Forth Generation Evaluation
... However, the ethical codes that were used in the positivist paradigm are still in use in the constructivist paradigm. Glesne (1999) uses the same ethical codes as in the positivist paradigm when she discusses ethics in traditional qualitative research, and Guba and Lincoln (1989) state, for instance, that such issues as privacy and confidentiality are not pointless or outmoded in constructivist inquiry. "Quite the opposite," as they say (p. ...
... medical research in the United States resulted in physical harm to subjects. LSD was tested on unsuspecting people, and patients in mental hospitals were infected with syphilis to study the life-course development of this disease (Guba and Lincoln 1989). Due to this type of research it became crucial to develop rules or guidelines that could protect people from both physical and psychological harm. ...
... In the positivist paradigm deception is sometimes considered justifiable when the aim is to control variables to find out what is really "out there". According to Guba and Lincoln (1989), deception is not only unwarranted in the constructivist paradigm, but it is even in conflict with its aims. Social reality is not objectively "out there", but it exists in several mental and social constructions created in social interaction. ...
Different paradigms or perspectives function as the point of departure and framework for research. In this article ethical issues in the positivist and constructivist paradigms are presented. The article points out that more or less the same ethical codes are used in these paradigms, but with some nuanced interpretations. CHAT (cultural historical activity theory) is presented as a third paradigm. While conducting research, one intention within this paradigm is to change and improve practice. This means that the researcher and the research participants during the research process together set the goals for the work and try to change practice en route to these goals. The relation between the researcher and the research participants is different than in the other two presented paradigms. This means that research in the CHAT paradigm also needs to be guided by different ethical codes. The purpose of this article is to show how some of the traditional ethical codes which direct research both in the positivist and constructivist paradigm change and are also inadequate in the CHAT paradigm. The article presents and discusses ethical codes that challenge the researchers’ communicative, social and knowledge competence.
... A partir de nossos argumentos sobre os desafios da pesquisa construtivista, entendemos que a ciência é A avaliação, como a conhecemos, é produto de um processo de desenvolvimento histórico. Segundo Guba e Lincoln (1989), quatro foram as gerações de avaliação utilizadas para políticas e ações implementadas. A primeira geração era marcada pela medição, ou seja, pela aplicação de testes ( Já o termo "construtivista" já fora tratado neste artigo, e é utilizado para designar a metodologia atualmente empregada nas avaliações. ...
... Cada um desses termos contribui com alguma ideia específica dentro da natureza desse paradigma. Isso porque, para os autores, um programa social só faz sentido quando é desenvolvido e analisado em estreita relação com o contexto e com as mudanças sociais que este possa vir a provocar; por isso, é fundamental dar voz aos envolvidos e conhecer os seus valores (GUBA; LINCOLN, 1989;FALSARELLA, 2015 ...
... Nessa fase, muitos dos desejos, preocupações e problemas originais que não foram resolvidos se tornam o ponto de partida para a terceira fase, que é a coleta de novas informações por parte do avaliador. Na quarta fase, a negociação entre os grupos de stakeholders acontece sob orientação do avaliador, que se utiliza da informação coletada para tentar chegar a um consenso em cada item levantado (GUBA; LINCOLN, 1989;. ...
... We do not presume it is possible to generate empirical evidence from a value-free position. In alignment with a constructivist approach, responsive focusing-a foundational principle of fourth-generation evaluation (Guba and Lincoln, 1989)-through which the evaluator orchestrates a collaborative process that enables deep consideration and negotiation of different stakeholders' values and perspectives is central to our evaluation design approach. ...
... Accordingly, decisions on how to proceed in the face of strong divergence across perspectives (whether across stakeholders or with the evidence base) should be made in consultation with stakeholders but in consideration of the power dynamics at play, and grounded in a strong rationale. If bringing diverse stakeholder groups together for this purpose is seen to be too contentious or may exacerbate power differences across stakeholder groups, we suggest delivering parallel processes with the different groups, synthesizing the feedback independently, and disseminating the collective findings to all those involved for further consideration, as seen in fourth-generation evaluation (Guba and Lincoln, 1989). ...
... Intentional inclusion of a broader representation of stakeholders, particularly those in minority positions, more closely mirrors fourth-generation (Guba and Lincoln, 1989) and deliberative-democratic (House and Howe, 2000) approaches to evaluation. We suggest that deeper integration of these theoretical perspectives would further enhance the process, if pragmatics allow. ...
The evaluation models described in the literature may be interpreted as prescriptive and uniform approaches to practice but, in the real world, practitioners are likely to blend aspects of different models to achieve multiple goals. Despite the commonality of pluralistic approaches in evaluation practice, literature on theoretical integration is sparse. This article guides readers through a theoretically integrative evaluation design process and explicates how different theories informed design decisions. The process integrates program theory–driven and utilization-focused evaluation with evaluability assessment and eclectically draws on principles, methods, and tools from other models. This integrative approach to evaluation aims to increase process use for intended users through shared decision-making, organizational learning, and capacity building while simultaneously producing a robust and relevant evaluation design suited to stakeholder needs and the evaluation context. The authors describe the process utilizing a case example to contribute to the literature on theoretically integrative evaluation practice.
... A claim is "any assertion that a stakeholder may introduce that is favorable to the evaluand" (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 40). An issue is "any state of affairs about which reasonable persons may disagree" (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 40). ...
... A claim was defined as "any assertion that a stakeholder may introduce that is favorable to the evaluand" (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 40). And an issue was defined as "any state of affairs about which reasonable persons may disagree" (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 40). ...
The problem this case study addressed was that theories for planning international
academic exchange programs do not make central the role of stakeholders, ignoring
important social, political, and ethical dimensions of practice. The purpose was to show
how the University of Georgia – University of Veracruz social work academic exchange
came into existence through a social process of stakeholders negotiating interests within
relationships of power. This study had four major conclusions: 1) internationalization of higher education is an agent and reactor to globalization; 2) stakeholders' negotiation of power and interests at planning tables frame and shape the development of international academic exchange programs; 3) values and rationales underpin strategies, programs, and policies driving international academic exchange; and, 4) power relations among and between elite stakeholder and researcher pose methodological challenges.
... Data from all sources were uploaded to ATLAS.ti (a qualitative data analysis program) and analyzed inductively and abductively in accordance with the principles of constructivist grounded theory method, including systematic conceptualization, constant comparisons, coding, and memowriting (Morse et al. 2009;Charmaz 2014). A number of strategies were used to ensure criteria of trustworthiness (including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability), which parallel the conventional criteria (including internal and external validity, reliability, and objectivity) used to judge the rigor of quantitative inquiries (Guba and Lincoln 1989;Rolfe 2006). Strategies included prolonged engagement, peer-debriefing, theoretical saturation, and a reflexive journal (Guba and Lincoln 1989). ...
... A number of strategies were used to ensure criteria of trustworthiness (including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability), which parallel the conventional criteria (including internal and external validity, reliability, and objectivity) used to judge the rigor of quantitative inquiries (Guba and Lincoln 1989;Rolfe 2006). Strategies included prolonged engagement, peer-debriefing, theoretical saturation, and a reflexive journal (Guba and Lincoln 1989). ...
