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THE POSSIBILITY OF FIRE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS IN A ROAD TUNNEL
Abstract and Figures
The basic aim of this treatise is to research in-to relevant features of the control and manage-ment of fire event in a road tunnel. The simula-tion of 200 meters long cut out of the road tun-nel is performed with the computer code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), which basis on com-putational fluid dynamics. FDS is used to simu-late fire dynamics behavior at three different scenarios: natural ventilation, forced ventilation with axial ventilators and vertical smoke extrac-tion.
It is believed that the present research, the methodology applied and its findings should promote and improve safety and reliability of fire safety in road tunnels and to cope with the complex contemporary logistic demands of safe-ty and reliability in the transportation of passen-gers and goods.
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... Considering this the under pressure produced by the north suction ventilator should be found in advance [22] [23]. Applying again a pipe model described in chapter explicitly the under pressure of 1530 Pa is calculated, and used as a pressure boundary condition on the right side of the extraction channel. ...
The Karavanke tunnel forms an important link between Slovenia and Austria. The almost 8 km long tunnel is operated with bi-directional traffic and does not have dedicated escape routes. Moreover, the ventilation in case of fire does not satisfy requirements of the EU Directive 2004/54/EC that specifies the minimum requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road network. The paper present results of the research conducted regarding the possibility of upgrade the existing system in order to reach the required level of safety at lower costs possible. It is shown that with simple but novel adaptations of the ventilation system, a sizeable increase in the overall level of safety can be achieved. The methodology applied is a combination of a simple pipe model for tunnel ventilation and for detailed fluid dynamics analysis the computational fluid dynamics model is used. The existing ventilation system that in fire ventilation extracts smoke from a single duct is replaced with the smoke extraction from both ducts applying four axial fans. The analysis is focused on air/smoke flow through the vents and ducts and on pressure drops calculated over the length of the ventilation duct and its influence on the total flow. The change of the flow condition also has influence on ventilation fan operation point that is investigated in the paper as well.
A comprehensive discussion of heat transfer by thermal radiation is presented, including the radiative behavior of materials, radiation between surfaces, and gas radiation. Among the topics considered are property prediction by electromagnetic theory, the observed properties of solid materials, radiation in the presence of other modes of energy transfer, the equations of transfer for an absorbing-emitting gas, and radiative transfer in scattering and absorbing media. Also considered are radiation exchange between black isothermal surfaces, radiation exchange in enclosures composed of diffuse gray surfaces and in enclosures having some specularly reflecting surfaces, and radiation exchange between nondiffuse nongray surfaces. The use of the Monte Carlo technique in solving radiant-exchange problems and problems of radiative transfer through absorbing-emitting media is explained.
Two-dimensional upward flame spread and subsequent steady burning of a vertical PMMA surface was studied using CFD methodology. Both the turbulent combustion of the gas phase and the pyrolysis of the solid fuel were numerically simulated. The transpired wall function was used to calculate the convection heat transfer with the blowing effect considered. Radiation was considered by using the discrete transfer method. A fast narrowband computer model, FASTNB, which predicts the radiation properties of the combustion products in a general, non-isothermal and non-homogeneous combustion environment, was implemented for the solution of the radiation equation along every ray. An efficient, simple and practical pyrolysis model was adopted to describe the pyrolysis of the solid fuel. The sensitivity of the prediction to grid, time step interval and ray number was analyzed. The calculated flame spread velocity, heat fluxes, and the steady burning rate, etc. were analyzed and compared with experimental measurements. Good agreement was obtained.
In addition to the manner in which tunnels are furnished, improved control of the state of vehicles and the composition of their loads could have better safety standards in traffic tunnels. Joint efforts are imperative to arrive at enhanced and harmonised standards throughout Europe.
"Drysdale's book is by far the most comprehensive - everyone in the office has a copy...now including me. It holds just about everything you need to know about fire science." (Review of AnIntroduction to Fire Dynamics, 2nd Edition). After 25 years as a bestseller, Dougal Drysdale's classic introduction has been brought up-to-date and expanded to incorporate the latest research and experimental data. Essential reading for all involved in the field from undergraduate and postgraduate students to practising fire safety engineers and fire prevention officers, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics is unique in that it addresses the fundamentals of fire science and fire dynamics, thus providing the scientific background necessary for the development of fire safety engineering as a professional discipline. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. Includes experimental data relevant to the understanding of fire behaviour of materials; Features numerical problems with answers illustrating the quantitative applications of the concepts presented; Extensively course-tested at Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the University of Edinburgh, and widely adopted throughout the world; Will appeal to all those working in fire safety engineering and related disciplines.
Smoke Management in Longitudinally Ventilated Road Tunnels
- M Bettelini
- A Henke
- P Spinedi
M. Bettelini, A. Henke, P. Spinedi,
Smoke Management in Longitudinally Ventilated Road Tunnels, EUROTHERM 2002,
Turin IT-2002
Simulacija požara v predoru, Varstvo pri delu, verstvo pred požari in medicina dela
- J Modic
Modic. J., Simulacija požara v predoru,
Varstvo pri delu, verstvo pred požari in medicina dela, Portorož 2003
Small and large scale tests in road tunnels
- E Cafaro
- Stantero
E. Cafaro, L Stantero, Small and large
scale tests in road tunnels, EUROTHERM
2002, Turin IT-2002
Modeliranje turbulentne naravne konvekcije v kapljevini z notranjo generacijo toplote z metodo velikih vrtincev, Disertacija
- A Horvat
Horvat, A., Modeliranje turbulentne naravne
konvekcije v kapljevini z notranjo generacijo
toplote z metodo velikih vrtincev, Disertacija, Ljubljana 2001
Fire modelling to increase safety in a road tunnel
- Peter Vidmar
- Petelin Stojan
VIDMAR, Peter, PETELIN, Stojan. Fire
modelling to increase safety in a road tunnel. V:
JENČEK, Peter (ur.), ŠTRUBELJ, Matej (ur.).
ICTS 2002: zbornik referatov = proceedings.
Portorož: Fakulteta za pomorstvo in promet,
2002, str. 557-567