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How to attack the service: An empirical contribution to rally opening in world-class badminton doubles
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
Abstract
The start of a rally is of particular importance in the doubles disciplines, as the receiving double may take the initiative in the rally with an aggressive return. To do so, the shuttlecock must be reached quickly and hit close to and high up at the net. Within these parameters it is likely that internationally successful top players are superior to less successful players. To provide evidence of this, the return by 10 female and 12 male doubles players was examined during an international tournament and the two parameters of time difference between service and return and the horizontal distance of the shuttlecock from the net at the point of contact were determined. It is argued that successful top players reach the shuttlecock faster and closer to the net than less successful players. With qualitative analyses the aim is to identify more effective movement techniques for the return. Differences between successful and less successful players in terms of these parameters can be detected in men but not in women. Players who are excellent at taking serve launch explosively with both legs, and accelerate the racket forwards by stretching the striking arm in a straight line to the shuttlecock.
... However, demands differ in game situations in which athletes have to act as quickly as possible -as in many typical game situations in badminton. For example, the service return in the doubles disciplines requires starting the movement towards the shuttle as soon as possible (Gawin et al., 2013). Such game situations differ fundamentally from the just-in-time paradigm. ...
... The returning player should anticipate the intention of the server and execute his movement towards the shuttle as quickly as possible to hit the shuttle in a superior position for an offensive return. Top players need about 300 milliseconds to reach the shuttle after a short serve, and it has been found that successful elite male players make contact with the shuttle significantly faster when returning the service (Gawin et al., 2013). ...
... Including the execution of long services in the experimental setup is necessary to provide an experimental setup similar to competition conditions. However, as frequency and relevance of flick serves in elite badminton is low (Gawin et al., 2013), this study only evaluated returns following a short service. This assured standardization of the results. ...
Gaze behavior and performance of internationally ranked players and "near"-expert players were investigated under field conditions for the game situation service-return in badminton. According to literature, it was assumed that expert players focus more frequently on the racket arm, wrist, and racket of the opponent, while less experienced players focus on the shuttle. Thus, gaze strategy would have an influence on performance. The results contradicted the initial hypotheses: the higher the performance level of the athletes, the more frequently they directed their gaze to the shuttle. Non-professional players were found to focus more often on the upper body and face. To improve gaze behavior in the service situation, on-court drills with focusing on the shuttle region are assumed to be advantageous for athletes of all skill levels. Our research showed that players use other visual search strategies when observing a real opponent then when confronted with a two-dimensional stimulus. Resumen La conducta de la mirada y el desempeño de jugadores de categoría internacional y "casi" expertos fueron investigados en condiciones de campo para la situación de juego servicio-devolución en bádminton. Según la literatura, se asumía que los jugadores expertos se enfocan con más frecuencia en el brazo de la raqueta, la muñeca y la raqueta del oponente, mientras que los jugadores menos experimentados se enfocan en el volante. Por tanto, la estrategia de la mirada tendría una influencia en el desempeño. Los resultados contradicen las hipótesis iniciales: entre más alto sea el nivel de desempeño de los atletas, más dirigen la mirada al volante. Los jugadores no profesionales se enfocaron más en la parte superior del cuerpo y el rostro. Se supone que los ejercicios en campo enfocados en el área del volante sirven para mejorar la conducta de la mirada en la situación de servicio en los atletas de todos los niveles de habilidad. Nuestra investigación demuestra que los jugadores usan unas estrategias de búsqueda visual al observar a un oponente real diferentes a las que usan con un estímulo de dos dimensiones. Palabras clave: Conducta de la mirada, deportes de raqueta, expertos-casi-expertos, bádminton de élite.
... The highest values are found in Set 2, in the EP, with 8.58 strokes per point. This seems to be high since the first three strokes are decisive in men's doubles, where 80% of attack maneuvers begin with the service-return stroke (Gawin et al., 2013). These data give an approximate stroke-to-time ratio of 0.85-0.90, ...
