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Introduction to the Special issue: The Stresses of Parenting
Abstract
Introduces the special issue on the stresses of parenting by highlighting the need for dynamic multivariate models to understand the causation of parenting stress and its impact on parenting behaviors and child outcomes. A brief summary of the principal thrust and conclusions of each article is presented. The importance of parental cognitions as mediators of more distal factors that influence parent-child interaction is emphasized.
... Without appropriate attention and intervention, these behaviors can escalate into more severe issues, including social communication difficulties, academic underachievement, and potential development of antisocial behaviors. [2][3][4] Moreover, studies indicate that early problem behaviors in preschoolers can lead to long-term risks, such as delinquency in adolescence and adulthood. 3,4 There was a significant association between co-parenting relationships and children's problem behaviors, and interventions to improve co-parenting skills reduced children's problem behaviors. ...
... Parenting stress, as defined by Abidin (1990), 2 is the result of the pressures experienced by parents, influenced by a combination of internal and external factors, and manifested in various aspects of parental roles and interactions with their children. Parenting stress is a prevalent issue within the parenting population, 25 with mothers particularly susceptible to increased anxiety in challenging environments. ...
... Parenting stress, as defined by Abidin (1990), 2 is the result of the pressures experienced by parents, influenced by a combination of internal and external factors, and manifested in various aspects of parental roles and interactions with their children. Parenting stress is a prevalent issue within the parenting population, 25 with mothers particularly susceptible to increased anxiety in challenging environments. ...
Introduction
Problem behaviors in preschoolers signals social adjustment challenges. This study investigates the mediating role of parenting stress in the relationship between co-parenting and these behaviors, and examines how family resilience impacts this dynamic.
Methods
A detailed survey was conducted with 1279 mothers of 3-6-year-olds in Shanghai, China, focusing on co-parenting, family resilience, parenting stress, and children’s behaviors. We employed SPSS 26 for initial tests and the Hayes PROCESS macro in SPSS 23.0 for advanced analysis, using bootstrap methods to assess mediation and moderation effects.
Results
The analysis revealed that maternal parenting stress mediates the relationship between co-parenting and children’s problem behaviors. Specifically, unsupportive co-parenting or low levels of supportive co-parenting heightened maternal stress, which in turn increased children’s problem behaviors. Family resilience was found to moderate this relationship, buffering the impact of unsupportive co-parenting on maternal stress. High family resilience levels were associated with lower parenting stress, regardless of co-parenting quality.
Conclusion
These findings highlight the importance of enhancing family resilience and supportive co-parenting to mitigate parenting stress and reduce problem behaviors in children. It has practical implications for developing family-centred interventions and policies to strengthen family resilience and co-parenting skills.
... The results of previous research have demonstrated a close relationship between parents' stress levels and their capabilities to manage family problems (Niedbalski 2022;Wen & Chu 2020), their mental and emotional well-being (Huang et al. 2014;Picardi et al. 2018), as well as the behavior and special needs of children (Abidin 1990;Benesova & Sikorova 2022;De Gaetano 2022;Miranda et al. 2019). Furthermore, parents are expected to adore, support, accept, and cherish their children unconditionally, which is a strong social stigma against them. ...
... Abidin's Parenting Stress Model that developed by Richard Abidin (1990) has been applied in this research. Three domains have been included in this model: (1) parental distress, PD; (2) parent-child dysfunctional interaction, P-CDI; and (3) difficult child, DC (Abidin 1990). ...
... Abidin's Parenting Stress Model that developed by Richard Abidin (1990) has been applied in this research. Three domains have been included in this model: (1) parental distress, PD; (2) parent-child dysfunctional interaction, P-CDI; and (3) difficult child, DC (Abidin 1990). PD is the parent domain that describes the stresses experienced as a result of parental personality and functionality, such as depression, a sense of competence, and parenting rapport (Abidin 1990;Fang et al. 2022;Luo et al. 2021). ...
Parenting stress is experienced when demand exceeds the capabilities and resources that parents have. This study aims to compare the level of parental stress between parents of atypical children and typical children. A survey has been conducted with 46 parents of atypical children and 54 parents of typical children who were selected around Selangor. The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), which is formed from three domains: (1) parental distress, (2) parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and (3) difficult child, has been used to measure the level of parenting stress. The samples were asked to fill out the PSI-SF questionnaire, and the data collected was then analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 27.0. The result showed that there was a significant difference in parenting stress levels between parents of atypical children and typical children. The mental health of atypical parents is greatly affected not only by the stress of daily life, work, marital problems, interpersonal relationships, and so on. Many of them also feel lonely and isolated since their worries and anxiety are not being understood. The implication of this study is to create awareness among parents of atypical children about their state of mental health before it reaches levels of depression. Therefore, appropriate support and assistance are needed by this group of parents in order to improve their quality of life and family relationships.
... Recent studies have found that children's problem behaviours have increased during COVID-19, in part because of reduced socialization with peers, extensive reliance on the Internet, and insufficient physical activity (Huang & Zhao, 2020;Liu et al., 2021;Wright, Williams, & Veldhuijzen van Zanten, 2021). A child's early problem behaviours negatively indicates social adjustment (Abidin, 1990). Not being given adequate attention and intervention will lead to difficulties in social interaction, low academic achievement at school age, and even antisocial behaviour and delinquency in adolescence and adulthood (Bor, McGee, & Fagan, 2004;Bulotsky-Shearer & Fantuzzo, 2011). ...
... Parenting stress refers to the strain experienced by parents as a result of both internal and external factors, which manifests in distinct ways within the context of their parental role and interactions with their children (Abidin, 1990). The COVID-19 pandemic has elevated parenting stress levels among parents (Adams, Smith, Caccavale, & Bean, 2021;Li & Wu, 2021). ...
... Moreover, the mediating pathway involving family resilience leading to parenting stress, which in turn leads to children's problem behaviours, exhibits a significantly greater effect than the other two mediating pathways. The observed phenomenon may be ascribed to the notion that parenting stress is significantly impacted by factors related to the family, as posited by Abidin (1990), and is furthermore a high-risk factor for problem behaviours in children of preschool age (Liu & Wang, 2015). Mothers with higher levels of parenting stress are more likely to neglect the needs of preschool children and create a hostile family emotional environment, which leads to an increase in children's problem behaviours (Denham et al., 1997;Liu & Wang, 2018;Tsotsi et al., 2019). ...
To explore the relationship between family resilience and preschool children’s problem behaviours and the role of maternal parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy in this relationship, a total of 1282 mothers of preschool children were surveyed. The results showed that: (1) family resilience could significantly negatively predict preschool children’s problem behaviours. (2) Maternal parenting stress completely mediated the relationship between family resilience and preschool children’s problem behaviours. (3) Maternal parenting self-efficacy completely mediated the relationship between family resilience and preschool children’s problem behaviours. (4) Maternal parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy played a mediating chain role between family resilience and preschool children’s problem behaviours. This study deepened the understanding of the relationship between family resilience and children’s social adjustment by discussing and outlining the relationship between family resilience to its influence on children’s problem behaviours.
... In the published article, the reference for "(PSI-SF;" was incorrectly written as (Abidin, 1995). It should be (Abidin, 1990). ...
... In the published article, the reference for "our study corrected for covariates that have widely been associated with parenting stress, including household income, educational status and occupational status" was incorrectly written as (Abidin, 1990(Abidin, , 1995. It should be (Abidin, 1990(Abidin, , 1992. ...
... In the published article, the reference for "our study corrected for covariates that have widely been associated with parenting stress, including household income, educational status and occupational status" was incorrectly written as (Abidin, 1990(Abidin, , 1995. It should be (Abidin, 1990(Abidin, , 1992. ...
