Analysis of electric machinery and drive systems. IEEE Press, NJ
... The experiment was conducted using the same motor specifications and the same controller gains shown in Table 4.1. The performance of the PMSM was presented with step reference speed change from 300 rpm to 500 rpm as shown in Figure 4 In order to convert the voltages and the current from abc to dq0 reference frame, a Park transformation [72] was utilized as shown in Equations (4.1) and (4.2). ...
... A Park to Clarke transformation (dq0 to αβ0 transformation) [72] can be applied and is shown in equations (4.3) and (4.4). Table 3.1. ...
... So, the PR current controller is applied in the αβ domain. The resulting voltage commands are transformed to the abc domain using an inverseClarke transformation[72]. ...
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used due to their simple structure, high performance, and simple control strategies. Over the years, several control techniques have been developed in motor control, whereas vector control, which is also called field-oriented control (FOC), has had great success in PMSM control. The concept of FOC is that the motor torque and flux are decoupled from each other, which means they can be controlled separately. Since torque control is achieved by the speed controller, it can be considered that the speed and the flux of the PMSM are also decoupled from each other and can be controlled separately. As a result, vector control of a three-phase PMSM using decoupled flux and speed control is proposed in this work. The FOC scheme is used, and separate flux and speed regulators are proposed. In addition, two control methods are applied. The first method is based on the proportional-integral (PI) controller, while the second method is based on the proportional-resonant (PR) controller. As a result, decoupled speed and flux control of three-phase PMSM based on the PI control method and decoupled speed and flux control of three-phase PMSM based on the PR control method are proposed. In addition, a comparative study of PMSM torque control using PI and PR control methods is undertaken. The study compares the motor performance of the PMSM based on each method and the complexity of the overall control scheme. Also, the behavior of the PMSM is studied under the open circuit fault condition. Hence, vector control of PMSM based on a PR controller under an open-circuit fault is studied. During the fault situation, it is challenging to guarantee the continuous operation of the motor, achieve good steady-state and dynamic performance, and reduce the ripple in the speed and flux response. However, the PR control method proves its efficacy in controlling the PMSM under OCF conditions. ii Acknowledgments I extend my appreciation to all those who have been a source of support during this journey.
... The following relationships are used to refer the induction motor model parameters to equivalent electric circuit parameters [18]: ...
... This objective is met by maximizing the power coefficient in the turbine torque Equation (2). The control system synthesis is based on the wind system models (1) and (18). As a first step, the output variables to be controlled are selected. ...
... As a first step, the output variables to be controlled are selected. As can be seen in the induction generator model (18), two inputs are identified that can be controlled: the rotor voltages v dr and v qr . Consequently, the two output variables to control are the electromagnetic torque of the generator T e defined in (6) and the reactive power Q s consumed via stator winding, whose definition is [14] as follows: ...
Wind systems are sustainable and economical options for producing electrical energy. These systems efficiently manage the power flow by maximizing wind power and consuming reactive power from the grid. In addition, wind systems must maintain operation despite utility grid electrical failure; hence, their control system must not collapse. This study proposes a fault-tolerant converter controller to ensure the efficient operation of wind system converters. The central concept behind this is that when there is an imbalance in the utility grid voltage due to a fault nearby or far away, positive and negative sequence voltages are created in the time domain. Then, two parallel controllers operate to allow the wind system to continue operating despite the failure. One controller utilizes positive sequence voltages as inputs to regulate the generator’s electromagnetic torque. This helps in maximizing the amount of wind energy. The second controller uses negative sequence voltages as inputs, which helps to cancel out the produced torque in the opposite direction, thereby preventing generator overload. Finally, the controllers proposed in this article are validated through simulations, and the results are presented.
... For the mathematical description of the SG, Park's equations are used in the d-q coordinate system with simplifying assumptions [27,28], i.e., transformer and rotational EMFs, as well as generator saturation, are not considered. Excitation and damping windings are considered on the d-axis to reflect the corresponding transient and sub-transient time constants. ...
... For the mathematical description of the IM, Park's equations are used [28,32]. In the d-q system and proportional units, the model of the induction motor is described by Energies 2024, 17, 398 11 of 17 differential and algebraic equations (Equations (26)-(36)), which follow below. ...
... In Equation (27), U q and i q im are the voltage and current along the q-axis, respectively. The flux linkage of the damper winding along the d-axis, ψ D im , takes the form shown in Equation (28). ...