... These data give an approximate stroke-to-time ratio of 0.85-0.90, slightly higher than that found on a worldclass level (Gawin et al., 2013). At the last three Olympics, a stable trend of around 1.5 is apparent (Abián-Vicén et al., 2018), which appears to be a high ratio given that the network game, is higher in doubles games is more evident (Zhang et al., 2013). ...
... If it is true, a stroke time ratio with a stable value of 1:2 is established (Alcock and Cable, 2009;Abián-Vicén et al., 2018), also above what is determined here. It calls for attention because, like in men's doubles, in women's, the first three strokes are vital, with 50% of attack actions being initiated after the return of service (Gawin et al., 2013). While some might say the level of experience in men players is very evident, this is not so much the case for women players (Gawin et al., 2013). ...
The aim of the present study was to determine statistical differences in a set of badminton competition matches in five different modalities with regard to competition level (Group Phase vs. Eliminatory Phase). Data from 453 sets (125 in men’s singles; 108 sets in women’s singles; 77 sets in men’s doubles; 73 in women’s doubles and 70 in mixed doubles) from the RIO 2016 Olympics Games were recorded and classified in two groups of variables to analyze variables related to match (5) and set (15). A descriptive analysis and univariate test (Mann–Whitney U) for non-parametric data were conducted. The results show in men’s and women’s singles all the variables related to match were higher in the Elimination Phase than in the Group Phase (p < 0.01). In Sets 1 and 3, the longest set duration, rally and average rally were found in the Elimination Phase than Group Stage (p < 0.05). In women’s singles, these differences were also recorded in Set 2. For doubles, the results are more stable among groups. Men’s doubles had a longer duration of the match and set (sets 1 and set 2) (p < 0.01), and also scored highest for average rally strokes (sets 1 3) (p < 0.05) and shuttles used in the Elimination Phase vs. the Group Phase along the match (p < 0.01). In women’s doubles, more shuttles were used in a match in the Elimination than in the Group Phase. Moreover, the same results are established for Set 2, including for average rally. Mixed doubles saw no match going to three sets. However, the greatest differences showed a longer rally and average rally being registered in the Elimination than in the Group Phase. In conclusion, the timing factors of the badminton singles and doubles games were different in the Elimination and Group Phases. This information may help players and coaches prepare and administer different types of workouts or, more specifically, competition schedules adapted to the characteristics of modern badminton.
... Reasonable positioning and walking in doubles make the division of labor of teammates clear, makes the preparation of athletes more reasonable, reduces the unnecessary running of athletes in the confrontation, saves physical energy, and increases the efficiency of scoring. Quite a few scholars [8][9][10][11][12][13] have carried out research and discussion on the positions and moves of doubles and reached some consensus. Gawin [10] analyzed the match data and made statistics on what kind of movement mode in doubles is beneficial to gain the advantage in the serve. ...
... Quite a few scholars [8][9][10][11][12][13] have carried out research and discussion on the positions and moves of doubles and reached some consensus. Gawin [10] analyzed the match data and made statistics on what kind of movement mode in doubles is beneficial to gain the advantage in the serve. Zhu qiang et al. [14] used the method of literature review, observation and interview, etc., to discuss the position of attack and defense switch in badminton doubles. ...
The algorithms used by schedulers depend on the complexity of the schedule and constraints for each problem. The position and movement of badminton players in badminton doubles competition is one of the key factors to improve the athletes’ transition efficiency of offense and defense and the rate of winning matches and to save energy consumption. From the perspective of basic theory, the author conducts research on the position and movement of badminton doubles. Based on the numerical analysis method, the optimal model of standing position and direction composed of 7 nonlinear equations is established. In addition, the final of 10 matches of the super series of the world badminton federation in 2019 was selected as the sample of speed parameters. With the help of MATLAB mathematical analysis software, the numerical model established by the least square method was adopted to optimize the specific standing position and walking model. Ultimately, the optimal solution has been obtained, which can be represented on a plane graph. The optimal position of the attack station should be the blocking area (saddle-shaped area) and the hanging area (circular arc area in the middle). The optimal defensive positioning should be left defensive positioning area (left front triangle area) and right defensive positioning area (right front triangle area), which is consistent with our current experience and research results. The research results use mathematical tools to calculate the accurate optimal position in doubles matches, which has guiding significance to the choice of athletes’ position and walking position in actual combat and can also be used as a reference for training, providing a certain theoretical basis for the standing and walking of badminton doubles confrontation. The data collection and operation methods in this study can provide better calculation materials for artificial intelligence optimization and fuzzy operation of motion displacement, which is of great significance in the field of motion, simulation, and the call of parametric functions.
