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Journal of Computer Science 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
ISSN 1549-3636
© 2006 Science Publications
Corresponding Author: Dr. Adel Ismail Al-Alawi, Department of Management Information Systems, College of Information
Technology, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain, Mob: +973-36779000
13
WiFi Technology: Future Market Challenges and Opportunities
Adel Ismail Al-Alawi
Department of Management Information Systems, College of Information Technology
University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
Abstract: Computer networks have played a major role in expanding the operational boundaries in
organizations today. Until now traditional methods of networking, which involves computers, wired
directly to a hub or switch are the norm. Recent advances in networking technology have made it
possible for devices to communicate using various light and wave emitting technologies. WiFi is a
perfect example of one of these emerging technologies, which has enabled computers to communicate
with each other without the use of traditional cables. The implementation of WiFi with respect to
future market opportunities in the Kingdom of Bahrain will be discussed in this study. Finally, an
analysis of various demographics will be outlined with particular concentration on the acceptance of
WiFi by society in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Some concerns along with recommendations, which need
to be taken into account when using WiFi are also outlined.
Key words: Bahrain, WiFi, factors, security, speed
INTRODUCTION
The Internet plays a major role in today’s
communications, especially when its efficient and cost
effective manner is considered. Unlike, other
communication tools, Internet has been decentralized in
such a way that any user can share, retrieve, sell or
exchange goods and services with any other Internet
user within seconds.
Earlier in the 1970s to the late 1980s, the Internet
was owned and funded by the United States
government and thus was mainly used for government
communication and research activities, which was
highly restricted to academic and military purposes. It
was administrated by the National Science Foundation
(NSF). By 1995, however the NSF stopped the
administration of the Internet. The Internet was
publicized and commercial use was permitted[1-3].
Bahrain Telecommunication Company
(BATELCO) was one of the pioneers to adopt the
Internet technology. This fact has strengthened
BATELCO's position as a leading communication
provider in the region.
Today the Internet has touched our life in a
significant manner. It became part of our daily routine
due to the huge benefits we gain. Most companies went
online and used the Internet to apply e-commerce,
which includes advertising, selling, buying, distributing
products and providing customer services. In addition,
companies use the Internet in business-to-business and
business to consumer transactions. Individuals also use
the Internet for communication, entertainment, sharing
information, buying and selling goods and services.
Over the last couple of years, Wireless Fidelity or
"WiFi" has quickly grown to become the dominant
wireless LAN standard. Because it operates in
unlicensed frequency bands, any one can set up a WiFi
network and cover an area of typically 100-500 feet
with high speed wireless access to a LAN and hence to
the Internet. Unlike other wireless technologies like
GSM or CDMA, WiFi has also become a universal
standard. As a result, WiFi components are now on a
rapid cost reduction curve as volumes increase. And it
is widely distributed and used in many different parts of
the world[4].
WiFi is the term used to describe a class of
certified wireless networking products conforming to an
industry standard designated by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as
“802.11b”, it is a new technology that is preferred for
wireless local area networking in both business and
home environments.
Wireless local area networks enable network users
with laptops or devices equipped with wireless network
interface cards to remain constantly interconnected
while roaming within the range of a base station. Fixed
access points can also be interconnected with wide area
networks, such as the Internet or intra-corporate local
area networks. WiFi is being deployed in public places
to create what is called hotspots, where WiFi capable
users can obtain broadband Internet access[5].
WiFi could be a major future market opportunity.
But, in order to take advantage of it, several key
challenges both business related and technical must be
overcome. These challenges and solutions approaches
are discussed in this study, with respect to
J. Computer Sci., 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
14
BATELCO[6]the dominant telecommunications
company in Bahrain.
What is WiFi?: WiFi is the popular name for the
wireless Ethernet 802.11b standard for WLANs and it
reefers to the technology surrounding the radio
transmission of the Internet protocol data from an
Internet connection wirelessly to a host computer. Most
often the Internet connection is a higher speed one such
as satellite, DSL or cable rather than slower dial-up
connections. It is essentially a wireless connection
between your computer and the Internet connection
(E.g. DSL router or cable modem) in your house[4].
