In vitro antioxidant activity of Avicennia marina (Forssk) Vierh pneumatophore (Avicenniaceae)

Abstract

Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of the pneumatophore of Avicennia marina have been tested using various antioxidant model systems viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS. Ethyl acetate extracts of the pneumatophore showed strong DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity where as ethanol and methanol extract showed strong superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity respectively. The IC 50 values in all models viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity of methanol extract of pneumatophore of A.marina were found to be 13.24, 19.74, 24.64 and 27.96 µg/ml respectively at 1 µg/ml concentration. This study indicates significant free radical scavenging potential of the pneumatophore of A.marina which can be exploited for the treatment of various free radical mediated diseases. INTRODUCTION Antioxidants are important in the prevention of human diseases. Naturally occurring antioxidants in leafy vegetables and seeds, such as ascorbic acid, vitamin E and phenolic compounds, possess the ability to reduce the oxidative damage associated with many diseases, inducing cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, artherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, immune deficiency diseases and aging (Basniwal et al., 2009). Antioxidant means 'Against oxidation' which work to protect lipids from peroxidation by free radicals. Oxidants can damage cells and food substance by starting chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation or by oxidizing DNA or Proteins (Jenecius et al., 2012). Bioactive compounds derived from the plant kingdom have been successfully used to reduce lipid oxidation in food industry products (Dolai et al., 2012; Bernatoniene et al., 2011). Organisms have also evolved complex mechanisms via antioxidants metabolites and enzymes met work in concert to prevent oxidative damage (Sharmila Jose and Radhamani., 2012) . These antioxidants are capable of inhibiting the oxidation of biomolecules by removing free radical intermediates and inhibiting other oxidation reactions. Antioxidants could also interrupt peroxidation by donating hydrogen atom rapidly to a lipid radical, forming a new radical, more stable than the initial one oxidative stress occurs when there are low levels of antioxidants or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes resulting in cell damage or cell death(Awah et al., 2012). Several commercially available synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are currently in use but their possible toxic properties for human health and environment are inevitable (Harini et al., 2012). Hence the development of alternative antioxidants from natural origin is the need of the hour. Therefore, it is important to assess antioxidant activity of the plants used in the herbal medicine either to elucidate the mechanism of their pharmacological action or to provide information on antioxidant activity of these herbal plants (Molan et al., 2012) Mangroves are biochemically unique, producing a wide array of novel natural products. Substances in mangroves have long been used in folk medicine to treat diseases. Mangrove and mangrove associates contain biologically active antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal, antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective activities (Ravikumar and Gnanadesigan., 2011; Gnanadesigan et al., 2011).

Full text

http://jsrr.in
106
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Science Research Reporter, 3(2):106-114, Oct. 2013 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)
In vitro antioxidant activity of Avicennia marina (Forssk) Vierh pneumatophore (Avicenniaceae)
M Packia Lincy, K Paulpriya, V R Mohan
Ethnopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Botany,
V. O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu.
vrmohanvoc@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of
the pneumatophore of Avicennia marina have been tested using various antioxidant model
systems viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS. Ethyl acetate extracts of the pneumatophore
showed strong DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity where as ethanol and methanol
extract showed strong superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity respectively. The
IC50 values in all models viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging
activity of methanol extract of pneumatophore of A.marina were found to be 13.24, 19.74, 24.64
and 27.96 µg/ml respectively at 1 µg/ml concentration. This study indicates significant free radical
scavenging potential of the pneumatophore of A.marina which can be exploited for the treatment
of various free radical mediated diseases.
