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Curvularia tsudae comb. nov. et nom. nov., formerly Pseudocochliobolus australiensis, and a revised synonymy for Curvularia australiensis
Abstract
Cultures originally identified as Drechslera australiensis, from seeds of Chloris gayana in Japan, were the basis for Tsuda and Ueyama's new combination, Bipolaris australiensis, and its associated sexual morph Pseudocochliobolus australiensis. By studying ex-type materials of both Drechslera australiensis, which was originally isolated from seeds of Oryza sativa in Australia, and Pseudocochliobolus australiensis, we show by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis that these two specimens represent different species. Taxonomic confusion is resolved by the transfer of Pseudocochliobolus australiensis to Curvularia tsudae comb. nov. et nom. nov., together with a revised synonymy for Curvularia australiensis.
... Currently, there are 131 species of Curvularia (excluding varieties) listed in Index Fungorum (accessed on 4 January 2018). Phylogenetic studies based on multilocus sequence analyses of ex-type or reference cultures have recently delimited many cryptic species (Deng et al. 2014, Manamgoda et al. 2014, Manamgoda et al. 2015, Marin-Felix et al. 2017a, 2017b. Presently, there are 81 accepted species for which taxonomic placement has been established by DNA barcodes to allow accurate identification and comparison (Marin-Felix et al. 2017a, b). ...
... (C. australiensis, C. australis, C. hawaiiensis, C. lunata, C. nodosa, C. pallescens, C. tsudae, C. variabilis, C. verruculosa) (Sivanesan 1987, Deng et al. 2014, Manamgoda et al. 2014, Marin-Felix et al. 2017b and Description. Colonies on PDA approx. 2 cm diam. ...
Several unidentified specimens of Curvularia deposited in the Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium were re-examined. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region, partial fragments of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the translation elongation factor 1-α genes, supported the introduction of 13 novel Curvularia species. Eight of the species described, namely, C.beasleyisp. nov. , C.beerburrumensissp. nov. , C.eragrosticolasp. nov. , C.kenpeggiisp. nov. , C.mebaldsiisp. nov. , C.petersoniisp. nov. , C.platziisp. nov. and C.warraberensissp. nov. , were isolated from grasses (Poaceae) exotic to Australia. Only two species, C.lamingtonensissp. nov. and C.sporobolicolasp. nov. , were described from native Australian grasses. Two species were described from hosts in other families, namely, C.coatesiaesp. nov. from Litchichinensis (Sapindaceae) and C.colbraniisp. nov. from Crinumzeylanicum (Amaryllidaceae). Curvulariareesiisp. nov. was described from an isolate obtained from an air sample. Furthermore, DNA sequences from ex-type cultures supported the generic placement of C.neoindica and the transfer of Drechsleraboeremae to Curvularia .
... Some Bipolaris species were later reclassified as Curvularia (Jeon et al., 2015;Manamgoda et al., 2015;Marin-Félix et al., 2020). The Curvularia-Bipolaris complex currently comprises Curvularia, Bipolaris, Cochliobolus, and Pseudocochliobolus (Manamgoda et al., 2012;2015;Deng et al., 2015;Marin-Félix et al., 2017), and the recently confirmed two species of Exserohilum in Curvularia (Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2018;Marin-Félix et al., 2020). Currently, there are 45 accepted species of Bipolaris and more than 105 of Curvularia (Marin Felix et al., 2017;Bhunjun et al., 2020). ...
Citation: N. Bessadat, B. Hamon, N. Bataillé-Simoneau, N. Hamini-Kadar, M. Kihal, P. Simoneau (2023) Identification and characterization of fungi associated with leaf spot/blight and melting-out of turfgrass in Algeria. Phytopath-ologia Mediterranea 62(1): 73-93. Summary. Symptoms of foliar blight were observed on turfgrass in Oran (Algeria), including yellow chlorotic patches on leaves during the 2020 summer (temperatures between 35 and 40°C). Symptoms extended downward from leaf tips and entire leaves became blighted, leading to irregular discoloured areas that later turned brown. Iso-lations from infected plants included 214 isolates identified as Curvularia or Bipola-ris, based on morphological traits. Other isolates included Fusarium, Myrothecium and Acremonium spp. Three molecular loci, ITS rDNA, gpd and tef1, were amplified and sequenced. Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses revealed four fungal species viz. B. sorokiniana, C. spicifera, C. verruculosa, C. geniculata, and two additional Curvularia lineages, some of these fungi are reported are first records for Algeria. Koch's postulates were confirmed by inoculating potted turfgrass with spore suspensions of 16 isolates and re-isolating of the inoculated pathogens from symptomatic tissues. Bipolaris sorokiniana was the most virulent pathogen causing numerous foliar necrotic lesions similar to those observed in the field. Other isolates infected basal leaves only, and caused less severe symptoms. The results show that Curvularia species may be secondary pathogens infecting stressed plants, and that simultaneous occurrence of high temperatures and poor water quality have influenced disease progression. Correct identification of these pathogens is important for applying appropriate and timely disease management.
