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Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata (Strophariaceae, Agaricales): A new species from southern Brazil

Authors:
Paula Santos da Silva at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Paula Santos da Silva
Gastón Guzmán at Institute of Ecology INECOL
Gastón Guzmán
Vagner G. Cortez at Universidade Federal do Paraná
Vagner G. Cortez
Florencia Ramírez at Institute of Ecology INECOL
Florencia Ramírez
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Abstract

A new southern Brazilian species, Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata, is described from Rio Grande do Sul State. This species is placed in sect. Brunneocystidiatae according to its colored cystidia and subrhomboid basidiospores. All members of Psilocybe sect. Brunneocystidiatae are tropical and hallucinogenic.
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MYCOTAXON
Volume 102, pp. October–December 2007
Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata (Strophariaceae, Agaricales):
a new species from southern Brazil


pulisant@yahoo.com.br
1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Botânica
Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
gaston.guzman@inecol.edu.mx
2Instituto de Ecología
Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz, MEXICO
       Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata, 
Brunneocystidiatae
          
PsilocybeBrunneocystidiatae
Basidiomycota
Introduction
   Strophariaceae 

          
          
    
          
Strophariaceae 
Psilocybe
Materials and methods










Taxonomy
Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata P.S. Silva & Guzmán, 

Pileus circa 10 mm latus, convexus et subumbonatus, laevis, rufobrunneus vel nigricans.
Lamellae subadnate, fuscus, marginis candicans. Stipes circa 25 × 1 mm, albidus vel
brunneolus vel rufobrunneus. Velum pauperum progressus. Sporae (4.5-)5-6(-7.5)× 3-4 ×
3-4 µm, subrhomboidae vel subellipsoidae, crassitunicata, subbrunneolus. Pleurocystidia
ex duobus typus: A: (14-)25-35 × (4-)9-12(-13)µm, subfusiformis vel ventricosa rostrata,
griseoulus, subbrunneolus vel hyalinae, B: 18-25(-27) × (5-)6-10 (-11)µm, analoga typus
A. Cheilocystidia (15-)17-20(-25) × (4-)5-7(-8)µm, griseolus, ventricosus rostratus vel
subfusiformis. Pileipellis subgelatinosus. Hyphae fibulatae. Habitus lignicola, in silva
subtropicalis. Holotypus hic designatus: Silva 086/04 in ICN 139168 conservatus; XAL
isotypus conservatus.
Pileus 

LamellaStipe


        Veil   
Spore print
Basidiospores
           

     
Basidia
Pleurocystidia



   
Cheilocystidia 
 µ     
  Hymenophoral
tramaµ
Subhymeniumµ
Pileipellis
Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata ...
Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata


µStipitipellis
  µCaulocystidia
µ   
 Clamp connections

  




          P.
subbrunneocystidiata   Psilocybe  Brunneocystidiatae 




 Psilocybe brunneocystidiata 

   
Psilocybe neocaledonica 
       P. aureicystidiata   
         


Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata       
        Psilocybe 
Brunneocystidiatae       
 Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata     
Psilocybe

Acknowledgements



  
  
             
    

Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata ...
Literature cited
Pholiota spumosaStrophariaceae, Basidiomycota

 Stropharioideae Strophariaceae, Agaricales

         Stropharia   

HypholomaStrophariaceaeAgaricales

Psilocybe
Psilocybe.
Psilocybe Strophariaceae, Agaricales
P. wrightiiP.
caeruleoannulata
PsilocybeAgaricales, Strophariaceae

