used to obtain the best-fit model of
nucleotide evolution, which was TrN+I+G. The final aligned dataset was subjected to maximum likelihoood (ML)
analyses using PHYML (Guindon & Gascuel 2003) under the GTR model (Rodríguez et al. 1990) with 1000 ML
bootstrap (BS) replicates and a combined Nearest Neighbor Interchange (NNI) and Subtree Pruning and Regrafting
(SPR) tree search option.
Bayesian analyses were performed using MrBayes v 3.12 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001, 2005) under the
TrN+I+G model on the CIPRES Portal v. 2.0 (Miller et al. 2010). Constant characters were included and 100
million generations with trees sampled every 1000
th
generation were ran resulting in 100,000 total trees. The first
10,000 trees were discarded as burn-in and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) were determined from a
consensus tree generated from the remaining 90,000 trees using PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002).
Results
Taxo n o m y
Anteaglonium brasiliense D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 807154 (Fig. 1)
Anteaglonium brasiliense is similar to A. latirostrum Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009: 462), but differs in having smaller
ascospores with fewer septa.
Type:—BRAZIL. Bahia: Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jibóia (12º50’57”S, 39º28’31”W), on twig of unidentified plant, 10 May
2013, D.A.C. Almeida s.n (holotype HUEFS 192250; isotype ILLS 71161).
Etymology:—Referring to the country (Brazil) in which it was collected.
Hysterothecia erumpent to superficial with base immersed, black, carbonaceous, subglobose to ellipsoid, straight
or flexuous, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus deep, smooth or slightly striated laterally, gregarious, lying at irregular
angles, 170–820 µm long × 110–160 µm high × 110–220 µm wide. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, apically
branched, 1–1.5 µm wide. Asci bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, irregularly biseriate, short-stalked, 34.5–47 × 4–5.5
µm. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform, smooth, straight to slightly flexuous, 1-septate, constricted at the septa,
guttulate, 9–13(–15) × 2–4 µm. Anamorph unknown.
Species Voucher info
a
Provenance GenBank accession numbers
Anteaglonium brasiliense CCMB 256/2013 Serra da Jibóia - Brazil KF906410
Graphyllium caracolinense HUEFS 42838 Serra das Confusões National Park -
Brazil
KF914914
Hysterodifractum
partisporum
CCMB 252/2012 Mata do Pau-Ferro State Ecological
Reserve - Brazil
KF914916
Rhytidhysteron rufulum HUEFS 192194 Mata do Pau-Ferro State Ecological
Reserve - Brazil
KF914915

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A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF HYSTERIACEOUS ASCOMYCETES
Notes:—Previously, only four species were accepted in Anteaglonium. Anteaglonium abbreviatum
(Schweinitz 1832: 245) Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009: 460), A. globosum Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009: 460) and A.
parvulum (Gerard 1874: 40) Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009: 462) can be easily differentiated from A. brasiliense by
their obovoid ascospores. The fourth species, A. latirostrum, has ascospores with a similar shape to those in A.
brasiliense but differs in having larger ascospores (22–28 × 4–6 µm) with more septa (1–4).
FIGURE 1. Anteaglonium brasiliense. A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci with ascospores and pseudoparaphyses. E. Ascus with ascospores.
F–H. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–E = 10 µm, F–H = 5 µm.

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Graphyllium caracolinense D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 807156 (Fig. 2)
Graphyllium caracolinense is similar to Graphyllium panduratum Checa et al. (2007: 288), but differs by having non-applanate
ascospores with 1–3 longitudinal septa in the central cells and sometimes surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.
Type:—BRAZIL. Piauí: Caracol, Serra das Confusões National Park (9º13’22”S, 43º29’39”W), on twig of unidentified plant,
8 November 2011, D.A.C. Almeida s.n (holotype HUEFS 42838; isotype ILLS 71162).
Etymology:—Referring to the county (Caracol) in which it was collected.
FIGURE 2. Graphyllium caracolinense. A–B. Ascomata. C. Longitunial section of ascomata. D–E. Asci with ascospores. F–H.
Ascospores. Scale bars: A–C = 0.5 mm, D–H = 10 μm.