'Wireless Fidelity' WiFi refers to an over-the-air
connection with a wireless client and a base between
two wireless clients[7]. WiFi, is freedom: it allows you
to connect without wires to the Internet from your
couch at home, a bed in a hotel room or a conference
room at work. WiFi is a wireless technology like a cell
phone. WiFi enables computers to send and receive
data indoors and outdoor; anywhere within the range of
a base station. The best thing of all, it is fast. In fact, it's
several times faster than the fastest cable modem
connection.
The drivers and nature of today's WiFi:
Many drivers had evolved over the years that made
online banking a must. This is the time for planning a
trial of local WiFi service, at a major shopping mall and
a number of hotel lobbies, as an alternative to rolling
out a 3G network. The plan is based on urban layout
and social behavior. In short, the people like to ‘cluster’
in public places such as shopping malls, coffee houses
and hotels - prime locations for WiFi ennoblement. As
in Bahrain, BATELCO’s Head of Corporate Affairs,
explained:
“Bahrainis do not need the kind of on-the-move
service that 3G is designed to offer. The Kingdom has
minimal public transport because it has a ‘car culture’ -
so no demand exists there for 3G. I don’t see a need for
3G in the home because people will want to use larger-
screen PCs to access the ‘net. It’s too hot here to sit on
the beach and surf the ‘net - so that leaves the shopping
malls, coffee shops and hotel lobbies, which we can
enable with faster WiFi technology. In addition,
Bahrain has a high proportion of youngsters' technology
users who will be eager to use this kind of service and
Bahrain, is a real winner here” [6].
You will find as of now and the upcoming future,
that more and more large businesses are using WiFi
certified products. In stores throughout the mall, WiFi
LAN technology is expanding its use with WiFi
certified computers, employees can use for easy access
in communicating with other employees online.
WiFi-industry growth: The President and CEO of
CTIA has argued that wireless data is advancing at a
particularly swift clip, as more companies introduce
more features for consumers and business users alike.
From ring tones to picture phones, from text messaging
to hi-speed wireless Web browsing, wireless data is
making waves in both the consumer and business
marketplaces. Total Service Revenues Rise Nearly 13%
- U.S. Carriers earned service revenues of $41.4 Billion
in the first six months of 2003, up from $36.7 billion in
the first six months of 2002[8].
The future of WiFi: Another interesting aspect of
WiFi maybe the question of what is the future of WiFi?
Levkowetz[9] has argued that in today’s vast growing
world of telecommunications many new products;
software and hardware tools are being developed.
Computer engineers are working around the clock just
to come up with new ideas that may be accomplished.
Until now, with wireless networking the simplicity of
placing a computerized device within an access point
will allow people to connect to the cyber world.
Consequently, the development process is continuing
until a certain standard is reached. Even though there is
a wide acceptance regarding WiFi, people will still be
concerned will things like security and cost.
Whenever, a new technology is being sold in the
market several buyers thrive to purchase it regardless of
its price. But, the problem arises when a certain defect
might be seen within the product. That is why people
are very demanding they do not want a flawless product
to operate with and in situations like this, manufacturers
will strive to produce a product that meets their needs.
On the other hand, Lyman[10] has emphasized on the
concern of security and complexity of WiFi. In
response to concerns over complexity and security,
wireless industry experts promised new standards that
should begin appearing in products throughout next
year.
Advantages of WIFI: Another advantage of WiFi
network is that the availability of WiFi products in the
market has increased oven the last three years. Many
companies strive to ensure that users get the most
updated software and hardware equipment in order to
allow them to access a WiFi network. Due to the wide
availability of products in the market the issue of
pricing plays a significant role here. Apparently market
forces are a major determinant of the prices available
on products today. Also, taking into account mobility is
an advantageous aspect of a WiFi network. People will
be able to move about the given hotspot without loosing
the network connection of WiFi[11].
Disadvantages of WIFI: Disadvantage or constraint is
placement. When using a WiFi network the frequency
specification used is 802.11b, which is the same
frequency that many cellular phones, blue tooth,
microwave ovens operate on. So it is in the hands of the
WiFi users to choose an access point that is not close to
the one of the devices mentioned, because an
interruption will occur and this may cause a loss of
J. Computer Sci., 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
15
signal or it may deteriorate the connection[12].