1. Introduction
As a sport of both recreational fitness and competition, the amount of exercise of badminton can be independently chosen by the participants according to their own conditions, and the requirements for equipment and venues can be high or low. And because the noncontact confrontation reduces the possibility of injury and physical requirements, it has been widely popularized in all parts of the world and has become an Olympic competition [1]. According to the number of participants, the badminton events can be divided into singles, doubles, and three against three. The singles events have high physical requirements [2–4], while the doubles events emphasize more on tactics [5, 6], which is essentially an accelerated version of doubles.
In badminton doubles tactics, standing and walking are the basis, which are related to the cooperation between two people and the reasonable distribution of areas [7]. Athletes’ technique ability not only needs to have their own characteristics but also must keep strong backcourt tactics ability before, during, and at the same time [8] because, in the game, every detail might affect the competition results; it also makes athletes need to have strong ability of details. The footwork of badminton is an important part of the players’ technical and tactical abilities, among which backtracking is the last step of the footwork of badminton, and backtracking connects with the starting link of the next footwork [9]. Reasonable positioning and walking in doubles make the division of labor of teammates clear, makes the preparation of athletes more reasonable, reduces the unnecessary running of athletes in the confrontation, saves physical energy, and increases the efficiency of scoring. Quite a few scholars [8–13] have carried out research and discussion on the positions and moves of doubles and reached some consensus. Gawin [10] analyzed the match data and made statistics on what kind of movement mode in doubles is beneficial to gain the advantage in the serve. Zhu qiang et al. [14] used the method of literature review, observation and interview, etc., to discuss the position of attack and defense switch in badminton doubles. Lin [15] also used similar research methods to analyze and discuss Yang wang Xiao li’s position in 10 doubles matches from 2013 to 2014.
It can be seen that, in addition to forming some empirical consensus, there have also been some relevant studies on the positioning and movement of doubles. Partial least squares correlation analysis (PLSCA) (Abdi and Williams, 2013; Weaving et al., 2019) [16] was used to investigate the composite relationship between perceived wellness status and technical-tactical performance for both the forwards’ and backs’ positional groups as per previous methods [17] (Emmonds et al., 2020). However, the conclusions of these studies are all qualitative and empirically based, which may be practical but not rigorous. In order to scientifically optimize the positioning of doubles in training and actual combat, it is very important to model and analyze the positioning of doubles, theoretically explore the most reasonable positioning and movement of doubles, and avoid the existing errors. Therefore, based on the mathematical model [16–19], the following research is carried out on the optimization of badminton doubles’ position and movement, in order to provide some theoretical basis on this issue.
