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Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review
Abstract
This article reviews the American literature in social science for the period 1975–1992 on the determinants of volunteer participation in programs and associations. It finds that most studies are too narrow in the hinds of variables that they include and that explanatory power is reduced as a result. Such participation is significantly greater for certain hinds of variables: contextual (for example, smaller community), social background (for example, higher education), personality (for example, more efficacy/internal locus of control), and attitude (for example, more group attractiveness) as well as situational variables (for example, being asked to join). Very few studies combine measures of each type of variable. When several predictor realms arc included, much higher variance is accounted for. Other social participation (political, mass media, recreational, and so on) is associated with volunteer participation. This association confirms a general activity model that posits a clustering of different types of socioculturally approved discretionary activity.
... 2. formalni stil volontiranja: cilj je sticanje znanja i vještina koje će osoba moći primijeniti u svom poslu. Ovaj vid volontiranja je jako čest (Anderson & Moore, 1978;Smith, 1981Smith, , 1994Stebbins, 2000), a poznat je i kao karijerno volontiranje. 3. projektni stil volontiranja: predstavlja kratkotrajno, povremeno smišljanje kreativnih aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme (npr. ...
... Kada su u pitanju motivi uključivanja ljudi u volonterske aktivnosti, u literaturi se navodi nekoliko njih. Tu spadaju altruizam (Anderson & Moore, 1978;Clary & Snyder, 1999); želja za ličnim rastom i razvojem (Hsieh et al., 2013;Smith, 1994), samoaktualizacija i postizanje osjećaja zadovoljstva sobom i vlastitim životom (Stebbins, 2009). I religija ima značajnu ulogu u odluci o početku volontiranja. ...
... I religija ima značajnu ulogu u odluci o početku volontiranja. Istraživanja sugerišu da će ljudi koji imaju veći stepen religioznosti i sliku o Bogu kao očinskoj, brižnoj figuri biti spremniji na uključenje u volonterske aktivnosti (Ozorak, 2003;Smith, 1994). Bitne su i karakteristike organizacije u kojoj se volontiranje odvija. ...
Volontiranje je definisano kao neprofitna aktivnost kojom jedinka doprinosi razvoju svoje lokalne zajednice (Allen i Rushton, 1983). Iz svakodnevnih razgovora sa studentima se zaključuje da se značajan broj njih uključuje u različite volonterske aktivnosti, te je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi razloge uključenja studenata u volonterski rad, na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Konkretno, izabran je volonterski angažman studenata na savjetodavnoj liniji “Plavi telefon”, koja godinama okuplja veći broj volontera, prvenstveno onih koji se bave pomagačkim profesijama. “Plavi telefon” je jedna od usluga koje pruža nevladina organizacija „Nova generacija“ iz Banje Luke, a podrazumijeva pružanje besplatne psihološke pomoći i podrške svim građanima Bosne i Hercegovine. U ovom radu predstavljeni su podaci dobijeni intervjuisanjem studenata volontera koji su imali priliku biti angažovani na Plavom telefonu (n = 10). Uzorak je činilo 9 studenata psihologije i 1 student pedagogije (9 studentkinja i 1 student), prosječne starosti 21 godinu (M = 21.63, SD = 1.12). Sa ispitanicima su obavljeni intervjui putem onlajn platformi „Zoom“ i „Google Meet“. Dobijeni rezultati sugerišu da su najčešće navođeni razlozi uključenja u volonterski angažman bili profesionalno usavršavanje, želja za ličnim rastom i razvojem, te potreba da se pomogne drugima. Kao pozitivne aspekte volontiranja studenti navode karakteristike organizacije i sam tretman volontera. Kao potencijalni negativan aspekt volontiranja, većina volontera navodi tzv. testirajuće pozive (pojava da tinejdžeri, ali i odrasli zovu “Plavi telefon” neozbiljno pristupajući liniji i ismijavajući rad volontera). U radu se detaljnije prikazuje volonterski rad na “Plavom telefonu” i diskutuje se o značaju volontiranja u ovakvoj organizaciji.