Few empirical studies have explored how different types of knowledge are associated with diverse objectivities and moral economies. Here, we examine these associations through an empirical investigation of the public policy debate in Israel around medical cannabis (MC), which may be termed a contested medicine because its therapeutic effects, while subjectively felt by users, are not generally recognized by the medical profession. Our findings indicate that beneath the MC debate lie deep-seated issues of epistemology, which are entwined with questions of ethics and morality. Whereas some stakeholder groups viewed evidence-based medicine and mechanical objectivity as the only valid knowledge base, others called for recognition of a particular experience-based knowledge, championing regulatory, administrative, or strong objectivity. Stakeholders’ interpretations of what should be considered as ethical courses of (in)action corresponded to their epistemological views, with most criticizing the regulators for relying on regulatory subjectivity instead of objectivity. Our in-depth mapping of this arena allowed us not only to shed light on the emergence of the new entity called “medical cannabis” but also to reexamine the link between epistemology, ethics, and action and to elucidate how heterogeneous groups view the validity and objectivity of knowledge and the interface between medicine, science, and policy.
... Different quality criteria for qualitative and quantitative research share common principles: trustworthiness, applicability, consistency, and neutrality (Frambach et al., 2013). In qualitative research, the quality is evaluated by four classic criteria: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability (Guba and Lincoln, 1989), while in quantitative research, the quality criteria are usually internal validity, external validity, reliability, and objectivity. Since this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, the reflections would address these principles by considering concepts from both types. ...
... Phenomenology, Colaizzi (1978) Guba & Lincoln (1989) Team-based learning A3 Lee, N. K. ...
Purpose: In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, nursing education will change in a different way than before. The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics of qualitative research on learning experiences for nursing students, and to suggest directions for nursing education geared to the needs of the future.Methods: An integrative review method was used. Based on Whittemore & Knafl’s approach, five steps were applied.Results: Eleven papers met the selection criteria and had above average ratings in quality appraisals. Three characteristics related to the learning experiences of nursing students were derived: (1) overcoming difficulties in the learning process and concentrating on problem-solving, (2) improving self-efficacy through experiencing achievement in the learning process, (3) establishing nursing professionalism, (4) identifying the importance of self-directed and self-reflected learning, and (5) developing teamwork.Conclusion: This review found that various learning experiences were conducted for practical experience and learner-oriented learning. Nursing students overcame difficulties to achieve their learning outcomes, and developed their professionalism. Further study is required to comprehensively explore research including other countries, and the experiences of instructors.
... Ontology is an assumption we make about the kind and nature of the reality, what exists and the social world itself [11,12]. Simply put, it is "study of being" [10] and answers questions 'what is there that can be known?' and 'what is the nature of reality?' [13]. Based on Bryman's "Social ontology" social entities or realities are either objective entities which exist independently from social actors or social constructions in themselves built up from the perceptions, actions and interpretations of the individuals in society [14]. ...
Qualitative research approach could be as important as quantitative one, particularly in medical education, as long as it meets the common goal of both—improving the quality of education. In contrary to the end—i.e. achieving the common goals, the means of both approaches of inquiry is different. Their dissimilarity in the means or process is not confined to data collection techniques, study designs or analysis methods; but, they also differ in assumptions about the world, reality, science and knowledge. Implicitly or explicitly, these assumptions are revealed in a researcher's discussion about philosophical assumptions and research paradigms. The researcher's inclination towards any of paradigms and assumption in light of the most common philosophical concepts such as ontology, epistemology and methodology results in choice of either of the dominant research paradigms to follow such as objectivism/positivism and interpretivisim/constructivism. This is common practice in the quantitative-qualitative dichotomy of research world disregarding the emerging mixed approach with predominantly pragmatism paradigm. Besides framing the methodology of the study, researcher's explicit description of philosophical assumptions and paradigms helps readers easily understand study findings. Many authors from both dominant traditions fail to describe this important aspect of the research in their published works. In our study, the ontological and epistemological assumptions led us choose interpretivist/constructivist paradigm and phenomenological qualitative approach with Collaizi's descriptive phenomenological analysis adapted to our context. The experience and lesson learned from the study found to be worse sharing in a modified and extended construct of methodology part. Therefore, this article deals with philosophical positions, research paradigms and traditions that led to the specific qualitative approach from the perspective of methodology part in our study about objective structure clinical examination (OSCE) experience in a medical department.
... Źródło: opracowanie własne na podstawie (Lulewicz-Sas, 2012, s. 63-64) Podejście do ewaluacji w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat ulegało istotnym zmianom. E.G. Guba i Y.S. Lincoln (1989) wyróżniają cztery generacje ewaluacji. Pierwsza generacja ewaluacji wpisana została w paradygmat pomiaru. ...
Opracowanie przedstawia istotę i rolę ewaluacji w rozwoju kapitału organizacyjnego w instytucji sektora publicznego. Na wstępie uszczegółowiono istotę pojęcia, kryteriów oceny, rodzajów oraz kontekstu realizacji procesu badawczego ewaluacji. Wskazano również atrybuty ewaluacji w odniesieniu do monitoringu i audytu. Następnie wyartykułowano funkcje i rolę ewaluacji w rozwoju zarządzania sektorem publicznym. W dalszej kolejności podjęto próbę ukazania znaczenia ewaluacji w rozwoju kapitału organizacyjnego instytucji publicznej w perspektywie kształtowania: struktury wewnętrznej, struktury zewnętrznej oraz kapitału rozwojowego. W podsumowaniu zasygnalizowano atuty oraz ograniczenia badań ewaluacyjnych w instytucjach sektora publicznego.
... The goal of transformative research is to support the development of culturally responsive interventions that foster increased respect for human rights and achievement of social, economic, and environmental justice (Mertens, 2020;Mertens & Wilson, 2019). The transformative paradigm is defined in terms of four assumptions, building on the early work of Guba and Lincoln (1989) who identified these assumptions that represent different paradigms in educational and social research: the axiological assumption about the nature of values and ethics, ontological assumption about the nature of reality, the epistemological assumption about the nature of knowledge and the relationship between the researcher and the stakeholders, and the methodological assumption about the nature of systematic inquiry. ...
The transformative research lens incorporates ideas such as consciously addressing power differences with strategies that allow for the inclusion of the voices of the full range of stakeholders, including those who are most marginalized. The goal of transformative research is to support the development of culturally responsive interventions that foster increased respect for human rights and achievement of social, economic, and environmental justice. In this article, we use a case study from Universitas Padjadjaran in Indonesia to illustrate the application of a transformative approach to research in a complex setting in which the rights of those living in poverty are not respected and economic development occurs at the expense of environmental degradation. We discuss a transformative framing for research associated with the development of interventions designed to support West Java, Indonesia in moving forward toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the goals established by the United Nations to address inequities. The road to transformation is not simple or smooth, but the combination of a transformative approach to research with the development of transformative interventions provides a hopeful pathway.
