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Caracterización de líneas de jitomate en hidroponía

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Adriana Ramos Ortega
Adriana Ramos Ortega
Adriana Ramos Ortega
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Aquiles Carballo Carballo at Colegio de Postgraduados
Aquiles Carballo Carballo
Adrián Hernández Livera
Adrián Hernández Livera
Adrián Hernández Livera
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Tarsicio Corona Torres at Colegio de Postgraduados
Tarsicio Corona Torres
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is an important horticultural crop in Mexico due to a large area planted and economic value. The objective of this study was to select lines that can be used as parents of hybrids on the basis of superior traits in pollen, flower, seed, fruit and seedling morphology. The research was conducted in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico. During 2003 the seed increase of 21 lines of tomato was carried out under an hydroponic system; in 2004 a trial with 16 lines selected from the 21 were utilized to carry out a morphological characterization under greenhouse and laboratory. Data on flower, fruit, seed and plants were analyzed by means of an ANOVA and a Tukey test (p 0.05), and for the data on pollen grains a Principal Component Analysis was performed. Results indicated differences among tomato lines in traits such as easiness for flower emasculation and in the efficiency for the production of pollen and seeds. The PCA separated the sixteen lines in five groups and out of six traits, the area and main axes length of pollen grains were choosen and could be used as a selection criteria to be used in breeding programs; lines 2–4, 8–9, 5–11, 8–12, 3–12, 3–6, 5–7 and 7–12 were selected as parents on the basis of high production of fruits, pollen and seed.
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... The fresh seed material of populations 48 and 96 was the highest (3.8 mg), and with the exception of populations 16 and 34, that of the rest was similar to the commercial controls ( Figure 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observed that tomato seeds with greater mass generate vigorous plants and higher ...
... La materia fresca de las semilla de las poblaciones 48 y 96 fue la mayor (3.8 mg) y con excepción de las poblaciones 16 y 34, la del resto fue similar a los testigos comerciales (Figura 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observaron que las semillas de jitomate con masa mayor generaron plántulas vigorosas y rendimientos mayores. En contraste, en nuestro estudio las correlaciones no fueron significativas entre la masa de la semilla y el proceso germinativo y morfología final de plántula. ...
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... The fresh seed material of populations 48 and 96 was the highest (3.8 mg), and with the exception of populations 16 and 34, that of the rest was similar to the commercial controls ( Figure 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observed that tomato seeds with greater mass generate vigorous plants and higher ...
... La materia fresca de las semilla de las poblaciones 48 y 96 fue la mayor (3.8 mg) y con excepción de las poblaciones 16 y 34, la del resto fue similar a los testigos comerciales (Figura 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observaron que las semillas de jitomate con masa mayor generaron plántulas vigorosas y rendimientos mayores. En contraste, en nuestro estudio las correlaciones no fueron significativas entre la masa de la semilla y el proceso germinativo y morfología final de plántula. ...
AGRONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF NATIVE POPULATIONS OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) UNDER INTENSIVE PRODUCTION IN A GREENHOUSE
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2015
In Mexico there is genotype diversity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with outstanding characteristics of plant development, resistance to different biotic and abiotic factors, fruit yield and quality, but its production and use is local. Commercial production of tomato is based on patented hybrids such as saladette, bola and cherry, which limits the expression of the genetic store in the country. However, Mexico is considered one of the domestication centers of this horticultural product. The objective of the present study was to compare agronomic characteristics related to seedling development from 13 native populations of tomato with two commercial hybrids and to identify those with seedling quality equivalent to that of the commercial hybrids. Styrofoam germination trays of 200 cavities were used with commercial mixture Sunshine©3 plus Agrolite 3:1 (v/v) as substrate and irrigations with Steiner solution at 50 %. The populations and commercial hybrids were placed in a greenhouse for 31 d. Variables registered were percentage and germination rate, leaf exposure, seedling height, stem diameter, total number of leaves, leaf area, root length and volume, dry and fresh matter content of root and stem. The experimental design was completely randomized with 15 treatments and four replicates with 10 seedlings as experimental unit. Seedling development of populations 96 and 49, respectively, was similar to that of the commercial hybrids, and their germination and morphology were superior. Using principal components, the following were identified as variables to characterize quality: the presence of cotyledons, stem diameter, height, root length and number of leaves. Five native populations presented similarity in seedling quality with the commercial hybrids.