... However, extensive literature exists that describes why people volunteer, what motivates individuals to volunteer, why volunteers choose to pursue specific volunteer tasks, and why they persist (Bekkers, De Vries, and Tummers 2016;Clary, Snyder, and Stukas 1996;Clary et al. 1998;Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen 1991;Wilson and Musick 1997). For instance, while people of higher socioeconomic status are more likely to volunteer (Musick and Wilson 2008;Smith 1994), people with different demographic characteristics vary in their tendencies to what sector they volunteer in (Musick and Wilson 2008;Wilson 2000;Wilson 2012). Other empirical studies have focused on the psychological dimensions influencing volunteer behaviors, suggesting that volunteers fulfill psychological and pragmatic functions through their involvement, including self-esteem, social connection, reciprocity, or other self-oriented motivations that emphasize the individual benefits gained from volunteering (Clary et al. 1998;Cuskelly, Kappalides, and Hoye 2019;Hoye and Kappelides 2021). ...
Refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations rely on their volunteers to carry out services that are critical for supporting their mission. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the types of volunteers who support refugee and immigrant nonprofits. We report findings from two independent, but complementary studies. Study 1 examined the individuals who formally volunteered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations. In our analysis, we employed a logistic regression to understand to what extent volunteering at refugee and immigrant organizations is associated with demographic characteristics, religiosity, political views, and civic engagement. We compare volunteers assisting refugees and immigrants to volunteers serving other causes and all individuals who volunteer in the US. In Study 2, we aimed to know individuals volunteering for refugees and immigrants more deeply and conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews with volunteers who supported Afghan evacuees between August 2021 and August 2022 through a refugee resettlement organization or a community sponsorship group. Findings from Study 1 indicate that volunteers supporting refugees and immigrants are more likely to be part-time workers, born outside of the US, are more liberal in their political views, and are more likely to be religious than volunteers who serve other organizations. Results from Study 2 show that volunteers were not new to volunteering for refugee and immigrant causes, were often motivated by personal or family experiences with migration or displacement and were affiliated with a congregation or synagogue. Volunteers showed that they went beyond traditional resettlement support that focused on providing immediate needs and were also active in political advocacy for refugees and immigrants. We conclude by providing exploratory insight into the individuals that support refugee and immigrant nonprofits and we offer practice implications relating to sustaining this unique group of volunteers.
... Another important resource for nonprofit ventures is human capital. We suspect that future research will delve into and build on the literature on volunteering (e.g., Bilodeau & Slivinski, 1996;Forster & Grichnik, 2013;Ghazali et al., 2021;Stephan, Zbierowski, & Hanard, 2020; for reviews, see Dempsey-Brench & Shantz, 2022;Smith, 1994;Wilson, 2000) to provide new insights into the human capital involved in creating nonprofit ventures. While we are gaining a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial teams (e.g., composition, cognition, and processes [e.g., Chowdhury, 2005;Jin et al., 2017; for reviews, see de Mol, Khapova, & Elfring, 2015;Lazar et al., 2020;Patzelt, Preller, & Breugst, 2021]), do the lessons learned apply to entrepreneurial teams that create nonprofit ventures? ...
Although we know a great deal about creating ventures that can generate financial wealth for entrepreneurs, we have largely excluded, ignored or "danced around" the creation of nonprofit ventures (with some important exceptions). We propose research to explore how initiating, engaging, and performing nonprofit venturing may differ from for-profit venturing and how some nonprofit entrepreneurs and their ventures differ from other nonprofit entrepreneurs and their ventures. We hope this essay convinces some entrepreneurship scholars that investigating the creation of nonprofit ventures is valuable and can add richness and vibrancy to the entrepreneurship field.
... Coase's counter was to acknowledge the reciprocal nature of externalities across polluters and pollutees, assign property rights, and allow for bargaining for mitigation. With exchange, marginal willingness-to-pay is 13 See suggestive information in Smith (1994), Kahn (2002), Andrews et al (2010), Taylor (2014), and Coley and Mai (2022). Fishing communities are likely characterized by low income and education. ...
There is demand to protect at-risk fish species and ecosystems. Property rights regimes can be superior to spatial controls via Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for doing so. Empirical cases from Australia and the US indicate that MPAs are inequitable, too large and restrictive, and controversial. These conditions lead to resistance and political pushback, threatening long-term budgets and conservation goals. A critique of MPAs is presented along with a range of property rights arrangements–common, community, private—and Coasean bargaining as alternatives. Outlined benefits are a.) Rights holders have a stake in conservation and are central in its design. They are more than respondents. b). Costs/benefits can be more equally distributed, including direct payments that include both costs of transition and contribution to public goods provision. c.) Spatial set-asides confront tradeoffs and hence, are more apt to be economically sited and designed. d.) Modifications can occur more smoothly through market exchange than through the political process. Durable global conservation efforts can be enhanced.