2. The Positioning Model of Doubles Based on the Analytic Method
2.1. The Basic Idea of Model Building
In a badminton match, when a player of his own side hits the ball, the time it takes for the ball to fly from his own field to the field of his opponent is the time for the player of his own side to stand. Similarly, after the opponent hits the ball, the time for the ball to fly from his court to his opponent’s court is the time for his opponent to start and hit the ball. This is the basic rhythm of badminton.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the time required for the ball to fly from one side of the field to different areas of the opposite side of the field is different, that is, the time from starting to hitting is different for the incoming ball from different landing points. For example, the split lob is faster and shorter than the high ball, so the player who wants to catch the ball should start and run to the right hitting area in a shorter time. Of course, there is a certain difference between the running speed of the players’ forward net footwork and the running speed of the players’ backward retreats’ footwork. To sum up, ignoring the secondary influencing factors, the players should have a corresponding optimal positioning point for the position of the ball when facing the opponent’s shot. From this positioning point, it should be equally difficult for them to return several furthest corners of the area they are responsible for. In order to get this position, the emphasis is on the evaluation of the difficulty of connecting each ball at the farthest corner. As the ball travels from the opposing field to each of these farthest corners, it corresponds to the distance the player must run and the time he has to start to hit the ball, which is the amount of speed the player must put into catching the ball. The magnitude of this required speed is a measure of difficulty. So, the optimal positioning should allow the player at that point to run at the two farthest corners of the net at the same speed. The two farthest corners of the baseline should run at the same speed. Moreover, the running speed towards the furthest corner of the net and the furthest corner of the baseline should satisfy the proportional relation between the running speed of the net footwork and the running speed of the back-and-back footwork.
... The most frequently-used serve, especially among players in the doubles, is a backhand short serve [6,9]. This service style is employed to delude an opponent by landing a shuttlecock on an uncertain area closest to short service line and midline, which culminates in the highest score in the French backhand short serves' test [10,11]. ...
... This force transfer pattern may be established by control of the CoM during a serve for the next rally. The former study indicated that it took 387 ms from service to receiving the next turn [9]. The body's position in a court influenced the playing performance, such as smash [28]. ...
The original badminton scoring system has been changed into the rally 21-point scoring system since 2006. The alteration allows badminton players to capably score a point in the first shot as service, causing them to equip themselves with faster-and-more precise style of play. Backhand short serve is most frequently used, especially in doubles, to improve the game situation as the players get an opportunity for attacking their opponents, and easily getting a score. The backhand short serve is executed by an upper part of the body which diagonally sends a shuttlecock over the net to land in a receiver’s area within boundary line. Components of the service, however, are accompanied by not only the upper part of body but also the lower one. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the accomplice of the lower part through analyzing the force transfer between feet at back swing, forward swing and contact during backhand short serve in elite badminton players. Fourteen Thai elite badminton double players (eight men and six female) were chosen to participate in the study. Two force plates which got set up in front of a badminton court behind short service line, and eight motion capture cameras installed around the court were used. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in anterior-posterior peak ground reaction force between left and right foot at back swing phase (p=0.00), at forward swing phases (p=0.00) and at contact (p=0.00), and there was distinction in each phase of left foot between back swing with forward swing phase, back swing phase with contact, and forward swing phase with contact of medial-lateral peak force (p=0.008). Finally, right foot was found to show difference between back swing phase with contact, and forward swing phase with contact of vertical peak force (p=0.013). In conclusion, the ground reaction force was transferred from right foot to left foot for controlling the center of mass upon effective serving, and for preparing to hit the next shot.
... Furthermore, according to W. Y. Sheng, A. Ginanjar, & G. T. Wei [18] there are 4 basic techniques for playing badminton, namely standing technique, holding the racket (grip), hitting the ball technique (strokes) and footwork technique. Footwork is the movements of the feet that regulate the body to place the movement of hitting the shuttlecock [19], [20]. Setting footwork techniques in badminton is very important, because where the feet move, that's where the body will be carried. ...