... The degree of hearing loss could influence parenting stress: mothers of DHH children with milder hearing loss have been found to be more stressed than mothers of children with more severe hearing loss (Pipp-Siegel et al., 2002), though Zaidman-Zait et al. (2016) did not find any relationship between degree of hearing loss and parenting stress. Abidin (1990) noted early on that his model of parenting stress could benefit from considering other factors, as factors not included in this model, such as social support, may influence the stress experienced by parents. ...
... The Parenting Stress index (PSI) is a questionnaire that assesses different sources of parenting stress (Abidin, 1990). The French version of PSI-4, translated and validated by Bigras et al. (1996) was used. ...
... In the child domain, our results confirm previous research by Meadow-Orlans (1995) and Meadow-Orlans et al. (2004), that mothers and fathers perceive their child as more hyperactive than parents of children with normal hearing. Although the PSI is not specifically designed for parents of DHH children, as a measure of parenting stress it does offer an interpretation for each sub-domain when scores are above the norm (Abidin, 1990). For instance, the fact that parents of DHH children are more stressed by their child's hyperactivity could be explained by the fact that these are children who require more energy to raise. ...
Introduction
Hearing parents of deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children may experience parenting stress and social support could be a buffer to this stress. Differences in levels of these two indicators may exist between mothers and fathers. This study focuses on the parenting stress and social support needs of mothers and fathers of DHH children.
Methods
Twenty-seven French parental couples of DHH children completed the Parenting Stress Index and the Family Needs Survey, a questionnaire on social support needs.
Results
Their overall stress scores showed no difference, but subdomain scores show that mothers and fathers are more stressed by the child’s hyperactivity, and fathers by the child’s adaptability, than parents of children with normal hearing. Mothers are more stressed than fathers by role restriction; they feel less free because of their parenting role. Fathers have a lower quality of attachment to their child than mothers. Parents have a high social support need, especially for obtaining information about their child’s individual characteristics and health situation. The ranking of mothers and fathers in the top 10 needs reveals different needs profiles. Parenting stress profiles show that mothers and fathers with higher-than-normal stress levels have a greater overall need for social support than mothers and fathers with lower than normal stress levels.
Discussion
This study highlights the value of assessing parenting stress and social support needs in parents of DHH children for a better understanding of their situation in research and its clinical implications, as well as the importance of differentiating outcomes for mothers and fathers.
... In this model, Belsky highlighted the importance of parental psychological functioning in the domain of parent characteristics, focused on difficult temperament in the domain of child characteristics, and focused on marital relationship quality, sources of parental social support, and parents' work habits in the domain of social context (Taraban & Shaw, 2018). Abidin (1990) then developed the first parenting stress model, which proposed that parenting stress is caused by various child (e.g., adaptability, demandingness, mood, activeness) and parent (e.g., social isolation, health, spousal and social system support) characteristics. According to Abidin's theoretical model and its assessment instruments (i.e., Parenting Stress Index, PSI; PSI-Short Form, PSI-SF), there are three types of stressors: parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and child difficulty, with parent-child dysfunctional interactions contributing the most to parenting stress. ...
... Tam et al. (1994) translated and validated the PSI in a sample of 248 Hong Kong mothers. They reported that the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) replicated the two-factor model (i.e., child domain, parent domain), with a coefficients being similar to those in Western samples (Abidin, 1990). Later, Yeh et al. (2001) examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PSI-SF in a sample of 149 Taiwan parents of pediatric cancer patients and developed a 15-item simplified PSI-SF. ...
... Thus, our model also included the Parents' Readjustment to Life (PRL) domain to better understand the many psychological, economic, social, and behavioral changes that children bring to their parents (e.g., Saxbe et al., 2018). Our initial theoretical model thus contained four domains-CD, DC, PCI, and PRL-at the second order and 15 factors at the first order-Physical Development of Child (PDC; e.g., Deater-Deckard, 2017), Mental Development of Child (MDC), Child's Adjustment in School (CAS; e.g., Coplan et al., 2003), Child's Resistance (CR; e.g., Buodo et al., 2013), Child's Attack (CA), Child's Emotionality (CE), Child's Negative Emotionality (CNE; e.g., De Pauw et al., 2009), Parent-Child Activity Stress (PAS; e.g., Abidin, 1990), Parental Role Satisfaction (PRS), Parenting Expectation (PE; e.g., Santos-Nunes et al., 2018), Conflict Between Work and Parenting (CBWP; e.g., Vahedi et al., 2019), Changes In Social Relations (CISR), Financial Burden (FB), Changes in Lifestyle (CL), and Changes in the Spouses' Relationship (CSR; e.g., Dong et al., 2022). ...
Parenting stress is the experience of discomfort or distress that results from the demands associated with the role of parenting. Although there are numerous parenting stress scales, relatively few scales have been developed with consideration of the Chinese cultural context. This study aimed to develop and validate the Chinese Parenting Stress Scale (CPSS) with a multidimensional and hierarchical structure for Mainland Chinese preschoolers’ parents (N = 1,427, Mage = 35.63 years, SD = 4.69). In Study 1, a theoretical model and an initial 118 items were developed, drawing on prior research and existing measures of parenting stress. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 15 first-order factors with 60 items. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analyses supported a higher order solution consisting of 15 first-order factors covering four domains: Child Development (12 items), Difficult Child (16 items), Parent–Child Interaction (12 items), and Parent’s Readjustment to Life (20 items). Measurement invariance indicated no gender differences between parents for the scale scores. The convergent, discriminant, and criteria validity of the CPSS scores was supported by its association with related variables in the expected directions. Moreover, the CPSS scores added significant incremental variance in predicting somatization, anxiety, and child’s emotional symptoms more so than the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form–15. The CPSS total and subscale scores all had acceptable Cronbach’s αs in both samples. The overall findings support the CPSS as a psychometrically sound tool.
... Parenting, in addition to providing a unique and rewarding experience, also confronts parents with new demands that may produce stress which, in turn, can lead to a deterioration of parental health and well-being, compromising their role as parents and, subsequently, the development of children and adolescents (Siegel & Hartzell, 2013). In this sense, due to the specificities of parenthood, the stress resulting from parenting is different from the stress triggered by other types of life events (Abidin, 1990;Belsky, 1984;Crnic & Low, 2002;Deater-Deckard, 2004), and may be cumulative. ...
... Parental stress is defined as the aversive psychological reaction to the demands imposed by parenting (Abidin, 1990;Deater-Deckard, 2004). This concept should not be accessed through a single measure (Holly et al., 2019), but rather understood as a complex process that interconnects the requirements of parenting, parents' behaviour and wellbeing, the quality of the relationship between parents and the child, and the child's psychosocial adjustment. ...
... This concept should not be accessed through a single measure (Holly et al., 2019), but rather understood as a complex process that interconnects the requirements of parenting, parents' behaviour and wellbeing, the quality of the relationship between parents and the child, and the child's psychosocial adjustment. The multi-determined nature of parental stress stems from the specific characteristics of each child and parent at a given time, and situational variables related to the parental role, and each of these elements can contribute to increase or decrease the stress experienced by parents (Abidin, 1990;Belsky, 1984;Crnic & Low, 2002;Deater-Deckard, 2004). The relationship established between the numerous factors involved will determine how parents perceive themselves and their children and, consequently, how they relate to them (Abidin, 1992), as well as their resources to deal with daily demands and hurdles. ...
Specialized literature points consistently to the relevance of parental stress in parenting practices and in the risk of child abuse. At the same time, it is known that socioeconomic status constitutes a risk factor to parental stress. This research aimed to compare differences in parental stress and risk of child abuse between different socioeconomic families, as well as determine whether parental stress constitutes a predictor of child abuse risk in both groups. The sample comprised 109 parents – 62 residents of low socioeconomic status in the Porto district and 47 residents of middle/high socioeconomic status in Funchal district – which completed the AAPI-2 and PSI. The results revealed that low-SES parents have higher levels of parental stress and are more likely to commit child abuse. It was also found that parental stress predicts the risk of child abuse both for low and middle/high SES parents, even if this relationship is stronger for low-income families. Thus, reducing parental stress may constitute an effective way to prevent child abuse by parents.