... The evolutionary relationships of Cochliobolus, Curvularia, and Bipolaris [34] have determined phylogenetic analyses using rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), large subunit (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene sequences. Additionally, the use of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on multiple loci as a tool to identify novel species has increased [35,36]. The asexual genera Bipolaris and Curvularia lack a distinct morphological borderline, and some species exhibit intermediate morphology. ...
Cochliobolus, Bipolaris, and Curvularia genera contain various devastating plant pathogens that cause severe crop losses worldwide. The species belonging to these genera also perform a variety of diverse functions, including the remediation of environmental contaminations, beneficial phytohormone production, and maintaining their lifestyle as epiphytes, endophytes, and saprophytes. Recent research has revealed that despite their pathogenic nature, these fungi also play an intriguing role in agriculture. They act as phosphate solubilizers and produce phytohormones, such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GAs), to accelerate the growth of various plants. Some species have also been reported to play a significant role in plant growth promotion during abiotic stresses, such as salinity stress, drought stress, heat stress, and heavy metal stress, as well as act as a biocontrol agent and a potential mycoherbicide. Similarly, these species have been reported in numerous industrial applications to produce different types of secondary metabolites and biotechnological products and possess a variety of biological properties, such as antibacterial, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic,
and antioxidant activities. Additionally, some of the species have been utilized in the production of numerous valuable industrial enzymes and biotransformation, which has an impact on the growth of crops all over the world. However, the current literature is dispersed, and some of the key areas, such as taxonomy, phylogeny, genome sequencing, phytohormonal analysis, and diversity, are still being neglected in terms of the elucidation of its mechanisms, plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, and bioremediation. In this review, we highlighted the potential role, function, and diversity of Cochliobolus, Curvularia, and Bipolaris for improved utilization during environmental biotechnology
... PCR amplifications were done with high fidelity Phusion DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs) in a 20 μL final reaction volume. Thermal cycling conditions for the ITS, TEF1 and GPDH loci were as provided by Deng et al. (2015). For the RPB1 locus, thermal cycling parameters were: 98 °C for 30 s, followed by 30 cycles of 98 °C for 10s, 59 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 1 min, with a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. ...
During surveys of wild and cultivated rice in northern Queensland in 2014 and 2015, 92 fungal isolates were obtained from plants that were afflicted by foliar diseases, including the rice blast pathogen, Pyricularia oryzae, and the brown spot pathogen, Bipolaris oryzae. Seven species of Curvularia were found, viz. Curvularia aeria, C. alcornii, C. asianensis, C. clavata, C. lunata, C. muehlenbeckiae and an undescribed species. To remove uncertainty about the identity of the host plants from which the fungi were isolated, a DNA barcoding strategy was developed using regions of the chloroplast genome. Pathogenicity tests using wild rice isolates of P. oryzae indicated that many local rice varieties are susceptible to infection.
... To assess the evolutionary relationships of Cochliobolus, Pseudocochliobolus, Curvularia, and Bipolaris, Berbee et al. [9] have conducted phylogenetic analyses of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene sequences. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analysis based on multi loci has been increasingly used as a tool to determine new species [10,11]. Recently, Manamgoda et al. [12] have re-evaluated the taxonomy of the genera Bipolaris, Cochliobolus, and Curvularia based on combined genetic analysis of rDNA ITS, 28S, GAPDH, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes and confirmed that these genera were divided into two monophyletic groups: Bipolaris and Cochliobolus species clustered in group 1 together with their respective type species B. maydis (Y. ...
A seed-borne fungus, Curvularia sp. EML-KWD01, was isolated from an indigenous wheat seed by standard blotter method. This fungus was characterized based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic status of the fungus was determined using sequences of three loci: rDNA internal transcribed spacer, large ribosomal subunit, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Multi loci sequencing analysis revealed that this fungus was Curvularia spicifera within Curvularia group 2 of family Pleosporaceae.