Badminton is a high-intensity game that requires agility and good footwork for an athlete. The agility training pattern that was compiled had a good impact on progress of research findings. The exercises used to help increase the agility of badminton footwork are shuttle runs, skipping, sprints, ladder drills and shadows using shuttles and cones. This study aims to determine the effect of agility training on the footwork ability of badminton athletes. This research method is a one group experiment. The research compares one independent variable with one dependent variable. The research was conducted at the Badminton Hall of State University of Padang. Participants in this study were badminton athletes from the student's Sports Activity Unit of State University of Padang, totaling 20 people aged 18 years with the same length of training. A 6-way footwork test using a Shuttle cock was conducted to measure the athlete's footwork ability. Inferential statistics with the dependent sample comparative formula (t test) were used to test the hypothesis in this study. The analysis requirements test resulted in normal and homogeneous data. The results of the research on the data analyzed using statistics, it can be concluded that the results of the analysis of agility exercises have an influence on the ability of badminton footwork by obtaining t count = 16.81 with a degree of confidence (α) = 0.05 so that t table = 2.09 and the average difference-average count 0.97. From the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that there is an effect of agility training on the footwork ability of State University of Padang badminton athletes. Based on these results, the exercise intensity of moderate to submaximal intensity given to athletes and the variety of training variations of the type of agility training given are effective in increasing the footwork ability of badminton athletes. Subsequent studies show that footwork is also supported by the coordination of upper body movements, so it is necessary to carry out research on the carrying capacity of footwork movements.
... Salah satu teknik yang paling sering digunakan adalah serve pendek khususnya backhand short serve. Jenis serve ini merupakan yang palinng banyak digunakan, khususnya dalam kompetisi putra (Gawin et al., 2013). Berdasarkan hasil observasi sekitar 66,6% atau 6 dari total 9 sampel belum mampu melakukan servis backhand short serve dengan baik atau masuk dalam kategori "Kurang". ...
Bulutangkis merupakan salah satu jenis olahraga yang menggunakan koordinasi gerakan tubuh secara kompleks mulai dari bagian tubuh atas (ekstremitas atas) hingga bawah (ekstremitas bawah) khususnya bagian lengan dan kaki, Salah satu teknik dasar dan wajib dikuasai oleh pemain bulutangkis baik yang pemula maupun profesional adalah serve atau service. Dalam gerakan ini pemain harus memiliki gerakan lengan, power, kontrol dan akurasi yang baik, agar dapat menghasilkan pukulan yang efektif. Hasil observasi peneliti menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 66,6% atau 6 dari total 9 sampel dari penelitian ini belum mampu melakukan servis backhand dengan baik atau masuk dalam kategori “Kurang”. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif, dalam proses analisis peneliti menggunakan software Kinovea seri 0.8.15 dan software IBM SPSS Statistics seri 20 untuk menganalisis uji normalitas dan uji korelasi antar variabel. Hasil penelitian terkait analisis gerak backhand short serve menyebutkan bahwasanya variabel kecepatan dan jarak serve memiliki korelasi yang Kuat dengan nilai signifikansi/ Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,043. Sedangkan untuk variabel kecepatan dengan waktu memiliki korelasi yang Sangat Kuat dengan nilai signifikansi/ Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,007.
... A larger lunge step with a lower shuttlecock racket strike position in the match play trial suggests a delay in lunge initiation, which confirms previous badminton research that states the importance of VSB [16]. During the more predictable handfeed and multifeed trials, where participants performed less VSB, participants were able to initiate an earlier movement and racket strike the shuttlecock at a higher position giving the potential for higher shot success [28]. Therefore, because of the quicker initiation of the lunge movement due to the requirement for less VSB, the handfeed and multifeed trials were producing significantly different kinematic FLS on shuttlecock racket strike when compared with match play trials where players would racket strike the shuttlecock from a significantly lower position while in a deeper lunge. ...
Badminton practice designs contain feeding routines that allow players to practice technical skills. Optimal skill acquisition and development is gained through practice simulating competitive match play rather than approaches centred around mass repetition with low levels of uncertainty. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical differences in twelve youth elite UK badminton players in activities with varying levels of predictability. The three experimental trials were handfeed, multifeed and match play trials. Motion capture cameras were used to record participant biomechanical data. Data analysis revealed several significant biomechanical differences between trials. Results showed that an increase in trial unpredictability led to increased depth of the forward lunge shot and a lower racket shuttlecock strike position with greater forward trunk bend. This study showed that visual search behaviour in badminton is a key component of the forward lunge shot. Predictable practice feeding routines may cause poor skill acquisition and development through maladaptive learning behaviours. Coaches are recommended to implement unpredictable feeding practice routines to simulate the visual search behaviour of competitive badminton match play to enhance skill acquisition and development in youth elite badminton players.