... Parenting Stress. The short form of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1990) was administered to parents to assess stress associated with parenting. The PSI-SF has 36 items. ...
... Total scores range from 36 to 180, with higher scores reflecting greater parenting stress. The short form correlates highly with the full-length version of the PSI, for which predictive and concurrent validity have been demonstrated (Abidin, 1990). Cronbach's α for the present study were .94 ...
Findings are reported from Phase 2 of a longitudinal study of family functioning in heterosexual-couple families with 5 year olds conceived using identity-release egg donation. Seventy-two egg donation families were compared to 50 in vitro fertilization (IVF) families (ethnicity: 93% White British) using standardized observational, interview, and questionnaire measures. There were no differences between family types in the quality of mother–child or father–child interaction, apart from lower structuring by fathers in egg donation families. Egg donation mothers and fathers reported higher levels of parenting stress and lower levels of confidence and competence than their IVF counterparts. Egg donation mothers reported lower social support and couple relationship quality, greater anger toward their child, and perceived their child as more angry and less happy, compared to IVF mothers. Egg donation fathers showed greater criticism and anger toward their child, less joy in parenting, and were less satisfied with the support they received, than IVF fathers. Children in egg donation families showed higher levels of externalizing problems than IVF children as rated by mothers, fathers, and teachers, whereas they were rated as having higher levels of internalizing problems by teachers only. Externalizing problems were predicted by mothers’ lower initial social support, steeper increases in parenting stress and greater concurrent criticism, whereas internalizing problems were associated with poorer initial couple relationship quality as rated by mothers. Both were predicted by fewer gains in reflective functioning. There was a moderation effect such that parenting stress was a stronger predictor of externalizing problems for egg donation than IVF families.
... The Developmental Model for Understanding Mechanisms of Transmission posits that genetics, prenatal neuroregulatory mechanisms, maladaptive parental cognitions, behaviours and affect as well as exposure to stressful environments all play a role [19,20]. Parenting stress, a specific stress response that occurs when the perceived demands of parenting outstrip an individual's ability to cope, would be expected to influence this relationship [21,22]. Increased parenting stress leads to more negative parent-child interactions [23] and exposes children to a cumulatively more stressful family context [24]. ...
... An unanticipated finding was that data from nearly one quarter of participants had to be excluded from the present study due to an elevated defensive responding scale, rendering their PSI-SF total parenting stress scores invalid. The Parenting Stress Index was developed under the assumption that some degree of parenting stress is typical [21,43]. Abnormally low scores may indicate that a parent is trying to minimize stress so as to appear better functioning, which may be particularly salient for the present sample who were recruited because of the potential vulnerability. ...
Parenting stress occurs when demands of the parenting role are perceived as overwhelming and has been proposed as a mechanism through which postpartum mood disturbances may impact child psychopathology. In a prospective longitudinal birth cohort of 111 birthing parent–child dyads, this study examined whether the relationship between birthing parents’ mood symptoms in infancy (3 months postpartum) and their child’s internalizing behaviour in early childhood (3 and 6 years old) is mediated by parenting stress at 6 months postpartum. The relationship between higher postpartum mood symptoms at 3 months and increased internalizing behaviour at 3 years of age was mediated by increased reports of parenting stress at 6 months (b = .12, 95% CI = .02, .25). This association was not evident at 6 years. Parenting stress in early infancy may provide a treatment target to reduce the impact of perinatal depression on early child behavior.
... Parents of children with ADHD often experience increased parenting stress and reduced parental self-efficacy, which could negatively affect their well-being and the parent-child relationship [16,17]. Parenting stress, defined as "the aversive psychological reaction to the demands of being a parent" [18], is determined by child and parent characteristics and the surrounding relationship dynamics [19,20]. Parental self-efficacy, an individual's confidence about their ability to successfully raise children, contributes significantly in perceiving and resolving parenting challenges [21,22]. ...
... Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 6 July 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0361.v119 ...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in various functioning impairments in children’s lives and families. Parents of children with ADHD report high levels of parenting stress, low levels of parental self-efficacy and use of more authoritarian and/or permissive parenting practices than parents of typically developing children. Intervention programs need to address both children’s and parents’ needs and multimodal intervention programs could cover this demand. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of “Child ViReal Support Program” - a multi-level evidence-based comprehensive program - on parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, parenting practices, and the core symptoms of children’s ADHD. Families with a child diagnosed with ADHD (n = 16) were randomly allocated to two groups (PC and CP; P = parent training, C = child training) and a cross-over design was utilized. Participating parents completed, in four different times during the study, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version and the parent form of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Parents from both groups, after their participation in the parent training, demonstrated reduced parenting stress, enhanced parental self-efficacy and increased the employ of democratic parenting practices. More than that, they reported decreased levels of inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity for their children. Evidence-based multi-level intervention programs could produce positive effects in parents and children by incorporating effective methods and tools in accordance with the needs and the demands of the family context.
... Parenting stress refers to a form of stress experienced by parents during childcare (Kochanova et al., 2022). The Parenting Stress Model (Abidin, 1990) indicated that parents' personality traits influence parenting experiences. The diathesis-stress model of perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1993) explained the relationship between perfectionism and stress by focusing on four important aspects of stress: generation, anticipation, perpetuation, and enhancement. ...
... Parenting stress was assessed using the Chinese version (Ren, 1995) of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (Abidin, 1990). It comprises 36 items, and each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with higher scores representing higher stress levels. ...
... , , (Buss & Plomin, 1984). (Abidin, 1990;Cutrona & Troutman, 1986;Dumas & LaFrenter, 1993; U. I. Park, 1995). (Calkins, 2002) (Hemphill & Sanson, 2000; H. S. Lim & Park, 1994;Van Den Boom & Hoesksma, 1994). ...
Objectives: This study aimed to examine how mothers’ and fathers’ effortful control moderates the relationship between young children’s negative emotionality and mothers and fathers’ parenting behavior, and how parenting behavior moderates the relationship between young children’s negative emotionality and their problematic behavior.Methods: A survey was conducted among 143 fathers and 205 mothers of children aged 3-5 years through self-report assessments of their young children’s negative emotionality, problem behavior, and their own effortful control, and parenting behavior. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, frequency analysis, and hierarchical regression analyses with SPSS 22.0.Results: Mothers’ effortful control significantly moderated the association between children’s negative emotionality and the mothers’ rejective parenting behaviors. Mothers’ reactive parenting behavior moderated the association between children’s negative emotionality and problematic behavior. Fathers’ rejective parenting behavior significantly moderated the effect of children’s negative emotionality on problematic behavior.Conclusion: This study is meaningful as it confirms a two-way relationship between children and their mothers or fathers according to “a process model of determinants of parenting”. Partially supported by “Differential susceptibility model”, the parenting behavior moderated the effect of children’s negative emotionality on their problematic behavior. In addition, mothers and fathers’ effortful control affected their positive parenting behavior; however only mothers’ internal factors moderated the effect of children’s negative emotionality on the parenting behavior. Finally, verifying whether mothers and fathers’ parenting behavior moderates the effect of children’s negative emotions on problem behavior differently is important.
... Families of children hospitalized, especially in the ICU, are at risk for trauma-related mental health conditions, with 10-20% developing PTSD [114,120] and 84% having traumatic stress symptoms [120]. These parental issues have the potential to translate later to dysfunctional parent-child interactions, with negative impact on emotional and behavioral functioning in the child with CHD [121,122]. It is known that psychosocial wellbeing is impaired in siblings of children with CHD, and mitigating factors to these negative impacts are not fully understood [123,124]. ...