... To ensure trustworthiness [41,46], researcher triangulation was carried out among the three researchers (CFV, MJMF and DG) who read and analyzed the transcripts, and the final categories were agreed upon by the entire team. Any doubts were clarified during the interviews since the interviewer only met with each participant once. ...
Background
After the early detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), medical surveillance of the precancerous lesions is carried out to control risk factors to avoid the development of cervical cancer.
Objective
To explore the effects of medical surveillance on the personal and social lives of women undergoing CIN follow-up and treatment.
Methodology
A generic qualitative study using a poststructuralist perspective of risk management was carried out in a gynecology clinic in a public hospital of the Galician Health Care System (Spain). Participants were selected through purposive sampling. The sample consisted of 21 women with a confirmed diagnosis of CIN. Semistructured interviews were recorded and transcribed, and a thematic analysis was carried out, including researcher triangulation to verify the results of the analysis.
Findings
Two main themes emerged from the participants’ experiences: CIN medical surveillance encounters and risk management strategies are shaped by the biomedical discourse, and the effects of “risk treatment” for patients include (a) profound changes expected of patients, (b) increased patient risk management, and (c) resistance to risk management. While doctors’ surveillance aimed to prevent the development of cervical cancer, women felt they were sick because they had to follow strict recommendations over an unspecified period of time and live with the possibility of a life-threatening disease. Clinical risk management resulted in the medicalization of women’s personal and social lives and produced great uncertainty.
Conclusions
This study is the first to conceptualize CIN medical surveillance as an illness experience for patients. It also problematizes the effects of preventative practices in women’s lives. Patients deal with great uncertainty, as CIN medical surveillance performed by gynecologists simultaneously trivializes the changes expected of patients and underestimates the effects of medical recommendations on patients’ personal wellbeing and social relations.
... En este sentido, siguiendo a [24] en un breve recorrido por el concepto de evaluación, podemos identificar cuatro grandes períodos, para este estudio nos centraremos en la concepción de Guba [25] de finales de los 80, en la que la evaluación se considera como "generadora de cultura evaluativa", lo que implica una mejora contínua de los procesos en función de los resultados y un cambio de actitud frente a la evaluación. Respecto a este último aspecto, surge en primer lugar la importancia de la evaluación para los aprendizajes, elemento ampliamente recogido en la literatura. ...
El presente artículo, explora el impacto del aprendizaje autónomo al implementar una estrategia docente en los cursos iniciales de Álgebra I, Álgebra II, Cálculo I y Cálculo II para los estudiantes de ingeniería de la Universidad de Atacama. La estrategia implementada, desde del año 2016, consiste en que los estudiantes evalúan sus conocimientos y habilidades durante el proceso de estudio, mediante pruebas formativas semanales online con retroalimentación automática para cada pregunta. Los resultados obtenidos, permiten evidenciar una mejora en los procesos de aprendizaje y una mayor valoración de la asignatura por los estudiantes. Esta experiencia ha permitido contribuir a la autorregulación del aprendizaje, la comunicación matemática entre estudiantes, el aprendizaje continuo y autónomo, como también la verificación de los logros por parte de los profesores. ABSTRACT This article explores the impact of autonomous learning by implementing a teaching strategy in the initial Mathematics courses (Algebra I and II, Calculation I and II) for engineering students at the University of Atacama. The strategy implemented, since 2016, is that students evaluate their knowledge and skills during the study process, through weekly online training tests with automatic feedback for each question. The results obtained allow us to show an improvement in the learning processes and a greater assessment of the subject by the students. This experience has contributed to the self-regulation of learning, mathematical communication between students, continuous and autonomous learning, as well as the verification of the achievements by teachers.
... Field notes acted as aide memoires but also provided context on interactions and process to support the credibility of date interpretation (Koch, 2006). A final effort to ensure credibility was to share the final proposed ATDE and ESF models with participants (Guba & Lincoln, 1989). In total nine participants responded to our request to review and comment. ...
Elite soccer clubs across Europe spend ever-increasing sums of money on transfers and salaries for world-class players. Consequently, clubs’ talent identification and development processes for junior players have become more professionalised. Based on a holistic ecological approach, this study presents an analysis of talent identification practices across some of the most productive soccer academies in Europe (N = 11). Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 11 heads of academy recruitment from clubs in the “big five” European leagues. Clubs were purposively sampled based on their player productivity ranking. Interviews ranged from 52:26 minutes to 114:06 minutes in length (m = 87:53 ± 20.10 minutes). This study argues that holistic ecological approaches the environments were characterised through the interplay of factors that ranged from high-level internal to international level relationships. This resulted in the identification and recruitment of players from local and international environments. The purpose of recruitment was suggested to have a dual purpose: recruitment of players for the first team; recruitment of players for further development/monitoring and/or selling to another club.
... It is also claimed that reliability and validity per se cannot be used to assess qualitative research, but some alternative terms must be used to sensitize those (Bryman, 2012). For this purpose, I will adopt the four criteria of research trustworthiness: credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Guba & Lincoln, 1989;Lincoln & Guba, 1985). ...
The potential benefits of innovation and networking have been widely accepted in recent decennia by academia, industry and public institutions. In science, conceptual models of innovation and network governance have been proposed in many branches of research, but often with limited area of application and few benefits gained. It is also commonly known that many scientific and technological discoveries have been born in serendipitous circumstances, assisted by lucky chance. While serendipity, by definition, may not be pre-planned, this study aims at understanding and describing favorable conditions for serendipitous innovations to occur in inter-firm networks. This is done by developing an inter-firm innovation network model, which fosters the possibility of creating, identifying and leveraging serendipitous encounters. The research questions are:
- What are serendipitous innovation networks like?
- How are serendipitous innovation networks built?
- How are serendipitous innovation networks governed?
This is a multiple case study utilizing qualitative data. The study follows abductive research logic using data from five Finnish inter-firm networks. The findings are discussed with scientific literature from the fields of serendipity, inter-firm networks and open innovation. This study describes and introduces a new type of inter-organizational innovation network concept, which is called the serendipitous innovation network. Based on the results of this study, six propositions and a schematic model of the serendipitous innovation network are presented.
The main theoretical contribution of this study is directed to the theories of inter-firm innovation and governance of innovation networks, as seen through the lens of serendipity. This is done by shedding light to the formation and evolution of serendipitous inter-firm innovation networks; focusing on network design, network orchestration and innovation process management. The importance of a competent and independent network coordinator is central to the findings. Furthermore, this study is contributing to the theories of serendipity as a phenomenon that is present everywhere, but sparsely studied in itself.
The model of serendipitous innovation network developed in this study is created around the idea of mobilizing accumulated, local technologies and capabilities. Serendipitous innovation networks are suggested to be appropriate for creating solutions for complex business opportunities and problems, which require leveraging multi-disciplinary technologies and capabilities. The light structure of governance of the network and small investments required from participants are suggested to be beneficial for small firms. Hence, the concept of serendipitous innovation network is intended as an inexpensive and flexible alternative for public institutions to drive innovation.