... Dlouhé podání směřuje do zadní části kurtu a hráč jej odehrává daleko od sítě. U mužů je nejčastěji používaným úderem krátké bekhendové podání (Gawin, Beyer, Hasse & Büsch, 2013). Valldecabres et al. (2017) zjistili, že ve finálovém utkání mistroství světa ve dvouhře muži i ženy využívali nejčastěji k zahájení hry krátké podání. ...
... The player can serve different types of serves and hit various types of return shots that impact the outcome of the rally [5,6]. The most common serve in male competitions is the short serve [7]. The short serve should fly as low as possible over the net towards the service line to avoid the receiver's high impact point [8]. ...
Male and female players may have different game characteristics and performance. The first two shots of a rally in badminton have tactical importance. The aim of this study is to identify players' actions and behaviors and to assess differences in serve and return between the genders on the international level. We observed 15 male and 15 female matches from top international badminton tournaments. A notational analysis was used while observing the serve type, return type, and the point winner. Male players hit the backhand short serve in 91 % of points and female players started the point mostly with the forehand long serve (58 %). Both genders won 50 % of the serving points. The distribution of return type is quite equal among the drop, lob, clear, smash and net shots in female matches. While returning a short serve, the lob was 4-5 % less efficient than a net shot in both genders. Women can try to use backhand short serve more often as we found the highest efficiency of all the serve types.
This research aims to determine: (1) the effect of the massed practice and distributed practice methods on the accuracy of backhand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, (2) the effect of the massed practice and distributed practice methods on the accuracy of forehand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, (3) which method has a more significant effect whether the massed practice and distributed practice training methods on the accuracy of backhand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, (4) which method has a more significant effect whether the massed practice and distributed practice training methods on the accuracy of forehand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School. The research method was an experimental method with a one group design, pretest-posttest design. The research population was 33 students of Victory Badminton School in Yogyakarta. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling. While the number of research samples were 20 adolescent students aged 13-15 years old. Collecting the data was conducted with the short service tests in badminton games. The data analysis with 2x2 analysis of variance. Based on the results of processing and analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the method, massed practice and distributed practice have a significant effect on the accuracy of the backhand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, with a calculation of t count at 3.36 and t table at 2.10. (2) the massed practice and distributed practice training methods have a significant effect on the accuracy of the backhand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta with a t count at 2.84 and t table at 2.10. (3) The massed practice training method has a more significant effect than the distributed practice training method on the accuracy of backhand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, with the calculation results (15.84 > 12.60). (4) The massed practice training method has a more significant effect than the distributed practice training method on the accuracy of forehand short service in the badminton game of the students of Victory Badminton School Yogyakarta, with the calculation results (12.84 > 12.60).
Moreover backhand short serve is an important element of the main character in badminton, where not many people can maximize the potential and limits of each athlete, such as power, speed, accuracy, and motion efficiency. This study aims to determine the potential and weaknesses of short backhand serve in badminton through a kinematic analysis approach, with a sample of children aged 12-16 years PB Pendowo Semarang City. The method used quantitative with a descriptive analysis approach, and the analysis is assisted by using the Kinovea 0.9.4 series software. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling with two criteria; age (12-16 years old) and participation in a Semarang city-level tournament. The results showed that the PB Pendowo Semarang City athletes in the implementation phase are in the "Appropriate" category, with a percentage of 66.6%. The instruments used in this data collection are observation and documentation. Several factors that influence the level of conformity are muscle mass, arm length and height, and training intensity. This research can still be developed in future research by discussing more specific things, such as focusing on active wrists and, more specifically, explain about flick movement in the wrist motion. Additional supporting literacy in the backhand short serve analysis could help the athletes and coaches to reach effective movement to get points using the backhand short of serving as the first attack.