Mental health conditions are a common comorbidity among children living with heart disease. Children with congenital heart disease are more likely to have a mental health condition than their unaffected peers or peers with other chronic illnesses, and mental health risk persists across their lifetime. While poorer mental health in adults with congenital heart disease is associated with worse overall health outcomes, the association between mental health and cardiac outcomes for children with heart disease remains unknown. Despite this, it is suspected that mental health conditions go undiagnosed in children with heart disease and that many affected children and adolescents do not receive optimal mental health care. In this article, we review mental health in congenital heart disease across the lifespan, across domains of care, and across diagnoses. Further directions to support mental health care for children and adolescents with heart disease include practical screening and access to timely referral and mental health resources.
... This research's results align with the study of Kasperzack et al. (2020) and Chorão et al. (2022). Models of parental stress show that child-parent characteristics, marital relationships, parent-child relationships, and contextual characteristics play essential roles in the experience of parenting stress (Abidin, 1990;Cain & Combs-Orme, 2005;Kalil et al., 2005;Mulsow et al., 2002). In this regard, all interventions addressing the factors affecting parental stress will likely reduce parents' perceived stress. ...
... Reviews by Louie et al. (2017) and Holly et al. (2019) suggested an increasing focus on parenting stress in the family research literature over the past decade, including increasing use of a variety of parenting stress scales to measure this construct across diverse contexts and samples. This rise in interest in parenting stress may be attributed to an increased understanding of the role it plays in child development; several studies indicate that parenting stress levels are associated with child well-being, including the quality of parenting children receive, maltreatment risk, and child behavior (e.g., Abidin, 1990;Anthony et al., 2005;Crnic et al., 2005;Mackler et al., 2015;Miragoli et al., 2018;Tucker et al., 2017). Nomaguchi and Milkie (2017) offered a useful approach to understanding parenting stress, including potential causes and mechanisms as well as its impact on children and families. ...
Objective
We examine the relationship between shared placement and parenting stress for low‐income fathers.
Background
Shared placement (joint physical custody), a living arrangement in which children whose parents live apart spend a significant amount of time living with each, has increased among families in the United States. Little is known about how this placement affects fathers' well‐being, especially fathers with lower incomes and who have had a nonmarital birth.
Method
Our sample included 5,755 noncustodial fathers who enrolled in the National Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration. Using regression approaches, we estimate associations between measures of self‐reported placement and parenting stress.
Results
We found that shared placement was statistically significantly associated with lower parenting stress levels (estimated magnitude of 5%–10%) compared with fathers without shared placement. This held for fathers with equal placement and those with substantial, but not equal, time. These results were consistent when accounting for confounding characteristics, suggesting the association may not be fully explained by selection into shared placement.
Conclusion
Shared placement is associated with lower levels of parenting stress for low‐income noncustodial fathers compared with those fathers without it. We find that this holds true for any shared placement, equal placement, mother primary shared placement, and father primary shared placement.
Implications
Given the potential benefits of shared care, examining whether policy and practice are supporting this for lower resourced families may be particularly important. Fatherhood and other family‐strengthening programs can support fathers in navigating potential stress driven by shared parenting arrangements.
... Parenting stress has been defined as an aversive response to the demands associated with parenting that results in negative feelings toward oneself and one's child [12]. Parenting stress is hypothesized to arise from a complex array of parent-specific factors (e.g., psychopathology, perceived competence as a parent, availability of social support), child-specific factors (e.g., adaptability, hyperactivity), and their interaction [2]. When the demands of parenting exceed the resources that a parent perceives to be available to them (e.g., parent's perceived competence at managing the demands of parenting, family support), parenting stress results. ...
Parents of autistic children experience significant parenting stress, which is prospectively associated with increases in child externalizing behaviors. However, family factors that place specific families at risk for experiencing the negative impacts of parenting stress on child externalizing behaviors have not been identified. The present study examined whether parental mental health moderates the association between parenting stress and child externalizing behaviors. Parents of 501 autistic children (Mage=5.16yrs) completed the Parenting Stress Index and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Parents reported whether they had ever been diagnosed with a mental health disorder. Parenting stress, parental internalizing diagnosis, and parental externalizing diagnosis all independently predicted child externalizing behavior. However, parenting stress did not interact with any category of parental mental health diagnoses to predict child externalizing. Results implicate high levels of parenting stress as a risk factor for increased child behavior problems among autistic children across parental mental health statuses. Interventions aimed at reducing parenting stress may improve parent outcomes and prevent the development of child externalizing behaviors among families of autistic children.
... For parental stress, the Korean version of the 'Parenting Stress Scale' developed by Kang [22] based on Abidin's [23] Parenting Stress Index (PSI) was used. Among these, the children's panel used a questionnaire that extracted only the 'burden and distress about parental role' factors that were judged to be closely related to parenting stress. ...
This study examines the serial dual mediating effects of marital conflict and self-esteem on the relationship between parenting stress and life satisfaction in parents of school-aged children with chronic conditions. This study aims to present foundational data for developing nursing interventions for parents caring for children with chronic illnesses. Of the 2150 parents who participated in the 13th Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC), 271 raising a child with a chronic illness were enrolled in the study. The serial dual mediating effect was analyzed using PROCESS macro Model 6. The serial dual mediating effects of parenting stress, marital conflict, and self-esteem on parents’ life satisfaction were analyzed. Marital conflict and self-esteem had significant serial multiple mediating effects on the relationship between stress and life satisfaction in fathers (B = −0.11, bootstrap 95% CI = −0.16–−0.06) and mothers (B = −0.06, bootstrap 95% CI = −0.09–−0.03). Our results suggest that marital conflict increases with increasing parenting stress and that increased marital conflict sequentially reduces self-esteem, ultimately diminishing life satisfaction in parents raising a child with a chronic condition. Thus, relevant nursing interventions and social support are essential to boost the life satisfaction of parents raising children with chronic conditions.
... The results of different studies have shown that, compared to other parents, those of Social Sciences Volume 12, Issue 1 123 children with disabilities face a higher level of stress and mental pressure (Savari et al., 2021). Stress levels in parents of children with disabilities have a number of well-defined determinants (R. R. Abidin, 1990;Gallagher & Whiteley, 2013), varying according to the characteristics of the disabled child, mentioning the type and severity of the disability, the degree of autonomy of the child, as well as the age of the child and the visibility of the disability that impacts the social interactions (Baxter et al., 2000;Knussen & Sloper, 1992). Theoretical models of parental stress that are influential in the field of disability suggest that parents will become stressed, not because of the child's characteristics and the challenges they face, but if they perceive that they do not have the resources to adapt and cope with the child's needs arising from disability (Hastings, 2002;Heiman, 2002;Kishore, 2011). ...
Raising children with special needs increases the level of family stress and undoubtedly affects the mental well-being of its members. Parents' ability to adapt to this challenge, which causes stress and various unpleasant emotions, will have an effect both on them and on the children.We hypothesized that perceived stress is a significant predictor for parents' mental well-being and that this relationship is moderated by different copying strategies used by them.Moreover, we hypothesized that the type of school in which children are enrolled predicts the level of stress reported by the parents.202 parents of children with disabilities in special schools and mainstream schools, aged between 21 and 66 years old, completed a questionnaire to measure stress levels, mental well-being and the coping strategies used by them. Regression and moderation analyses were conducted. Parental stress was a negative predictor of mental well-being, and problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping were moderators of the relationship between the two variables, with lower levels of stress and higher levels of mental well-being for the use of these strategies. Avoidant coping did not represent a moderator in this relationship, being correlated with higher levels of parental stress. Children' parents in special education have experienced higher levels of stress than children' parents in mainstream schools. Findings suggest that the way parents of disabled children manage to cope with the stressors influence their mental well-being, offering support in understanding this phenomenon and setting objectives of psycho-emotional intervention for parents.