Psilocybe

Psilocybe
    Agaricales    Psilocybe   

 
Strophariaceae Agaricales
... The morphological study of the specimens revealed the presence of chrysocystidia, a characteristic not previously described for P. subbrunneo cystidiata (Silva et al. 2007). However, chrysocystidia were previously observed in Naematoloma rhombisporum Guzmán (≡ Psilocybe neorhombi spora) (Guzmán 1980(Guzmán , 2004. ...
... Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata was described from a subtropical forest in southern Brazil (Silva et al. 2007). In a first examination based on one specimen it was interpreted as having bluing tones on the stipe basis, which had led the authors to consider it as hallucinogenic and therefore they classified it in Psilocybe sect. ...
... The observation of additional specimens demonstrated that this species was erroneously considered as hallucinogenic because a bluing reaction or bluish tones were not observed in fresh basidiomata. Silva et al. (2007) noted two distinct types of pleurocystidia in P. sub brunneocystidiata, differing mainly in size and shape, being both hyaline to yellowish, but they did not mention if some of them corresponded to chrysocystidia. In the present paper, we found that all studied specimens present both chrysocystidia and leptocystidia as pleurocystidia. ...
Deconica neorhombispora (Agaricales, Strophariaceae): New combination and synonym
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2013
  • SYDOWIA
Based on the study of type specimens, we conclude that Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata is a synonym of P. neorhombispora. Because of its non-bluing nature, it belongs in Deconica and is named Deconica neorhombispora, comb. nov. It is re-described, discussed and illustrated.
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... Esta família foi previamente registrada para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul nos trabalhos de Rick (1907, 1939, 1961) e Singer (1953. Recentemente, Cortez & Coelho (2004), Guzmán & Cortez (2004, 2005 (Silva et al. 2006(Silva et al. , 2007 são reunidos neste trabalho na forma de uma chave para identificação dos táxons estudados. Comentários acerca de cada espécie e fotos coloridas inéditas das espécies são também incluídas para facilitar a identificação. ...
... Microscopicamente, caracteriza-se pelo tamanho dos basidiósporos, presença de pleurocistídios dimórficos e dotados de conteúdo marrom claro. Por suas características macro e microscópicas peculiares, foi proposta como uma nova espécie para a ciência no trabalho de Silva et al. (2007). Guzmán, Mycotaxon 7: 251, 1978 (Fig. 2D Hábitat: interior de mata. ...
... É caracterizada pelo basidioma de tamanho reduzido, com píleo de 8 mm, amarelado e viscoso e anel vestigial. O registro de Stropharia alcis na área do Parque, feito por Silva et al. (2007), foi o primeiro da espécie para a América do Sul. (Bull.) ...
Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul: chave para identificação das espécies.
Article
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  • Jan 2008
Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul: chave para identificação das espécies RESUMO: (Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul: chave para identificação das espécies). Este trabalho apresenta uma chave para identificação das espécies de Strophariaceae (Agaricales) do Parque Estadual de Itapuã (Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil): Hypholoma aurantiacum, H. ericaeum, Psilocybe caeru-leoannulata, P. coprophila, P. cubensis, P. inquilinus, P. subbrunneocystidiata, P. wrightii, Stropharia alcis e S. coronilla. São incluídos comentários e ilustrações das espécies estudadas. Palavras-chave: fungos, Stropharioideae, inventário, Floresta subtropical. ABSTRACT: (Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in the Itapuã State Park, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul: key for species identification). This work comprises a key for species identification of Strophariaceae (Agaricales) from Itapuã State Park (Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): Hypholoma aurantiacum, H. ericaeum, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, P. coprophila, P. cubensis, P. inquilinus, P. subbrunneocystidiata, P. wrightii, Stropharia alcis and S. coronilla. Comments and illustrations of the studied species are included.
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... Clade E, or "chrysocystidiatae," contains D. neorhombispora = Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata, which was described as bluing in sect. Brunneocystidiatae (Silva et al. 2007), and three undetermined species, each annotated as Deconica sp. (Fig. 2d). Species in this clade produce small basidiomata with convex and often umbonate pilei, small basidiospores up to 7 m long, with or without angles, and chrysocystidia (Figs. ...
Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales)
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2013
  • BOTANY
The genus Psilocybe contains iconic species of fungi renowned for their hallucinogenic properties. Recently, Psilocybe also included non-hallucinogenic species that have since been shifted to the genus Deconica. Here, we reconstruct a multigene phylogeny for Psilocybe, Deconica, and other exemplars of the families Hymenogastraceae and Strophariaceae sensu stricto (s. str.), using three nuclear markers (nLSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and rpb1). Our results confirm the monophyly of Deconica within Strophariaceae s. str., as well as numerous robust infrageneric relationships. Psilocybe is also recovered as a monophyletic group in the Hymenogastraceae, in which two principal lineages are recognized, including several nested subgroups. Most sections of Psilocybe following classifications based on morphological features are not supported in these analyses. Ancestral character state reconstruction analyses suggest that basidiospore shape in frontal view and spore wall thickness, commonly used to characterize sections in Deconica and Psilocybe, are homoplastic. Chrysocystidia, sterile cells located in the hymenium, evolved on at least two occasions in the Strophariaceae s. str., including in a novel lineage of Deconica.
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Further studies on Psilocybe from the Caribbean, Central America and South America, with descriptions of new species and remarks to new records
Article
  • Dec 2009
  • SYDOWIA
Seven new species of Psilocybe (P. bipleurocystidiata, P. multicellularis, P. neoxalapensis, P. rolfsingeri, P. subannulata, P. subovoideocystidiata and P. tenuitunicata are described and illustrated. Included are also discussion and remarks referring to new records of the following taxa: P. egonii, P. fagicola, P. montana, P. muscorum, P. plutonia, P. squamosa, P. subhoogshagenii, P. subzapotecorum, P. wrightii, P. yungensis and P. zapotecoantillarum. Thirteen of the enumerated species are hallucinogenic.
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Checklist of Central and South American Agaricales (Basidiomycota) II: Strophariaceae
