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Benefit Analysis of CNG as an Automobile Fuel
Abstract
The adoption of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a vehicle fuel is a common phenomenon as it is accelerating worldwide. Increasing number of CNG driven vehicles around the world has jumped up from one million in 1996 to five million in 2006. CNG as a vehicle fuel is very popular to the end users because of its clean-burning properties and cost effective solution compared to other alternative fuels like diesel and gasoline. The use of CNG as a fuel reduces vehicular emission that is consisted of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (), carbon dioxide () etc. This research highlights the characteristics of CNG vehicles, CNG arrangement in the vehicles, CNG fueling procedures and most importantly the environmental and economic factors that are highly considered as cost effective solution for the flexibility of using CNG in the automobiles.
... In comparison to gasoline and diesel, CNG has a reduced CO2 emissions [32] by 23% -35%, almost zero particulate matter (PM) emissions, 87% -90% reduction in NOx emissions, and 67% -76% reduction in HC emissions [33]. This is also close to Haeng & Mahmud [34] values, which stated that there is a significant reduction in the emission of CO by 70%, non-methane organic gas by 87%, NOx by 87% and CO2 by 20%. ...
... Stations Undoubtedly availability and access to CNG refuelling stations is a very important factor in the development of CNG as an alternative fuel for automobiles. Studies indicated that CNG refuelling stations equivalent to at least 10% to 20% of gasoline and diesel refuelling stations would be enough for prospective adaptors not to see the unavailability of CNG refuelling stations as a hindrance to switching [34]. A major way of increasing CNG refuelling stations is by easing the bureaucracy in CNG refuelling stations construction and operation. ...
... A major way of increasing CNG refuelling stations is by easing the bureaucracy in CNG refuelling stations construction and operation. Permits for CNG refuelling stations and operations should be far cheaper than those for conventional fuels, this would encourage more private investors to construct and operate CNG refuelling stations [34]. The government use of its NNPC mega station scheme to construct CNG refuelling stations in strategic positions around the country has been suggested [26]. ...
In an attempt to address major causes of pollution from gas flaring and transportation, the Nigerian government introduced the use of CNG (compressed natural gas) as an alternative fuel for automobiles in 1997. However, progress has been very slow as the government has concentrated more on LNG (liquefied natural gas) exportation, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), and gas to power projects. These projects have aided in reducing gas flaring, but pollution from transportation is still increasing. This article provides an extensive review of the benefits and recommendations to foster the use of CNG as an alternative fuel for automobiles in Nigeria. The use of CNG as an alternative fuel for automobiles in Nigeria has benefits ranging from reduction in pollution to an increase in productivity, efficiency, safety, and energy security. Thus, to encourage the use of CNG as automobile fuel in Nigeria, the government needs to develop a targeted carbon tax system, favourable market-based policies and natural gas transmission and distribution network; increase availability and access to CNG refuelling stations and public awareness; subsidise vehicle conversion expenses; begin with bi-fuel/dual-fuel automobiles; assign responsibilities; reform gas pricing; partner with automobile producers in Nigeria.
... After converting the automobile to CNG fuel, the following steps maintained[13]: ...
Bi-fuel system in a spark ignition engine (SIE) is a rising phenomena in today`s automobile technology. In a gasoline driven vehicle, alternatively adoption of compressed natural gas (CNG) could be used as a potential substitute to meet the energy requirement and this is possible by some minor changes in the hardware of the existing engine. Gasoline engine is widely used in the passenger cars, light, medium and heavy duty vehicles but the consumption status of the petroleum is decreasing worldwide and at the same time environmental pollution from automobiles is seriously establishes as a threat for every nation in respect to global warming and climate changes. Now-a-days most vehicles operate using CNG for its popularity stems, clean burning properties and cost effective solution compared to other alternative fuels. It refers as a good gaseous fuel because of its high octane number and self ignition temperature. Though the power output is slightly lesser than the gasoline fuel; its thermal efficiency is better than the gasoline for the same SIE. The research paper highlights the reduction of CO, reasonable outcomes of HC emissions with minor increase in NO_x emissions compared with the gasoline fuel to bi-fuel mode in the SIE that meets the emission challenges.
The drive to find alternative fuels to replace such hydrocarbons as diesel and petrol has resulted in a plethora of different fuels—few of which are commercially available in significant quantities. As fuels, by their very nature, must be flammable, the fire, explosion and ignition properties will need to be known. Types of alternative fuels available are described and their ignition and explosion hazards with reference to existing commonly used fuels are discussed. The properties of 13 alternative fuels are given. Of all these alternative fuels, almost all have properties which are similar to those of existing types of fuels, and therefore the technology required to handle them is already well known and available.Hydrogen is the one exception—its ignition and combustion properties are quite different from those of conventional fuels, and hence the specific difficulties and hazards associated with the use of hydrogen are highlighted. Much existing technology is not applicable to hydrogen and there are many areas where adequate knowledge or data is not available. The area of most concern is that hydrogen appears to be prone to ignite spontaneously when released from high pressure, but there is as yet no rigorous scientific explanation for this.Further work is required to obtain greater knowledge of the properties, behaviour and safe use of hydrogen, as this is most likely to be “fuel of the future”.
Steering a New Course offers a comprehensive survey and analysis of America's transportation system -- how it contributes to our environmental problems and how we could make it safer, more efficient, and less costly.
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