Keywords: Mangrove, Avicennia marina, flavonoid, ABTS, reducing powder
INTRODUCTION
Antioxidants are important in the
prevention of human diseases. Naturally occurring
antioxidants in leafy vegetables and seeds, such as
ascorbic acid, vitamin E and phenolic compounds,
possess the ability to reduce the oxidative damage
associated with many diseases, inducing cancer,
cardiovascular disease, cataracts, artherosclerosis,
diabetes, arthritis, immune deficiency diseases and
aging (Basniwal et al., 2009). Antioxidant means
‘Against oxidation’ which work to protect lipids
from peroxidation by free radicals. Oxidants can
damage cells and food substance by starting chain
reactions such as lipid peroxidation or by oxidizing
DNA or Proteins (Jenecius et al., 2012). Bioactive
compounds derived from the plant kingdom have
been successfully used to reduce lipid oxidation in
food industry products (Dolai et al., 2012;
Bernatoniene et al., 2011). Organisms have also
evolved complex mechanisms via antioxidants
metabolites and enzymes met work in concert to
prevent oxidative damage (Sharmila Jose and
Radhamani., 2012) . These antioxidants are capable
of inhibiting the oxidation of biomolecules by
removing free radical intermediates and inhibiting
other oxidation reactions. Antioxidants could also
interrupt peroxidation by donating hydrogen atom
rapidly to a lipid radical, forming a new radical,
more stable than the initial one oxidative stress
occurs when there are low levels of antioxidants or
inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes resulting in
cell damage or cell death(Awah et al., 2012).
Several commercially available synthetic
antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole,
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-
butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are currently in use but
their possible toxic properties for human health
and environment are inevitable (Harini et al.,
2012). Hence the development of alternative
antioxidants from natural origin is the need of the
hour. Therefore, it is important to assess
antioxidant activity of the plants used in the herbal
medicine either to elucidate the mechanism of
their pharmacological action or to provide
information on antioxidant activity of these herbal
plants (Molan et al., 2012) Mangroves are
biochemically unique, producing a wide array of
novel natural products. Substances in mangroves
have long been used in folk medicine to treat
diseases. Mangrove and mangrove associates
contain biologically active antiviral, antibacterial
and antifungal, antiplasmodial and
hepatoprotective activities (Ravikumar and
Gnanadesigan., 2011; Gnanadesigan et al., 2011).

http://jsrr.in
107
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
M Packia Lincy et al.,
They provide a rich source of steroids, triterpenes,
saponins, flavanoids, alkaloids and tannins
(Kanchanapoom et al., 2001; Subasree et al., 2010;
Xu et al., 2004; Ravikumar et al., 2010). But, the
studies related with in vitro antioxidant activity
from mangrove plants are too limited. Therefore
the main objective of the study is to screen in vitro
antioxidant activity of the different solvent extracts
of A. marina pneumatophore. A. marina (Forssk)
Vierh is commonly known as grey mangrove,
belonging to Avicenniaceae family.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The pneumatophore of A. marina was
collected from Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar,
Tamil Nadu. The collected samples were cut into
small fragments and shade dried until the fracture
is uniform and smooth. The dried plant material
was granulated or powdered by using a blender
and sieved to get uniform particles by using sieve
No. 60. The final uniform powder was used for the
extraction of active constituents of the plant
material.
PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT
Freshly collected pneumatophore samples
of A. marina were dried in shade and then coarsely
powdered separately in a willy mill. The coarse
powder (100g) was extracted successively with
petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol
and ethanol, each 250 ml in a Soxhlet apparatus for
24 hrs. All the extracts were filtered though
Whatman No.41 filters paper. All the extracts were
concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated extracts were used for in vitro
antioxidant activity. The methanol extract was used
for the estimation of total phenolics and
flavonoids.
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT
Total phenolic content was estimated using
the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Lachman et al., 2000).
Samples (100µL) were mixed thoroughly with 2 mL
of 2% Na2CO3. After 2 min. 100 µL of Folin-
Ciocalteu reagent was added to the mixture. The
resulting mixture was allowed to stand at room
temperature for 30 min and the absorbance was
measured at 743 nm against a blank. Total phenolic
content was expressed as gram of gallic equivalents
per 100 gram of dry weight (g 100g-1DW) of the
plant samples.