Healthy seeds are the foundation of healthy plants. Planting healthy seeds contributes to securing crop productivity and seed germplasm conservation. In this study, we have identified microbes associated with seeds of three cherry tomato genotypes and demonstrated their negative effect on general seed health. Through a combined morpho-cultural and molecular characterisation (using multi-loci analysis of the ITS, β-tubulin, tef1α, and gapdh gene regions for fungi and 16s rDNA for bacteria), we have identified three fungi (Nigrospora sphaerica, N. lacticolonia, and Curvularia aeria), and two bacteria (Citrobacter freundii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) from healthy-looking tomato seeds. These fungi and bacteria, through seed-soaked-inoculation, caused seed discoloration, lesions, and low germination. To our knowledge, these are the first reports of Nigrospora sphaerica, N. lacticolonia, Curvularia aeria, Citrobacter freundii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on tomato seeds and demonstrated their negative impact on seed health. Seed treatment and interventions are needed to negate the possible effect of these microbes. Future studies on possible seed transmission are warranted.
The species belonging to genera, Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum are important seed-borne plant pathogenic fungi and these genera have been frequently facing species level delineation due to overlapping morphology. We undertook a study for investigation of phylogenetic status of these seed-borne fungi using universal DNA barcode i.e., ITS gene sequences. The ITS region of all the 21 isolates of Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum were amplified; sequenced and phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA7 software. The phylogenetic tree formed two major clusters; one is having Exserohilum belong to one published species, E. rostratum while other cluster has isolates of Bipolaris and Curvularia. The present study showed that selected isolates of Bipolaris belong to three distinct species while isolates of Curvularia belong to five published species. Our findings reveal that ITS gene sequencing can distinctly confirm identity of all the seed-borne pathogens of three genera studied.
In order to determine the phytosanitary quality of dried roselle calyxes (Hibiscus sabdariffa) marketed in the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, Mexico, 49 samples of dried and stored calyxes were collected in two packing plants. On average, the calyxes had a moisture content of 14.74 %, and 56.1% of calyxes had the presence of spots on the surface and/or blight on the tips. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the fungi was isolated and identified into 16 genera of fungi. The common isolates were Aspergillus, Alternaria, Nodulisporium, Chaetomiumand Thielavia. The quality level of the calyxes was significantly affected by the disease incidence (α=0.05); likewise, the frequency of the incidence of the different isolates also varied between storage units (α=0.1). The storage temperature showed significant correlations with the following variables: relative humidity (r=-0.967), light intensity (r=0.449), moisture level of calyxes (r=0.352) and incidence of diseased calyxes (r=0.281); the correlation between the number of isolated genera and their frequency was negative (r=-0349).
Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) is introduced as a new series of publications in order to provide a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. This first paper focuses on 21 genera of phytopathogenic fungi: Bipolaris, Boeremia, Calonectria, Ceratocystis, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Coniella, Curvularia, Monilinia, Neofabraea, Neofusicoccum, Pilidium, Pleiochaeta, Plenodomus, Protostegia, Pseudopyricularia, Puccinia, Saccharata, Thyrostroma, Venturia and Wilsonomyces. For each genus, a morphological description and information about its pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms are provided. In addition, this information is linked to primary and secondary DNA barcodes of the presently accepted species, and relevant literature. Moreover, several novelties are introduced, i.e. new genera, species and combinations, and neo-, lecto- and epitypes designated to provide a stable taxonomy. This first paper includes one new genus, 26 new species, nine new combinations, and four typifications of older names.
Curvularia is an important genus whose species are widely distributed phytopathogens as well as opportunistic pathogens on human and animals. The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the species in the genus Curvularia using ITS (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer), GPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
and TEF (translation elongation factor) gene regions and to provide modern descriptions and illustrations of Curvularia australis, Curvularia buchloës, C. cymbopogonis, C. hawaiiensis, C. neoindica, C. neergaardii, C. nicotiae, C. nodulosa, C. ryleyi, and C. subpapendorfii which lack recent descriptions with details of host and distribution. A multi-gene phylogenetic
tree based on ITS, GPDH and TEF gene regions is used to define species of a fresh collections obtained from various hosts
and geographic locations in the world. Both human and plant associated species of Curvularia are included in the phylogenetic analysis. Some species that have previously been described from humans are herein reported from plant material as pathogens or saprobes and vice versa. Novel host associations are reported for C. asianensis, C. borreriae, C. hominis, C. muehlenbeckiae, C. trifolii and C. verruculosa.