BATELCO is launching the service coinciding
with the arrival of thousands of visitors to the country
for the Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix and initial base
station installations reflect the Formula One crowd. The
airport, Costa Coffee shops in Seef and Adliya, Al A’ali
Mall food-court and the Crown Plaza and Gulf Hotel
lounges will be the first to offer BATELCO WiFi
services. From April onwards, the service will be rolled
out to additional locations all over the country[13]. WiFi
is becoming popular in many homes and offices
throughout Bahrain and by adding a broad range of
publicly located base stations; BATELCO is tapping
into a demonstrated need amongst customers.
HYPOTHESIS AND METHODOLGY
The research hypothesis: A hypothesis can be defined
as a logical supposition, a reasonable guess or an
educated conjecture. Furthermore, it can provide a
tentative explanation for a phenomenon under
investigation and it could involve a prediction that may
or may not be borne out in the data. It should be noticed
that hypothesis never proved or disproved, either
supported or not supported by the data and over time as
particular hypothesis are supported by a growing body
of data, they evolve into theories.
Hypothesis: Low connection speed will no longer be
an issue with WiFi as there is a more dedicated speed
with WiFi.
The research methodology: Both face-to-face
interviews and questionnaire were used. Face-to-face
interviews encourage potential participant and gain
their co-operation thus yielding the highest response
rate in a survey research. They also allow the
respondent to ask about any ambiguous questions and
in the same time allow the researcher to seek follow up
information. Interviews were conducted with selected
representatives.
Based on the objectives and the hypothesis, the
questions were set in the questionnaire in order to test
them and ultimately to confirm or disconfirm the
proposed hypothesis, i.e. the questionnaire will reflect
the research hypothesis in a direct way as a method for
testing it along with the objective.
The researcher chose a mixture of both qualitative
and quantitative method techniques in order to conduct
information about our research topic. We choose this
approach to help us monitor and examine the arrival of
this new wireless technology, which is called WiFi and
to solve its optical and to examine if this technology
will be beneficiary to open new investments in Bahrain
and increase the success of old investments.
Fifty copies of the questionnaire were distributed to
target the users that will use this technology and how
can this increase the efficiency of their work.
The chi square test and correlations tests were used
in order to test the research hypothesis. These statistical
tests were conducted using the SPSS statistical
software, which is specialized software that facilitates
the analysis of any research findings.
The sources of data: In general, the sources of
evidence used in this research are documents and direct
questionnaire. The questionnaire audiences are
residential end users, business men and women, hotel
and coffee shop management as well as some
BATELCO staff. The data has been collected from
documents, search engines, books and BATELCO's
official website.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of customer perception: The majority of our
samples were males representing 58.1%.
Table 1: Respondents Learned about WiFi
Where Did you Hear about WIFI Sample
Internet 48.4%
Friends 7%
Newspaper & Magazines 7%
No Answer 18.6%
Other Resources 18.6%
Table 2: Usage of WiFi
Used WIFI Sample
Yes 48.8%
No 32.6%
No Answer 18.6%
Table 3: Frequently use of WiFi
Frequently use of WIFI Sample
Daily 11.6%
Weekly 7%
Monthly 7%
Occasionally 23.3%
Others 23.3%
Did not answer 48.8%
Table 4: Reasonsp people use WiFi
Reasons People use WIFI Sample
Low Cost 16.4%
Stable Connectivity 7%
Higher Speed 2.3%
More Convenient 20.9%
Time Consuming 2.3%
Others 2.3%
Did Not Answer 48.8%
Table 5: Disadvantages of WiFi
Disadvantage of WIFI Sample
Lack of Awareness 46.5%
Security Issues 20.9%
Resistance to Change 11.6%
Service is not provided yet by ISP 8.15%
Service is not convenient yet all Place 8.15%
Others 4.7%
J. Computer Sci., 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
16
Table 6: Scale of WiFi Factors
WiFi Factors Strongly
agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Disagree
1. Speed
WiFi is faster as compared to traditional cable internet 39.5% 20.9% 12.8% 14% 12.8%
2. Cost
WiFi is cheaper as compared to traditional cable internet 39.5% 20.9% 18.6% 14% 7%
3. Stable Connectivity
WiFi provides a more stable connection than other
technologies.