ESTIMATION OF FLAVONOIDS
The flavonoids content was determined
according to Eom et al (2007). An aliquot of 0.5ml
of sample (1mg/mL) was mixed with 0.1ml of 10%
aluminium chloride and 0.1ml of potassium acetate
(1M). In this mixture, 4.3ml of 80% methanol was
added to make 5mL volume. This mixture was
vortexed and the absorbance was measured
spectrophotometrically at 415nm. The value of
optical density was used to calculate the total
flavonoid content present in the sample.
DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
The DPPH is a stable free radical and is
widely used to assess the radical scavenging
activity of antioxidant component. This method is
based on the reduction of DPPH in methanol
solution in the presence of a hydrogen donating
antioxidant due to the formation of the non radical
form DPPH-H (Shen et al., 2010).
The free radical scavenging activity of all
the extracts was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-
picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) according to the previously
reported method (Shen et al., 2010). Briefly, an
0.1mM solution of DPPH in methanol was
prepared, and 1mL of this solution was added to 3
ml of the solution of all extracts in methanol at
different concentration (50,100,200,400 &
800μg/mL).The mixtures were shaken vigorously
and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30
minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at
517 nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer
(Genesys 10S UV: Thermo electron corporation).
Ascorbic acid was used as the reference. Lower
absorbance values of reaction mixture indicate
higher free radical scavenging activity. The
capability to scavenging the DPPH radical was
calculated by using the following formula.
DPPH scavenging effect (% inhibition) = {(A0 –
A1)/A0)*100}
Where, A0 is the absorbance of the control
reaction, and A1 is the absorbance in presence of
all of the extract samples and reference. All the
tests were performed in triplicates and the results
were averaged
HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
The scavenging capacity for hydroxyl radical was
measured according to the modified method of
Halliwell (1987).
,

http://jsrr.in
108
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Science Research Reporter, 3(2): 106-114, Oct. 2013 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)
Stock solutions of EDTA (1mM), FeCl3
(10mM), Ascorbic Acid (1mM), H2O2 (10mM) and
Deoxyribose (10 mM), were prepared in distilled
deionized water. The assay was performed by
adding 0.1mL EDTA , 0.01mL of FeCl3,0.1mL H2O2,
0.36mL of deoxyribose 1.0mL of the extract of
different concentration (50,100,200,400
&800μg/mL)dissolved in distilled water,0.33mL of
phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 7.9), 0.1mL of
ascorbic acid in sequence . The mixture was then
incubated at 370C for 1 hour. 1.0mL portion of the
incubated mixture was mixed with 1.0mL of
10%TCA and 1.0mL of 0.5% TBA (in 0.025M NaOH
containing 0.025% BHA) to develop the pink
chromogen measured at 532nm. The percentage
inhibition was calculated by comparing the results
of the test with those of the control using the
above formula.
SUPEROXIDE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
The superoxide anion scavenging activity
was measured as described by Srinivasan et al
(2007). The superoxide anion radicals were
generated in 3.0 ml of Tris – HCL buffer (16 mM, PH
8.0), containing 0.5 mL of NBT (0.3mM), 0.5 ml
NADH (0.936mM) solution, 1.0 mL extract of
different concentration (50,100,200,400 &
800μg/mL), and 0.5 mL Tris – HCl buffer (16mM, PH
8.0). The reaction was started by adding 0.5 mL
PMS solution (0.12mM) to the mixture, incubated
at 25oC for 5 min and the absorbance was
measured at 560 nm against a blank sample,
ascorbic acid. The percentage inhibition was
calculated by comparing the results of the test with
those of the control using the above formula
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY BY RADICAL CATION
(ABTS. +)
ABTS assay was based on the slightly
modified method of Huang et al (2011). ABTS
radical cation (ABTS+) was produced by reacting
7mM ABTS solution with 2.45 mM potassium
persulphate and allowing the mixture to stand in
the dark at room temperature for 12-16 h before
use. The ABTS + Solution were diluted with ethanol
to an absorbance of 0.70+0.02 at 734 nm. After
addition of 100μL of sample or trolox standard to
3.9 mL of diluted ABTS+ solution, absorbance was
measured at 734 nm by Genesys 10S UV-VIS
(Thermo scientific) exactly after 6 minutes. Results
were expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant
capacity (TEAC). The percentage inhibition was
calculated by comparing the results of the test with
those of the control using the above formula.