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... The fresh seed material of populations 48 and 96 was the highest (3.8 mg), and with the exception of populations 16 and 34, that of the rest was similar to the commercial controls ( Figure 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observed that tomato seeds with greater mass generate vigorous plants and higher ...
... La materia fresca de las semilla de las poblaciones 48 y 96 fue la mayor (3.8 mg) y con excepción de las poblaciones 16 y 34, la del resto fue similar a los testigos comerciales (Figura 1). Ramos-Ortega et al. (2006) observaron que las semillas de jitomate con masa mayor generaron plántulas vigorosas y rendimientos mayores. En contraste, en nuestro estudio las correlaciones no fueron significativas entre la masa de la semilla y el proceso germinativo y morfología final de plántula. ...
Agronomic behavior of native populations of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Under intensive production in a greenhouse
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2015
In Mexico there is genotype diversity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with outstanding characteristics of plant development, resistance to different biotic and abiotic factors, fruit yield and quality, but its production and use is local. Commercial production of tomato is based on patented hybrids such as saladette, bola and cherry, which limits the expression of the genetic store in the country. However, Mexico is considered one of the domestication centers of this horticultural product. The objective of the present study was to compare agronomic characteristics related to seedling development from 13 native populations of tomato with two commercial hybrids and to identify those with seedling quality equivalent to that of the commercial hybrids. Styrofoam germination trays of 200 cavities were used with commercial mixture Sunshine 3 plus Agrolite 3:1 (v/v) as substrate and irrigations with Steiner solution at 50 %. The populations and commercial hybrids were placed in a greenhouse for 31 d. Variables registered were percentage and germination rate, leaf exposure, seedling height, stem diameter, total number of leaves, leaf area, root length and volume, dry and fresh matter content of root and stem. The experimental design was completely randomized with 15 treatments and four replicates with 10 seedlings as experimental unit. Seedling development of populations 96 and 49, respectively, was similar to that of the commercial hybrids, and their germination and morphology were superior. Using principal components, the following were identified as variables to characterize quality: the presence of cotyledons, stem diameter, height, root length and number of leaves. Five native populations presented similarity in seedling quality with the commercial hybrids.
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... Algunos sistemas de producción de tomate en invernadero producen su propia semilla, la cual se estima en 39 kg ha -1 (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera [SIAP], 2015). Otra práctica requerida es el mejoramiento genético, el cual permitiría generar, producir y liberar semilla nacional conforme a condiciones locales y reducir el costo de producción de tomate (Ramos et al., 2006). La calidad de la semilla para siembra está determinada por procesos fisiológicos de las plantas como embriogénesis, crecimiento, resistencia a estrés y transición de semilla a plántula autotrófica (Ouyang et al., 2002;Spanò et al., 2007). ...
