Content uploaded by Dennis E Desjardin
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Dennis E Desjardin on Sep 14, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
Agaricales of Indonesia. 6.
Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from Indonesia
(Java, Bali, Lombok)
E. Horak1
&
D.E. Desjardin2
1 Nikodemweg
5.
AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave.,
San Francisco, California 94132, USA
Horak, E. & Desjardin, D.E. (2006). Agaricales of Indonesia. 6. Psilocybe
(Strophariaceae) from Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok). Sydowia 58
(1):
15
- 37.
Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhn, and Stropharia aerugineomaculans Höhn,
(both species originally described from Java) and five new species of Psilocybe
(Ps.
aureicystidiata, Ps. eximia, Ps. largicystidiata, Ps. mendica, Ps. overeemii)
from tropical-montane, broadleaf rain forests in Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok) are
fully described and illustrated. Ecology and distribution of the hitherto recorded
taxa of Psilocybe occurring in SE-Asia and Australasia are discussed.
Key words: Basidiomycetes, fungal systematics, taxonomy, mycogeography.
As compared to other countries in the tropical-subtropical belt
of SE-Asia, little attention has been paid to the Indonesian
Agaricales so far. The first lists of species have been published by
Zollinger (1854), in later years followed by the records summarized
in Hennings (1900), Höhnel (1914), Overeem-Haas (1922), Heyne
(1927),
and Overeem (1927). More recently, selected genera of
Tricholomataceae s.l. and Russulales have been published in the
series "Agaricales from Indonesia": 1. Desjardin & Horak (1999). -
2.
Desjardin, Retnowati & Horak (2000). - 3. Verbeken, Horak &
Desjardin (2001). - 4. Desjardin & Horak (2002). - 5. Wilson,
Desjardin
&
Horak (2004).
With regard to Indonesian taxa belonging to Psilocybe (fam.
Strophariaceae), the first and last report dates back to Höhnel (1914),
who described Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel and Stropharia
aerugineomaculans Höhn. [= Psilocybe aerugineomaculans (Höhn.)
Singer
&
A.H. Sm.] from Bogor, Java.
From SE-Asian and Australasian countries situated in the
geographical neighborhood of Indonesia, additional records on
1 e-mail: sporax@gmx.net
2 e-mail: ded@sfsu. edu
15
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Psilocybe can be found in the literature, e.g. : Australia: Guzman &
Watling (1978), Margot & Watling (1981), Chang & Mills, (1992). -
India: Natarajan & Raman (1983), Thomas & al. (2002). - New
Caledonia: Guzman & Horak (1979). - New Zealand: Guzman &
Horak (1979), Guzman, Bandala & King
(1991,
1993), Johnston &
Buchanan 1995). - Papua New Guinea: Guzman & Horak (1979),
Horak (2006). - Sri Lanka (Pegler, 1986). - Thailand: Guzman,
Bandala
&
Allen (1993).
In connection with the present paper, the type collections of
following species of
Psilocybe
were re-examined and compared with
the Indonesian material described in the present contribution:
Indonesia:
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Höhnel 1914. Fragmente.
Mykologie, 826. Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissen-
schaften Wien, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse 73: 30. - Stropharia aeru-
gineomaculans Höhnel 1914. Fragmente. Mykologie, 827. Sitzungs-
berichte Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissenschaften Wien, Mathem.-
Naturw. Klasse, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse
73:
30.
New Caledonia: Psilocybe neocaledonica Guzmän & E. Horak
1979.
Sydowia
31:
53.
New Zealand: Psilocybe novaezelandiae Guzmän & E. Horak
1979.
Sydowia
31:
51.
Papua New Guinea: Psilocybe brunneocystidiata Guzmän &
E. Horak 1979. Sydowia 31: 45. - Psilocybe inconspicua Guzmän &
E. Horak 1979. Sydowia 31: 50. - Psilocybe papuana Guzmän &
E. Horak 1979. Sydowia
31:
49. -
Psilocybe
nothofagensis Guzmän &
Horak 1979. Sydowia
31:
47.
- cf. also Horak 2006. Sydowia
58:
3
- 14.
Sri Lanka: Psilocybe ochreata (Berk. & Broome) E. Horak, in
Guzmän
1983.