... El estrés parental se define como la experiencia displacentera provocada por las demandas asociadas a la crianza de los/as hijos/as (Deater-Deckard, 1998). Uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para medir el estrés parental ha sido el Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990a(Abidin, , 1990b, tanto en su versión original como en su abreviada (PSI-SF, por su sigla en inglés) (Zaidman-Zait et al., 2010). El PSI-SF evalúa los factores relacionados con la percepción del/la cuidador/a, sobre sus competencias parentales, las características del/la niño/a y la interacción entre el/la padre/madre-hijo/a. ...
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo ampliar el conocimiento sobre el estrés parental de los cuidadores principales de personas con TEA en Uruguay. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se aplicaron el Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, la Beach Center Family Quality of Life Survey y el Beck Depression Inventory‐II. Participaron 106 cuidadores principales, en su mayoría madres (87,4 %), que informaron altos niveles de estrés. La sintomatología depresiva estuvo asociada con el nivel global de estrés y malestar parentales. Se encontró una relación inversa entre estrés familiar y calidad de vida familiar (CDVF); informaron un nivel satisfactorio de CDVF con bajos niveles de bienestar emocional. Se encontraron relaciones inversas entre interacción familiar y rol parental con el factor de interacción disfuncional padres-hijos. Los resultados sugieren integrar evaluaciones sobre el estrés parental a las intervenciones con personas dentro del TEA considerando el impacto del bienestar emocional en la calidad de vida familiar.
... Parenting is not only associated with pleasant emotions but also with stress (Abidin 1990, Crnic and Low 2002, Deater-Deckard 2014, which may then lead to child behaviour problems (Barroso et al. 2018). Until now, different concepts have been used to examine the impact of parenting challenges, such as parental competence (Johnston and Mash 1989), parental self-efficacy (Coleman and Karraker 1998), and caregiving helplessness (George and Solomon 2011). ...
Parenting, traditionally associated with positive feelings, simultaneously presents formidable challenges that can be detrimental to both families and children. The emergence of parental burnout as a contemporary construct describes the complex array of issues and hardships faced by parents. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the prevalence of parental burnout and its consequences. Accordingly, this review critically examines the evolution of burnout as a concept, particularly within the realm of caregiving, and subsequently delves into the genesis of parental burnout. This comprehensive exploration includes an analysis of the primary determinants contributing to parental burnout and its multifaceted effects on parents, children, and family relationships. Finally, this review culminates in an outline of prospective implications and interventions designed to mitigate parental burnout, thereby providing valuable insights for professionals involved in the support and guidance of families and children.
... On the other hand, parenting brings different conditions to the family and elevates stress levels (Abidin, 1990). Many households' social conditions changed, and people suddenly spent more time in their homes and with their families and children. ...
Our study intends to specify the impact of the singular pandemic stressors on the population and also quantify the contribution of different predictors of depression; some of them are stronger than others, and this research shows how the whole effect is divided into single items. This research included a structured online survey using data from 11,340 respondents from six European countries during the first months of the pandemic. The statistical analysis focused on how behavioural patterns appear in different groups of the population and how they mark the psychological wellbeing of these groups with regard to various factors. We targeted social media’s role and analyzed the impact of its consumption on symptoms of depression in different groups divided by age and other characteristics. The analysis creates a mosaic of lifestyle choices and other characteristics that manifest different effects on depression inside selected groups whereas several groups generated by the cluster analysis are less vulnerable to their effect than others. Regarding our findings, the perceived reality through information sources and the manner of their processing seems to be more significant than the tangible reality (poor self-reported health correlated with depression more strongly than intrinsic health limitations).
... The short version of the Dutch Parenting Stress Index (PSI-SF) is a 25-item screening questionnaire for parenting stress [29,30]. Parents rate the items on a six-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ('totally disagree') to 6 ('totally agree'). ...
Background
This study evaluated stress, anxiety and depression symptoms and their associated factors in parents of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods
This cross-sectional study compared parents of CKD patients (0–18 years) with a matched control group of parents of healthy children. Both groups completed the Parenting Stress Index – Short Form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire.
Results
The study group consisted of 45 parents (median age 39; 32 mothers) of CKD patients (median age 8; 36% female). Nearly 75% of children had CKD stage 2, 3, or 4, and 44.5% had congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract. Five children (11%) were on dialysis, and 4 (9%) had a functioning kidney graft. Compared with parents of healthy children, more stress and anxiety symptoms were reported. Since the CKD diagnosis, 47% of parents perceived a deterioration of their own health, and 40% reduced work on a structural basis. Higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with a more negative perception of own health, and more child medical comorbidities and school absence.
Conclusions
This study showed higher levels of stress and anxiety symptoms in parents of children with CKD compared with parents of healthy children. This was associated with a less positive perception of the own health, especially if the child had more medical comorbidities or more absence from school. Psychosocial interventions to reduce the parental burden should be integrated in the standard care of pediatric nephrology departments.
... Parents of children with ADHD often experience increased parenting stress and reduced parental self-efficacy, which could negatively affect their well-being and the parent-child relationship [15,16]. Parenting stress, defined as "the aversive psychological reaction to the demands of being a parent" [17], is determined by child and parent characteristics and the surrounding relationship dynamics [18,19]. Parental self-efficacy, an individual's confidence about their ability to successfully raise children, contributes significantly in perceiving and resolving parenting challenges [20,21]. ...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in various functioning impairments in children's lives and families. Parents of children with ADHD report high levels of parenting stress, low levels of parental self-efficacy, and use of more authoritarian and/or permissive parenting practices than parents of typically developing children. Intervention programs need to address both children's and parents' needs and multimodal intervention programs could cover this demand. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of "Child ViReal Support Program"-a multi-level evidence-based comprehensive program-on parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, parenting practices , and the core symptoms of children's ADHD. Families with a child diagnosed with ADHD (n = 16) were randomly allocated to two groups (PC and CP; P = parent training, C = child training), and a cross-over design was utilized. Participating parents completed, in four different times during the study, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, the Par-enting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version, and the parent form of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Parents from both groups, after their participation in the parent training, demonstrated reduced parenting stress, enhanced parental self-efficacy, and increased the employ of democratic parenting practices. More than that, they reported decreased levels of inattention and impulsiv-ity/hyperactivity for their children. Evidence-based multi-level intervention programs could produce positive effects on parents and children by incorporating effective methods and tools in accordance with the needs and the demands of the family context.
... This involves the whole organization, from the top management to the co-workers. Because of a lack of community-based supports, including those available in child care, education, and the workplace, parents caring for children with serious mental health concerns face significant stress when juggling work and family responsibilities (Abidin, 1990;Anastopoulos et al., 1993;Friesen & Koroloff, 1990;Lechner & Ceedon, 1994;Roberts & Magrab, 1991;Rosenzweig et al., 2002). Another challenge is work inflexibility. ...
... The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey, created by Cox et al. [52], was used in four studies to gauge parental worry about hypoglycemic symptoms [23,39,41,46]. The stress levels associated with parenting children with DM were measured in four studies [44,46,37,38] using the Pediatric Inventory for Parents, developed by Streisand et al. [53], and in three studies [36,37,44] using the Parenting Stress Index, developed by Abidin [54]. The strengths and limitations of each study are detailed in Table 2. ...
Purpose:
This study examined the literature concerning the burdens of parents of preschool-aged children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Methods:
We employed an integrative review methodology based on Whittemore and Knafl's framework. The literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines across four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO. Ultimately, 18 articles were included in the review.
Results:
The review yielded four themes: (1) parental burdens, (2) factors related to the burdens, (3) coping strategies, and (4) implications for clinical practice. Parents experienced psychological, physical, and social burdens due to the diabetes care of their children. Several factors influenced burdens, including child-related characteristics such as age, severity of diabetes, and hospitalization experience, as well as parental factors like family income, race, and residential area. Parents initially felt burdened when their child was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, but over time, they often adapted to the situation through support and sharing of responsibilities. Parents desired education and interventions reflecting the unique characteristics of preschoolers.