The problems associated with the greenhouse effect have increased the desire to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere, including emissions produced by shipboard electrical power systems. This has led to a further search for solutions in this area, such as shipboard hybrid electric power systems (SHEPSs). These systems do not yet have a wide application compared with traditional shipboard electrical power systems for several reasons, including the lack of studies establishing the fault tolerance of such systems. Therefore, in this work, problems related to generated power quality deterioration under large disturbances are studied. To achieve the fault-free operation of SHEPS, an emergency prevention control (EPC) system based on controlled parameter forecasting, along with a system structure and operation algorithm, is developed. The goals of improving electrical power quality are achieved by increasing the control efficiency of the power system’s generating sources. To validate the feasibility of the proposed control system, a computer simulation was carried out after developing a mathematical model of the SHEPS under study. The results of the study show that the use of the proposed EPC system will improve power quality when the controlled parameters are within acceptable limits. At the same time, further research is needed, as the problem of false control action as a consequence of EPC system hardware or software faults remains unstudied.
... In industrial applications, the constraints of dq-axis control inputs are required to keep amplitude modulation indices limited in linear ranges [2], [15]. In [16], an optimal control method dealing with saturated control voltages and torque disturbances is proposed, where conventional cascade proportional-integral (PI) control loops are integrated into a single loop. ...
... By Lemmas 2.1 and 2.2, the ETROC strategy u of the system (7) needs to be designed. We build an ET-robust optimal control structure ( Fig. 1) with Park and Clarke basic transforms [15] and the ET optimal strategy and ET disturbance compensation policy, which are going to be designed in the following. ...
... Substituting (46)-(49) into (45) yieldṡ (52) VOLUME 4, 2016 Adopting ∇J from (17) for M in (15) and replacing M andM from (20) into (52), one obtains ...
In industry, for driving a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), it is more favorable to optimize control performances and reduce computational complexity and communication waste from a controller to actuators. For that reason, this paper employs an event-triggering mechanism to design a robust optimal control strategy for PMSM. Firstly, the PMSM model is presented as a strict-feedback nonlinear system with unknown internal dynamics, disturbances, and constrained inputs. Then, an event-triggered (ET) feedforward control strategy is introduced to convert the separated speed and current dynamics into an augmented system. Secondly, an ET-robust optimal feedback control strategy and an ET disturbance compensation strategy are designed using adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) and zero-sum game theory. All controller parameters are tuned online without identifying unknown dynamics or using a persistent excitation condition. It is shown that system stability and the exclusion of Zeno’s behavior are fulfilled. Finally, compared with the existing time-triggering control strategies in simulation and experiments with TMS320F28335 of Texas Instruments, the proposed strategy is more effective in reducing the burden of computation bandwidth and communication load.
... 1) Physical formulation of induction machine: An induction machine can be represented as a set of differential algebraic equations. In the dq0 frame, the induction machine has two main parts [26]. First, for the electrical part, the voltage and flux linkage equations can be expressed as: ...
... 1) Experiment settings: PIM-based NeuIM is deployed with Tensorflow 1.5 (Python 3.6) with 2 hidden layers. The ground truth of the IM dynamics is obtained by running the original VBR model in Matlab, which is cross-validated from the results in [26]. The free acceleration and torque change case uses a 3-hp machine, 2500-hp machine is used for the fault case. ...
The paper presents a systematic approach to developing Physics-Informed neuro-Models (PIM) for the transient analysis of power grids interconnected with renewables. PIM verifies itself as an adequate digital twin of power components, taking full advantage of physical constraints while requiring only a small fraction of data for training. Three new contributions are presented: 1) An PINN-enabled neuro-modeling approach is devised to construct an accurate EMT model; 2) A data-physics hybrid learning approach is substantiated to demonstrate its data efficiency and adaptability at various levels of data; 3) A balanced-adaptive PIM exemplifies its applicability when multiple terms are predicted simultaneously while maintaining alignment with physical principles. Under various operational scenarios, tests on rotating and static electric components as well as an IEEE test system verifies the efficacy and efficiency of the new learning-infused transient grid analytics.
... Further, only the direct current (DC) is measured, resulting in a cheap and simple implementation. Fundamental studies on the BLDC drives were provided in [1,2], where the fundamental working principles of SWC are presented. The research on this topic has been accelerated in recent years. ...
... L is the inductances matrix, where L aa , L bb and L cc are the self-inductances, L ab = L ba , L ac = L ca , and L bc = L cb are the mutual inductances, andθ is the electrical angular velocity of the rotor. By highlighting that L(θ) and Ψ m (θ) are dependent on the electrical rotor position θ, (1) can be expressed in matrix form by (2) ...
Interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) driven with a square-wave control (i.e., six-step, block, or 120∘ control), known commonly as brushless direct current (BLDC) drives, are used widely due to their high power density and control simplicity. The advance firing (AF) angle is employed to achieve improved operation characteristics of the drive. The AF angle is, in general, applied to compensate for the commutation effects. In the case of an IPMSM, the AF angle can also be adjusted to exploit reluctance torque. In this paper, a detailed study was performed to understand its effect on the drive’s performance in regard to reluctance torque. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization of the machine’s cross-section using neural network models was conducted to enhance performance at a constant AF angle. The reference and improved machine designs were evaluated in a system-level simulation, where the impact was considered of the commutation of currents. A significant improvement in the machine performance was achieved after optimizing the geometry and implementing a fixed AF angle of 10∘.