... Egyes megközelítések, vizsgálatok alapján konkrét besorolásokkal is találkozunk, amelyekben az önkéntes munkavégzés zajlik. Smith (1994) és Wymer (1997) vizsgálatai alapján ezek a következők: 1. művészet és kultúra, 2. vallás, 3. fiatalok személyiségének és képességeinek fejlesztése, 4. oktatás és egészség, 5. az emberek szol gálatában tett egyéb tevékenységek. Wilson -Pimm (1996) is hasonlóan különítettek el egyes területeket, amelyeken kívül még a politika és a sport területén végezhető önkéntesség is számításba került. ...
„Tudományt és művészetet nem lehet egyszerre definiálni, mert nagy dolgok: nincs definíció, mely őket kimerítené. Íme azonban egyik oldaluk: ők a világról való tudatunk legkincsesebb gyűjtőkamrái, a művészet az érzetek és érzések, a tudomány a belőlük leülepedett fogalmak drága gyűjteménye.” (Babits Mihály)
A művészet szerves része az emberi életnek. Emberformáló erő, amely kihat az egész személyiségre. Fogékonnyá tesz a szép befogadására és formálja az emberi magatartást. Jelentős mértékben befolyásolja az értelmi és az érzelmi erők egyensúlyát, a személyiség magasabb szintű gazdagságát és harmóniáját.
A művészet, illetve egyes ágai – mint például a zeneművészet, a képzőművészet, a táncművészet, a színházművészet – mindenekelőtt érzéseket hívnak elő, hatást gyakorolnak az egyén érzelmi világára és esztétikai ízlésére. Mivel a művészet közvetlenül váltja ki az érzelmeket, hat az érzelmi és a kognitív kompetenciák fejlődésére, így szerves része a komplex személyiségfejlődésnek. Ennek következtében elengedhetetlen feltétele az általános fejlődésnek és a nevelőmunkának egyaránt. Sőt, a művészet jótékony hatással van az egyén testi-lelki egészségére, az egész testi-lelki-mentális-emocionális világára, és terápiás hatással is rendelkezik. Célszerűen irányítva és alkalmazva felhasználható a prevenció, az inklúzió szellemében is, mert segít a lelki harmónia, a jólét és a „jóllét” elérésében, az egészség megőrzésében és ápolásában, a stresszoldásban, a rehabilitációban. Összességében tehát a művészet eszköz a nevelésben, a komplex személyiségfejlesztésben, a terápiában, a prevencióban (Falus, 2016).
A változó társadalmi és edukációs körülmények hatására, valamint a korszerű nevelés kívánalmainak megfelelve az utóbbi években, illetve évtizedekben egyre több figyelmet kapnak a művészeti ágak és irányzatok lehetséges kapcsolódási pontjai és a művészeti jellegű tantárgyak interdiszciplináris vonatkozásai. A tantárgyközi kapcsolatok, az átjárhatóság és az edukációs folyamatba épített „többdimenzionális” megközelítések színesebbé, kreatívabbá teszik a pedagógiai folyamatot, fokozzák a tanulás–tanítás kölcsönhatásának eredményességét, az élményszerű ismeretszerzést, hozzájárulnak az oktató, a nevelő munka, az edukációs folyamat színvonalának emeléséhez, tartalmának gazdagításához. A művészetek összekapcsolásával, illetve egyéb tantárgyakban (is) történő felhasználásával lehetőség nyílik a színesebb, egységesebb, hatékonyabb, eredményesebb oktatásra és nevelésre.