Conclusion:
This integrative literature review revealed that parents experience numerous burdens when their child is diagnosed with diabetes. Future research should focus on developing interventions to address parents' psychological difficulties, including tracking parental psychological changes over time. Tailored nursing interventions should also be provided to parents of preschool-aged children, as opposed to the more generic nursing interventions traditionally applied across all age groups of children in clinical settings.
... Parenting stress is distinct from stress in other realms of life (for example, work stress and marriage relationship stress). It refers to the bad experience of parents as a result of a perceived discrepancy between their parental responsibilities and available resources [41,42] . Notably, the lockdowns can cause isolation-related psychological distress for caregivers [28] , especially for women [43,44] , which is associated with parenting stress [45] . ...
The COVID-19 lockdowns have forced young children to spend more time in front of the media and significantly impacted their mothers' mental health. This study explored how mothers' individual distress influences children's problematic media use during the Shanghai citywide lockdown caused by COVID-19. Data were collected from 1889 Chinese mothers ( M age = 34.69 years, SD = 3.94 years) with preschoolers aged 3–6 years ( M ag e = 4.38 years, SD = 1.06 years; 49.0% boys) via an online survey. The statistical analyses relied on SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and macro-program PROCESS 3.3. to investigate the associations and mediation analysis among all the study variables. The results indicated that: (1) significant associations between individual maternal distress with children's problematic media use; (2) maternal parenting stress and maladaptive parenting serial mediated the relationship between mothers' individual distress and children's problematic media use. The findings imply that parents need to enhance their ability to manage risk and promote mental health during periods of significant stress and routine disruption to reduce children's problematic media use.
... Parenting is a complex and stressful job with many demands (11). It is suitable to apply the JD-R theory in the study of parental burnout. ...
Objective
Based on the theory of Job Demands-Resources, this study has been set out to examine how parenting demands, parenting resources affect parental burnout of primary school students’ parents.
Methods
An online survey with four scales (Parenting Stress Scale, Perceived Family Support Scale, Psychological Resilience Scale and Parental Burnout Scale) was completed by 600 parents of students from three primary schools in Central China. Structural equation models were implemented.
Results
Parenting stress had a positive impact on parental burnout (β = 0.486, p < 0.001). Both perceived family support (β = −0.228, p < 0.001) and psychological resilience (β = −0.332, p = 0.001) had a negative impact on parental burnout. Perceived family support played a moderating role between parenting stress and parental burnout (β = −0.121, p < 0.001). Psychological resilience also played a moderating role between parenting stress and parental burnout (β = −0.201, p < 0.001). Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between perceived family support and parental burnout. The total effect was −0.290, with 95% CI (−0.350, −0.234). Direct effect was −0.228, with 95% CI (−0.283, −0.174), and indirect effect was −0.062, with 95% CI (−0.092, −0.037).
Conclusion
Parental burnout may be reduced by increasing family support and self-improvement of psychological resilience. In the same way, the impact of parenting stress on parental burnout may be buffered under high-pressure situations.
... Ebeveyn stresi, "ebeveynlerin yalnızca çocuk yetiştirme nedeniyle değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve çevresel koşulları, sorumlulukları ve günlük yaşamları nedeniyle yaşadığı stres" olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Woodman ve Hauser-Cram, 2013: 514). Abidin(1990) Ebeveynlik stresini, bir ebeveynin birincil rolü gereği çocuğuyla etkileşime girerken yaşadığı kronik ve duygusal bir hadise olarak tanımlar. Bireyin psikolojik altyapısının, kişilik özelliklerinin ve sosyal gelişiminin temellerinin atıldığı erken çocukluk dönemi yani 0-3 yaş arası çocukluk çağı oldukça önemlidir. ...
z Bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital topluluklara üye olan annelerin maruz kaldıkları bilgi kirliliği ve kaynaklarının ideale ulaşmada güçlük yaratması durumunun ebeveynlik stresi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırma kapsamında internette bilgi edinmeye yoğun şekilde ihtiyaç duydukları ifade edilen erken çocukluk dönemi (0-3 yaş) ebeveynlerinin öz-yeterliliklerinin stres düzeylerine etkisini anlayabilmek amacıyla internette bilgi arama deneyimleri araştırılmış, ortaya çıkan sonuçları demografik özellikleri de göz önünde bulundurarak yorumlanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modeli kullanılarak desenlenen araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 0-3 yaş döneminde bulunan çocuğa sahip 364 anne oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri Aydoğan ve Özbay (2017) tarafından geliştirilen, Ebeveyn Stres Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular, annelerin internet kullanım süreleri ile stres düzeylerinin arasında ilişki bulunmadığını; kronik hastalığa sahip annelerin ve kronik hastalık tanılı çocuğu bulunan annelerin internet kullanımının ebeveyn stres düzeyini arttırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the information pollution and the sources that the mothers who are members of digital communities that were exposed to that cause the difficulty for reaching the ideal on the parental stress. In the context of the research, in order to understand the effect of self-efficacy of the early childhood (age between 0-3) period parents on their stress levels who expressed intense need for being informed through internet, their experiences of information search on internet were investigated and the results were interpreted by considering their demographic properties. The study group of the research was designed by using the relational screening survey and was consisted of 364 mothers that have children with 0-3 years of age. The data of the research was collected with the form entitled as Parent Stress Scale and the Personal Information which was developed by Aydoğan and Özbay (2017). The findings demonstrated that there is no relationship between the lenght of the internet usage and the stress levels of the parents. However, it was shown that the internet usage increased the parental stress levels in case of mothers with a chronic disease and mothers who have children with chronic diseases.
... Our mediation analysis results are in line with the previous theories about the role of children's characteristics on parental stress and child development (Abidin, 1990(Abidin, , 1992. ...
The pandemic induced a radical shift to online learning with increased parental involvement. This study investigates the challenges that students with specific learning difficulties (SpLD) encountered during the pandemic and the mediating role of parental stress. A total of 294 parents of children with SpLD (mean age = 10.6; SD = 1.5) were recruited. Parents reported concerns over their children's difficulties maintaining learning routines, lack of suitable environment for online classes, and ineffective remote learning. Results of mediation analysis showed that online learning challenges, SpLD symptoms, and emotional and behavioral difficulties positively predicted parental stress. In turn, parental stress negatively predicted children's self-esteem and family quality of life. The study implies that parents of children with SpLD need both psychological and technical support under suspension of face-to-face teaching.
... Mash und Johnston (1990) Mash und Johnston (1990) formulierte, zentrale Element der elterlichen Kognitionen, als vermittelnde Größe zwischen den äußeren Anforderungen und dem eigentlichen Belastungserleben bzw. dem elterlichen Verhalten, auf (Abidin 1990). Das Modell knüpft daneben an den transaktionalen Stressansatz an und überträgt die generellen Stressannahmen auf die spezifische Form des Elternstresses (Abidin 1992). ...
... In line with research on associations between screen time and ADHD symptoms in children (Abidin, 1990;Nikkelen et al., 2014;Tamana et al., 2019), we first hypothesized that more screen media use would be directly related to higher levels of ADHD-related symptoms in children (H1). Second, in line with biopsychosocial family models, as well as past research acknowledging the importance of parental mental health for parenting behaviors (e.g., Jackson & Choi, 2018;Lovejoy et al., 2000), we hypothesized that higher levels of parental psychological distress and parenting stress would be associated with higher use of dysfunctional parenting behaviors (i.e., lax and overreactive parenting; H2). ...
Objective
The aim was to examine the relationship between caregiver's mental health (parental psychological distress, and parenting stress), dysfunctional parenting (lax or overreactive parenting), and the screen media use in understanding attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms of children within an integrated model framework.