... In some cases there appears to exist another unstable periodic solution O 2 -a steady oscillation of the second kind, i.e., one that encircles the phase cylin- The boundaries of D and E are formed by the trajectories of the left comparison system (16). The boundary of S -by the right comparison system (17) der. Although unstable, O 2 can still slow down the PLL's convergence to O 1 , as evident from the "condensation" of the red bands around O 2 in Fig. 5. ...
... Definition 7 [17,Section 9.2] Positive, negative, and zero sequence components ( p , n , and 0 , respectively) of the phasor are ...
The synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL), also called dqPLL, is an electric circuit commonly used in power electronics to estimate the phase angle of a three-phase AC grid. If the voltage is unbalanced, the PLL is modeled as a periodically forced nonlinear oscillator and is known in practice to converge to a steady oscillation. In the existing literature, the oscillation has been studied via linearization assuming a low level of unbalance. Aiming for stronger nonlocal statements, we present nonlinear analysis. We apply the method of autonomous comparison systems and incremental stability to show that the steady oscillation is unique and attractive in a wider neighborhood. Its lock-in domain is estimated using numerical phase portrait analysis. The oscillation is further approximated up to the terms of the second order in the unbalance factor—it yields an estimation of the time average of the PLL’s phase error which is not visible by linearization only. The results provide stability guarantees and can guide the tuning of SRF-PLL.
... where: p is the number of pole pairs, λ is the amplitude of flux induced by permanent magnets, r e is the lever arm of the motor, Φ a , Φ b and Φ c are three-phase electromotive forces. The phase electromotive forces are assumed to be trapezoidal for most of the BLDC motors (Krause et al., 2002). The trapezoidal model is based on the assumption that the winding distribution and the magnetic flux created by permanent magnets generate three trapezoidal back electromotive forces. ...
... The back electromotive forces are the voltages induced in the stator windings by the changing magnetic field. The set of equations that describe the actual motor currents can be written in the phase reference frame (abc frame) as follows (Krause et al., 2002) ...
... These values, already adapted to the 6-th order system are presented in Eqs. 16 and 17. ...
... The implementation of RFOC-MPCC was carried out in the Simulink platform, utilizing the IM model based on [16] and previously described in Section II, with the parameters specified in Table II. In Fig. 3 is depicted the block diagram that represents the RFOC-MPCC control loop. ...
Speed measurement in Induction Motors (IM) consists in a major barrier to the implementation of vector control in low-power applications. To overcome this issue, many estimation strategies were developed. In particular, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) provides good results with a relatively low computational cost. This work proposes the application of a 6th-order EKF to make rotor speed and rotor fux estimation in an RFOC-MPCC (Rotor Field Oriented Control - Model Predictive Current Controller). The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated in two stages. First, the accuracy of the EKF in estimating the rotor speed and rotor magnetic fux was assessed. Then, the performance of the control system using data from the EKF was analyzed. The results from both analyses suggest that proposed scheme is a promising method for sensorless control of induction motors
... B. Actuator modeling: friction-aware quadrature current estimation It is known [14] that the torque-quadrature current characteristic for Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) actuators is well approximated by the relationship ...
... When performing Field Oriented Control on BLDC motors (like in our case), it is possible to write the power balance from the battery towards the actuators in the so called qd0 reference frame employing the Park transform [14] as ...
... Consequently, the dynamic characteristics of system loads, specifically those associated with motors, play a crucial role in the overall system dynamics [11]. Numerous research studies have been conducted to investigate the stability of IMs [12,13]. With recent advancements in this field, power electronic devices have become feasible, thanks to the widespread adoption of variable speed drives in various applications and the ability of inverters to modify the voltage at dc-link. ...
Photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumping systems utilizing induction motors are becoming increasingly popular in different regions. The lack of storage devices in the system enhances its cost-efficiency. Efficient energy management is crucial for maintaining power balance within the system, and this can be achieved through the implementation of an effective control technique. A small signal analysis is performed to optimize the parameters of the controllers used in order to analyze the system. The dynamic behavior of the PV-based water pumping system, which is powered by an induction motor and regulated by a vector controller, is analyzed by converting its non-linear model into a linear model. The paper discusses the design of parameters for two PI controllers utilized to regulate the PV terminal voltage and motor speed, based on the transfer function derived from the linear model. The study also showcases the small signal function’s reaction through MATLAB, with adjustments made to the reference dc-link voltage. Additionally, a comprehensive stepby-step mathematical analysis is included to enhance the overall understanding and analysis of the system.