30.2% 27.9% 25.6% 14.5% 2.3%
4. Convenient
WiFi is more convenient than other technologies
34.9% 44.2% 11.6% 9.3% 0%
5. Time Saving
WiFi saves users time 39.5% 32.5% 18.6% 4.7% 4.7%
6. Security
Security issues of WiFi acts as a barrier to adopting the
technology
53.5% 20.9% 11.6% 9.3% 4.7%
Most of the respondents were between the age of
20 and 30 years of age. 58.1% of the respondents were
employed and 74.4% of our samples were familiar with
the wireless technology. About 81.4% of our sample
heard about WIFI and most of them used it. We found
out that 46.5% of the major reason running away from
using WIFI is the lack of awareness.
When the respondents were asked from where did
they hear about WiFi? Table 1 show that the majority
48.4% learned about WiFi from the Internet.
As illustrated in Table 2 more than 50% of
respondents never used the WiFi or did not respond to
this question.
When the respondents were asked how frequently
they use the WiFi? From those who used the WiFi
23.3% used the service occasionally (Table 3).
When the respondents were asked what are the
reasons that would people use WiFi over other Internet
connections? As Table 4 illustrates that the majority
20.9% said that because it is more convenient.
When the respondents were asked in their opinion,
what are the reasons that would push people away from
using WiFi technology? As it is illustrated in Table 5,
the majority of the respondents agreed that the major
disadvantage of WiFi is the lack of awareness.
In the Table 6 the questions are divided into six
Factors concerning speed, cost, stable connectivity,
convince, time saving and security issues associated to
WiFi. Most of the respondents strongly agree that the
security has the highest rate of important, while Speed,
Cost and Time Saving are give the same rate 39.5%,
follows by Convenient than Stable Connectivity 30.2%.
The majority of respondents ranked Security
number 1, Speed number 2, Cost number 3, Time
Saving number 4, Convenient number 5 and Stable
connectivity number 6 when they were asked to rank
the factors. Table 7 illustrates the Factors ranking
according to the respondent's level of agreement.
The majority of respondents’ reaction to the set of
questions that deal with speed, cost effectiveness, fast
Table 7: Factors Ranking
Rank Factor
1 Security
2 Speed
3 Cost
4 Time Saving
5 Convenient
6 Stable connectivity
Table 8: Level of agreement on world word usage of WiFi
WiFi used Worldwide Sample
Strongly agree 23.3%
Agree 60.4%
Neither 4.7%
Disagree 11.65
Strongly Disagree 0%
Table 9: Lack of Awareness
WIFI Lack of Awareness Sample
Strongly agree 48.8%
Agree 44.2%
Neither 4.7%
Disagree 0%
Strongly Disagree 2.3%
Table 10: Popularity of WiFi in the near future
WIFI Future Sample
Strongly agree 46.5%
Agree 41.5%
Neither 4.7%
Disagree 4.7%
Strongly Disagree 2.3%
connection, speeds convenience and security issues
about WiFi tend to strongly agree to agree (Table 6). In
addition 60.4% (Table 8) of them agreed that WiFi
technology is world wide used and 48.4% strongly
agreed (Table 9) the WiFi technology faces lack of
user's awareness. Therefore, our samples of respondents
seem to be familiar with WiFi and use it depending on
the availability of the service in the specific areas
"hotspots" that the ISP located.
Finally, Table 10 illustrates that popularity the
WiFi will gain in the near future. The majority 88% of
the respondents agree to strongly agree that the WiFi
J. Computer Sci., 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
17
Table 11: The result of hotel questionnaire
Questions Name of hotels
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sheraton Movenpick Novotel Gulf hotel Crowne plaza Diplomat Ritz Carlton Regency Helton
Do they N N N N N N N N N
have WiFi?
Intereste in N N Y Y Y Y Y Y No
Batelco Wifi? Answer
Had a demo? No N Y N Y Y Y N No
Answer Answer
Received y y y y No No Y N Y
quotation? Answer Answer
Interested in Y N Y Y Y No Y Y No
a presentation? Answer Answer
Type of ADSL/ ADSL 900400 ADSL/ 900400 ADSL ADSL/ ADSL/ No
Internet used? 900400 900400 900400 900400 Answer
Have internet N Y N N N Y N N No
billing system? Answer
Hotel billing Fedelio Fedelio Fedelio Land Fedelio Fedelio Fedelio Fedelio Fedelio
System Mark
Wiring 4 wire CAT CAT5 CAT5 CAT5 CAT6 4 wire CAT5 No
structure (TP) 5/6 (TP) Answer
will play a very important function in our daily life in
the near future.