Background
Familial factors and screen use have shown to be significantly related to ADHD in children. However, theoretical models of the role of family environment, screen use, and ADHD have rarely been tested jointly, and little is known about these associations in southeastern European middle‐income countries (MICs).
Method
Data from 835 primary caregivers (92% biological mother, 4% biological father, 3% grandmother or grandfather, 1% other) of children (2 to 9 years) from three MICs were analyzed using path analyses, and models were tested for generalizability across education levels and marital status using multigroup analyses. ADHD‐related symptoms were assessed with a structured clinical interview (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents–Parent Version [MINI‐KID‐P]) and the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL).
Results
Whereas screen use was directly associated with ADHD symptoms across measures, a significant indirect effect of lax parenting on attentional problems via screen use was found only for the CBCL parent report. The final models were tested using multigroup analyses across education levels and marital status with no significant differences.
Conclusion
Investments in resource and capacity building for children's primary caregivers that target lax parenting and limiting of screen use may impact children's attentional problems across educational levels and married and nonmarried caregivers.
... At the same time, the child's risk of getting involved in drugs and problematic behavior is also low. Abidin [6] mentioned that parenting is a very complex task and that parenting, often, must be carried out in very labor-intensive situations with limited resources and the uncertainty and difficulties of children. When parents cannot handle these situations well, life stress will come and become more serious every day. ...
In today’s society, many families do not have children due to various reasons. The reasons include the pressure brought by childcare, and that double-income families do not have time to raise children, especially novice parents who will retreat. For this reason, we made a chatbot to solve problems. Through the questionnaires collected by our study, we found that most novice parents use INFANBOT when their children cry, thus, we used a baby’s cry as an example here. When parents face a baby’s cry, they can tap the button “burst into tears!”. The chatbot will immediately tell parents how to solve the problem. The authors designed a chatbot system named INFANBOT that combined the concepts of infancy health education to alleviate parents’ troubles at work and parenting. It also reduced the anxiety of caregivers during the parenting process and gave them correct parenting knowledge. The INFANBOT is a real-time system that can provide real-time services to novice parents. Additionally, when the user is using INFANBOT, the system will record the problems encountered and invite the user to fill in a questionnaire at an appropriate time to improve the system. After a preliminary study, we found that INFANBOT can solve most of the problems encountered by users. Statistically, all respondents gave above 4.5 points in the Likert-type five-point scale. Therefore, most respondents felt that INFANBOT could solve their problems effectively and quickly. The INFANBOT system developed by this study is designed to meet the needs of users. The system design of INFANBOT established in this study met the needs of its users and can help users improve their parenting troubles. This study also has positive effects and contributions to society: 1. After using INFANBOT, users can effectively improve their knowledge of children’s health education. 2. After using INFANBOT, users feel recognition of the professionalism of the health care knowledge provided by the robot, which can effectively improve the user’s parenting problems. 3. Most of the users are satisfied with the positive results after using INFANBOT, so novice parents and parents who feel anxious about parenting can quickly search for common parenting problems on the LINE community software.
La relazione di attaccamento è un legame signi?cativo, di lunga durata, di natura sia affettiva che emotiva, che si crea indipendentemente dal fatto che il genitore sia in grado di sintonizzarsi emotivamente col bambino. Una scarsa competenza socio-emotiva del caregiver è stata associata a diverse tipologie di traiettorie dello sviluppo disfunzionali tra cui una scarsa capacità nel rendimento scolastico della prole. Gli stili di attaccamento, lo stress genitoriale e l'esposizione ad eventi sfavorevoli infantili possono in?uenzare negativamente lo sviluppo dei sistemi biologici che regolano le abilità cognitive come le funzioni esecutive (EF), la percezione di sé e la regolazione delle emozioni. Le neuroscienze hanno evidenziato la centralità dei circuiti limbici nello sviluppo dei legami di attaccamento genitore-?glio/a, nei processi di adattamento e apprendimento umani, oltre ad evidenziare l'in?uenza degli stili di attaccamento sullo sviluppo di un adeguato senso di autoef?cacia e autostima.
This study evaluated parenting stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms and their associated factors in parents of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
This cross-sectional study compared parents of patients with CKD (0–18 years) with a matched control group of parents of healthy children. Both groups completed the Parenting Stress Index – Short Form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire.
The study group consisted of 45 parents (median age 39; 32 mothers) of CKD patients (median age 8; 36% female). Nearly 75% of children had CKD stages 2, 3, or 4, and 44.5% had congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract. Five children (11%) were on dialysis, and 4 (9%) had a functioning kidney graft. Compared with parents of healthy children, more stress and anxiety symptoms were reported. Since the CKD diagnosis, 47% of parents perceived a deterioration of their own health, and 40% reduced work on a structural basis. Higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms were associated with a more negative perception of own health, and more child medical comorbidities and school absence.
This study showed higher levels of parenting stress and anxiety symptoms in parents of children with CKD compared with parents of healthy children. This was associated with a less positive perception of their own health, especially if the child had more medical comorbidities or more absence from school. Psychosocial interventions to reduce the parental burden should be integrated in the standard care of pediatric nephrology departments.
A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information
This study examined the roles of neighborhood social cohesion, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and parenting stress in early childhood on child behavioral outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence among socioeconomically disadvantaged Black families. To test a model linking perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion, single mothers' parenting stress, ACEs, and behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence. We used four waves of longitudinal data from a subsample of 800 unmarried Black mothers and their children (at child birth and ages 3, 5, 9, and 15) from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a nationally representative data set. Structural equation modeling with latent variables was used to measure direct and indirect effects. Mothers' perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion were significantly and negatively associated parenting stress ( β = −0.34, p < 0.05); parenting stress was significantly and positively related to adverse childhood experiences ( β = 0.40, p < 0.05) and behavior problems ( β = 0.32, p < 0.05); Adverse childhood experiences were significantly and positively related to behavior problems ( β = 0.26, p < 0.05); and behavior problems were indirectly influenced by neighborhood social cohesion through adverse childhood experiences ( β = −0.14, p < 0.05) and parenting stress ( β = 0.10, p < 0.05). Neighborhood factors may play a significant role in parenting stress, adverse childhood experiences in early childhood, and children's behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence among some single mothers and children in economically and socially disadvantaged Black families. Interventions that enhance neighborhood social cohesion and foster supportive interactions among community members and organizations are recommended.
This study explored the relationship between parenting stress, parenting style, parenting quality, and young children's executive function. In total, 243 firstborns aged 2–9 years old (SD = 3.82) and their parents from two-child families in Beijing participated in the study, which used executive function tasks and parenting questionnaires. The results found that (1) parenting stress negatively predicted parenting quality; (2) parenting style partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; (3) children's executive function partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; and (4) the spoiled, democratic, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles each play a chain mediating role with young children's executive function between parenting stress and parenting quality. Taken together, these findings provide implications for scientific parenting of children with different psychological characteristics (such as executive function) in multiple-child families under Parenting stress.
Capítulo de libro: Practicas de crianza y estrés de la madre en la etnia yoreme mayo.
Background
Parenting is both a complex and stressful endeavor, so parents sometimes experience parenting burnout. The main objective of this study was to provide an overview of factors related to general parental burnout (PB) among parents with at least one child based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST).
Methods
PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, CNKI and WanFang were systematically searched for studies published from 2010 to July 2023 for peer-reviewed articles using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as “parenting”, “parental”, “burnout”, “psychological burnout”, “burn-out syndrome”. Studies were included if they described associations between factors and PB among parents of children aged 0-18 years old in the general population, and published in an English or Chinese language peer-reviewed journal. The Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD) was employed to assess the risk of bias of included studies.