... Let the generator system [17][18][19][20][21] be represented by the following Equation: ...
A systematic definition of an aircraft generator's “available power” (used to supply loads on its DC bus) is given, which is defined in the context of constraints on transient and steady‐state performance. Using a geometric, data‐driven approach, such a characterisation has been achieved, and a new method, called Power availablE Estimation Tool (PEET), has been developed to determine in real‐time whether a given load can be fulfilled at a given time while maintaining power quality. This is an important problem, especially for safety critical electrical systems such as more electric aircraft, for which it is imperative to know a priori whether an added load will result in voltage variations outside of allowed values. PEET is introduced and its conceptual framework is formalised. Lastly, it provides simulation results that illustrate its performance. The results show that the PEET method produces reliable a priori estimates of power availability, and that this can be achieved within time frames that make it applicable in a real‐time implementation.
... Numerous literature as [23], [29], [88]- [90] dealing with small signal stability, control, and dynamics in converter interfaced generation dominated grids base their investigations on dq0-models. Those models, introduced by Park, are implemented in the dq0-frame, also called synchronous reference frame [91]. Using the transformation matrix T to perform the Park transformation, dq0-signals can be obtained by abc-frame three-phase signals: x dq0 = Tx abc . ...
The significant increase of converter interfaced generation, consumption, storage, and transmission in power systems, results in the need to consider converter-driven stability in detail, as well as to study modelling and analysis methods with which such stability effects can be represented and investigated. Due to the multiple causes of converter-driven stability effects, a classification into further categories of fast and slow converter-driven stability is necessary, which is systematically presented in this paper. We further provide a detailed overview on appropriate modelling methods including static, quasi-dynamic and dynamic modelling and their respective applications. Typical analysis methods such as eigenvalue and impedance based analysis are explained and related to the previous modelling approaches. Based on that, a guide to which modelling and analysis method is appropriate for which type of converter-driven stability, is provided. In addition, open and recent research questions with regard to studies on nonlinear analyses of large systems with acceptable computational costs are pointed out.
... Once the estimated parameters have been obtained, percentage amplitudes and frequency errors are calculated to establish a healthy system. For different applications, a balance system is described as [29,30]. However, real electrical systems do not present this property. ...
Brushless DC machines have demonstrated significant advantages in electrical engineering by eliminating commutators and brushes. Every year, these machines increase their presence in transportation applications. In this sense, early fault identification in these systems, specifically in the electronic speed controllers, is relevant for correct device operation. In this context, the techniques reported in the literature for fault identification based on the Hilbert–Huang transform have shown efficiency in electrical systems. This manuscript proposes a novel technique for early fault identification in electronic speed controllers based on the Hilbert–Huang transform algorithm. Initially, currents from the device are captured with non-invasive sensors in a time window during motor operation. Subsequently, the signals are processed to obtain pertinent information about amplitudes and frequencies using the Hilbert–Huang transform, focusing on fundamental components. Then, estimated parameters are evaluated by computing the error between signals. The existing electrical norms of a balanced system are used to identify a healthy or damaged driver. Through amplitude and frequency error analysis between three-phase signals, early faults caused by system imbalances such as current increasing, torque reduction, and speed reduction are detected. The proposed technique is implemented through data acquisition devices at different voltage conditions and then physical signals are evaluated offline through several simulations in the Matlab environment. The method’s robustness against signal variations is highlighted, as each intrinsic mode function serves as a component representation of the signal and instantaneous frequency computation provides resilience against these variations. Two study cases are conducted in different conditions to validate this technique. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying early faults in brushless DC motor drivers. This study provides data from each power line within the electronic speed controller to detect early faults and extend different approaches, contributing to addressing early failures in speed controllers while expanding beyond the conventional focus on motor failure analysis.
... The most used AC machines are the induction machines (IM) and the permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). They are used in various applications such as electric vehicles, aeronautics, naval propulsion, etc. Regarding PMSM, they are widely used in different types of applications due to their efficiency and high torque per mass ratio [1], [2]. ...
... The voltage equation of the synchronous d-q axis frame for a three-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM) is expressed as follows [29]: ...
Recently, with the emergence of electro-mechanical brake (EMB) devices, a control method for an electric motor to replace the existing pneumatic actuator has been studied. The clamping force estimation control method (ECM) from the rotor position of the motor is primarily used because sensor installation is difficult owing to the temperature increase of the friction surface of the brake disk. However, to accurately control the clamping force according to the change in the friction surface and hysteresis characteristics of the motor, it is necessary to consider the installation of a force sensor. This study deals with the installation of force sensors and the sensor compensation control method (SCCM) for the clamping force of an EMB for high-speed train applications. To evaluate the proposed method, that is, the SCCM of the EMB, static control with the wheel in the non-rotating state and dynamic control with the wheel in the rotating state were performed. In addition, static control performance evaluation was performed under the maximum clamping force reference and continuous step reference input. Comparing the two control methods, the error rate of the SCCM was improved by up to 5 %. The results of evaluating the dynamic braking performance with the wheels rotating at 300 km/h showed that the SCCM had an improved deceleration pattern, and the braking speed was more than 3 s faster than that of the pneumatic braking system and ECM of the EMB.