Beiheft Nova Hedwigia 74:
138.
-
Psilocybe goniospora
(Berk.
&
Broome) Singer 1962. Sydowia 15: 70.
General information and detailed data about the taxonomy and
world-wide distribution of Psilocybe were published by Guzmän
(1980,
1983, 1995, 1999, 2004) and Guzmän, Allen
&
Gartz (1998).
The material of Psilocybe subaeruginascens and of the five new
Indonesian, saprobic
Psilocybe
presented in this paper was gathered
by E. Horak and D.E. Desjardin at several localities in Java, Bali,
and Lombok. Based upon the fact that for Indonesia a vast diversity
of ecological habitats and niches of the vegetation have been
reported in the pertinent literature (Jones 1995), the authors
expect many more yet undiscovered taxa of Psilocybe that
presumably fruit only on rare occasions. The following example
convincingly demonstrates this observation: the region around
Bogor and Cibodas (Java) was thoroughly searched for mushrooms
during several collecting trips but nevertheless basidiomes of the
conspicuous Psilocybe aerugineomaculans (Höhnel 1914) were not
16
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
encountered again at the type locality in the Botanical Garden,
Bogor (Java).
It is noteworthy that three out of the five new Indonesian species
(Ps.
eximia, Ps. aureicystidiata, Ps.
overeemii)
described in this
contribution are defined by rhomboid basidiospores in combination
with conspicuous chrysocystidia-like pleurocystidia, non-gelatinized
pileipellis and non-blueing context. In the pertinent literature,
this unique combination of characters is reported world-wide only
for the following taxa of Psilocybe recorded from Sri Lanka
[Ps.
goniospora (Berk. & Broome) Singer and Ps. lonchophora
(Berk. & Broome) E. Horak ap. Guzman], from New Caledonia
(Ps.
neocaledonica
Guzman
&
E. Horak) and neotropical species from
Ecuador [Ps.
aequatoriae
Singer (= Hypholoma aequatoriae (Singer)
Guzman],
and Mexico (Ps. naematoliformis Guzman (= Naematoloma
naematoliforme (Guzman) Guzman, and
Ps.
neorhombispora
Guz-
man, unpubl.]. The taxonomic status of these enumerated taxa is still
under discussion and molecular data will eventually reveal whether
they are correctly accommodated in Psilocybe or in Hypholoma. In
order to integrate the before-mentioned species, Guzman (2004)
recently proposed the new sect. Neocaledonicae and thus emendated
the taxonomic concept and circumscription of Psilocybe.
Material and Methods
All specimens examined were originally collected and docu-
mented by E. Horak and D.E. Desjardin during several collecting
trips to Indonesia.
For microscopical analysis, the material was routinely mounted
in
3
-
5 %
KOH (and occasionally also in
5 %
NH4OH and
1 %
Congo
Red in 5% KOH). Holotypus material is kept in Herbarium
Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
(BO);
isotypes are lodged in the herbaria
ZT (Zurich, Switzerland) and XAL (Xalapa, Mexico).
Key to Indonesian species of Psilocybe
1.
Basidiomes (pileus, stipe and context) turning blue to blue-
green when bruised. Lamellae broadly adnate. Stipe with
white, membranaceous, inconspicuous and evanescent
annulus. Basidiospores thick-walled. In lowland tropical
broadleaf forest. - (sect. Stuntzii) 2
1*.
Basidiomes not turning blue to blue-green when bruised.
Annulus on stipe present or absent. Basidiospores thin-
walled or thick-walled. In tropical-montane broadleaf
forest 3
17
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
2.
(1). Pileus 15 - 30 mm diam., convex to broadly campanulate, off
white, grey-beige or pale fuliginous in centre. Lamellae pale
grey-brown. Base of stipe with rhizoids attached to mycelial
pad. Spore print lilac-brown. Basidiospores 8.5-9.5x5.5-
6.5 x 5.2 - 5.7 urn, elliptical to amygdaliform, not distinctly
rhomboid. On horse manure (type) or on soil among decaying
litter of broadleaf trees. Java
1.
Ps. subaeruginascens Höhnel
2*.