Jelen tanulmány több szempontból közelíti meg a művészet–edukáció–terápia egyes szegmenseit és kölcsönhatásait. Egyrészt az egyes művészeti ágak, irányzatok kölcsönös hatására és a különböző inspirációs források feltérképezésére fókuszál (a teljesség igénye nélkül), továbbá rávilágít az oktatási-nevelési folyamatban történő interdiszciplináris alkalmazási lehetőségekre, megvalósítási formákra. Nem utolsósorban tárgyalja a művészet terápiás hatásait és szerepét a komplex személyiségfejlesztés szellemében. A középpontban tehát egyrészt maga a művészet, a művészeti ágak és jelentős mértékben a zeneművészet áll, valamint a művészeti vagy művészettel nevelés és annak lehetséges interdiszciplináris megközelítései, különböző meghatározó formái és tényezői, a komplex személyiségfejlődésben kiváltott lehetséges pozitív és terápiás hatásával. Mindezt a magyar kultúra, művészet, zenepedagógia kiemelkedő személyiségének, Kodály Zoltán eszmei üzenetének szellemében megvalósítva, mely szerint: „Tudomány, művészet gyökere egy. Mindegyik a világot tükrözi a maga módján. Alapfeltétele: éles megfigyelőképesség, pontos visszaadása és magasabb szintézisbe emelése a megfigyelt életnek, s a tudományos és művészi nagyság alapja is ugyanaz: az igazi ember, vir justus.” (Kodály, 1974: 454)
... Можемо зробити висновок, що важливість психологічних факторів, таких як схильності, цінності чи мотиви, для волонтерства є безперечною [10,11]. Як стверджують М. Мусік і Дж. ...
... They found that volunteering was more common among jobs with high status and skill requirements. Indeed, past literature repeatedly confirmed that occupying higher status jobs was associated with higher rates of civic engagement (Smith, 1994;Wilson & Musick, 1997b). These results were confirmed for professionals as compared to manual workers (Rotolo & Wilson, 2006), for people with higher education levels, and for those in more favourable socioeconomic conditions (Lambert & Rutherford, 2020). ...
People are largely heterogeneous when it comes to their motivations to volunteer. Previous research explained this heterogeneity by individual predispositions and contextual factors. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which peoples' occupations can explain differences in their volunteering motivations. Our empirical analysis relies upon 7,725 open texts written by volunteers living in France about why they want to volunteer. Our results reveal that providing resources and skills is a significant motivation to volunteer all occupations combined. However, altruistic and social motives differ between occupations. After eliciting these results for each occupation, we discuss their implications for NPO's volunteer management. Abstract People are largely heterogeneous when it comes to their motivations to volunteer. Previous research explained this heterogeneity by individual predispositions and contextual factors. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which peoples' occupations can explain differences in their volunteering motivations. Our empirical analysis relies upon 7,725 open texts written by volunteers living in France about why they wish to volunteer. Our results reveal that providing resources and skills is a significant motivation to volunteer, all occupations combined. However, altruistic and social motives differ between occupations. After eliciting these results for each occupation, we discuss their implications for NPO's volunteer management.
Online full text: https://rdcu.be/dtWOM
Abstrct. Our study analyses primary data on volunteers received by the European Voluntary Service (EVS) between 2014–2017 and received by the European Solidarity Corps between 2018–2023 and supported (sent) between 2021–2023, provided by the Erasmus+ Programme Office of the Tempus Public Foundation. The beginning of the study discusses the understanding of volunteering in different organisations in the European Union, the history, project characteristics, impacts and characteristics of the European Voluntary Service, and finally it reviews the history and characteristics of the European Solidarity Corps. The secondary analysis examines the characteristics of volunteers and their work during three periods (2014–2017, 2018–2020, 2021–2023) in varying depths according to data sources. According to the results, women are overrepresented among the adopted volunteers, similarly to international studies, most of them have a higher socio-economic status (secondary and higher education), although the involvement of few opportunity young people is shown by the fact that the rate of involvement of the unemployed increased proportionally during the years studied. Volunteers come from sending countries that correspond to "European trends", but over time more and more countries join from outside Europe. The majority of volunteers participate for a short period of time. The study shows that Hungary sent fewer volunteers than received between 2021 and 2023. The sending (supported) volunteers mainly prefer European Solidarity Corps projects in nearby countries, and women, 18–24 year olds and short-term volunteers are also overrepresented among them. Overall, based on the results, mobilizing men, 25–30 year olds and few opportunity young people (unemployed) can be a priority task in international volunteer programs.