... In the open coding phase, the researcher combed the data line by line, identifying and labelling both major and subcategories revealed from the data. Given that the Humboldt Park interviews were not recorded, a cumulative audit trail was created through memoing during the open coding phase, a measure shown to be an effective check-and-balance mechanism (Bernard 2011;Erlandson 1993;Guba and Lincoln 1989;Strauss and Corbin 1998). ...
Although research has shown that park resources and other open green spaces lead to numerous benefits, progress in increasing access to parks and open green space has also come with unexpected challenges, which have received less attention in the scholarly literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the contradictory effects of improved park and green space access in the cases of two newly created sites in Chicago, IL. The study focused on the neighbourhoods of Little Village and Humboldt Park, both of which experienced the integration of a new public park or greenway. The data analysis revealed several health benefits associated with the new park or greenway, but also revealed some unintended consequences (i.e. crime, rising taxes, and gentrification) associated with the increased access. The practical and theoretical implication associated with the study findings are discussed.
... Utilising 'responsive evaluation', progressive informal and formal evaluation of the merit and worth of use of TBL RATs was conducted throughout delivery of the subject. Grounded 'in a social constructionist perspective to knowledge' (Abma, 2005, p. 392), responsive evaluation was first proposed by Stake (1975) and developed in the field of education (Guba & Lincoln, 1989;Stake, 1975) partly as an alternative to possible shortcomings of over-reliance on experimental methods (Abma, 2005) and is recommended when evaluating particular programs (Stake, 1976). The responsive evaluation approach utilises mixed methods (Stake & Abma, 2005) and the 'information may be quantitative or qualitative' (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 42). ...
Chad, P. (2012). The use of team-based learning as an approach to increased engagement and learning for marketing students: a case Abstract Marketing educators are often faced with poor preclass preparation by students, declining student interest in attending classes as the semester progresses, and student complaints regarding previous bad experiences with team assessment activities. Teambased learning (TBL) is an innovative teaching strategy using semiformalized guidelines aimed to enhance student engagement and improve teamwork and, hence, overcome the typical problems faced by educators. This case study examines the firsttime use of TBL in a postgraduate marketing subject at an Australian university. The results indicate that the TBL innovation has a positive influence on student engagement and offers opportunities to assist learning. The study concludes that TBL is an effective teaching process enabling educators to offer students enhanced and stimulating learning experiences. The case study contributes to the marketing education literature by assessing the first-time TBL experience of students and educator. Key issues addressed are student engagement, opportunities for learning, and the benefits of teamwork in preparing students for the workforce. Significantly, the research also offers practical advice for marketing educators desirous of developing and implementing effective and engaging pedagogy via TBL.
... As advised by Guba and Lincoln [28], strategies were employed throughout data collection and analysis to help ensure data trustworthiness. For example, credibility of the data was enhanced by the interviewers' employing member-checking between each question and at the end of each interview to check that responses were understood correctly, and multiple coders were utilized during the analysis to support the data's confirmability. ...
Objective:
This study explored the feasibility and acceptability of using Motivational Interviewing (MI) in the home setting with families of preschoolers.
Methods:
Using mixed-methods pilot data from an MI-based obesity prevention intervention delivered via home visits by health educators (HEs) with 44 families (n = 17 four home visit group; n = 14 two home visit group), we examined: 1) fidelity of MI adherence by HEs; 2) parents' perceptions of the intervention; and 3) HEs insights pertaining to the intervention's delivery.
Results:
Multiple measures of MI fidelity were deemed to exceed defined proficiency levels. Ninety-three percent of families reported being "satisfied" to "very satisfied" with the intervention. HEs reported building a high level of trust with families and gaining a thorough understanding of familial context. Parents appreciated how HEs' were knowledgeable and provided personalized attention when discussing health goals. Some parents suggested more directive advice and follow-up visits as ways to improve the intervention.
Conclusion:
Home-based MI was conducted with a high level of fidelity, was well accepted by families and practitioners.
Practice implications:
Our findings from parents and MI practitioners provide key learnings that can inform future behavior change interventions that propose to use MI within the home setting.
... Conformability is provided in the blog extracts. Transferability is fulfilled through transparent and detailed description of empirical examples from collected data and the discussion of the results (Guba & Lincoln, 1989). ...
The families of people diagnosed with dementia are commonly first-in-line caregivers. This can have a considerable effect on their lives, health, and relationships. However, few studies have focused on the children in such families. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe how children, in their own narratives, construct themselves as subjects growing up and caring for a parent with dementia. The study applies discourse analysis. The findings show three subject positions: parent to your parent(s), orphan with parents, and time traveler stuck in time. There is a need to support these children, both as children and as young adults. More knowledge is necessary regarding the kind of support they might want or need. For health care professionals, it is important to know that it might not always be easy to ask for information or support as a child caring for a sick parent.
... It was my decision to know up to which point I would get involved as an observer of my case study, or what should be the relevance given to each of its components; it was my decision on how to analyse the data; and I decided how to tell the story about it. In this regard, I coincide with Guba and Lincoln's (1989) stance on qualitative considerations to bear in mind, when they point out that assuming that a human investigator can step outside his own humanness, disregarding one's own values, 'is to believe in magic' (ibid., 47). Acknowledging this, however, made me more prone to find counter-narratives, unsuspected findings and ideas, and gaps. ...
This study explores contemporary skilled migration and the brain drain from a bottom-up approach, based on a case study of Mexican scientists and engineers working in the UK. The main interest is to provide a better understanding on how the phenomenon is shaped by the migrant’s personal and professional experience, from Mexico to the UK (‘opening pathways’), and from then on, to explore the extent of collaboration at a distance (from the UK back to Mexico) as a policy alternative to mitigate the negative effects of their departure (‘building bridges’). It is argued that these elements (personal and professional) of the migration experience are crucial for identifying key trends, characteristics, and effects of skilled migration, as well as to consolidate a more robust policy approach to long-distance collaboration. The research is based on an analysis of 36 semi-structured, qualitative interviews with Mexicans graduated in STEM fields, who currently work in academia or the private sector in the UK. A complementary set of four interviews was conducted with Mexican government officials, chosen because of their close relationship to Mexican policies on skilled migration and the brain drain. The empirical findings are organised into three topics: transnationalism, professional experience, and collaboration at a distance. On the one hand, the evidence shows that the migratory experience fosters new subjectivities, where a transnational identity is developed progressively, involving reflexive processes between past and actual life, personal and professional experiences, different rationalities and emotions. On the other hand, under the theme of professional experience, career-related motivations emerge as the main “pull” factor of skilled Mexicans to the UK, triggered in most cases by enrolling in post-graduate programmes at British universities, and followed thereafter by the pursuit of work opportunities. In this process, the interviewees identified important imbalances (or asymmetries) between the development of scientific/professional fields in Mexico and the UK, mainly regarding budgets, infrastructure, networks, R&D activities, triple-helix collaborative schemes, and working conditions. However, despite these complex imbalances, more than half of the émigrés were also immersed in relevant collaborative initiatives with Mexico from the UK, which contests, to an extent, the notions of loss within the brain drain debate. It is also notable that such collaborations have taken place because of the personal initiative of the émigrés, with no involvement of the Mexican Talent Network (MTN), the main diaspora-engagement initiative of the government to contact its skilled émigrés around the world. The thesis also investigates the relevance of these research findings for science policy. Without overlooking the negative implications of skilled migration at a massive scale, it argues that a more balanced exchange between Mexico and the UK can be achieved by building more bridges with the diaspora, through long-distance collaborative initiatives. For this to happen, it is important for policy-makers to understand the relevance of skilled individuals’ choices and preferences, the value of communities of interest, the existing imbalances between central and peripheral countries, the role of legitimacy and politicisation in state-led transnational policies, and the challenges posed by long-distance collaborative initiatives. Finally, some ideas and policy recommendations arising from the research are outlined, in order to better understand –and face— the challenges of skilled migration in future years.