REDUCING POWER
The reducing power of the extract was
determined by the method of Kumar and
Hemalatha (2011). 1.0 mL of solution containing
50,100,200,400 &800μg/mL of extract was mixed
with sodium phosphate buffer (5.0 mL, 0.2 M,
pH6.6) and potassium ferricyanide (5.0 mL, 1.0%):
The mixture was incubated at 50oC for 20 minutes.
Then 5mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid was added
and centrifuged at 980 g (10 minutes at 5oC) in a
refrigerator centrifuge. The upper layer of the
solution (5.0 mL) was diluted with 5.0 mL of
distilled water and ferric chloride and absorbance
read at 700 nm. The experiment was performed
thrice and results were averaged.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Antioxidant activities like DPPH radical
scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity, superoxide radical activity, ABTS radical
cation scavenging activity and reducing powers
were estimated in triplicate determinations. Data
were analyzed using the statistical analysis system
SPSS (SPSS software for windows release 17.5; SPSS
Inc., Chicago IL, USA) Estimates of mean, standard
error for aforesaid parameters were calculated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND TOTAL
FLAVONOID CONTENT
In the present study, total phenolic content
and total flavonoid content of the methanol extract
of A. marina stem was found to be 0.81 g 100g-1
and 0.74 g 100g-1respectively. Phenolic compounds
are known for their high antioxidant power. This
feature has been attributed to their capacity of
reducing oxides, which play an important role in
the adsorption or neutralization of free radicals
(Sulaiman et al., 2011). Phenolic compounds and
flavonoids have been reported to be associated
with antioxidative action in biological systems,
activity as scavenger of singlet oxygen and free
radicals (Akter and Jaharyir, 2008). Flavonoids are
suggested to have many functions like flowers,
fruits and seed pigmentation, protection against
UV light; defense against phytopathogens
(Pathogenic microorganisms, insects, and animals);
role in plant fertility and germination of pollen and;
acting as signal molecules in plant microbe
interactions (Olsen et al., 2010).

http://jsrr.in
109
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
M Packia Lincy et al.,
Flavonoids are one of the most bioactive
plant secondary metabolites. Most flavonoids
outperform well known antioxidants, such as
ascorbate (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E),
in in vitro antioxidant assays because of their
strong capacity to donate electrons or hydrogen
atoms. (Hernandez et al., 2009). Flavonoids serve
as ROS scavengers by locating and neutralizing
radicals before they damage the cell thus
important for plants under adverse environmental
conditions (Levdal et al., 2010). Flavonoids function
by virtue of the number of arrangement of their
hydroxyl groups attach to ring structures. Their
ability to act as antioxidants depends on the
reduction potentials of their radicals and
accessibility of the radicals. Flavonoids and other
phenolic compounds absorb UV light, and plants
able to synthesize these compounds were more
tolerant to high UV irradiation than mutants
impaired in the flavonoid pathway (Cle et al.,
2008).
DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
Free radicals are chemical species
containing one or more unpaired electrons that
makes them highly unstable and cause damage to
other molecules by extracting electrons from them
in order to attain stability (Matkowski et al., 2008).
Free radicals contribute to more than one hundred
disorders in humans including atherosclerosis,
arthritis, ischemia and reperfusion injury of many
tissues, central nervous system, injury, gastritis,
cancer and AIDS (Ali et al., 2008). In recent years
much attention has been devoted to natural
antioxidant and their association with health
benefits (Matkowski et al., 2008).
There are several methods available to
assess antioxidant activity of compounds. DPPH
free radical scavenging assay is an easy, rapid and
sensitive method for the antioxidant screening of
plant extracts. In presence of an antioxidant, DPPH
radical obtain one more electron and the
absorbance decreases (Sudhanshu et al., 2012).