Efectos de la concentración de solución nutritiva Steiner y sustrato de crecimiento en la calidad de semilla de tomate
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
La evaluación de la calidad de la semilla permite conocer el estado físico, fisiológico, genético y sanitario que presenta, así como predecir la respuesta potencial a la siembra y los primeros estados de crecimiento de la planta. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la solución nutritiva Steiner (normal y modificada) y del sustrato de crecimiento en la calidad física y fisiológica de semilla de tomate. El experimento se realizó en el invernadero del Tecnológico Nacional de México, campus Roque, ubicado en Celaya, Guanajuato, México, en el periodo marzo-julio del 2018.Se usaron dos factores: solución nutritiva Steiner completa (100 %, testigo) y dos variantes: diluida (-25 %, -50 %) y concentrada (+25 %, +50 %) y dos sustratos: tezontle rojo y fibra de coco. La cosecha (o corte) de racimos con frutos se desarrolló en cinco fechas: 72, 86, 97, 108 y 120 días después del trasplante (ddt), identificada por el color rosado/rojo del pericarpio del fruto, a partir de lo cual se determinó la calidad de la semilla extraída mediante peso de 100 semillas y porcentaje de germinación estándar. Los resultados mostraron un efecto significativo (p ≤ 0,01) de la solución nutritiva en el peso de la semilla a partir del tercer corte (97 ddt) y en la germinación estándar a 108 y 120 ddt; mientras que el sustrato lo hizo únicamente a los 97 ddt en ambas características. Así, la solución nutritiva Steiner concentrada (+25 % y +50 %) acompañada de fibra de coco promueve el mayor peso de la semilla e incrementa la germinación estándar de la semilla de tomate de 20 % a 26 %, por lo que la calidad de la semilla de tomate mejora con el manejo racional de la solución nutritiva Steiner.
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... En México se siembran anualmente más de 52,374 ha de tomate híbrido que producen 1.6 millones de toneladas, con un rendimiento promedio de 56 t ha 1 (SIAP, 2014). Pero su semilla es de precio alto (Ramos et al., 2006) y con altos costos de producción. Según Cih-Dzul et al. (2011) y Ríos-Osorio et al. (2014, en los estados de mayor producción y exportación de tomate no se encuentra la mayor diversidad genética del cultivo, sino que ésta se concentra en los agro-ecosistemas tradicionales del centro y sureste del país donde se cultiva en parcelas no mayores a 1000 m 2 y en huertos caseros, los cuales desempeñan un papel importante en la conservación in situ de la agro-biodiversidad. ...
NUTRICIÓN ORGÁNICA EN PLANTACIONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) EN TABASCO, MÉXICO
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2016
The effect of three organic sources of nutrients: vermicompost, commercial compost and compost obtained by the producer on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in two Theobroma cacao L. was evaluated, during different times of the year and two different ways of application. A 32 factorial design and a control without fertilizer were applied. The use of organic sources increased the content of organic matter, N, P, K and Ca, and elevated the pH in the two cacao plantations. During the drought season a reduction in the OM, N, Ca contents, and pH value, was recorded; however, the fertilizers improved the nutritional contents of the cacao soils when they were applied buried.
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Size and shape in floral advertisement: Measurement, concepts and implications
Article
  • Jan 1997
The importance of the size and shape of flowers in the attraction of pollinators has long been recognized. It is thus not surprising that many different methods have been used to quantify floral characteristics. Similarly, many hypotheses have been proposed regarding the role of flower size and shape in floral advertisement for potential pollinators. Here we review a number of these methods and hypotheses. We find that some commonly used measures of flower size are inappropriate for studies of floral attraction. In some cases, the measures are not pertinent to floral advertisement, while in others they provide biased estimates of size, especially among flowers with different shapes. En face planar projection from the angle of approach of the visitor is recommended as the best measure of floral advertisement. Quantification of floral form is still in a rudimentary state. At present, contour density (i.e., perimeter / area) is the only measure of shape that is comparable for flowers of different forms (e.g., bell-shaped vs. bilabial flowers). The advantages and disadvantages of various experimental approaches for evaluating the role of flower shape and size are presented. We conclude that our understanding of the pollination process would benefit from placing less emphasis on flowers as morphological units and more emphasis on their functional role in the overall pollination process of each species. More field experiments testing the learned as well as the learned responses of a wide range of pollinating species are needed.