... This study applied the criteria suggested by Guba and Lincoln to evaluate the credibility of the data [17]. The prolonged engagement with the participants, especially students, during the interview period helped to establish trust and a better understanding. ...
Objectives:
Although effective performance in clinical settings requires the integration between theory and practice, there is a gap between theoretical knowledge as taught in the classroom and what the students experience in clinical settings. This study aimed to elicit and explore the barriers of utilizing theoretical knowledge in clinical settings.
Methods:
A qualitative study was adopted with a conventional content analysis approach. Fifteen nursing and paramedic's students, faculty members and experienced nursing staff participated in the study. Data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews until data saturation and concurrently analyzed via MAXQDA 10.
Results:
Five main categories emerged as barriers of utilizing theoretical knowledge in the clinical settings i.e. non-standard practices in clinical settings; lack of trust in clinical competence; lack of perceived professional support; insufficiencies in teaching and learning process; and differences between doing things in simulated and real clinical situations.
Conclusion:
Transferring theory into practice in a structured manner requires professional support in the workplace, trust and the opportunity for direct experience, using valid and up-to-date knowledge by clinical staff and bridging the simulated situations with real life scenarios.
... Rather than being able to generalize from the findings, case study provides "working hypotheses" from which understanding other cases (transferability) may be possible depending on the similarities between the source case and the target cases. 16 The "case" and unit of analysis is care provision within hemodialysis. ...
Background
Person-centered care (PCC) can benefit patients, clinical staff, and health care organizations, but has not yet been widely adopted into practice. Hemodialysis is a unique care environment in which clinical staff can be involved with patients for protracted periods of time each week and often over a number of years. While kidney care is arguably more holistic than other chronic condition management programs, most patients requiring hemodialysis do not receive care that is optimally person-centered.
Objective
The purpose of this research was to explore how care is experienced and provided in a large urban hemodialysis program in western Canada in relation to key principles of PCC. In addition, we wanted to understand what factors at an individual, unit, and organizational level facilitate or inhibit PCC in this environment.
Methods
We used a qualitative case-study approach to explore multiple perspectives of care provision using a number of data sources including semi-structured interviews with patients, family members, clinical staff, and administrative staff, as well as observing patterns of clinical practice in local hemodialysis units.
Findings
In our study of a single hemodialysis program, we found limited evidence of PCC. Overall, patients reported that their care was good and they had positive relationships with their care team. However, they did not feel involved in decisions regarding their care or consider it to be individualized. In general, providers acknowledged the potential benefits of PCC but were constrained in their practice by a number of factors, including individual perceptions of their role, a prescriptive care environment, and an organizational focus on managing demand.
Conclusions
Evidence of PCC within hemodialysis services was limited, with a number of individual, unit level, and organizational barriers mitigating against its adoption and spread.
... Second, the narrative was reviewed by using the template developed by Reay and Hinings (2005) to identify the different phases and active constituents in each of these phases of the microfinance industry. The constituents were identified using a stakeholder analysis approach (Burgoyne, 1994;Guba and Lincoln, 1989) whereby affected agencies in the microfinance chain were classified. The interactions between the constituents were also examined in each phase of development of the microfinance industry. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to understand how competing logics can co-exist in the organizational field of Indian microfinance.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses the theoretical lens of an organizational field to understand the composition of the microfinance field. Using the definition of an organizational field, key players in Indian microfinance are identified and their interactions within the field are analysed to understand the emergence and co-existence of multiple logics. The data used for this paper are collected from published work on Indian microfinance.
Findings
The co-existence of competing logics is sustained through the creation of two sub-fields within Indian microfinance. Each of the sub-field is dominated by one institutional logic. The field originated in developmental logic of microfinance and gradually adopted the banking logic post-2000. The sub-fields are dominated by different organizational forms with different nature of interaction within the field.
Research limitations/implications
Actors within the field would experience institutional complexity with lesser intensity because of the existence of two distinct sub-communities with individual logic. Dual logics can sustain itself independently provided these are embedded in two different sub-communities. Despite the emergence of a new logic, the previous logic can still remain relevant given the enabling support from institutional infrastructure.
Practical implications
The manifestation of development and banking logics through practices and the belief system in Indian microfinance would offer useful insights for social entrepreneurs balancing the dual goals of hybrid organizations. Due to the sub-communities, a professional working with different forms of organization would experience little pressure to adjust to diverse logic and would also experience no or little identity conflict.
Originality/value
This paper focuses on the microfinance sector in India as an organizational field and explores the mechanism of co-existence of the dual goals of microfinance at the field level.
... Within the hermeneutical qualitative methodology, credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability can be used to assess a study's trustworthiness (35). Credibility refers to the congruence between the realities of the interviewees and the results. ...
... These methods include measurements and goal achievement models (Khakee et al. 2008). Communicative planning evaluation corresponds to what Guba and Lincoln (1989) describe as 'fourth generation evaluation'. In evaluation according to the communicative approach, focus is not only on effectiveness and legitimacy but also on democratic principles, integrity, mutual understanding, and consensus building (Khakee et al. 2008). ...
... iv. Extending or Resonating: Findings from a single case can be "related to" (Bassey, 1999), "transferred to" (Guba & Lincoln, 1989), or "recontextualised" (Morse, 1991 for similar contexts. v. See Merriam (1998), Miles & Huberman (1984), Stake (1995), andYin (2003b). ...