The effect of petroleum ether, benzene,
ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of
A.marina pneumatophore and standard ascorbic
acid on DPPH radical scavenging activity were
compared and shown in Figure 1. In the present
study, the percentage of scavenging effect on the
DPPH radical was concomitantly increased with an
increase in the concentration of A. marina
pneumatophore extracts from 50-800 µg/ml and
ascorbic acid. At 800µg/mL concentration of
benzene, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of A.
marina pneumatophore possessed 93.84%, 96.25%
and 74.55 % scavenging activity on DPPH
respectively. All the concentration of A. marina
pneumatophore extracts showed higher activity
except petroleum ether and methanol extracts
than the standard ascorbic acid. The scavenging
ability decreased in the order of ethyl acetate
>benzene >ethanol >methanol>petroleum ether
respectively. Among the tested extracts, ethyl
acetate extracts of A.marina pneumatophore
exhibited maximum DPPH radical scavenging
activity. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid was
19.38µg/ml whereas ethyl acetate extract was
found to be 21.22µg/ml.
HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity is
measured as the percentage of inhibition of
hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fenton’s
reaction mixture by studying the competition
between deoxyribose and extract of hydrogen
radicals generated from Fe3+/EDTA/H2O2 systems.
The hydroxyl radicals attack deoxyribose which
eventually results in TBARS formation (Abirami et
al., 2012).
The effect of petroleum ether, benzene,
ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extract of A.
marina pneumatophore and standard ascorbic acid
on hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were
compared and shown in Figure 2. The scavenging
effect increases with the concentration of standard
and samples. At 800µg/mL concentration of ethyl
acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of A.
marina pneumatophore showed 77.33%, 69.12%
and 65.84% scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical
respectively. All the concentration of A. marina
pneumatophore extracts showed higher activity
except petroleum ether and benzene extracts than
the standard ascorbic acid. Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity of extracts were in following
order ethyl acetate> methanol> ethanol>
petroleum ether>benzene. Among the tested
extracts of A.marina pneumatophore, ethyl acetate
extract showed the strongest hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity (77.33% at 800µg/ml) while
standard ascorbic acid showed 65.39% at 800
µg/ml radical scavenging activity. The IC50 value of
ascorbic acid was 21.39µg/ml where as methanol
extract was found to be 19.74µg/ml.

http://jsrr.in
110
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Science Research Reporter, 3(2): 106-114, Oct. 2013 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)
SUPEROXIDE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
Superoxide radical plays an important role
in plant tissues and it is involved in the formation
of other cell damaging free radicals.
The A. marina pneumatophore extracts
were subjected to be superoxide scavenging assay
and the results were shown in Figure 3. It indicates
that, ethanol methanol and benzene extract of A.
marina pneumatophore (800µg/mL) exhibited the
maximum superoxide radical scavenging activity of
92.54%, 89.33% and 84.26% respectively, which is
higher than the standard ascorbic acid whose
scavenging effect is 80.63%. Superoxide radical
scavenging activity of extracts were in following
order ethanol> methanol> benzene> ethyl acetate>
petroleum ether. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid
was 24.16µg/ml whereas ethanol extract was
found to be 28.4µg/ml. It is known that the
hydroxyl group of the phenolics contributes to
superoxide scavenging activity by their electron
donation (Samydurai et al.,2012).
ABTS RADICAL CATION SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
ABTS radical cation scavenging activity
decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic
and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids,
hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids and plasma
antioxidants. The preformed radical monocation of
2, 2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-alfonic
acid) (ABTS) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with
potassium persulfate and is reduced in the
presence of such hydrogen- donating antioxidants
(Vasanthi et al., 2012).