... This angle is estimated to be the direction of rotation. The dq transformation that was utilized in the three-Phase of WECS is illustrated through Equation (8) [58]. Note that another illustration of the inverse transform is reflected in Equation (9) [1], [8], [26], [40], [59]- [64]. ...
... The IM state-space model in MRSA will be identified from the measured voltage and current (V/I) signals. The IM can be described as a linear time-invariant system and represented in a grey-box state-space model [15], [16]. Methods such as optimizations and the Kalman filter are popular in IM grey-box state-space model identification [17]- [21]. ...
Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) for induction motors (IM)s fault diagnosis has been applied in industries for years. However, its practical implementation is challenging because most of the fault-characteristic frequencies appear in a very low fault signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the magnitudes of fault-characteristic frequencies are masked by the current harmonics and noises. In this study, a model-based residual spectrum analysis (MRSA) is proposed to improve the practical implementation of IM fault diagnosis. The MRSA uses the IM state-space model to filter out the domination of current harmonics and noises which yields residual signals with higher fault-characteristic frequency SNR. A straightforward statistical fault threshold is implemented to evaluate the fault-characteristic frequency energy that minimizes the need for an expert in fault diagnosis evaluation. The validation experiments are performed in an industrial wastewater centrifugal pump driven by a 17 kW direct online (DOL)-driven IM and in a 0.75 kW laboratory test-bed variable-frequency drive (VFD)-driven IM. The proposed MRSA performance is compared to MCSA and extended Park's vector modulus (EPVM). The experimental results show that the practical implementation of MRSA demonstrates better sensitivity and performance compared to MCSA and EPVM.
... Car engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, hydro turbines, and wind turbines are examples of primary movers. Permanent magnet synchronous machines have been utilized as generators due to their numerous advantages, including their quick response, high efficiency [1][2][3], and robust and economical mechanical structure. ...
The increased electrical demand in electrical machines promotes the improvement in power density in double stator systems. The power mapping performance and density of a novel type of interior embedded permanent magnet for a double-stator generator (IEDSG) is investigated in this work. This study investigates the basic attributes of the proposed IEDSG by analyzing various load resistances and changing rotor speeds. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to model the generation capabilities that consider electromagnetic properties such as flux density and flux lines. The proposed IEDSG is then manufactured and tested in a laboratory environment to assess how effectively it will perform when being paired with a load circuit. The efficiencies of two unique coil connections - series coil and independent coil - are evaluated and compared. According to the experimental results, when operating at an 800-rpm rotating speed, the independent-coil connection delivers a peak power output of 1688 W, a 16% improvement over the series-coil connection.
... Im elektrischen System befinden sich die Generatoren und die dazugehörigen Umrichter. Alle drei Generatortypen (SG, CFSG, DFIM) und die Umrichter werden in einem durch die Park-Transformation definierten dq-System beschrieben, siehe [24], wobei die Umrichter quasi-stationär auf Basis der Energieerhaltung modelliert werden. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung aller Modelle ist in [7] zu finden. ...
Zusammenfassung
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden optimierungsbasierte Strategien vorgestellt, um einen effizienten, hochdynamischen und sicheren Betrieb von Pumpspeicherkraftwerken zu erzielen. Als Aufgabenstellungen werden der dynamische Betrieb mit einer modellprädiktiven Regelungsstrategie, die Berechnung einer optimalen Steuerung für den Notstopp, sowie die Betriebsoptimierung im Energiemarkt betrachtet. Die Resultate zeigen, dass optimierungsbasierte Strategien eine wichtige Rolle für den Betrieb von Pumpspeicherkraftwerken spielen, insbesondere für Anlagen, die aus verschiedenen Generatortypen bestehen.
... Complexity in these differential equations can be minimized by using a reference frame that either rotate with particular angular velocity or may be in standstill situation [13]. In such a scheme, converters and power system components may be represented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and variables can be transformed with respect to this frame [14]. Block diagram of SRF control technique of a grid connected inverter is represented in Fig. 10. ...
... The resulting dq components are then used for torque control. The inverse Clarke-Park Transformation is subsequently applied to convert the dq components back to three-phase abc signals for modulation [47]. The PI controller is configured to minimise the tracking error by minimising overshoot and settling time. ...