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Correlation between the morphological characteristics and the biochemical components of tomato fruit quality
Article
  • Dec 1997
The interdependence of 8 morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters, all important for tomato fruit quality, has been investigated. These characteristics and parameters are: fruit weight, number of locules, fruit firmness, number of cracks, dry matter content, total sugar content, total acid content, and vitamin C content.. The research was done on 12 lines and their 30 F, hybrids obtained from the partial diallel cross (Singh and Chaudhary, 1976).A very strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient r>0.75) was observed between fruit weight and number of locules. A negative correlation was found between fruit weight and dry matter contents. A strong positive correlation (r>0.50) was observed between fruit firmness and total sugar content, while a negative correlation was found between fruit weight and the total sugar content, between tomato fruit firmness and the total acid content and, finally, between the number of cracks and sugar content. A moderate positive correlation (r>0.30) was found between the number of cracks per fruit and total acid content, as well as between fruit firmness and dry matter content. A negative correlation was found between fruit weight and total acid content.
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A review of pollination and fruit set in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Article
  • Jan 1984
Fruit setting is often poor in midwinter in early heated crops of tomatoes grown in the United Kingdom. This review considers recent research on the processes leading to fruit set in tomato with particular reference to the effects of low light and carbohydrate deficiency. Further research is needed to establish the most cost-effective cultural practices for maximum fruit set and early yield.
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Evolution of the Inbred Flower Form in the Currant Tomato, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
Article
  • Jul 2002
The evolution of inbreeding is common throughout the angiosperms, although little is known about the developmental and genetic processes involved. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato) is a self-compatible species with variation in outcrossing rate correlated with floral morphology. Mature flowers from setting and outcrossing populations differ greatly in characters affecting breeding behavior (petal, anther, and style lengths); other flower parts (sepals, ovaries) show minimal differences. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of the floral characters associated with breeding-system differences in this species showed QTLs of major effect (>25%) on phenotypic variance for anther and style length. Here, we examined the developmental basis for the difference in mature flower forms associated with the different breeding systems. The two floral forms at initial stages of growth showed no significant differences in external morphology. Anthers of selfing flowers, which were smaller at maturity and contained fewer pollen grains, began differentiation at a smaller size than did those in the outcrossing flower. The smaller style of the setting flower resulted from a reduction in cell number. Growth rates of flowers of the two types were not significantly different, but durations of growth were significantly greater in the larger outcrossing flowers, enough to account for the entire difference in size. A relatively simple heterochronic change in growth is proposed as the mechanism of evolution of the inbred flower form.
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A universal method for preparing nutrient solution of a certain desired composition
Article
  • Oct 1961
So as to provide a basis for nutritional and general physiological experiments on plants, a systematic investigation has been made into the preparation of nutrient solutions satisfying certain requirements as to the relative ratios of the nutrient ions, the total ionic concentration and the pH, without complications due to precipitation. A method has been developed whereby it is possible to compute in advance, a formula for the composition of the nutrient solution which satisfies these requirements.
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Comparación de medias para los caracteres morfológicos evaluados en flor de 16 líneas de jitomate desarrolladas en hidroponía e invernadero. Montecillo, Estado de México, México Internacional Society for Horticultural Science
  • Jan 2004
  • 121-140
Cuadro 4. Comparación de medias para los caracteres morfológicos evaluados en flor de 16 líneas de jitomate desarrolladas en hidroponía e invernadero. Montecillo, Estado de México, México. 2004. implications. In: Institute of Evolution University of Haifa. Richards, K.W. (ed.). Internacional Society for Horticultural Science. Acta Horticulturae Number 437: VII International Symposium on Pollination. Haifa, Israel. p. 121-140.
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Análisis de correlaciones entre diferentes variedades morfológicas y el peso de fruto en un grupo de variedades de tomate
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González M., C. y Álvarez M., C. 1984. Análisis de correlaciones entre diferentes variedades morfológicas y el peso de fruto en un grupo de variedades de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Cultivos tropicales 6:579-588.
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