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FIGURE 3. Hysterodifractum partisporum. A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Ascus with ascospores. E. Asci with ascospores and pseudoparaphyses.
F. Apex of the ascus with ascospores. G–I. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–D = 10 µm, E = 20 µm, F–I = 2 µm.
Hysterothecia erumpent, black, carbonaceous, navicular, straight, often transversely segmented, with a longitudinal slit,
sulcus deep, smooth laterally, gregarious, linear, 0.9–6.5 mm long × 0.2–0.5 mm high × 0.3–0.7 mm wide.
Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, apically branched, 1.5–2.5 µm wide. Asci bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, irregularly
biseriate, short-stalked, 130–223 × 22.5–25 µm. Ascospores pale brown, broadly ellipsoidal, narrowing at the ends,
smooth, straight to slightly flexuous, transversally 7(–8)-septate, strongly constricted at the median septa, with 1–3
longitudinal septa in central cells, sometimes surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, 31–40 × 10–15 µm. Anamorph unknown.

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Notes:—The morphology and measurements of the hysterothecia of G. caracolinense are similar to
Graphyllium panduratum, both being erumpent and transversely segmented. The measurements of the ascospores
also are similar between these two species (30–38 × 10–13 µm versus 31–40 × 10–15 µm), but G. panduratum
differs in having applanate and obpyriform ascospores that are longitudinally 3-septate and lack a sheath.
Hysterodifractum D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill., gen. nov. MycoBank MB 807155
Hysterodifractum differs from all other genera in the Hysteriaceae in having ascospores that disarticulate into part-spores when
mature.
Typ e species:—Hysterodifractum partisporum D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill.
Etymology:—From Latin Hystero- referring to the hysterothecium type of ascomata, and difractum, referring to the ascospores
disarticulating into part-spores.
Hysterothecia superficial, black, carbonaceous, navicular, straight or sometimes flexuous, with a longitudinal slit,
smooth or slightly striated laterally, gregarious, lying at irregular angles. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, apically
branched, forming an epithecium above the asci. Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate to irregularly
biseriate. Ascospores pale brown, fusiform, smooth, disarticulating into part-spores.
Hysterodifractum partisporum D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 807161 (Fig. 3)
Hysterodifractum partisporum is comparable to Actidiographium orientale (Vasilyeva 2000: 5), but differs by unbranched
hysterothecia that are not densely aggregated and by ascospores disarticulating into part-spores.
Etymology:—Refering to the ascospores disarticulating into part-spores.
Type:—BRAZIL. Paraíba: Areia, Mata do Pau-Ferro State Ecological Reserve (6º58’14”S, 5º44’55”W), on twig of
unidentified plant, 8 November 2011, D.A.C. Almeida s.n (holotype HUEFS 42865, isotype ILLS 71163).
Hysterothecia superficial, black, carbonaceous, navicular, straight or sometimes flexuous, with a longitudinal slit,
sulcus shallow, slightly striated laterally to smooth, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, 0.3–1.5 mm long ×
0.2–0.3 mm high × 0.2–0.4 mm wide. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, aseptate, apically branched, forming an
epithecium above the asci, 1–2 µm wide. Asci bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, uniseriate to partially
biseriate, 77–115 × 4.5–8.5 µm. Ascospores pale brown, fusiform, smooth, straight, disarticulating into 16 part-
spores; part-spores ovoid or obovoid, 1-septate, 5–7.5 × 2.5–4 µm. Anamorph unknown.
Notes:—Hysterodifractum has the typical thick-walled, carbonaceous, navicular hysterothecium found in
Hysteriaceae, but can be distinguished from all accepted genera in this family by the ascospores disarticulating into
part-spores when mature. This is the first report of part-spores occurring in a hysteriaceous fungus.
Molecular analysis
The original LSU alignment comprised 123 taxa and 1,393 bp positions. After using Gblocks to remove
ambiguous regions from the sequence alignment the final dataset consisted of 1,253 bp. PHYML analyses
produced a single most likely tree (Fig. 4). Molecular analyses based on LSU sequence data indicate that these
species found in the Brazilian semi-arid region occur in two distinct orders, Hysteriales and Pleosporales.
Anteaglonium brasiliense occurred in a strongly supported clade with all other species of Anteaglonium in the
Pleosporales (≥ 95% BPP, 97% BS). Graphyllium caracolinense occurred as a well-supported sister clade to
Oedohysterium (≥ 95% BPP, 88% BS) in the Hysteriaceae. Hysterodifractum partisporum grouped within
Hysteriaceae with high Bayesian PP value (≥ 95%) but without significant BS support. The Brazilian isolate of
Rhytidhysteron rufulum clustered in a highly supported clade (≥ 95% BPP, 79% BS) with all other isolates of R.
rufulum from Europe, Ghana and Kenya.