Results
Of 2037 articles, 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), we found that microsystem-individual factors such as gender, educational level, income, parental personality, internalization of maternal parental motivation, unmitigated communion, self-compassion and concern for others, alexithymia, anxiety and depressive symptoms, parental perfectionism, resilience, low self-esteem and high need for control, mother's attachment style were identified as being associated with parenting burnout. Mesosystem-interpersonal factors involve parent-child relationship and marital satisfaction. The exosystem-organizational or community factors include the number of children in the household, neighborhood and the number of hours spent with children, child's illness, child's behavior problems and social support. The macrosystem-society/policy or culture factors are mainly personal values and cultural values.
Conclusions
This systematic review found several factors that have been investigated in relation to PB. However, the majority of the factors were reported by one or two studies often implementing a cross-sectional design. Nevertheless, we still recommend that health policymakers and administrators relieve parenting burnout among parents with children by adjusting these modifiable factors.
Aim: The present article was done with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of the logo therapy on the psychological well-being, communication skills and maternal parenting stress of mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental method with a pretest and posttest design plus control group. The statistical society of the study consisted of all the mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability in exceptional schools of Urmia city during 2021-2022; among them 30 students were selected in available sampling method as the sample case and categorized in experimental group (20 mothers) and control group (20 mothers). Data collection tools included Riff (1989) psychological well-being questionnaire, Matson (1983) scale to evaluate mothers` communication skills and Abidin (1983) maternal parenting stress. Prior to the study, pre-test of psychological well-being, communication skills and maternal parenting stress was implemented in both groups. The experimental group received Farahini’s (2019) logo therapy through the training package in 10 sessions, but the control group did not receive any training therapy. After the training course in the post-test stage, both of the groups answered to the same questionnaire of pre-test stage. Results: The research data was analyzed with one way and Multivariate Covariance Analysis. The results revealed that the logo therapy had a positive effect on the increase of psychological well-being and its four subscales, communication skills and maternal parenting stress and its` subscales (P=<0.05). Conclusion: According to the effectiveness of the Logo therapy in the present research, it was suggested to the principles of exceptional schools to establish relations among school officials and mothers with intellectually disabled children, through training and counseling sessions to improve these mothers` psychological well-being and communication skills and also, to reduce their parenting stress.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs) is one of the most common mental health problems among children in Uganda and SSA. Yet, to our knowledge no research has studied parenting stress (PS) among caregivers of children with DBDs, or investigated which risk factors originate from the child, parent, and contextual environment. Using a rigorous analytical approach, we aimed to: 1) identify different types and; 2) examine factors associated with PS and how correlates differ according to the type of stress experienced among caregivers of children with DBDs in low-resourced Ugandan communities. We used data from 633 caregivers of children with DBDs from SMART-Africa Uganda study. PS, was measured using the 36-item Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). To identify focal correlates related to child/parent/contextual environment, we performed variable importance screening using the Stata command -gvselect- and specified mixed/melogit multilevel modeling with random effects. Secondly, focal correlates were included in the cross-fit partialing out lasso linear/logistic regression (double machine-learning) model. Caregivers mostly experienced stress from parental distress and caring for a child with difficult behavior. As scores increased by one unit on: caregiver mental health distress, PSI-SF increased by 0.23 (95% CI = 0.15, 0.32) (reflecting higher stress levels); Child difficulties, PSI-SF increased by 0.77 (95% CI = 0.52, 1.02). Contrastingly, for every one unit increase in family cohesion scores, PSI-SF decreased by 0.54 (95% CI = -0.84, -0.23). Caregivers with college/diploma/undergraduate/graduate education had less stress than those completing primary only or never attended school [Coefficient = -8.06 (95% CI = -12.56, -3.56)]. Family financial supporters had significantly higher Parental distress than caregivers who were not [Coefficient = 2.68 (95% CI = 1.20, 4.16)]. In low-resource settings like Uganda where mental health support is limited, community-based family-focused and economic empowerment interventions that improve community support systems and address financial barriers can reduce stress levels of caregivers of children with DBDs.
The ability to empathize with others enables us to effectively interact with each other and may have specifically evolved to support parental roles and caregiving. The relationship between parenting and trait empathy is little understood as previous research focused on empathy exclusively in the context of parenting, for example parental sensitivity. Here we aimed to understand how trait empathy may moderate the association between child's negative emotionality and parental burnout. Two cohorts were examined (1) parents of infants (10-18 months old; N = 203) and (2) parents of children (3-10 years old, N = 201). Parents filled out a battery of online questionnaires assessing maternal empathy, parental burnout and child temperament. We found that the relationship between higher levels of negative emotionality and parental burnout is moderated by specific aspects of maternal emotional empathy. Our findings suggest that maternal emotional empathy acts as a buffer against parental burnout when faced with a child's characteristics that incur higher parental demands.
Ethological attachment theory is a landmark of 20th century social and behavioral sciences theory and research. This new paradigm for understanding primary relationships across the lifespan evolved from John Bowlby's critique of psychoanalytic drive theory and his own clinical observations, supplemented by his knowledge of fields as diverse as primate ethology, control systems theory, and cognitive psychology. By the time he had written the first volume of his classic Attachment and Loss trilogy, Mary D. Salter Ainsworth's naturalistic observations in Uganda and Baltimore, and her theoretical and descriptive insights about maternal care and the secure base phenomenon had become integral to attachment theory. Patterns of Attachment reports the methods and key results of Ainsworth's landmark Baltimore Longitudinal Study. Following upon her naturalistic home observations in Uganda, the Baltimore project yielded a wealth of enduring, benchmark results on the nature of the child's tie to its primary caregiver and the importance of early experience. It also addressed a wide range of conceptual and methodological issues common to many developmental and longitudinal projects, especially issues of age appropriate assessment, quantifying behavior, and comprehending individual differences. In addition, Ainsworth and her students broke new ground, clarifying and defining new concepts, demonstrating the value of the ethological methods and insights about behavior. Today, as we enter the fourth generation of attachment study, we have a rich and growing catalogue of behavioral and narrative approaches to measuring attachment from infancy to adulthood. Each of them has roots in the Strange Situation and the secure base concept presented in Patterns of Attachment. It inclusion in the Psychology Press Classic Editions series reflects Patterns of Attachment's continuing significance and insures its availability to new generations of students, researchers, and clinicians.
Infant mental health practitioners have continually striven to understand and to improve disordered parent-infant relationships. Recently, researchers have begun attempts to describe and study these relationships systematically. There is an increasing interest in the construction of internal representations as indices of how relationship patterns are carried internally and transmitted from parent to child. This special issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal presents theoretical and clinical perspectives on internal representations, as well as results from some preliminary empirical investigations. This new convergence of efforts among theoreticians, clinicians, and investigators may yield important advances in our efforts to capture the complexity and riches of parent-infant relationships and their disorders.
The infants' experience with a depressed mother does not necessarily lead to psychopathology.
This study estimates the relationship between social support and physical and psychological adjustment, using measures that afford a qualitative assessment of social support. Qualitative indices of social support in family (Family Relationships Index) and work (Work Relationships Index) environments were derived from available social climate measures. Respondents were a randomly selected community sample of 267 male and 267 female adult family members. Results support hypotheses that qualitative measures of support in family and work environments predict psychosomatic complaints and depression after variance due to negative life change and quantitative measures of social support is accounted for. While the work environment is a more important source of support for men than women, the family environment provides an especially potent source of support for unemployed women.
The development of the Parenting Stress Index
- R R Abidin
- W T Burke
Abidin, R. R., & Burke, W. T. (1978). The development of the Parenting Stress Index. Paper presented at the annual meeting o f the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
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- E Russell
Russell, 8. E. (1988). The incidence and prevalence of in-Field (Eds.), Maternal depression and infant disturbance trafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female chil-(pp. 5-12). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Handbook on sexual abuse Special issue: Internal of children (pp. 19-36) New York: Springer. representations and parent-infant relationships Special issue on
- L E A In
- Walker
- C H Zeanah
- M L Barton
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