The effect of A. marina pneumatophore
extracts and standard trolox on ABTS radical cation
were compared and shown in Figure 4. The
scavenging effect increases with the concentration
of standard and samples. At 800µg/mL
concentration of methanol,ethanol, benzene, and
petroleum ether extracts of A. marina
pneumatophore possessed 93.24%, 86.28%,
65.18% and 54.80% scavenging activity on ABTS. All
the concentration of A. marina pneumatophore
extracts showed higher activity except ethyl
acetate extract than the standard trolox. ABTS
radical cation scavenging activity were in following
order methanol>ethanol>benzene>petroleum
ether>ethyl acetate. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid
was 20.16µg/ml whereas methanol extract was
found to be 27.96µg/ml. The scavenging activity of
ABTS radical by the plant extracts were found to be
appreciable; this implies that the plant extract may
be useful for treating radical related pathological
damage especially at higher concentration
(Karthika et al., 2012).
REDUCING POWER
The reducing power of A. marina
pneumatophore extracts was compared with the
standard ascorbic acid. The reducing power
increases with the increasing concentration. The
reducing power of the petroleum ether, benzene,
ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of A.
marina pneumatophore was shown in Figure 5. At
800µg/mL concentration of methanol and ethanol
extracts of A. marina pneumatophore showed
higher reducing power than the ascorbic acid. In
reducing power assay, the presence of antioxidants
in the sample reduced fe3+/ ferricyanide complex
to the ferrous form. This reducing capacity of
compounds could serve as an indicator of potential
antioxidant properties and increase in absorbance
could indicate an increase in reducing power
(Umamaheswari and Chatterjee., 2008; Aderegun
et al.,2009). Among the extracts, methanol extract
exhibited higher reducing power activity as
compared with ascorbic acids. (Paul priya and
Mohan., 2012; Tresina et al., 2012)
CONCLUSION:
On the basis of results, in this study, it can
be concluded that, all the extracts of A. marina
pneumatophore is cabable of scavenging a wide
range of free radicals. The extracts contain higher
quantities of total phenolics and flavonoids, which
exhibit antioxidant and free radical scavenging
activity. In vitro assay systems confirm A. marina
pneumatophore as natural antioxidants but it is
doubtful that specific compounds responsible for
antioxidant activity. Further in vivo assessment is
also needed to confirm antioxidant nature of
A.marina pneumatophore.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Dr.R.
Sampathraj, Honorary Director, Dr. Samsun Clinical
Research Laboratory, Thiruppur for providing
necessary facilities to carry out this work. The
second author, V.R.M. gratefully acknowledges and
expresses his sincere thanks to University Grants
Commission, New Delhi for providing financial
assistance to this Major Research Project (F39-
429/2010 (HRP)

http://jsrr.in
111
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
M Packia Lincy et al.,
Fig 1: DPPH radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Avicennia marina pneumatophore.
Fig 2: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Avicennia marina pneumatophore.
Fig 3: Superoxide radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Avicennia marina pneumatophore.

http://jsrr.in
112
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Science Research Reporter, 3(2): 106-114, Oct. 2013 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)
Fig 4: ABTS radical cation scavenging activity of different extracts of Avicennia marina pneumatophore.
Fig 5: Reducing power ability of different extracts of Avicennia marina pneumatophore.
LITERATURE CITED
Abirami B, Gayathri P, Uma D, 2012. In vivo antioxidant potential of Pterocarpus marsupium bark. Int. J.
Chem Pharmaceau Sci., 3:17-24.
Aderegun SA, Fajana A, Orabueze CI, Coeker AB, 2009. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Phaulopsis
farcirepla C.B. CI (Acanthaceae) e CAM., 6: 227-231.
Akter R, Jaharyir R, 2008. In vitro free radical scavenging activity of Ixora coecinea L. Bang J. Pharmocol., 3:
90-96.
Ali SS, Kasoju N, Lathra A, Singh A, Sharanabasva H, Sahu A, 2008. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of
antioxidants. Food Res Int., 41: 1-15.
Awah FM, Offor NN, Ndunaka AC, Okofor FU, Enyabine CO, 2012. Free radical scavenging activities and
phenolic contents of the species Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Helichrysum italicum (Curry leaf) and Laurus
nobilis (Bay leaf) extracts. J Pharmacy Res., 5: 2994-2998.