Pileus up to 40 mm diam., umbonate, centre dark blue,
reddish grey towards substriate margin. Lamellae olive-
yellow, mottled. Base of stipe without mycelial pad. Spore
print fuscous to black. Basidiospores 8.5 - 10.5 x (6.5) 7 - 8 x
5.5-6 urn, distinctly rhomboid to submitriform. On rotten
wood of broadleaf trees. Java
2.
Ps. aerugineomaculans Höhnel
3.
(1). Basidiospores subellipsoid to subovoid or oblong, thin-
walled 4
3*.
Basidiospores distinctly rhomboid or mitriform, thick-walled.
Pileus with prominent conical papilla 5
4.
(3). Pileus with sharply pointed papilla, 5-12 mm. Veil remnants
on stipe absent. Basidiospores 5.5 - 7 x 4 -4.5 x 3.5 -4 um.
Pleurocystidia absent. On rotten plant debris. Bali. - (sect.
Pratenses) 3. Pi', mendica
4*.
Pileus umbonate-expanded, 9-18 mm diam. Veil remnants
on stipe fibrillose, inconspicuous. Basidiospores
5.5-6.5
(-7) x 3 - 4 x 3 - 3.5 urn. Pleurocystidia hyaline, fusoid, con-
spicuous. On rotting trunk of tree fern. Java. - (sect.
Singerianae) 4. Ps. largicystidiata
5.(3). Chrysocystidia-like pleurocystidia absent. Pileus 20-40 mm
diam. Basidiospores 5 - 5.5 (- 6) x 4.5 - 5 x 3.5 - 4 urn. Cheilo-
cystidia conspicuous, vesiculose to broadly utriform. Odor
farinaceous. On bare soil or among leaf-litter of fagalean
trees.
Java. - (sect. Psilocybe) 5. Ps. eximia
5*.
Chrysocystidia-like pleurocystidia present. Cheilocystidia
inconspicuous, fusoid. Odor not distinctive. - (sect. Neo-
caledonicae) 6
6. (5). Annulus on stipe conspicuous, persistently membranaceous
or fibrillose. Pileus 5-10 mm diam. Basidiospores 4.5 - 5.5 x
4-5x3-3.5 urn. On rotting leaf-litter of fagalean trees.
Java 6. Ps. overeemii
6*. Annulus on stipe inconspicuous or absent. Pileus 15-30 mm
diam. Basidiospores (4.5 -)
5
- 5.5 (- 6) x 4 -
5
x (3 -) 3.5 - 4 urn.
On rotten wood of fagalean trees. Java (type), Lombok
7.
Ps. aureicystidiata
18
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Enumeration and description of Indonesian species of Psilocybe
1.
Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel, Fragm. Mykologie, 826.
Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissenschaften Wien,
Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse
73:
30.
1914.
- Fig.
1:1-6.
Translation of German-written protologue: "Psüocybe (Deconica)
subaeruginascens Höhnel: Pileus 15-25 mm diam., convex, whitish, centre pale
fuliginous, glabrous, submembranaceous. - Lamellae broadly adnate to
subdecurrent, moderately crowded, 2-3 mm wide, pale grey-brown, edges paler. -
Stipe 30 -
40
x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical, base slightly swollen, white, apex
subpruinose, otherwise smooth, shiny, tough, base attached to white but eventually
becoming green-blue or blue mycelial pad. - Ring small, membranaceous, in upper
portion of stipe. - Spore print pale lilac-brown. -Basidiospores 10x7x5 urn,
rhomboid or rhomboid-limoniform in face view, slightly depressed in side view,
apex truncate, lilac. -Cystidia absent. - Upon bruising the color of the basidiomes
turns to pale green-blue. - Gregarious on horse manure. - Holotypus. - Indonesia,
Java, Buitenzorg, 1907, leg. Höhnel 3942 A."