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FIGURE 4. Phylogram of the most likely tree obtained from a maximum likelihood analysis of 123 taxa based on LSU nrDNA.
Thickened branches indicate significant Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 95%; numbers refer to PhyML bootstrap support values ≥
50%. Encephalographa elisae was used as the outgroup taxon. Newly sequenced taxa are in bold. Clades that contain the three new
species are shaded.

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Discussion
The phylogenetic analyses based on LSU generated similar results to those found in Boehm et al. (2009a),
Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009) and Hyde et al. (2013). Gloniaceae and Mytilinidiales, for example, formed a
moderately-supported monophyletic clade and Anteaglonium formed a well-supported monophyletic clade within
Pleosporales. In our analyses the Hysteriales lacked significant support and occurred as a sister group to the
Gloniaceae and Mytilinidiales as found by Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009) and Hyde et al. (2013) rather than the
Pleosporales as reported by Boehm et al. (2009a).
Anteaglonium was proposed by Mugambi & Huhndorf (2009) for four species that formed a strongly supported
clade within Pleosporales. The genus was recently placed in a new family, the Anteagloniaceae by Hyde et al.
(2013). Three species (A. abbreviatum, A. globosum and A. parvulum) produce obovoid didymospores with one or
both ends obtuse (Type I), while the fourth species (A. latirostrum) produces fusiform didymospores with
acuminate apices (Type II). Although A. brasiliense has type II ascospores, our analyses indicate that it is more
closely related to the species having type I ascospores (Fig 4).
Graphyllium was placed in the Hysteriaceae by Shoemaker & Babcock (1992) and recently reported to be in
the Diademaceae (Pleosporales) by Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010). Zhang et al. (2011, 2012) suggested that
Graphyllium belonged in the Hysteriales or another higher-level taxa containing hysteriaceous fungi due to its
hysterothecium-like ascomata. Our analysis supports the placement of Graphyllium in the Hysteriales, where it
occurs close to Oedohysterium with strong support (Fig. 4). This result, however, must be interpreted with caution
since molecular data are presently lacking for other species in this genus, including the type species, G. chloes
Clements (1901: 6). Graphyllium caracolinense does not have aplanate ascospores as in other species in the genus
and may represent a different genus. The affinity of G. caracolinense with Oedohysterium was not expected due to
their differences in ascospore morphology, dictyospores in the former and phragmospores in the later.
Hysterodifractum partisporum occurred as a sister taxon to Rhytidhysteron opuntiae (Brown 1953: 967) Barr
(1990b: 72) without support in the Hysteriales. These species, however, are morphologically very different.
Rhytidhysteron opuntiae has ellipsoid, 3-septate dictyosporous ascospores usually with one longitudinal septum in
the middle cell, whereas H. partisporum has didymospores. Furthermore, as shown by Boehm et al. (2009a) and by
our analyses, the genus Rhytidhysteron is polyphyletic with R. opuntiae distantly related to R. hysterinum (Dufour
in De Notaris 1847: 15) Samuels & Müller (1986: 286) and the type species of the genus, R. rufulum (Sprengel
1820: 50) Spegazzini (1921: 79) (Fig. 4). Thus, R. opuntiae should be accommodated in a new genus after
additional study. Due to the morphological differences between Hysterodifractum and R. opuntiae and lack of
support for the clade formed by these two species, Hysterodifractum is not an appropriate genus for R. opuntiae.
Hysterodifractum partisporum was frequently collected during this survey, being found in all three collecting
expeditions to Mata do Pau-Ferro State Ecological Reserve (29 samples) and during one expedition to Ubajara
National Park (one sample). These results suggest that the semi-arid region is poorly sampled and futher study may
reveal additional new species and records for improving the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of
ascomycetes in this region.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Program of Research on Biodiversity in the Brazilian Semi-arid (PPBIO Semi-arid/Ministry
of Technology and Science – proc. 558317/2009-0) and National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq – proc. 14/2011 and 71/2012) for financial support. The first author also thanks the Brazilian
Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES – proc. 071/2012) for the international
scholarship to perform part of this research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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