http://jsrr.in
113
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
M Packia Lincy et al.,
Basniwal PK, Suthar M, Rathore GS, Gupta R, Kumar V, Pareek A, Jain D, 2009. In vitro antioxidant activity
of hot aqueous extract of Helieteres isora Linn.fruits. Nat Prod Radi., 8: 483-487.
Bernatoniene J, Masteikova R, Davalgieno J, Pecinura R, Gauryliena R, Bernatoniene R, 2011. Tropical
application of Calendula officinalis (L.); Formulation and evaluation of hydrophilic cream with antioxidant
activity. J Med Plant Res., 5: 868-877.
Cle C, Gill LM, Niggeweg R, Martin CR, Guisez Y, Prineen E, Jansen MAK, 2008. Modulation of chlorogenic
acid biosynthsis in Solanum lycopersicum : consequences for phenolic accumulation and UV – tolerance.
Phytochem., 69: 2149-2156.
Dolai N, Karmakar I, Suresh Kumar RB, Kar B, Bala A, Halder PK, 2012. Free radical scavenging activity of
Castanopsis indica in mediating heptoprotective activity of carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Asian Pac
J Trop Biomed., 2: S243-S251.
Eom SH, Cheng WJ, Hyoung JP, Kim EH, Chung MI, Kim MJ, Yu C, Cho DH, 2007. Far infra red ray
irradiation stimulates antioxidant activity in Vitis flexuosa Thunb. Berries. Kor J Med Crop Sci., 15: 319-323.
Gnanadesigan M, Ravikumar S, Jacob Inbanesan S, 2011. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of
marine halophytes Luminetzera racemosa bark extract in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Asian Pac J. Trop.
Med., 1: 462-465.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Aruoma OI, 1987. The deoxyribose method: a simple test to be assay for
determination of rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals. Ana Biochem., 165: 215-219.
Harini R, Sindhu S, Sagadevan E, Arumugam P, 2012. Characterization of in vitro antioxidant potential of
Azadirachta indica and Abutilon indicum by different assay methods. J. Pharmacy Res., 5: 3227-3231.
Hernandez I, Chacon O, Rodriguez R, Portieles R, Lopez M, Pujol M, Borras- Hidalgo O, 2009. Black shank
resistant tobacco by silencing of glutathione S-transferase. Bioche Biophys Res Comm., 387: 300-304.
Huang MH, Huang SS, Wang BS, Sheu MJ, Hou WC, 2011. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of
Cardiospermum halicacabum and its reference compounds ex vivo and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol., 133:743-
750.
Jenecius AA, Uthayakumari F, Mohan VR, 2012. In vitro antioxidant of Sauropus bacciformis Blume
(Euphorbiaceae) Int Res J. Phar., 3: 256-259.
Kanchanapoom T, Kamel MS, Kasai R, Picheansoonthon C, Hiraga Y, Yamasaki K, 2001. Benzoxazinoid
glycosides from Acanthus ilicifolius. Phytochem., 58:637-640.
Karthika K, Paulsamy S, Jamuna S, 2012. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic leaf and
stem extracts of Solena amplexicaulis (Arm) Gandhi. J chem Pharmaceu Res., 4: 3254-3258.
Kumar RS, Hemalatha S, 2011. In vitro antioxidant activity of alcoholic leaf extract and subfractions of
Alangium lamarckii Thwaites. J Chem Pharm Res., 3: 259-267.
Lachman J, Hamouz K, Orsak M, Pivec V, 2000. Potato tubers as a significant source of antioxidant human
nutrition. Rostl Vyr., 46: 231-236.
Levdal T, Olsen KM, Slimestad R, Verheul M, Lillo C, 2010. Synergetic effects of nitrogen depletion
temperature and light on the context of phenolic compounds and expression in leaves of tomato.
Phytochem., 71: 605-613.