Description of collection ZT 7229:
Pileus 20 - 30 mm diam., broadly and obtusely campanulate,
ivory or pale grey-argillaceous, at disc with blue-green tinge,
smooth, dry, veil remnants absent. - Lamellae 16-24 reaching
stipe,
lamellulae in
5
-
7
series, broadly adnate, at first pale brown,
becoming fuscous in old specimens, fimbriate edges whitish.-Stipe
40-65x2-3 mm. cylindrical, equal, white, turning blue-green
upon handling, dry, hollow, rather tough, smooth to slightly
fibrillose, base with conspicuous white rhizoids and mycelial
strands attached to substrate, solitary. - Ring fragile and non-
persisting, membranaceous, non-striate, hanging, white. -Context
rather tough, white, blueing upon exposure. - Odor unpleasant,
fetid. - Taste unknown. -Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH-
negative.
Spore print dark fuscous or black. -Basidiospores
8-9.5x
5 - 6.5 x 4.5 - 5.5 urn, elliptical to subrhomboid in face view,
amygdaliform in side view, thick-walled (1-1.3 um diam.), with
distinctive apical germ pore, smooth, opaque. - Basidia 24-
30x6-8 urn, cylindrical or constricted-suburniform, 4-spored,
sterigmata up to 7 urn long. - Cheilocystidia
18
- 24 x
6
- 10 um,
polymorphic, shape ranging from fusoid to subutriform, thin-
walled, hyaline, apex rounded or subcapitate, occasionally covered
with thin, hyaline incrustation (also in KOH!). - Pleurocystidia
and caulocystidia absent. - Pileipellis a thin cutis composed of
cylindrical, repent, hyaline to pale yellow, non-gelatinized, non-
incrusted hyphae, 4-10 urn diam., distinctive terminal cells absent.
Subpellis composed of irregularely interwoven, cylindrical or
puzzle-like, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae. - Clamp connections
present.
19
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 1.
1
-
ö:
Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel (ZT 7229, topotypical material):
1.
Basidiomes. - 2. Basidiospores. - 3. Basidia. - 4. Cheilocystidia. 5. Pileipellis. -
6. Basidiospores (holotype). - Psilocybe aerugineomaculans Höhnel (holotype):
7.
Basidiospores. - Scale bar:
10
mm (1), 5 ^im (2, 6, 7),
10
jam
(3,
4), 20 um (5).
20
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Etymology: subaeruginascens (Lat.) - similar to "aeru-
ginascens".
Specimens examined:
INDONESIA:
Java: Bogor (Buitenzorg), 1907, leg.
Höhnel 3942 A (holotype,
FH);
Bogor, Botanical Garden, on soil among rotting litter
of broadleaf trees, 20 Jan 1999, leg. Horak ZT 7229 (BO
99
- 355).
Habitat and Ecology: Coprophilous or saprobic. - On horse
manure (type) or on soil among litter, in tropical-lowland broadleaf
forest.
Distribution: Indonesia: Java.
Discussion: Owing to the blueing basidiomes
Ps.
subaeru-
ginascens
is considered to be psychoactive.
The type specimen consists of two fragmented basidiomes, plus
broken fragments of stipe and lamellae. There is one intact, pale
tawny brown pileus,
12
mm diam. No partial veil remnants
recognizable on the stipe fragments.
The topotypical material mentioned above (BO 99-355)
corresponds in all essential characters with the type specimens
gathered nearly 100 years ago by F.v. Höhnel. Macroscopically, the
most distinctive features are its habit and the blue-green colors on
ageing and handled specimens. In the field this
Psilocybe
can readily
be mistaken for a taxon of
Copelandia,
a widely distributed genus in
tropical-subtropical habitats in SE-Asia (Horak 1980, Gerhardt
1996).
Microscopically, however, Ps.
subaeruginascens
is clearly
separated by its non-metuloid cystidia and the lack of green-blue
crystals or incrustation (in KOH) at the apex of the cystidia.
Based upon the re-examination of the type specimen, Guzman
(1983) and Thomas & al. (2002) emphasize that Psilocybe subaeru-
ginascens and Ps.
aerugineomaculans
are actually contaxic. It is
noteworthy, however, that Guzman (1995) has abandoned this
concept and subsequently accepted two independent taxa.
Our observations also demonstrate that morphologically these
two taxa are distinctly separated (cf. enclosed key). In addition,
Guzman (1983) refers to a Japanese collection which purportedly
represents the first Japanese record of
Ps.
subaeruginascens.