This article was aimed to analyze and provides an overview of the development of Thai national badminton players for Olympic games Tokyo 2020 as follow the theories and principles of sports science, consisting of physiology, biomechanics, psychology, nutrition and management. This article was employed the reviewing relevant documents, literature, including information from secondary sources, such as badminton coaching manual, status, regulation, and website of badminton world federation. The results were found that the development of the high performance of Thai badminton national players have a long-term plan divided into 2 phases using various of sports science. First, phase 1 aims to prepare the performance to create over compensation at the next phase. Second, phase 2 aims to enhance a new performance to specificity in badminton for preparing readiness to compete. The most important aspects of using sports science was proper periodization as can be seen from tournaments that take place throughout the year that difficult to enhancement a new performance. Therefore, periodization should be first important theories and principles to provide coaches and players overview of each year and between year. Moreover, not only periodization but physiology of training and monitoring also were important that affect to enhancement a performance and monitor the fatigue of players accord to height of countermovement jump. The high-performance development of Thai badminton national players for Olympic Games with sports science can be a role model for other level of badminton players who need to enhance their performance to be more precise and appropriate as well.
Análisis de la situación en la pista de los jugadores en el saque y su relación con la dirección, el lado de la pista y el resultado del punto en pádel de alto nivel Analysis of the situation on the court of the players in the serve and its relationship with the direction, the side of the court and the result of the point in high-level padel Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la influencia de la situación en la pista de los jugadores al saque y su relación con la dirección, el lado de la pista y el resultado del punto en pádel de alto nivel. La muestra incluyó un total de 1071 puntos correspondientes a nueve partidos donde participaron 36 jugadores masculinos de 1º Categoría Nacional. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la táctica utilizada en el saque (tradicional o australiana), la dirección del saque (pared lateral o «T»), el lado de la pista (derecho o izquierdo) y el resultado del punto (gana o pierde la pareja al saque). Los resultados mostraron que los jugadores sacan entre un 75% y un 85% de las ocasiones a la pared lateral en el lado de izquierdo de la pista. En el lado derecho, se incrementa el porcentaje de saques a la «T», especialmente utilizando una situación en la pista australiana. A nivel general, los jugadores ganan un porcentaje mayor de puntos al saque cuando utilizan la táctica tradicional frente a la australiana. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no fueron significativas cuando los jugadores sacaron a la «T» o a la pared lateral, desde ambos lados de la pista. Finalmente, el porcentaje de puntos ganados al saque disminuyó a medida que avanzó el partido de pádel, especialmente con táctica australiana del segundo al tercer set. Estos datos tienen una importante aplicación práctica en el diseño de ejercicios de pádel basados en las demandas técnico-tácticas específicas de la competición. Palabras clave: Deportes de raqueta, análisis del rendimiento, acciones de juego, servicio, competición. Abstract. The aim of this study was to know the influence of the players' serve tactical position and its relationship with the direction, the side of the court and the point outcome in elite padel. The sample included a total of 1071 points corresponding to nine matches with 36 male players of 1st National Category. Variables related to the serve tactic position (conventional or Australian), serve direction (side wall or «T»), court side (right or left) and point outcome (serve pair win or lose) were analyzed. The results showed that padel players serve between 75% and 85% of the times to the side wall on the left side of the court (advantages side). On the right side, the percentage of serves to the «T» is increased, especially using an Australian tactical position. Furthermore, serving pair win a higher percentage points when they use traditional tactic. However, these differences are not significant when the players serve to the «T» or the side wall, from both sides of the court. Finally, the percentage of points won by serving pair decreases as the padel match progresses, especially with Australian tactic from the second to the third set. These data have an important practical application in the design of padel exercises based on the specific technical-tactical competition demands.