Online edition available at http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php
Senna (Senna angustifolia) is used as a laxative and has replaced phenolphthalein as an active ingredient in various laxative medications (Verloop et al., 2004). It is cultivated on a large scale in the states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in north India, where incidence of Bipolaris pod rot disease on senna has been recorded for the first time. The disease was first observed in May 2010, and initially appeared in the form of brown, circular to irregular, minute to large necrotic spots on the pods which later turn into pod rot. Similar symptoms were also observed on leaves and stem. Seeds in infected pods were malformed and had reduced viability. Isolations carried out from the infected pods on potato dextrose agar (PDA) invariably yielded a species of Bipolaris. The fungus initially produced silky-smooth, greyish white colonies which later became olive green to black with a raised greyish periphery. Hyphae are septate and brown. Conidiophores are brown, simple or branched, geniculate and bear conidia sympodially (Fig. 1). Conidia range from 20-30μm x 7.5-10 μm (average 22.9 x 9.9 μm) and are three-septate, fusoid to cylindrical and light brown. Based on cultural and morphological characters, the fungus was identified as Bipolaris australiensis. The identification was later confirmed by IMTECH, Chandigarh, India and the culture deposited with Accession No. MTCC-10182. Pathogenicity of the fungus was tested on healthy attached senna pods under glasshouse conditions. B. australiensis was grown on PDA in petri dishes for 7-10 days and spores and mycelia scraped from the surface of the culture into sterile distilled water (SDW). An aqueous spore suspension containing 10 conidia/ml was sprayed over the wounded senna pods and plants were kept under high humidity (96%) for three days at 25 ± 2°C followed by a glasshouse at 25 ± 2°C and 75% humidity. In controls, pods were gently wounded and sprayed with SDW. Symptoms first appeared three to four days post inoculation and progressed from minute, brown necrotic spots to large dark brown patches on the infected pods (Fig. 2), then advanced towards leaves and stem causing premature drying of infected plants 20-25 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Re-isolation from artificially infected pods consistently yielded B. australiensis thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Senna has been reported to be affected by leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata (Saxena et al., 1981)and leaf spot caused by Kabatiella sp.(Mitra et al., 1984)in India. B. australiensishas been previously reported on Cynodon (Fang et al., 2006), several turfgrasses (Smith et al., 1989) and betelvine (Piper betle) (Shahzad & Amer-Zareen, 1999) but a new record as a plant pathogen on senna (Fabaceae) is very significant. Thus, brown pod rot on senna caused by B. australiensis is the first report from India and worldwide.
Three genera, Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Curvularia form a complex that contains many plant pathogens,
mostly on grasses (Poaceae) with a worldwide distribution.
The taxonomy of this complex is confusing as frequent
nomenclatural changes and refinements have occurred.
There is no clear morphological boundary between the
asexual genera Bipolaris and Curvularia, and some species
show intermediate morphology. We investigated this
complex based on a set of ex-type cultures and collections
from northern Thailand. Combined gene analysis of rDNA
ITS (internal transcribed spacer), GPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate dehydrogenase), LSU (large subunit) and EF1-α
(translation elongation factor 1-α) shows that this generic
complex divides into two groups. Bipolaris and Cochliobolus species clustered in Group 1 along with their type
species, whereas Curvularia species (including species
named as Bipolaris, Cochliobolus and Curvularia) clustered
in Group 2, with its generic type. The nomenclatural conflict in
this complex is resolved giving priority to the more commonly
used established generic names Bipolaris and Curvularia.
Modern descriptions of the genera Bipolaris and Curvularia
are provided and species resolved in this study are transferred
to one of these genera based on their phylogeny
The genus Cochliobolus (anamorphs Bipolaris, Curvularia) comprises many destructive plant pathogens that cause severe crop losses worldwide. The taxonomy of Cochliobolus is confused as frequent nomenclatural changes have occurred in the sexual and asexual states of species over the past 50years.
We provide an overview of these nomenclatural changes together with a morphological circumscription of the genus. Taxonomic
notes and information about the life history of 55 species epithets of Cochliobolus listed in Index Fungorum are also given. Further information is given concerning the location of type cultures; availability of DNA sequence data
derived from type cultures; mode of life; novel metabolite production; and use of Cochliobolus species in biocontrol. We provide a multilocus phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequence data derived from 25 ex-type and authentic
cultures that shows the group as monophyletic. This paper represents the first comprehensive overview of Cochliobolus since 1987, including a summary of applications of species and molecular phylogenetic research. The 55 species of Cochliobolus are listed alphabetically, with synonyms, hosts and diseases, brief notes concerning taxonomic and phylogenetic research.