The
drawings of the basidiomes definitely do not relate to the original
descriptions of the two before-mentioned Javanese taxa. In the
meantime, Guzman (1995) accomodated the Japanese specimens in
the new taxon Ps. septentrionalis.
The fresh topotypical material of
Ps.
subaeruginascens
allows for
the first time to present its distinctive, microscopical characters.
Under these circumstances the identity and concepts of several
blueing species recorded from Australia (Margot & Watling 1981;
21
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Chang & Mills 1992, Grgurinovic 1997) and New Zealand (Guzman,
Bandala & King 1991, 1993; Johnston
&
Buchanan 1995) are in need
of critical re-evaluation.
It is remarkable that Bogor (Buitenzorg) is also the type locality
of the second Javanese species with blueing and macroscopic-ally
similar basidiomes
viz. Ps.
aerugineomaculans
(see
below).
As already
pointed out by Höhnel in the relevant protologues, these two taxa are
readily distinguished by the colors of the basidiomes and the shape of
the basidiospores.
2.
Psilocybe
aerugineomaculans
(Höhnel) Singer & A.H. Sm., Myco-
logia 50:273. 1958.-Fig. 1: 7
Basionym. - Stropharia aerugineomaculans Höhnel, Fragm. Mykologie, 827.
Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissenschaften Wien, Mathem.-Naturw.
Klasse, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse
73:
30. 1914.
Translation of German-written protologue: "Stropharia aerugineomaculans
Höhnel. - Pile us up to 40 mm diam., umbonate-campanulate, centre dark blue,
pale reddish grey towards substriate margin, smooth. - Lamellae adnate,
moderately crowded, 4 -
5
mm wide, olive-yellow, mottled. - Stipe up to
50
x
2 mm, cylindrical, white, apex subfloccosc, otherwise smooth, shiny, hollow.
Ring membranaceous, small, white. - Spore print dark fuscous or black. -
Basidiospores 10 x 6 urn or 7 x 5 urn, heart-shaped or sublimoniform in face
view, depressed in side view, apex with papilla. - Upon bruising the color of the
basidiomes turns to pale green-blue. - On rotten wood. - Holotypus. - Indonesia,
Java, Buitenzorg, 1907, leg. Höhnel B
1771."
Etymology: aerugineus (Lat.) - greenblue; maculans (Lat.):
becoming spotted.
Specimens examined:
INDONESIA: JAVA:
Bogor (Buitenzorg), 1907-08, leg.
Höhnel B 1771 (holotype, FH).
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - On rotten wood, in tropical-
lowland broadleaf forest.
Distribution: Indonesia: Java.
Discussion: Because of its blueing basidiomes Ps.
aerugineo-
maculans is considered to be psychoactive (Singer
&
Smith 1958).
The type specimen of this Javanese species is in fragmentary
condition and consists of one half of one fragmented basidiome only.
The dark brown pileus is about 11mm diam., convex and with-
out conical centre or papilla. The stipe is lacking any partial
veil remnants. The basidiospores 8.5 - 10.5 x
7
-
8
x 5.5 - 6.0 urn are
distinctly rhomboid to submitriform in face view, inequilaterally
ellipsoid in side view and truncate with a broad germ pore. The
22
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
smooth, dark orange-brown walls (in
3 %
KOH) are about 0.6 -1.0 urn
thick. Basidia 4-spored. All hymenial cystidia are collapsed, and did
not revive. Pileipellis a thin ixocutis of repent, radially arranged,
parallel, cylindrical hyphae, 3.5-6 jim diam., walls hyaline, smooth,
non-incrusted, gelatinized. The hypodermium is composed of cylin-
drical, hyaline to pale yellow hyphae up to
13
|im diam.
The type locality of this conspicuous agaric with blueing
basidiomes is situated in the Bogor Botanical Garden (cf.
Ps.
subaeru-
ginascens).
During numerous occasions the authors collected mush-
rooms at this locality but this striking species was not found again.
Unfortunately, the type material is poorly preserved and accordingly
the actual size and shape of the cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia still
remain a mystery.
Further discussion under
Ps.
subaeruginascens.
3.
