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North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Journal of Natural History
Abstract
The North American members of the eulophid subfamily Tetrastichinae are reviewed in light of systematic advances which have occurred in other geographic realms. Forty-two genera are recognized as valid, with the largest of these, Aprostocetus , having four subgenera in the study area. Thirteen new genera are described: Apterastichus, Careostrix, Chytrolestes, Comastichus, Cucarastichus, Dapsilothrix, Eriastichus, Exalarius, Exastichus, Hadrotrichodes, Mesofrons, Oxypracetus, Styotrichia ; the new subgenus Quercastichus is described in the genus Aprostocetus . Five new generic synonymies are made. With Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833: Exurus Philippi, 1873, Omphalomopsis Girault, 1917, Paromphaloidomyiia Girault, 1917, and Prothymus Girault, 1917. With Pentastichus Ashmead, 1894: Hypertetrastichus Moser, 1965. Six previously described genera are newly recorded from North America: Aceratoneuromyia, Anaprostocetus, Henryana, Kocourekia, Lisseurytomella and Pentastichus . Two hundred and twelve species of North American Tetrastichinae are currently recognized as valid. Eighty new combinations are proposed from North America, and three from the Neotropical Region. The majority of these species are being moved from the genus Tetrastichus , which had previously held most of the North American Tetrastichinae species. Eighteen new species are described: Aprostocetus (Quercastichus) burksi, Apterastichus oculatus, Careostrix yoshimotoi, Chytrolestes alibaba, Comastichus zopheros, Cucarastichus texanus, Dapsilothrix jeanae, Eriastichus cigdemae, E. masneri, E. nakos, Exalarius huachucensis, Exastichus odontos, Hadrotrichodes waukheon, Kostjukovius grahami, Mesofrons villosus, Oxypracetus opacus, Styotrichia bicolor, S. quadrata . One new specific synonymy is made. With Aprostocetus (Quercastichus) pattersonae (Fullaway, 1912): Tetrastichus spilopteris Burks, 1943. A lectotype is designated for Tetrastichus pattersonae Fullaway. Aprostocetus (Ootetrastichus) mymaridis (Girault) is removed from synonymy with Tetrastichus polynemae Ashmead and considered as valid. Twelve previously described species are newly recorded from North America: Aceratoneuromyia fimbriata Graham, Anaprostocetus acuminatus (Ratzeburg), Aprostocetus antiguensis (Crawford), A. leucone (Walker), A. pygmaeus (Zetterstedt), A. strobilanae (Ratzeburg), A. longicauda (Thomson), A. terebrans (Erdös), Henryana magnifica Yoshimoto, Kocourekia debilis (Ratzeburg), Lisseurytomella flava (Ashmead), Tamarixia leucaenae Bouček.
... While the MV and SMV are som times thickened in both the female and male, they are not as thick as those in Dzhano menia. In contrast, a key character of Baryscapus is the swollen scape in the male [10,48,49 However, not all males of Baryscapus exhibit a swollen scape, and males are unknown some species [48,49]. Furthermore, the genus Oomyzus exhibits a similar variation in ma scape morphology, with some species possessing a swollen scape (O. ...
... While the MV and SMV are som times thickened in both the female and male, they are not as thick as those in Dzhano menia. In contrast, a key character of Baryscapus is the swollen scape in the male [10,48,49 However, not all males of Baryscapus exhibit a swollen scape, and males are unknown some species [48,49]. Furthermore, the genus Oomyzus exhibits a similar variation in ma scape morphology, with some species possessing a swollen scape (O. ...
... While the MV and SMV are sometimes thickened in both the female and male, they are not as thick as those in Dzhanokmenia. In contrast, a key character of Baryscapus is the swollen scape in the male [10,48,49]. However, not all males of Baryscapus exhibit a swollen scape, and males are unknown in some species [48,49]. ...
Although Chalcidoidea is one of the megadiverse superfamilies in Hymenoptera, numerous species are still being discovered and described. However, the difficulties in delimiting intra- and interspecific variation hinder this process. In this study, DNA barcoding methods using the COI gene were employed to investigate the morphological variation within Dzhanokmenia Kostjukov, 1977. The nuclear locus, 28S D2, was used to infer a phylogeny to gain an understanding of the relationship of Dzhanokmenia with other potentially close genera. Through a preliminary DNA barcode library established here, including eight species, we calibrated the intraspecific variation in certain diagnostic characters for the new species described here, D. brevifunis Ganbaatar & Cao sp. nov. Maximum likelihood results show that Dzhanokmenia is clustered with the genera associated with Tetrastichus, such as Chaenotetrastichus Graham, 1987, Baryscapus Förster, 1856, Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844, and Oomyzus Rondani, 1870 involved in this study. Our results indicate that the species diversity of Dzhanokmenia is understudied and tentatively confirm that Dzhanokmenia has a potential close relationship with Baryscapus. Along with the DNA barcode library, the referenced phylogeny datasets improve the understanding of the systematic position of Dzhanokmenia within the subfamily Tetrastichinae and the definition of this genus in terms of morphology, thereby facilitating species delimitation, discovery, and description within Dzhanokmenia.