Background and Aim: Today's world has accelerated to digitize, and the number of users is increasing every moment. Cyberspace, along with its benefits, also causes damage. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and validate adolescent adolescent education programs in cyberspace to help help adolescents and community mental health and reduce cyberspace damage. Methods: The present study was a qualitative type of contextual theory, and the research data was obtained using semi -structured and deep interviews with parents who had the criteria for entry into the Delphi method. Open, central and theoretical codes were then extracted, and based on them, a conceptual model was designed in the field of damages and strategies caused by cyberspace. Results: That indicates that parenting styles in different social situations, including virtual situations, have changed, the findings showed that parents are out of power because of their special injuries Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that if parents and adolescents receive the necessary and timely awareness, many of the damage and conflicts between them as well as the damages caused by cyberspace for adolescents and their families will be prevented
Affective engagement relates to the emotional aspects of engaging with school, involving a sense of belonging and valuing school. It is a construct that has been associated with a range of positive outcomes, including academic achievement, school completion and improved mental health. Affective engagement plays a crucial role in creating inclusive learning environments; yet there is a lack of research in this area involving children with special educational needs (CSEN), especially those attending small, rural schools. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (2005) bioecological systems framework, this study explores how both SEN status and gender are associated with affective engagement. It also investigates how contextual factors influence the development of affective engagement for CSEN. A sequential, mixed method design involving three phases was used. Firstly, self-report measures were used to compare the affective engagement of 110 children both with and without SEN, in Years 5 and 6, from three mainstream primary schools in rural settings. Semi-structured interviews with senior leaders then provided an understanding of the wider systemic influences on affective engagement. Finally, semi-structured interviews with 10 CSEN, explored factors that influence the development of affective school engagement. The findings demonstrated that there was no significant effect of SEN status or gender on affective engagement. However, CSEN were more likely than their non-SEN peers to report feeling unsafe in school, that the school rules were unfair, and that school was a waste of time. Thematic analysis revealed the importance of the teacher-student relationship, where key characteristics included teachers being proactive and using positive praise when working with CSEN. Further themes related to how CSEN value school, friendships and a safe environment. The results provide an understanding of how CSEN perceive and feel affectively engaged in their schools. Implications are discussed in relation to how schools, policy makers and Educational Psychologists can enhance the affective engagement and wider inclusion of CSEN.
Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh peran orang tua terhadap aktivitas belajar anak di rumah pada masa pandemi kelas III SDN 01 V Koto Kampung Dalam. Karena adanya covid-19 yang telah mengubah aktivitas belajar anak yang semestinya tatap muka menjadi pelajaran jarak jauh. Pemerintah juga mengeluarkan kebijakan agar anak belajar dari rumah. Sehingga diperlukan peran orang tua dalam membimbing anak saat belajar di rumah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan bagaimana peran orang tua terhadap aktivitas belajar anak di rumah pada masa pandemi kelas III SDN 01 V Koto Kampung Dalam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini adalah 8 orang tua siswa, 10 orang siswa kelas III SDN 01 V Koto Kampung Dalam dan guru kelas III yang memungkinkan keakuratan informasi mengenai hal yang peneliti teliti. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Untuk Teknik keabsahan data peneliti menggunakan kepercayaan, keteralihan, dapat dipercaya dan kepastian. Hasil penelitian peran orang tua terhadap aktivitas belajar di rumah pada masa pandemi di SDN 01 V Koto Kampung Dalam menunjukan bahwa 1) Orang tua berperan cukup besar dalam mendampingi pendidikan akademik anaknya selama pandemi seperti membimbing anak dalam kegiatan belajar menulis, membaca, menghafal kali-kali, membagi dan membantu anaknya menyelesaikan tugas atau pr yang diberikan oleh guru di sekolah. 2) Orang tua juga beperan dalam pembentukan watak, budipekerti, keterampilan dasar seperti pendidikan agama, sikap, sopan santun, kasih sayang, pendidikan kesosialan anak menanamkan dasar-dasar untuk mematuhi peraturan-peraturan, dan menanamkan kebiasaan-kebiasaan.
Este libro está dirigido a personas interesadas en la evaluación
de programas sociales, así como a estudiantes y profesores de evalua
ción educativa. Al contrario de la mayor parte de textos centrados
en modelos teóricos o aspectos metodológicos (técnicas
de recolecta y análisis de datos, redacción de informes, etc.), esta
obra presenta la aplicación práctica de dos modelos teóricos en
la evaluación de un programa en el contexto mexicano.
The external environment of firms is constantly changing. To adapt to change, they are required to continue to change their internal environment. In this chapter, the author considers the coordination mechanisms existing in constitutive elements of business organizations, applying the concept of Dynamic Equilibrium Theory in the field of life science.Inflexible mechanisms will not affect a short-term business performance, whereas will endanger a firm’s existence in the long term. To avoid such a risk, sophistication of coordination mechanisms should be highly required. This chapter also discusses measures to advance coordination mechanisms.KeywordsDynamic capabilitiesCoordination mechanismsDynamic equilibriumOrganizational change
This chapter discusses the methodological foundation of agent-based model (ABM) validation by presenting formal definitions of several related concepts. Simulation with agent-based models is often used as a method of complex systems research. We formalize several concepts related to model validity for agent-based social simulations from two standpoints, i.e., empiricism and constructivism, using homomorphism between systems according to the mathematical general systems theory (MGST). Based on the formal definitions of several validity concepts, we argue that the validity discussion in the ABM can be captured as the mixture of two validity concepts, i.e., the empirical validity and the constructive validity.
If one wants to follow a course of action, there can be two broad types of motivations. The first is if someone has a gun and asks you to do something, you probably will not ask questions and will do what is asked. In absence of this, the second motivation is to follow your mind or ‘instincts’ where you are free to do what you want. This research is a pursuit to answer if it is possible to ask people to support cause the cause of a less powerful state or an institution on the international arena even if you do not have a gun. The gun here is a symbol of ‘hard power’. One obvious solution can be to use persuasion or if one digs deeper, emotions! But what is in these emotions that results in action? What happens when you come across a narrative, feel responsible and want to do something to challenge the status quo? For example, the photo of the ill-fated child Aylan Kurdi. Such the instances that jolt humanity by its very nerve, result in a series of decisions that can change the contemporary world. With the case study of FreeTibet, a London based organisation advocating interests of Tibetans, this study endeavours to explain how FreeTibet exemplifies the use of ‘soft coercion’. This research uses the qualitative content analysis of 435 news articles and blogs collected from 2015 to 2019. It also uses two interviews conducted with the campaign and advocacy manager of FteeTibet. FreeTibet has been successful in most of its campaigns and therefore emotions-induced soft coercion might be helpful for NGOs.
Self-harm is common and associated with adverse outcomes. Research about the risk factors for self-harm has informed the field with regard to clinical interventions that should be delivered for young people who engage in self-harm. Missing is an in-depth understanding of what the triggers of an urge to self-harm might be, including in young people being treated with a clinical intervention. Therefore, there is little knowledge about what techniques young people find helpful to deal with urges to self-harm when they occur. This qualitative study engaged seven young people with lived experience of self-harm in semi-structured interviews about the immediate triggers of the urge to self-harm, and helpful strategies to manage this urge. Thematic analysis using a general inductive approach revealed distressing emotions and a sense of isolation as key themes, with other triggers associated with their induction. Highlighted was the wide range of situations and emotions that can be triggering, such that a further key theme was the idiosyncratic nature of the self-help strategies young people found helpful. Interventions that are developed to support young people who self-harm must address this complexity and findings highlight the need for young people to maintain some autonomy and control while being supported to connect with others for support. This research adds to the literature on self-help strategies to support young people in moments when they are experiencing distressing emotions, feel isolated, and have an urge to self-harm providing important insight to the prevention and intervention for self-harm among young people.