Psilocybe mendica
E. Horak
&
Desjardin, sp. nov. - Fig. 2:1-6
Pileus 5-12 mm diam., convexus dein applanatus, semper papilla acuta
instructus, ochraceus vel argillaceus, innate fibrillosus, marginem versus squamulis
minutis, subpersistentibus e velo obtectus, siccus. Lamellae late adnatae vel
subdecurrentes, brunneae vel distincte lilacinae, angustae. Stipes 10-20x
0.5 -
1
mm, cylindricus, aequalis, pileo concolor, minute fibrillosus. Cortina nulla.
Odor sapoque nulli. Basidiosporae 5.5-
7
x 4 - 4.5 x 3.5-4 urn, subovoideae vel
ellipsoideae, tenuitunicatae, poro germinativo instructae. Cheilocystidia (15-) 17-
30 x
8
-15 (im, hyalina, tenuitunicata, utriformia vel late fusoidea, interdum
apicaliter mucronata. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud
gelatinosis, cutem formantibus. Fibulae praesentes. Ad frustula, in silvis montanis
tropicalibusque. Holotypus. - Indonesia (Java), leg. E. Horak 8436 (isotypi XAL,
ZT).
Pileus
5
-12 mm diam., convex at first, later expanded or
concave with margin up-turned, always with a distinctive, sharply
pointed papilla, ochre to beige when moist, becoming paler when
dried, hygrophanous, innately fibrillose, margin non-striate. - Veil
remnants scarce and inconspicuous, forming pallid, small, triangular,
fibrillose and ephemerous squamules towards margin of pileus. -
Lamellae 32-40 reaching stipe, lamellulae in
3
-
7
series, broadly
adnate to subdecurrent, less than
1
mm wide, brown with a distinctive
lilac tint, even edges concolorous. - Stipe
10
-
20
x 0.5 -
1
mm,
cylindrical, equal, concolorous with pileus, minutely fibrillose,
dry, hollow, flexible, solitary, remnants of veil absent. - Context
concolorous with pileus, not staining. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spore print brown, with distinctive lilac tint. - Basidio-
spores 5.5 -
7
x 4-4.5 x 3.5-4 |im, subovoid (to subrhomboid) in
face view, ellipsoid in side view, thin-walled, smooth, pale yellow-
brown, with distinctive germ pore. - Basidia
15
-25 x
6
-
8
fim,
4-spored, hyaline, subclavate, occasionally with median constriction.-
23
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 2.
1
- ö: Psüocybe mendica (holotype): 1. Basidiomes. - 2. Basidio.spores. -
3.
Basidia. - 4. Cheilocystidia. - 5. Caulocystidia. - 6. Veil, pileipellis and subpellis. -
Scale bar: 10 mm (1), 5 (Am (2), 10 (.im (3,4), 20|im(5, 6).
Cheilocystidia (15 -) 20 -
35 x 7
- 13 um, hyaline, thin-walled,
polymorphic, shape ranging from vesiculose to broadly ventricose,
broadly fusoid or utriform, apex lacking mucro. - Pleurocystidia
absent. Caulocystidia clavate to subfusoid or cylindrical, in-
conspicuous. - Subhymenium composed of hyaline to yellowish,
thin-walled hyphae, 5-13 |im diam. - Trama subregular, composed
of hyaline or yellowish hyphae, 3.5 - 17 (-21) urn diam. - Hyphae of
veil 1.5-3 (im diam. - Pileipellis a cutis composed of cylindrical,
non-gelatinized, thin-walled hyphae,
3
-
6
urn diam., encrusted with
pale brown pigment. - Subpellis composed of ovoid, hyaline or
yellowish cells, 10-16 urn diam. - Hyphae of veil remnants (on
pileus surface) cylindrical, hyaline, 1,5-3 (im diam., terminal cells not
differentiated. -Clamp connections present.
24
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Etymology: mendicus (Lat.) - poor, inconspicous.
Specimens examined:
INDONESIA:
Bali, Bedugul, Lake Bratan, trail
to Mt. Catur, 16 Jan 2000, leg. E.Horak ZT 8436 (holotype, BO, isotype XAL). -
Bali, Bedugul, Eka Karya Botanical Garden, 17 Jan 2000, leg. E.Horak 8437
(BO 00-258, ZT).