Keywords
Bipolaris
–Biocontrol–
Curvularia
–Disease–Endophytes–Novel compounds–Pathogens
We present a comprehensive phylogeny derived from 5 genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2, for 356 isolates and 41 families (six newly described in this volume) in Dothideomycetes. All currently accepted orders in the class are represented for the first time in addition to numerous previously unplaced lineages. Subclass Pleosporomycetidae is expanded to include the aquatic order Jahnulales. An ancestral reconstruction of basic nutritional modes supports numerous transitions from saprobic life histories to plant associated and lichenised modes and a transition from terrestrial to aquatic habitats are confirmed. Finally, a genomic comparison of 6 dothideomycete genomes with other fungi finds a high level of unique protein associated with the class, supporting its delineation as a separate taxon.
No abstract available.
We report a case of disseminated infection due to Bipolaris australiensis in a 21-year-old immunocompetent Pakistani man. He presented with fever and jaundice. Examination revealed a mass in the
right lung, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, a pericardial effusion, and abdominal masses obstructing and invading the common
bile duct and right ureter. Histological examination and culture of a biopsy specimen of the hilar mass yielded the fungal
pathogen B. australiensis. The patient was treated successfully with amphotericin B and itraconazole.
CLUSTAL X is a new windows interface for the widely-used progressive multiple sequence alignment program CLUSTAL W. The new
system is easy to use, providing an integrated system for performing multiple sequence and profile alignments and analysing
the results. CLUSTAL X displays the sequence alignment in a window on the screen. A versatile sequence colouring scheme allows
the user to highlight conserved features in the alignment. Pull-down menus provide all the options required for traditional
multiple sequence and profile alignment. New features include: the ability to cut-and-paste sequences to change the order
of the alignment, selection of a subset of the sequences to be realigned, and selection of a sub-range of the alignment to
be realigned and inserted back into the original alignment. Alignment quality analysis can be performed and low-scoring segments
or exceptional residues can be highlighted. Quality analysis and realignment of selected residue ranges provide the user with
a powerful tool to improve and refine difficult alignments and to trap errors in input sequences. CLUSTAL X has been compiled
on SUN Solaris, IRIX5.3 on Silicon Graphics, Digital UNIX on DECstations, Microsoft Windows (32 bit) for PCs, Linux ELF for
x86 PCs, and Macintosh PowerMac.
We evaluate the phylogenetic distribution of known, highly virulent plant pathogens in the genus Cochliobolus (sexually reproducing species in the Ascomycota, Pleosporaceae) and assess the relationship between Cochliobolus species and species of Curvularia and Bipolaris (asexual states of fungi in the Ascomycota, Pleosporaceae). To infer a phylogeny, we have used two sequence regions: (i) the complete ITS 1, ITS 2, and 5.8S rDNA sequences for 65 fungal isolates and (ii) a 600 bp fragment of the housekeeping gene gpd, coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, for 54 isolates. We combined ITS, 5.8S and gpd sequence data from 41 species. In the Cochliobolus clade, 31 out of 32 species fit clearly into one of two groups. One species, Cochliobolus homomorphus, did not fit clearly into either group. The 13 species in Cochliobolus Group 1 grouped together with 100% bootstrap support from the combined ITS/gpd data. This group included Cochliobolus and Bipolaris species that cause serious crop losses, such as Co. sativus, Co. miyabeanus, Co. carbonum and Co. heterostrophus. However, within Group 1, the known, highly virulent pathogens did not form a monophyletic group of species. Average substitution levels between pairs of species in the Group 1 were low, about 1.7% in the ITS region, suggesting that these species had radiated rapidly and recently. The 18 species in Cochliobolus Group 2 formed a monophyletic group in 96% of parsimony bootstrap replicates of the combined ITS and gpd data. The Cochliobolus species that were transferred into the segregate genus Pseudocochliobolus were in this second group. This study included 9 Curvularia and Bipolaris species without known sexual states and they all appear to be recently derived from among sexual species of Cochliobolus. Both Curvularia and Bipolaris were polyphyletic, but only Bipolaris states were associated with Group 1 Cochliobolus species. Both Curvularia and Bipolaris states were associated with species in Cochliobolus Group 2.