Tanulmányunkban az Európai Önkéntes Szolgálat (European Voluntary Service) által 2014-2017 között fogadott, valamint az Európai Szolidaritási Testület (European Solidarity Corps) által 2018-2023 között fogadott és 2021-2023 között támogatott (küldött) önkéntesekre vonatkozó primer adatokat elemezzük, melyeket a Tempus Közalapítvány Erasmus+ Programiroda bocsátott a rendelkezésünkre. A tanulmány elején kitérünk az önkéntesség értelmezésére az Európai Unió különböző szervezeteiben, az Európai Önkéntes Szolgálat történetére, projekt-jellemzőire, hatásaira és önkénteseinek sajátosságaira, végül áttekintjük az Európai Szolidaritási Testület történetét és jellemzőit. Másodelemzésünkben-az adatforrások szerint eltérő mélységben-vizsgáljuk meg három időszakban (2014-2017, 2018-2020, valamint 2021-2023 között) az önkéntesek és az általuk végzett munka jellemzőit. Eredményeink szerint a fogadott önkéntesek körében-a nemzetközi kutatásokhoz hasonlóan-felülreprezentáltak a nők, többségük magasabb státuszú (közép-és felsőfokú tanulmányokat folytató), bár a hátrányos helyzetűek bevonódását mutatja, hogy a vizsgált évek során arányaiban nőtt a munkanélküliek aránya. Az "európai trendeknek" megfelelő küldő országokból érkeznek az önkéntesek, de időben haladva egyre több az Európán kívüli ország. A külföldi önkéntesek többsége rövid idejű önkéntes szolgálatot vállal. Kimutatjuk, hogy Magyarország 2021 és 2023 között kevesebb önkéntest küldött, mint fogadott. A támogatott (küldött) önkéntesek főleg a közeli országokban lévő projekteket részesítik előnyben, illetve körükben is felülreprezentáltak a nők, a 18-24 évesek, illetve a rövid távú önkéntesek. Összességében, eredményeink alapján, a férfiak, a 25-30 évesek, illetve a kevesebb lehetőséggel rendelkező (hátrányos helyzetű, munkanélküli) fiatalok mobilizálása a nemzetközi önkéntes programokban kiemelt feladat lehet.
Scholars and practitioners have long viewed an individual's age to be a key predictor of giving outcomes. Specifically, older individuals are expected to be more philanthropic than younger individuals are. Utilizing a ten‐year dataset from a Research One university in the United States, donation histories to health areas of the campus are matched with patient visit records from the university's affiliated hospitals and clinics system to empirically examine this accepted wisdom. The initial findings confirm basic expectations around donor acquisition as older prospects are acquired at higher rates than younger prospects. However, once the organization acquires and solicits donors, age's associative impact on retention rate becomes flat to negative, which indicates support for the alternative view that many younger donor prospects may have capacity and willingness to give. The role of giving purpose is also compared and contrasted among younger and older donor prospects, showing that managers of nonprofits can strategically solicit each population uniquely with targeted approaches to drive higher total fundraising success. The key results are discussed and both implications for theory and practice are derived in the process.
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
Using data from a sample of 58 local churches, we predict two types of participation by members. We examine the importance of individual background attributes for the prediction of participation, but we also go beyond most past research efforts to consider reactions to the church, organizational characteristics, interpersonal influence, orientation toward the church, and activity in other organizations. Individual background characteristics are found to be more important for predicting the proportion of income donated to the church than for predicting active participation in church affairs. Our findings also indicate that social experiences are more important than demographic and other individual background characteristics for predicting active participation. We conclude that theories of participation should include both individual background variables and more “dynamic” variables.
This paper discusses the applications of social support to voluntary action. Consist ing of emotional and task-oriented support, social support can potentially be found in all forms of voluntary action. The argument is made that voluntary organizations and groups should strengthen support within groups, and between groups and their recipients.
The pattern of age differences in voluntary association memberships found in previous studies is consistently curvilinear
But association membership levels are related to income and education and older persons have lower levels of income and education
than younger persons. Data from the 1972 CPS American National Election Study (N =2,597) and the 1974 NORC General Social
Survey (N = 1,352) are analyzed by Multiple Classification Analysis in order to examine the pattern of age differences in
voluntary association memberships after removing the effects of income and education to see whether the curvilinear pattern
can be explained by socioeconomic variation among different age strata. The resulting patterns show increasing levels of membership
through the age range 35–44 and then either generally stable or increasing levels through the age range 75 +. Similar findings
are in evidence for both males and females, although males have higher association membership levels at all ages. The characteristically
lower association membership levels found among the older age strata, therefore, appear to be attributable to the manner in
which their socioeconomic characteristics differ from other age strata.