Analysis of the hotel questionnaires: Table 11
shows that at the time of the survey all 9 hotels that
were involved in the questionnaire don’t have WiFi
Technology, they were interested in WiFi
provider which is BATELCO and most of
them had a demo version of WiFi. Most of
them were happy and asked for a seminar or
workshop that explains WiFi in depth details,
because they have an Internet billing system and
Hotel billing system, so it will be good opportunity
for those systems to be organized.
Table 11 shows the result of the simple
questionnaire that was distributed among the five-star
hotels in Bahrain, it’s a simple questionnaire that
examine their ability to be informed about WiFi
technology in depth, in addition of the Internet type
they use ,and their wiring system existed there.
Based on the findings, there are not any hotel has
WiFi technology, but four of them have a demo
version (44.4%).however, five of the hotels are
interested in WiFi (55.6%) and six of them received a
WiFi’s quotation from different suppliers (66.7%),
same of them were interested in a presentation to
improve their awareness about WiFi.
According to the type of the Internet they used,
we figure out that, six of them used Speednet
(66.7%), while the other used 900400(33.3%). In
addition, just two of them have an Internet Billing
System (22.2%),all of them used a Hotel Billing
System , eight of hotels used fedelio System, while
the remain used a Landmark System (11.1%).
Finally, six of the hotels used Cat5 (66.7%) and the
rest used Four-Wire (33.3%).
CONCULSION
The minimal cost of implementing Wireless
LAN will ensure that far more users will have
wireless enabled laptops than previously envisaged.
Intel has already predicted that by the end of 2003
most of all new laptops will employ the new Banias
chip and all new laptops will include wireless LAN.
These figures may be high, but still anticipate a rapid
growth of WiFi over the coming few months.
The Wireless LAN (WLAN) industry is also
growing rapidly due to lower priced WiFi stations
and a rapid standardization of the WiFi technology.
Dual band protocols (3G and WiFi) and development
of the technology are expected to act as catalysts for
growth in the wireless market for the years to come.
WLAN services are beginning to appear to
consumers in the form of WLAN services in coffee
shops or other public premises and are becoming
commonplace in applications such as trading floors,
supermarkets, airports, hotels and are increasingly
being used in office environments. Meanwhile the
number of vendors keeps increasing, the technology
keeps getting better and less expensive and with the
recently completed IEEE 802.11 standard,
interoperability between vendors is becoming less of
an issue. Moreover, convenient form factors such as
PC Cards are becoming common. It is easy to use and
deploy WLANs and the cost is effective compared to
wire LANs, which have many indirect and hidden
costs associated with installation and
reconfigurations.
There are many factors to be considered when
deploying a wireless network. The proliferation of
Access Point’s has reached the point of requiring
coordination and standardization to ensure full
utilization of the technology. It’s in the best interest
of the enterprise to adopt a single IEEE 802.11
standard to ensure ubiquitous access for registered
and authenticated wireless users. The single standard
will also minimize overhead and expenditures that
are normally associated with enterprises without
technology standardization.
J. Computer Sci., 2 (1): 13-18, 2006
18
Security requirements vary depending on the
amount of network traffic and the level of secrecy
required for the information being exchanged and the
applications being used. While professional users
typically require enterprise-quality security to allow
secure conduct of confidential business, the security
requirements of casual low-volume home users, using
their network to print or share files, surf the Internet
or exchange email with friends and family, tend to be
less stringent. WiFi Protected Access is designed to
meet these different requirements by running in two
different modes – enterprise and home mode. The
password kicks off the encryption process, which in
WiFi Protected Access is called Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol (TKIP). It then regularly changes
and rotates the encryption keys so that the same
encryption key is never used twice.
Finally as far as computers are concerned, the
only form of total security is a computer locked in a
room with no cables in or out. In all aspects of
computing, security will always be an issue as
hackers are usually one step ahead of the business
world. Thus, as with everything, you have to balance
security with how valuable you think the data is
which you are protecting. The more security you use,
the more expensive it is and the more inconvenience
to your users. There are mainly different types of
hackers that will try to hack your wireless network;
all of them have one common goal such as the war
drivers who are mainly just out for free Internet, or
the more intelligent hacker who views your network
as a potential target.
REFERENCES
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