... Fore wing (Fig. 5B) about 2.0× as long as wide; hind wing about 4.7× as long as wide. Gaster about as long as combined length of head and mesosoma; digitus of genitalia ( Fig. 5C) (Rohwer 1919, Mundinger 1941, Burks 1943, Muesebeck et al. 1951, Peck 1963, LaSalle 1994, A. ruficollis (Fabricius, 1787) (Mundinger 1941, Noyes 2019, although the latter host records need confirmation. Agrilus anxius Gory, 1841, A. liragus Barter & Brown, 1950, and A. planipennis Fairmaire, 1888 are listed as hosts by Taylor et al. (2012), but the sources they cite lack species identity confirmation, and citations supporting the A. planipennis claim are absent. ...
... Remarks. Baryscapus rugglesi is not conspecific with the only other known Baryscapus parasitoid of Agrilus spp. in the Nearctic region, B. nordi, whose reported hosts are A. champlaini and A. horni in the U.S.A. (Burks 1963, LaSalle 1994, as the female of B. nordi is much more darkly colored and has the gaster and the apical gastral tergite much longer. Baryscapus rugglesi is also not congeneric or conspecific with T. agrili, which is the only other Nearctic Tetrastichinae species found to have been reared from A. cuprescens (Amrine 2002). ...
... The genus Kostjukovius Graham, 1991(type species Crataepiella platycephalae Kostjukov, 1978 belongs to the subfamily Tetrastichinae, the largest of the family Eulophidae. Up to now, three species were known in this genus, among them K. platycephalae (Kostjukov, 1978) has been described from Moldova [Dyurich, Kostjukov, 1978], K. grahami LaSalle, 1994 from the USA [LaSalle, 1994] and K. keralensis Narendran, 2007 from India [Narendran, 2007]. ...
... Host and biology are known for K. platycephalae, which was reared from the pupae of Platycephala umbraculata (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera, Chloropidae) living in the shoots of Phragmites australis ssp. altissimus (Bentham) [Dyurich, Kostjukov, 1978], and K. grahami, which is associated with pinecones, possibly as a parasitoid of Dioryctria Zeller, 1846 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) or Cecidomyiidae [LaSalle, 1994]. ...
... Como un miembro de la subfamilia Tetrastichinae, T. radiata presenta los palpos maxilar y labial reducidos a un solo segmento; el borde ventral del escapo antenal de los machos con una placa sensorial; mesoescudo con notauli rectos y completos, las axilas muy adelantadas; escutelo con dos pares de líneas longitudinales y dos pares de setas; alas anteriores con una dislocación de la vena submarginal a la altura del parastigma y vena postmarginal ausente (Graham, 1987;Bouček, 1988;LaSalle, 1994). ...
... This genus with type-species Neotrichoporoides uniguttatus was described by Girault (1913). Species of Neotrichoporoides are generally primary parasitoids of Diptera (Bouček 1988, La Salle 1994. Neotrichoporoides is readily recognized from other members of the Tetrastichinae using the following morphological characters: Body with a distinct metallic lustre, and in some species, many parts of the body with mostly to entirely yellowish color; funiculars usually moderately to extremely long; propodeum distinctly longer than the dorsellum and often with a distinct reticulate sculpture; fore wing with marginal vein 5.5-9.5× as long as the length of stigmal vein; stigma is short and has a short stem (Graham 1987). ...
Through a survey that was conducted from 2020 to 2021, specimens were collected from wheat fields (Triticum aestivum L.) in West Azarbaijan province in the northwest of Iran using a sweep net. These are Neotrichoporoides nyemitawus (Rohwer, 1921), a new report for Iranian fauna and the West Palaearctic subregion. Illustrations of N. nyemitawus are provided, and its morphological characters are discussed. Neotrichoporoides Girault, 1913 in Iran, is represented by two species, N. szelenyii (Erdös, 1951) and N. viridimaculatus (Fullaway, 1955). Hereby, an identification key for Iranian species was provided. A worldwide distribution map of N. nyemitawus is also presented. Its role as the most important biocontrol agent of the shoot flies, Atherigona spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) was discussed.