In a badminton game, dexterous fine hand movements are essential for the player to perform with extraordinary skill. Thus, this paper proposes a smart glove with proper sensing functions for finger pressures and bending angles for this sport to measure the kinematics and kinetics during the forehand grip and backhand grip. Twenty-one pressure sensors and eleven flex sensors are employed to construct the smart glove, and the measured parameters are then visualized to analyze different grip movements. An athlete and an amateur were selected for the gripping experiments and the measurements was recorded by the smart glove. During forehand gripping, although the total power generated by the amateur (33 N) was higher than for the athlete (29 N), the final shot strength was still unsatisfactory due to the disorderly arranged finger flex angle. In backhand gripping, the incorrectly laid index finger reduced the thumb power of the amateur to 3 N, which weakened the control ability and led to a distorted flying trajectory of the shuttlecock. The differences in kinematics and kinetics between the athlete and the amateur can provide a reference for the badminton learners to perform the correct technical movements. By use of this approach, the proposed system may grant trainers and trainees a better approach to analyze the grip movement.
Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among 6 different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n targets are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability study and the applications to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
Existent performance structure models or performance profiles in badminton are often based on the expert knowledge of the trainer or are deduced theoretically from the compe-tition requirements. In order to gather these requirements systematically, the match is of-ten subdivided into typical match situations. These match situations (“key scenes”) have been used as evaluation criteria for an analysis of the Olympic Badminton tournament, on one hand in order to characterise the performance level of the world’s elite, on the other hand to contribute empirical data to the performance structure model.
For this purpose, all matches of the Olympic tournament, starting from the quarter finals onwards, have been analysed based on video files. This was equivalent to eight matches per discipline or a total of 3786 rallies.
Attack was the most frequently registered key scene in the single disciplines, with a per-centage of 50 % of all point-scoring actions, followed by net play with 20-25 %. Besides, in the women’s singles, the rally opening, with 16 %, constitutes a factor which is relevant for scoring points. In the double disciplines, in rally opening, with a percentage of 30-38 %, distinctly more points are scored than in the single disciplines. Another frequently registered key scene is attack with 27-42 %. In the men’s and women’s doubles, point-scoring actions at the net are little relevant with 10 %. Divergently, in the mixed double, the percentage of points scored from net play amounts to some 15 %.These data allow for empirically supported conclusions concerning the importance of the individual technical tactical components within the performance structure model. In future, the results can be considered as starting point for the further development of the performance structure model.
As a consequence for training, there is a necessity of priorities as for the key scenes that are relevant for performance, especially in attack, rally opening and net play, considering discipline specific differences.
Das Badminton Doppelspiel ist in seinen Grundstrukturen bekannt, aber es fehlten bisher gesicherte Ergebnisse. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Spielsituationen mit Hilfe der vorhandenen Literatur detailliert untersucht und die entstehenden Handlungsketten in ein Netzwerk eingearbeitet, welches die Verbindungen darstellt. Dieses Netzwerk wurde mit Hilfe von Videoaufnahmen von Weltklassedoppeln empirisch überprüft, um sinnvolle Spielstrukturen in der Aufschlag-, Angriffs-, Verteidigungs- und neutralen Situation ableiten zu können. Die zahlreichen Daten in den diversen Spielsituationen und die Häufigkeiten der Schlagtechniken zeigten auf, dass das Doppelspiel der Damen und Herren ähnliche Handlungsstrukturen im Leistungsbereich aufweist. Aus den Gesamtergebnissen wurden dominante Spielstrukturen im Doppelspiel von Spitzenspielern/innen abgeleitet. Das neue Modell der Doppeltaktik kann helfen, taktische Spielstrukturen in allen Leistungs- und Alterklassen zu erarbeiten.
A procedure for estimating the reliability of sets of ratings in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient is discussed. The procedure is based upon the analysis of variance and the estimation of variance components. For the one-way classification the intraclass correlation coefficient defined as the ratio of variances can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient. Caution, however, is urged in the application of the definition to a two-way model, i.e., one in which between-rater variance is removed. It is maintained that the frequent use of the standard definition of the one-way intraclass correlation coefficient applied to the two-way classification is not a proper procedure if in fact the coefficient is to be interpreted as a correlation coefficient. Definitions for reliability obtained from the two-way models are given which can legitimately be considered correlation coefficients.
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