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2015
Following a serie of papers inventorying the agaric mycota (Agaricales) of Central and South Americas, this second publication is a literature-based checklist of the dark-spored family Strophariaceae. In total, 288 taxa belonging to 18 genera are reported here, mainly for Argentina (120 spp.) and Brazil (115 spp.), the most representative countries. This list is an effort to organize the widespread knowledge of Strophariaceae species diversity and geographical distribution, but does not reflect the real diversity of Strophariaceae from this region.
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A Chemical Referral and Reference Guide to the Known Species of Psilocin and/or Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms and their Published Analysis and Bluing Reactions: An Updated and Revised List.
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
Numerous species were removed from the previous lists of Allen, Gartz & Guzmán (1992) and Guzmán, Allen & Gartz (2000). These earlier compilations had included several species due to false positives, doubtful relationships, and/or no bluing present whatsoever. This current list is restricted to those species that have been chemically analyzed (indicated with bold-face numbers). Referenced papers include the chemical analysis of baeocystine, psilocine and/or psilocybine only). Those species known to exhibit a bluing or greening reaction in specimens when damaged by human handling or natural causes are marked by a •. Those with an *Asterisk indicate false positives which are noted at the end of this update.
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The Stropharioideae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2004
Collections of Hypholoma subviride, Melanotus proteus, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, P. coprophila, P. cubensis, P. moellerii, P. pegleriana, Stropharia coronilla, S. rugosoannulata, and S. semiglobata, all placed in subfamily Stropharioideae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) are discussed and illustrated from southern Brazil. Melanotus proteus, P. moellerii and P. pegleriana are recorded for the first time from the country, and S. rugosoannulata and H. subviride collections represent new records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
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A new species of Psilocybe (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from southern Brazil
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2005
Psilocybe rickii is described as a new species from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It belongs to the section Cordisporae and is characterized by the bulbous base of the stipe. The holotype was collected in 1908 by Rick.
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The mycobiota of Itapuã Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. I. Species of Strophariaceae (Agaricales)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2006
In a fungal survey of the Itapuã Park, in south Brazil, the agaric family Strophariaceae was studied. Hypholoma aurantiacum, H. ericaeum, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, P. coprophila, P. cubensis, P. muscorum, P. wrightii, Stropharia alcis, and S. coronilla are reported. Psilocybe muscorum is reported for the first time in Brazil, while S. alcis is a new record in South America.
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Agaricales of Indonesia. 6. Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2006
  • SYDOWIA
Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhn. and Stropharia aerugineomaculans Höhn. (both species originally described from Java) and five new species of Psilocybe (Ps. aureicystidiata, Ps. eximia, Ps. largicystidiata, Ps. mendica, Ps. overeemii) from tropical-montane, broadleaf rain forests in Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok) are fully described and illustrated. Ecology and distribution of the hitherto recorded taxa of Psilocybe occurring in SE-Asia and Australasia are discussed.
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Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota): first record from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2003
This paper is part of a taxonomic survey of Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from the region of Santa Maria, center of Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer is recorded for the first time from the State of Rio Grande do Sul and for the second time in Brazil. Descriptions and line drawings of this species are presented. RESUMO Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota): primeiro registro para o Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este trabalho é parte de um levantamento taxonômico da família Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) em Santa Maria, região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer é registrada pela primeira vez no sul do Brasil e pela segunda vez no Brasil. São apresentadas descrições e ilustrações desta espécie.
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Supplement to the monograph of the genus Psilocybe
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1995
A revision of 29 species and varieties and more than 80 records of Psilocybe after 1980 and not considered in Guzmán's monograph (1983) are discussed. In addition, P. chlapanensis, P. meridensis, P. moseri, P. natarajanii and P. subtropicalis are described as new. P. aquamarina, P. ramulosum, P. paulensis, P. septentrionalis, Naematoloma gigaspora and N. guzmanii are proposed as new combinations. Several new records and nomenclatural observations are dis- cussed and a revision of the classification in sections of the genus, as well as an update of the keys of sections and species of Guzmán's monograph are provided.
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Species of Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2007
Neste trabalho são apresentadas descrições, ilustrações, discussões e chave de identificação para as espécies do gênero Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm. conhecidas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, além de uma revisão do material de Hypholoma depositado na coleção Fungi Rickiani. A partir das coletas realizadas pelos autores, bem como estudo do material depositado nos principais herbários do estado e do país, verificou-se a ocorrência das seguintes espécies: H. aurantiacum (Cooke) Faus, H. ericaeum (Pers.: Fr.) Kühner e H. subviride (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Dennis.
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Three new species of Psilocybe (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota) from Papua New Guinea
Article
  • Jun 2006
  • SYDOWIA
Three new species of Psilocybe (Ps. fibrillosipes, Ps. megacystis, Ps. simplex) collected in tropical-montane, broadleaf rain forests in Papua New Guinea are fully described, illustrated and discussed. A key is provided to identify the 8 species so far recorded from Papua New Guinea.
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