Wind power has emerged as a clean alternative to traditional power production, with a significant increase in its installed capacity observed over the past decade. In numerous regions, wind power producers are now afforded the opportunity to participate in day-ahead energy and reserve markets. In this context, the wind turbines can provide ancillary services such as frequency containment reserve (FCR). However, the provision of ancillary services is known to affect the physical loading on a wind turbine. This loading on different parts of the wind turbine can possibly result in sub-optimal performance leading to a reduced net power output or even a faster degradation of the wind turbine. On the other hand, no or low participation of a wind turbine in ancillary services market will lead to a lesser revenue on a long term. Moreover, low participation of wind turbines in the ancillary market will eventually limit the amount of wind power, since the ancillary services are needed to stabilise the grid and must then be provided by other energy sources. Addressing this challenge requires a holistic method to gauge both load and revenue for wind power producers (WPP), thus enabling them to make informed decisions. This study firstly presents a method of calculating major loads on the wind turbine. Then, a load-aware optimisation method of wind power scheduling in the joint day-ahead energy and reserve market (JERM) is proposed that provides WPPs, an ability to strike a balance between revenue and the physical loading of wind turbine.
... A estrutura do FKE demanda a representação das equações do modelo em um formato de espaço de estados discreto. Portanto, o tradicional modelo dinâmico do MIT, já consolidado na literatura e detalhadamente descrito em [8] foi algebricamente manipulado e discretizado por meio da aproximação de Euler para frente. Dessa forma, o modelo da máquinaé descrito pela Eq. 3. Nesta equação, o vetor de estadosé composto por 6 variáveis, sendo as duasúltimas, a velocidade do rotor e o torque da carga. ...
Ferramentas de simulac¸ao tem sido utilizadas na ˜
engenharia ha anos, sendo cada vez mais frequente seu uso ´
no desenvolvimento de projetos, planejamento de operac¸oes, ˜
verifcac¸ao de modelos, entre outros. Naturalmente, a simulac¸ ˜ ao˜
de modelos cada vez mais complexos acarreta um elevado tempo
computacional, que muitas vezes inviabiliza a simulac¸ao desses ˜
sistemas. Nesse contexto, a utilizac¸ao do processamento paralelo ˜
confgura uma alternativa que reduz o tempo computacional
gasto. Assim, neste trabalho foi avaliado o processamento
paralelo em uma simulac¸ao que utiliza o modelo de um ˜
motor de induc¸ao em conjunto com um Filtro de Kalman, um ˜
controlador PID e um controlador preditivo. Esse modelo foi
constru´ıdo sobre a plataforma Matlab/Simulink e foi utilizada a
func¸ao˜ parsim para implementac¸ao do processamento paralelo, ˜
executada em uma maquina com processador de 20 núcleos é
64GB de memoria RAM. Os resultados mostram que o aumento do numero de núcleos computacionais melhora o tempo de
processamento ate o limite que a memória RAM consegue armazenar as informações. Utilizando memória virtual em um SSD de 256GB dedicado, o tempo de simulação atingiu um valor minimo de 96 minutos utilizando 8 núcleos computacionais, vindo a aumentar posteriormente com a utilização de um numero maior de nucleos.
This paper deals with developing a versatile electronic emulator (EE) of a wind generating system (WGS) that does not use rotating machines, which can be used for research development and educational tools. Thus, the proposed EE platform represents a cost-effective alternative to perform research (tests and analyses) and facilitate academic learning and teaching. The association of a permanent magnet synchronous generator with a wind turbine mathematical model is virtually implemented to compose the aerogenerator. A reference generator system (RGS) generates the control references employed to control the actual back-to-back converter, composed of a controlled rectifier and a current-controlled voltage source inverter (VSI), connected to the power grid and sharing the same DC bus. From the RGS, the power generated by the virtual aerogenerator is used to calculate the current references drained from the grid by the controlled rectifier. The VSI controls the DC bus voltage and injects it into the power grid sinusoidal current, emulating a complete WGS. Besides the power converters' transfer functions and the DC bus control in the dq synchronous reference frame, a graphical interface (GI) platform is implemented. The proposed EE-WGS is validated through simulation and experimental results, while the electrical quantities can be visualized using the GI to assist in evaluating the WGS static and dynamic behaviors with a full-scale back-to-back power converter.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of an Externally Excited Synchronous Motor (EESM) integrated with sensorless Field-Oriented Control (FOC) using the stator and rotor mutual inductance method focusing on its impact on electric vehicle (EV) performance, energy efficiency, and optimization considerations. The investigation on the performance analysis of the EV shows that there is an improvement in the performance of the EV in terms of the efficiency of the three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) as 95.23, 95.07, and 94.51% across IHDC, WLTP, and NEDC drive cycles respectively. The efficiency of the traction motor, EESM, is 89.61, 89.92, and 88.46% for the same cycles, highlighting the efficacy of sensorless FOC in optimizing power and energy consumption. The research analysis reveals that the energy consumption rates of 280, 190, and 140 W/km for IHDC, WLTP, and NEDC cycles, with corresponding running costs of 1.19, 0.81, and 0.59 INR/km respectively. The analysis also uncovers driving ranges, with IHDC offering a maximum of 197 km, while WLTP and NEDC provide 290 and 400 km respectively. Additionally, the research study evaluates greenhouse gas emissions, with EESM-based EVs demonstrating substantial emission reductions. Specifically, IHDC records emissions of 198.8 g/km, WLTP at 134.9 g/km, and NEDC at 99.4 g/km, compared to 158.7 g/km for petrol cars and 145.25 g/km for diesel cars respectively. This research highlights the potential of EESM-based EVs with sensorless FOC control to enhance efficiency, reduced energy consumption and reduce emissions, making them a promising choice for sustainable transportation. The proposed research work carried out using Matlab/Simulink and results are presented to validate the proposed work.