... Based on morphological characteristics, emerged wasps were largely classified and recognized to the genus level at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro-Tanzania, in the Entomology laboratory. Some parasitoid specimens were sent to Indonesia, for further identification and descriptions at IPB University Bogor in Insect Biosystematics Laboratory using keys by [7], and Generic keys that allow identification to Quadrastichus given by [14], as Cecidotetrastichus; 1991, [24], and [40]. [15] Provides a comprehensive list of synonyms for Quadrastichus, and comparisons with other Chalcidoidea descriptions as shown by [21,26,31,11]. ...
Leptocybe invasa and Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are serious pests causing damage to eucalypt plantations in Tanzania. Biological control is considered the best alternative to other control methods, both ecologically and economically. Thus far, no parasitoid of the eucalyptus gall wasps documented or reported. Likewise, the number of parasitoid species and their parasitic capacities are unknown. Therefore, the study investigated the parasitoids of the eucalypt gall inducer from October 2021 to April 2022. Galls were collected from E. tereticornis and E. grandis x E. camaldulensis clones and reared until wasps emerged. The emerged wasps were sorted and identified at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, and the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory at IPB University, Indonesia. Two species of parasitoids of eucalyptus gall-inducers in Tanzania were first collected and identified as Megastigmus sp. (Torymidae) and Quadrastichus mendeli (Eulophidae). In Korogwe, North Ruvu, and Morogoro plantation areas, the percentages of parasitization for the two parasitoids combined were 29.7%, 64%, and 33.3%, respectively. A higher parasitization rate was observed from L. invasa galls in the E. grandis x E. camaldulensis clones. These parasitoids can be potential biological control agent candidates to control the pest. However, future monitoring is needed to determine their distribution, host specificity, interactions, and efficacy.
The two genera, Chaenotetrastichus Graham and Styotrichia LaSalle (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), are newly recorded from the Oriental region, based on material reared from the pupae of Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and a Pisoxylon species (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), respectively, collected using trap-nests. Styotrichia pisoxylona Cao & Zhu sp. nov. is described and illustrated as a gregarious endo-parasitoid of Pisoxylon sp. The generic diagnosis, biology, and distribution of Chaenotetrastichus and Styotrichia are updated. All described species of the two genera are reviewed and a key to them is provided. Based on morphology and available sequences of the D2 expansion region of 28S ribosomal DNA (28S D2), the relationships between the two genera and other members of the subfamily Tetrastichinae are tentatively discussed. The phylogenetic analysis of 28S D2 confirms that the two genera with enlarged mandibles, which are associated with aculeate Hymenoptera, are not closely related. DNA barcodes (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I, COI) of the newly described species and C. semiflavus (Girault) are provided and analyzed alongside publicly available COI sequences of related taxa. The result suggests that the genetic or species diversity of Chaenotetrastichus is underestimated.
Two new species of genus Oomyzus Rondani, O. dolo Ahamad & Zeya, sp. nov. and O. sarfarazi sp. nov. are described from Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, India.
Beneficial ladybird beetles are parasitized by several species of parasitoid wasps and flies. Samples of ladybirds from Western Iran including Lorestan, Khuzestan and Kurdistan provinces revealed the presence of the parasitoid Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson, 1878). Adult wasps emerged from larvae and pupae of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The identity of the wasp was determined by its morphology and confirmed by sequences of cytochrome oxidase, subunit I. A comparison of these DNA barcodes from other species of Oomyzus and other populations of O. scaposus showed a close relationship to the Russian population. Morphological characters are documented by scanning electron microscope images.
The life history of the cup plant leaf miner, Microrhopala laetula LeConte, in eastern South Dakota is briefly described, and the species is reported from the state for the first time. A confounding taxonomic history with M. vittata (Fabricius) restricted recognition of host plant specialization and beetle identity. Adult M. laetula overwinter and become active with mating and oviposition occurring with host plant emergence. Eggs are deposited abaxially and adaxi-ally on leaf tips. Larvae are miners, forming a large blotch style mine, with all mesophyllic and vascular tissues consumed, resulting in most to all of a leaf dying. Pupation occurs within the leaf mine. The larva and pupa of M. laetula are compared to that of M. vittata including an ANOVA test based on morphological measurements,supporting a heuristic inference of three larval instars in M. laetula. The beetle's phytophagous impact on its host cup plant, Silphium perfoliatum (L.), can significantly reduce photosynthetic potential and biomass production through leaf loss in its first 4-6 weeks of growth.
During the course of recent entomological investigations in Puerto Rico advantage was taken of the opportunity to collect for study certain groups of small chalcid wasps. The present paper gives descriptions of thirteen new species from Puerto Rico, together with three additional species from other localities. Rearing records of four previously described but little known encyrtids are also given. Most of the parasites treated in this paper are either coccid-inhabiting or parasitic in the eggs of other insects. One is an important larval parasite of the Cuban laurel thrips, Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimm.).