Matkowski A, Tasarz P, Szypula E, 2008. Antioxidant activity of herb extracts from five medicinal plants
from Lamiaceae, subfamily Lamioideae. J Med plant Res., 11, 321-330.
Molan AL, Faraj AM, Mahdy A, 2012. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of some medicinal plants
traditionally used in Northern Iraq. J Phytopharmacol., 2: 224-233.
Olsen KM, Hehn A, Jugde H, Slimestad R, Larbat R, Bourgaud F, Lillo C, 2010. Identification and
characterization of CYP75A31, a new flavonoid 3’5’-hydroxylase, isolated from Solanum lycopersicum BMC.
Plant Biol., doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-21.
Paulpriya K and Mohan V.R, 2012. In vitro antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Dioscorea
oppositifolia. Sci Res Reporter., 2: 239-245.
Ravikumar S, Gnanadesigan M, 2011. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of marine halophyte
Luminetzera racemosa bark extract in CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Asian Pac J. Trop. Biomed., 1: 348-352.
Ravikumar S, Gnanadesigan M, Sugantthi P, Ramalakshmi, 2010. Antibacterial potential of chosen
mangrove plants against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens. Int J. Med Sci., 2: 94-99.

http://jsrr.in
114
ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Science Research Reporter, 3(2): 106-114, Oct. 2013 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)
Samydurai P, Thangapandian V, 2012. Nutritional assessment, polypterosis evaluation and antioxidant
activity of food resource plant Decalepis hamiltonii Wight &Arn. J Appl Pharmaceu Sci ., 2: 106-110.
Sharmila Jose G, Radhamani PM, 2012. Identification and determination of antioxidant constitutions of
bioluminescent mushroom. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. S386-S391.
Shen Q, Zhang B, Xu R, Wang Y, Ding X, Li P, 2010. Antioxidant activity in vitro of selenium-contained
protein from the se-enriched. Bifodobacterium animalis 01. Anaerobe., 16: 380-386.
Srinivasan R, Chandrasekar MJN, Nanjan MJ, Suresh B, 2007. Antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia digyna
root. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113: 284-291.
Subasree M, Mala P, Uma maheshwari M, Jeya kumara M, Maheshwari K, Sevanthi T, Manikandan T,
2010. Screening of the antibacterial properties of Avicennia marina from Pitchavaram Mangroves. Int. J
Curr Res., 1: 16-19.
Sudhanshu, Nidhi Rao, Sandhya Mittal, Ekta Menghani, 2012. In vitro antioxidant activity and
phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of Cichorium intybus. Int J Chem Pharm Sci., 2:13-16.
Sulaiman SF, Yusoff NAM, Eldeen IM, Seaw EM, Sajak AAB, Suprianto OKL, 2011. Correlation between
total phenolic and mineral contents with antioxidant activity of eight Malaysian bananas (Musa sp). J Food
Compost Anal., 24: 1-10.
Tresina PS, Kala MJS, Mohan VR, 2012. HPTLC finger print analysis of phytocompounds and in vitro
antioxidant activity of Eugenia floccosa Bedd. Biosci. Discovery, 3:296-311.
Umamaheswari M, Chatterjee TK, 2008. In vitro antioxidant activities of the fractions of Coccinia grandis L.
leaf extract. Afri J Trad Comp Alter Med., 5: 61-73.
Vasanthi S, Sasikumar JM, Sangilimuthu AY, Venkatachalapathi S, Gopalakrishnan VK, 2012. In vitro
antioxidant activity of syzygium samarangense Merr. et prerr fruit extract. J Pharmacy Res., 5: 3426-3430.
Xu N, Fan X, Yan X, Li X, Niu R, Tseng CK, 2004. Antibacterial bromophenols from the marine red algae
Rhodomela conferoides. Phytochem., 62: 1221-1224.
How to Cite this Article:
Packia Lincy M, K Paulpriya, V R Mohan, 2013. In vitro antioxidant activity of Avicennia marina (Forssk)
Vierh pneumatophore (avicenniaceae). Sci. Res. Rept., 3(2):106-114.