Single Phase induction motors are widely accepted motor due to their energy efficient characteristics. To drive varying mechanical loads for long duty the machine needs to be controlled to increase its efficiency and minimize transient. To control the output parameters of the motor i.e., Speed and Electromagnetic torque the fixed frequency of the system is varied for which a Cycloconverter is employed along with PWM technique to increase the system efficiency. The Cycloconverter is built on with IGBT due to its improved dynamic performance and efficiency and reduction in the level of audible noise. Low driving power and a simple drive circuit due to the input MOS gate structure. It can be easily controlled as compared to current controlled devices (Thyristor, BJT) in high voltage and high current applications. With the help of PWM the output voltage control can be obtained without addition of any external components and PWM minimizes the lower order harmonics, while the higher order harmonics can be eliminated using a filter
Speed control and stability are the most important factors in the working of every motor. Several controlling strategies improve motor stability and increase efficiency. Some of the conventional control methods, which have disadvantages, make uncontrollable situations occur in the DC compound motor. The implementation of modern improvised techniques can fill those gaps of disadvantages occurred by conventional control methods. This paper explains how the proposed control mechanism can effectively control the speed of a DC compound motor, by using the concept of virtual inertia injection. Through this concept, the speed of the DC compound motor is going to be controlled by virtually injecting the inertia through the proposed controller design made using one of the artificial intelligence techniques called the fuzzy logic method. The proposed control technique is compared with conventional techniques, and conclusions are drawn based on the results acquired in the simulation. The whole simulation is done using MATLAB-Simulink®.
In view of the tremendous electrification of transportation sector, development and management of an integrated charging unit has been under research focus for last few decades. Therefore, this paper deals with the development of an integrated battery charging unit in which a modified DC-DC boost converter has been proposed for electric vehicles (EVs). With a nominal number of components (one inductor, one capacitor, one diode, and three switches) in proposed converter, charging unit is suitable to charge the batteries in a wide voltage range. A simplified control scheme is also developed to regulate the output DC link voltage of proposed converter which is used to charge a connected battery during plug-in operation. Propulsion system is developed by using a three phase induction machine (as propulsion motor) of vehicle, which has been controlled by using indirect field-oriented scheme to ensure higher performance. Operation of the motor drive has been investigated during propulsion and regeneration operation. Complete system has been developed and investigated by using Matlab/Simulink.
This paper presents a method for selecting parameters and analyzing the dynamic characteristics of a under-excitation excitation limiter using a computer model. The parameters are determined using the pole cancellation method for the worst-case operating regime from the perspective of the under-excitation limiter to ensure stability in all operating regimes. The analysis of the dynamic characteristics presented in the paper first obtained the time responses and frequency characteristics of the excitation control system when the limiter is active. Based on these, the values of dynamic performance indicies that indicate the quality of regulation are determined. The paper also provides a brief description of the implementation of the limiter and the computer models used in the analysis.
Safety and reliability are very important in machine driving systems for many industries. A novel rotor flux‐based Vector Control (VC) strategy for Y‐connected 3φ Induction Machines (IMs) without speed sensor under the Single‐Phase Fault (SPF) is proposed. The sensorless VC technique is based on using Asymmetrical Transformation Matrices (ATMs) for stator voltage and current components as well as an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for estimation of the speed and d‐q fluxes. Furthermore, a simple model‐based SPF detection mechanism based on the EKF is suggested. The performance of the proposed control scheme for a 1 HP sensorless Y‐connected 3φ IM prototype is validated by several experiments. According to the experimental results, the designed scheme during the SPF has several advantages of improved phase currents and low speed, flux, and torque ripples.