Two species formerly included in the genus Drechslern, D. hawaiiensis and D. australiensis, are transferred to Bipolaris. Both species have bipolar conidium germination and produced the ascigerous state in Sachs agar medium with rice straw. They are disposed in Pseudocochliobolus on the basis of their morphology. Pseudocochliobolus australiensis is described as a new species for the ascigerous state of B. australiensis. Both species are heterothallic and the two mating types are governed by the same single-gene alleles.
We evaluate the phylogenetic distribution of known, highly virulent plant pathogens in the genus Cochliobolus (sexually reproducing species in the Ascomycota, Pleosporaceae) and assess the relationship between Cochliobolus species and species of Curvularia and Bipolaris (asexual states of fungi in the Ascomycota, Pleosporaceae). To infer a phylogeny, we have used two sequence regions: (i) the complete ITS 1, ITS 2, and 5.88 rDNA sequences for 65 fungal isolates and (ii) a 600 bp fragment of the housekeeping gene gpd, coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, for 54 isolates. We combined ITS, 5.8S and gpd sequence data from 41 species. Ln the Cochliobolus clade, 31 out of 32 species fit clearly into one of two groups. One species, Cochliobolus homomorphus, did not fit clearly into either group. The 13 species in Cochliobolus Group I grouped together with 100% bootstrap support from the combined ITS/gpd data. This group included Cochliobolus and Bipolaris species that cause serious crop losses, such as Co. sativus, Co. miyabeanus, Co. carbonum and Co. heterostrophus. However; within Group 1, the known, highly virulent pathogens did not form a monophyletic group of species. Average substitution levels between pairs of species in the Group 1 were low, about 1.7% in the ITS region, suggesting that these species had radiated rapidly and recently. The 18 species in Cochliobolus Group 2 formed a monophyletic group in 96% of parsimony bootstrap replicates of the combined ITS and gpd data. The Cochliobolus species that were transferred into the segregate genus Pseudocochliobolus were in this second group. This study included 9 Curvularia and Bipolaris species without known sexual states and they all appear to be recently derived from among sexual species of Cochliobolus. Both Curvularia and Bipolaris were polyphyletic, but only Bipolaris states were associated with Group 1 Cochliobolus species. Both Curvularia and Bipolaris states were associated with species in Cochliobolus Group 2.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
Two species formerly included in the genus Drechslera, D. hawaiiensis and D. australiensis, are transferred to Bipolaris. Both species have bipolar conidium germination and produced the ascigerous state in Sachs agar medium with rice straw. They are disposed in Pseudocochliobolus on the basis of their morphology. Pseudocochliobolus australiensis is described as a new species for the ascigerous state of B. australiensis. Both species are heterothallic and the two mating types are governed by the same single-gene alleles.
As a result of a taxonomic study of some graminicolous fungi classed in ‘Helminthosporium’ the following conclusions concerning their nomenclature were reached. The original spelling of Helmisporium Link validated by S. F. Gray in 1821 is taken up instead of the illegitimate orthographic variant ‘Helminthosporium’ Link ex Pers. Helmisporium is restricted to the generic type and its chiefly lignicolous allies, all of which form conidia both apically and laterally on the conidiophores. The graminicolous species form conidia apically and a new apex is formed by subterminal growth. Sixteen species with cylindric conidia that germinate from all cells are included in Drechslera Ito. The lectotype, D. tritici-vulgaris (Nisikado) Ito, is designated and D. arundinis (Lév.) Ito is excluded. The generic name Bipolaris is proposed for the other major group of graminicolous species. These, like the holotype (basionym H. maydis Nisikado), form fusoid phragmospores that exhibit bipolar germination.
Study of numerous living isolates of Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum, and Helminthosporium spp., as well as a mycological assessment of published case reports of phaeohyphomycosis attributed to these fungi, showed that Bipolaris australiensis, B. hawaiiensis, B. spicifera, Exserohilum longirostratum, E. mcginnisii, and E. rostratum are well-documented pathogens. Conidial shape, septation, and size, hilar characteristics, the origin of the germ tube from the basal cell and, to a lesser extent, from other conidial cells, and the sequence and location of the conidial septa are useful criteria for distinguishing these taxa.
On the genera Cochliobolus and Pseudocochliobolus Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences
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Nucleic Acids Symposium Ser 41: 95e98 Isolation of DNA from fungal mycelia and single spores PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications Cochliobolus: an overview and current status of species
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