... Upon full assessment of the 22 records, 3 were already included in our quality assessment and the remaining 19 did not satisfy our inclusion criteria. Of the total 119 studies, 74 investigated rTMS including 48 trials (Bagati et al., 2009;Bais et al., 2017Bais et al., , 2014Blumberger et al., 2012;Brunelin et al., 2006;Chen et al., 2019;d'Alfonso et al., 2002;de Jesus et al., 2011;de Weijer et al., 2014;Demirtas-Tatlidede et al., 2010;Dlabac-de Lange et al., 2015;Fitzgerald et al., 2008Fitzgerald et al., , 2007Fitzgerald et al., , 2005Hoffman et al., 2013Hoffman et al., , 2005Hoffman et al., , 2003Hoffman et al., , 1999Homan et al., 2012;Horacek et al., 2007;Jandl et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2014;Kimura et al., 2016;Kindler et al., 2013aKindler et al., , 2013bKlirova et al., 2013;Koops et al., 2016;Lai et al., 2010;Lee et al., 2005;Loo et al., 2010;Maïza et al., 2013;McIntosh et al., 2004;Montagne-Larmurier et al., 2009;Novák et al., 2006;Oh and Kim, 2011;Paillère-Martinot et al., 2017;Plewnia et al., 2014;Poulet et al., 2005;Rosa et al., 2007;Rosenberg et al., 2011;Schönfeldt-Lecuona et al., 2004;Slotema et al., 2012Slotema et al., , 2011Sommer et al., 2007;van Lutterveld et al., 2012;Vercammen et al., 2010Vercammen et al., , 2009Wagner et al., 2019) and 26 case reports (Bor et al., 2009;Chung et al., 2007;Dollfus et al., 2008;Eberle et al., 2010;Favalli et al., 2007;Fitzgerald et al., 2006;Fitzgerald and Daskalakis, 2011;Franck et al., 2003;Garg et al., 2019;Ghanbari Jolfaei et al., 2016;Giesel et al., 2012;Goyal et al., 2015;Jardri et al., 2012Jardri et al., , 2009Jardri et al., , 2007Langguth et al., 2006;Poulet et al., 2009Poulet et al., , 2008Poulet et al., , 2006Rachid et al., 2013;Schreiber et al., 2002;Schulz et al., 2015;Sidhoumi et al., 2010;Subramanian et al., 2013;Thirthalli et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2019), and 45 investigated tES including 26 trials (Agarwal et al., 2016;Bose et al., 2014Bose et al., , 2018Bose et al., , 2019Brunelin et al., 2012aBrunelin et al., , 2015Chang et al., 2018Chang et al., , 2019Chhabra et al., 2018;Fitzgerald et al., 2014;Fröhlich et al., 2016;Kantrowitz et al., 2019;Kao et al., 2020;Kim et al., 2020;Koops et al., 2018;Lindenmayer et al., 2019;Mellin et al., 2018;Mondino et al., 2015bMondino et al., , 2016Mondino et al., , 2020Shivakumar et al., 2015;Sreeraj et al., 2018Sreeraj et al., , 2020Subramaniam et al., 2015;Valiengo et al., 2019;Yoon et al., 2019) and 19 case reports (Andrade, 2013;Bose et al., 2017Bose et al., , 2015Brunelin et al., 2012b;Jacks et al., 2014;Janovik et al., 2019;Kallel et al., 2016;Mezger et al., 2020;Nawani et al., 2014bNawani et al., , 2014aPalm et al., 2013;Praharaj et al., 2015;Schwippel et al., 2017;Shenoy et al., 2015;Shiozawa et al., 2014Shiozawa et al., , 2013Shivakumar et al., 2014;Thimmashetty et al., 2020;Wysokiński, 2020). Of the 74 rTMS records, 67 reported on independent study samples and 7 reported on samples that overlapped with these. ...