Torque ripple reduction based on harmonic current injection has been developed for PMSM drives. In such methods, torque ripple model (TRM) or speed harmonics are used for harmonic current optimization, which have several limitations. The performance of TRM based methods is limited due to the accuracy of the model itself and machine parameters, which leads to the remaining torque ripples. The speed harmonic based methods have speed limitations, since the speed harmonics generated by the torque ripples cannot be detected at high-speed operations. In this paper, the torque ripples of PMSM drives are first described based on the surrogate model, which does not require machine parameters. Based on that, the numerical solution of optimal harmonic currents is obtained offline using particle swarm optimization (PSO), considering both torque ripple reduction and loss minimization. Since the torque ripples are predicted with the machine-parameter-independent model instead of the speed harmonic measurements, the impact of the inaccuracy in machine parameters and the analytical torque ripple model are removed, and the proposed method may be effective over a broader range of speeds. The proposed method is evaluated experimentally and demonstrated to have several advantages over existing alternative methods in reducing torque ripples.
This study applies these control methods to the DC motor system to examine the robustness and performance of four optimal control methods. Optimal controllers aim to control the system to minimize a selected performance index. These control methods offer advantages such as improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing system security. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) based controller is the primary optimal control method. Two well-known traditional control techniques include the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC). However, they do not usually contain optimal properties. In this study, the optimal control algorithms, defined by obtaining controller parameters through the Riccati equation, are applied to achieve accurate position-tracking control in a DC motor system using Matlab/Simulink. The integral term-based algorithms seem to be robust and eliminate steady-state errors. The optimal PID controller could not provide the minimum performance index rather than the others. LQR and optimal ISMC algorithms could allow the performance index to be a minimum. An illustrative comparison of the performances of all optimal control algorithms has been presented through graphical representation, along with corresponding interpretations.
Practical calculations of electric equipment and electric networks are performed using equivalent circuits. Without taking into account saturation phenomena, electromagnetic processes in a power transformer are described by a system of linear equations, which can be represented in matrix form. The transformer inductance matrix contains self and mutual winding inductances, whose values for one phase are determined directly from the passport data containing the results of no-load and short circuit experiments. Mutual inductances between phases depending on the type and size of the magnetic core are not usually given in the transformer documentation. It does not allow to simulate the operating modes that differ from the steady state with uniform phase load. The purpose of the work is to develop an algorithm for calculating elements of the power transformer inductance matrix according to its passport data and magnetic circuit parameters. The scientific novelty lies in use of information about magnetic circuit type and size to determine elements of the inductance matrix. Materials and methods. Methods of linear electric and magnetic circuit theory are used in the work. Results. The proposed algorithm for calculation of power transformer inductance matrix includes three stages: calculation of self and mutual inductances for one phase; construction of an equivalent circuit for a magnetic circuit and calculation of magnetic fluxes in order to take into account the mutual influence of windings on various phases; assembly of the inductance matrix of three-phase transformer. A method is proposed for constructing the transformer inductance matrix with an arbitrary type of magnetic circuit, phases and windings quantity. The method involves preliminary calculation of the coefficient matrix that characterizes the magnetic circuit and depends mainly on its type and, to a less, on the ratio of geometric dimensions in rods and yokes. The coefficient matrix can be calculated in advance and used to determine the inductance matrix of a wide range of transformers. Conclusions. 1. The passport data of the transformer do not allow to model transformer operation at unbalanced load validly. 2. An algorithm for determining the inductance matrix of transformers has been developed. 3. A method for compilation of a transformer inductance matrix with an arbitrary type of magnetic circuit, the number of phases and windings is introduced. The practical significance of the algorithm is determined by the simplicity of algorithmizing, as well as by the possibility of using it in computer simulation of electrical circuits with transformers, for example, using the modified nodal analysis method.
The purpose of the study is to show the features of the occurrence of high–frequency components in current and voltage signals in various elements of the electrical complex by the example of modeling emergency modes in power lines and a complex load node and to analyze their mutual influence.
Materials and methods. The signals of currents and voltages during transients in a power line and the load node with a three-winding transformer were modeled using the author's software. The calculations are based on the method of synthetic circuits (Dommel's algorithm). The main attention is paid to the occurrence of high-frequency components of current and voltage during short circuits and switching.
Results. Modeling of the three-phase short circuit in a 110 kV transmission line when it is divided into P-sections demonstrates how significantly the level of high-frequency components differs in each of the three phases. This is manifested primarily in voltage signals. In a complex load node with a 110/35/10 kV transformer, short circuits and switching on the 35 kV side significantly affect the currents and voltages on the 10 kV side. It is shown that a higher level of high-frequency components of current signals corresponds to energy recovery modes in case of imbalance and run-out of the powerful asynchronous motor on the 10 kV side. The possibility of using the obtained results for the classification of faults in electrical systems is discussed.
Conclusions. The level and spectral composition of the currents and voltages high-frequency components in transient modes depends on the initial phase and is of interest for the faults analysis and classification. The nature of these oscillations is determined by the resonant frequencies of the electrical circuits that occur during switching and short circuits.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.