p>W polskich warunkach na wielu obszarach ewaluacja odchodzi od ponad stuletnich tradycji społecznych badań stosowanych, których głównym celem jest wspieranie rozwoju. Określenia ewaluacja często się nadużywa, zastępując tym pojęciem inne metody diagnostyczne, takie jak: pomiar, parametryzacja, akredytacja, audyt, ocena. Niesłusznie przypisuje się ewaluacji funkcje kontrolne i biurokratyczne, pomijając jej potencjały animacyjne, uspołeczniające, motywujące czy formatywne. W ten sposób traci ona społeczne zaufanie i przyjmuje formę działań pozornych, a więc takich, które wbrew założeniom nie realizują zakładanych celów ani nie spełniają założonych i określonych jej tożsamością funkcji, choć przebiegają zgodnie z procedurami przyjętymi przez zleceniodawców.</p
This article draws on the Troubled Families Programme (TFP) to highlight the ways in which particular contexts – such as socioeconomic and symbolic structures – are neglected in forms of evaluation with an establishment orientation. The article problematises two key aspects of decontextualised evaluation: firstly, the privileging of pre-determined relations of cause and effect; and secondly, the unproblematized framing of policy problems. More contextualised forms of evaluation are presented as a way to open up boundaries of investigation. Lastly, it is argued that an anti-naturalist foundation for evaluation can broaden the scope of learning beyond the original framing of a policy.
This paper discusses the methodological process and findings of a PhotoVoice participatory
evaluation conducted as part of a larger randomized study, which provided vouchers for subsidized daycare to selected mothers living in Korogocho slum in Nairobi. We consider the ways in which PhotoVoice can be used as a tool for participatory evaluation. To explore this idea, we divide the paper into four sections. First, we briefly describe PhotoVoice as a participatory visual methodology that is useful to conduct research with marginalized populations. We then go on to look at the use of PhotoVoice as a tool for program evaluation, focusing on other studies that have used PhotoVoice in this way. In the third section, we describe the use of PhotoVoice in this study and some of the key findings that emerged. In the final section, we elaborate on key findings to discuss lessons learned about the use of PhotoVoice as a method of participatory evaluation in social research. As in any other evaluation study, the challenge is often to determine “through whose eyes” is best to measure the changes resulting from an intervention. Here, we measure change through the eyes of the participants themselves, focusing on what they see as valuable.
Evaluations provide insights into the effectiveness of emergency
exercises or the response to a disaster. A well-constructed process is key to capture evidence-based feedback that can support future learning and development. However, little is known about how they are performed in practice and whether they actually meet their intended purpose. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of how ‘operational emergency response evaluations’ are currently performed in the Netherlands. The study was based on an analysis of evaluation reports and supporting documents from all 25 Dutch safety regions. Outcomes were cross-checked by regional representatives. The findings show that a variety of approaches and designs are currently being used, which are not explicitly or logically linked. Most evaluations are isolated activities that do not build on each other. It is unclear how, and if, lessons identified become lessons learned, while the link between data collection and analysis and conclusions often remains vague. These issues undermine the validity of the evaluation and can have implications for its impact.
The book addresses the complex relationships among learning, education and the community. It examines the significance of the community for the individual’s development and the potential that learning and education have for the development of the community. The volume gathers together the findings of a number of quantitative and qualitative studies conducted on different samples, theoretical discussions set in comparative international contexts. Although the studies employ Slovenian samples and analyse situations in this country, the contributions address issues that are of concern to the global research community. Moreover, they respond to international debates and engage in the dialogue between the local/partial and the global/universal. The book is unique in its embeddedness in the intellectual continental European tradition that has been characterised by the failed historical experience of attempting collective unity through the community understood as a common identity in former Yugoslavia.
In the United States and abroad, health systems have begun to address housing insecurity through programs that adhere to the Housing First model. The model provides permanent supportive housing without disqualification due to current mental health problems or substance use, along with optional case management services. This study used qualitative methods to explore how housing stability affected chronic disease management and social and community relationships among individuals with complex health and social needs and patterns of high hospital utilisation who were housed as part of a scattered‐site Housing First program in a mid‐size city in the northeastern United States. 26 individual, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with Housing First clients in their homes or day program sites between March and July 2017. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcripts were analysed using a qualitative descriptive methodology until thematic saturation was reached. Findings suggest that housing provided the physical location to manage the logistical aspects of care for these clients, and an environment where they were better able to focus on their health and wellness. Study participants reported less frequent use of emergency services and more regular interaction with primary care providers. Additionally, case managers' role in connecting clients to behavioural health services removed barriers to care that clients had previously faced. Housing also facilitated reconnection with family and friends whose relationships with participants had become strained or distant. Changes to physical and social communities sometimes resulted in experiences of stigmatisation and exclusion, especially for clients who moved to areas with less racial and socioeconomic diversity, but participation in the program promoted an increased sense of safety and security for many clients.
Background
The intensive care unit (ICU) is a care context that is sometimes described as being unconducive to the values and ideals of a good death in end-of-life care. Such assumptions render the ICU emblematic of a troubling discourse about end-of-life care in this clinical context.
Aim
To stimulate a reflective examination of intensive care nursing practice with respect to end-of-life care.
Methods
The work of contemporary nursing scholar Laurie Gottlieb is used to perform a strengths-based relational ethical examination of previously published literature that describes critical care nurses' experiences of providing end-of-life care in the ICU.
Findings
This literature suggests that the relational ethical value of authentic engagement, which is fundamental to the disciplinary ethos of expert palliative care nursing, is reflected in the everyday practice of intensive care nurses whose patients die while under their care.
Conclusion
A strengths-based approach can make visible the relational ethical practice of critical care nurses who care for dying patients and their families in the ICU.
Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the founders of the Gwembe Tonga Research Project (GTRP) Professor Thayer Scudder and the late professor Elizabeth Florence Colson. Elizabeth Colson passed on in August 2016 at the age of 99. They founded the GTRP in 1956. The two dedicated their lives to the studying of the BaTonga religion and history for over 60 years. The thesis builds on the foundation laid by the Gwembe Tonga Research Project. iii Declaration I certify that this thesis has not been submitted for a degree in any other university and that it is my original work. Signature: iv Abstract. Research attests that beliefs in water spirits are an integral part of cultures of many indigenous communities across the globe. These water spirits play significant political, religious and socioeconomic roles for the people concerned. However, the functions of water spirits are not constant, but change over time, especially when the people believing in water spirits undergo drastic socioeconomic processes of change. It is in this context that this thesis traces the cultural significance over time, of the Nyaminyami water spirit, among some BaTonga people, living in the immediate vicinity of the Kariba gorge area, in northwestern Zimbabwe. While previous studies document the existence of beliefs in Nyaminyami, none of these has systematically traced the historical significance of Nyaminyami, in terms of changes and continuities over time. Thus, this thesis makes a valuable contribution to knowledge with regards to the history and religion of the BaTonga people. The thesis argues that Nyaminyami's cultural significance or functions evolved over time, due to numerous socioeconomic and political processes of change. The major changes that significantly influenced the practices relating to Nyaminyami include colonialism, Kariba dam construction and resettlement, the migration after resettlement in the 1960s and 1970s, the independence of Zimbabwe, and the alienation of the Kariba waterscape from the BaTonga. To be able to arrive at specific findings and conclusions, the thesis is underpinned by theories about resettlement, approaches to water divinities, and theories of religion and social change. The thesis has five ethnographic chapters that focus on specific time periods, illustrating the major socioeconomic changes of each epoch, and showing how these changes impacted upon practices and beliefs relating to Nyaminyami. The thesis also documents how Nyaminyami beliefs are variedly distributed along different social variables that include gender, age, income and geographical location. In order to achieve the findings presented, the thesis utilized ethnographic evidence obtained from semi-structured interviews, participant observation, anthropology of extraordinary experience, document review and archival research. v Acknowledgements.
[Title in English: That pleasant countryside somewhere out there: Rural tourism as an object of experiences, mental images and marketing] From the viewpoint of tourists, the essence of tourism consists of experiences gained during travels. Trips are sold by promising special experiences to tourists, and their decisions are influenced by the mental images related to these experiences. Regardless of their promises, the providers of tourism products cannot deliver any single, particular experience to the tourists; they can only offer possibilities to gain experiences because each tourist experiences in his or her unique manner the concepts that are being offered and delivered. Tourists are continuously accompanied by their previous experiences and ways to experience, their imagination, and their culture. This affects the way they travel and the way they experience their trips.
An important tool in the creation of travel experiences and related mental images is language: words convey experiences and mental images and make them understandable. My research focuses on the ways in which travelling Finns make sense of their mental images and experiences of travelling in the countryside. The research deals with the thought patterns and discourses with which the Finnish culture makes the countryside meaningful in the context of tourism. These cultural patterns of thought and discourses are important because they are an inherent part of the experiences and the mental images of individual tourists and delineate the way in which the countryside can be marketed and developed as a tourist destination. Earlier Finnish research on rural tourism has not taken up this topic.
The theoretic-methodological basis of my research is constructionism which is on the fringes of cognitivism. My research material consists of conversational interview-based talk of ten travelling Finns. The topics of the talk were tourism, travel experiences and different travel destinations. I analyse the material through dialogic close reading. My method of analysis shifts between discourse analysis and narrative approach. I study the talk of the interviews to find out how travel experiences and destinations are structured, how meanings are given to them and in what ways they are discussed. Furthermore, I connect this talk with different discourses existing in the Finnish culture and with theory discussions within tourism research.
The countryside assumes several shapes and meanings in my study material. The main elements of a pleasant countryside that tourists desire and value are space, nature and authenticity. A pleasant countryside means freedom to do whatever one wants, personal privacy and tranquillity. It allows you to relax, to find your true self and to be yourself. A pleasant countryside is also close to nature, which brings aesthetic pleasure, cleanness and possibilities for activities, among other things. A pleasant countryside is inhabited by genuine people, and the tourist has a chance to get involved with the local life - to really see what his or her travel destination is all about. The simplicity of the countryside is also regarded as pleasant: there is a limited number of choices, which makes the tourist's life easier. The pleasant countryside 's opposite is the unpleasant city: crowded, restless, dirty and unnatural. The cultural roots of this concept date back to antiquity, and it can be considered in the Finnish culture as being a generally accepted and customary way to perceive and represent the countryside of tourism.
Along with the unpleasant city, another opposite of the pleasant countryside is the unpleasant countryside, which in my study is represented by, for example, work and loss of personal privacy. depending on the viewpoint, many features of the countryside may be either pleasant or unpleasant. This relates to cultural-personal interpretations of rural tourism that affect tourists' choices and activities. Sorting them out and taking them into consideration will assist in developing the attractiveness of rural destinations and in avoiding a development that does not suit the countryside from the point of view of tourists. This is important if tourism is to function as a source of livelihood in the countryside. The same approach can also be used to examine and develop other tourist destinations.
*** Dissertation is available at:
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2337/
Although women have been at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point for over 40 years, they are an understudied group. This omission also encompasses studies about leader development and leader identity development. Over the years, West Point has focused its leadership research on identifying predictors of leadership performance and, with the integration of women cadets, merely added them into their studies to see if they had the same predictors as men. Other than this shift, the literature neglects how women’s experiences at West Point affected their leader identity development. To address this knowledge blind spot, this study employed feminist oral history to capture memories and stories of women from the Class of 1985, the sixth West Point class to include women. The artifact-elicitation interviews focused on how these alumnae interpreted the way their West Point experiences informed their leader identity development at the Academy, in the Army, in subsequent civilian careers, and today.
The intense holistic West Point leadership experience was not the only factor that informed the women’s leader identities. Being members of a small, marginalized group at a male-dominated, hypermasculine institution also played a significant role. The effects of tokenism, sexism, misogyny, and sexual misconduct added extra layers of challenge to the women’s journeys. As junior officers in a Cold War Army where they were often even more underrepresented, the women drew on and adapted the lessons learned from West Point to be effective leaders. Lessons from West Point continued to inform the women’s leader identities in subsequent civilian careers and in raising families and/or caretaking.
This study helped fill a gap in the understanding of women’s experiences at West Point, especially around leader identity development, and was the first study to take a longitudinal approach. Future studies on West Point women from subsequent decades would help increase overall understanding of the experiences of women at West Point, in the Army, and in other traditionally male-dominated institutions like STEM. In addition, a more qualitative approach to understanding the leader identity development of all cadets would help make the leadership research at West Point more in-depth and robust.
Objectives
To determine the feasibility of case-tracking methods in documenting client journeys at primary healthcare (PHC) services in order to investigate the comprehensiveness of service responses and the experiences of clients.
Design
Prospective pilot study. Quantitative and qualitative case management data were collected from staff via questionnaire or interview.
Setting
Five Australian multidisciplinary PHC services were involved including four South Australian state-managed and one Northern Territory Aboriginal community-controlled PHC service.
Participants
Clients using services for depression (95) or diabetes (185) at the PHC services were case tracked over a 12-month period to allow construction of client journeys for these two conditions. Clients being tracked were invited to participate in two semi-structured interviews (21) and complete a health log.
Results
Though a number of challenges were encountered, the case-tracking methods were useful in documenting the complex nature of client journeys for those with depression or diabetes accessing PHC services and the need to respond to the social determinants of health. A flexible research design was crucial to respond to the needs of staff and changing organisational environments.
Conclusions
The client journeys provided important information about the services’ responses to depression and diabetes, and about aspects unique to comprehensive PHC such as advocacy and work that takes into account the social determinants of health.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the main beliefs, expectations and attitudes of university teachers regarding the acceptance and adoption of blended learning (BL) methodologies using a quantitative and qualitative approach. A mixed-method design (DEXPLIS sequential explanatory model) was applied to lead the empirical analysis. A total of 982 teachers from different Spanish universities (quantitative part) and a subsample of 86 (for the qualitative study) participated in the study. The results identify a series of beliefs (advantages and disadvantages), as well as the main demands of these teachers related to the implementation of BL.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.