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - On rotting organic debris
(leaves, twigs) of dicot trees, gregarious, in tropical-montane
broadleaf rain forest, 1350 m alt.
Distribution: Indonesia: Bali (recorded only from and near the
type locality).
Discussion: Psilocybe mendica is well characterized by its
minute basidiomes. Taxonomically, it belongs to sect. Pratenses
because of its subovoid or ellipsoid, thin-walled basidiospores and the
lack of pleurocystidia (Guzman 1983, 1995). The taxon is well
separated from other members in this section by the polymorphic and
comparatively large and broad cheilocystidia.
Psilocybe mendica and Ps.
inconspicua
Guzman & E. Horak
(1979) from Papua New Guinea represent the first two tropical
species in sect. Pratenses so far described from SE-Asian localities.
The two taxa of rather small-sized basidiomes are readily
distinguished by the shape of the pileus viz. with sharply acute
papilla in Ps. mendica, in contrast to the blunt umbo in
Ps.
inconspicua.
Furthermore, Ps. mendica is distinctly separated by
the presence of conspicuous, appendiculate veil remnants on the
pileus margin and the basidiospores ovoid in face view.
4.
Psilocybe largicystidiata E. Horak & Desjardin, sp. nov. - Fig. 3:
1-7
Pileus 9-18 mm diam, convexus dein applanatus vel concavus,
subumbonatus, brunneus, siccitate argillaceus vel albidus, marginem versus
squamulis minutis subpersistentibus e velo obtectus, siccus. Lamellae adnatae vel
subdecurrentes, argillaceae, fimbriatae. Stipes 10-20x1-2 mm, cylindricus,
basim versus incrassatus, apicaliter pileo concolor, gradatim fuscus basim versus,
albofibrillosus. Cortina nulla. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 5.5 - 6.5 (-7) x
3
-
4x3-3.5|0.m, oblongae vel subellipsoideae, tenuitunicatae, poro germinativo
instructae. Cheilocystidia 17- 35 x 8- 12 |jm, ex clavato subfusoidea, hyalina,
tenuitunicata. Pleurocystidia
(40
-) 50 - 60 x
(8
-)
9
- 12 (im, conspicua, lageniformia
vel fusoidea. Pileipellis ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis, cutem formantibus.
Fibulae praesentes. Ad frustula, in silvis montanis tropicalibusque. Holotypus. -
Indonesia (Java), leg. E. Horak 8845 (BO
01
- 34, isotypi XAL, ZT).
Pileus 9-18 mm diam, at first convex, later becoming expanded
or concave with up-turned margin, center subumbonate, margin
strongly pellucid-striate, date brown when moist, old or drying paler
25
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 3. 1-7:
Psilocybe
largicystidiata (holotype):
1.
Basidiomes. -
2.
Basidiospores. -
3.
Basidia. - 4. Cheilocystidia. - 5. Pleurocystidia. - 6. Caulocystidia. - 7. Veil,
pileipellis and subpellis. - Scale bar: 10 mm (1),
5
(im (2), 10 |im
(3,
4, 5), 20 (im (6, 7).
or off white, strongly hygrophanous, centre minutely rugulose,
dry. - Veil remnants scarce and inconspicuous, forming whitish,
small, triangular, fibrillose squamules towards margin of pileus. -
Lamellae 20-26 reaching stipe, lamellulae in
3
-
5
series, broadly
adnate to subdecurrent, beige-brown, edges subfimbriate, up to
2.5 mm wide. - Stipe
10
-20
x 1
-2 mm, cylindrical, towards base
26
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
slightly swollen, apex concolorous with pileus or paler as lamellae,
gradually dark brown to fuscous at base, dry, hollow in mature
specimens, with inconspicuous basal tomentum attached to substrate,
solitary. - Veil remnants on stipe whitish, fibrillose. - Context
concolorous with pileus, not staining. - Odor and taste not
distinctive.
Spore print brown, lilac tint absent. - Basidiospores 5.5-
6.5 (-7) x
3
-
4
x
3
- 3.5 urn, oblong (both in face view and side view),
thin-walled, smooth, pale j^ellowish brown, with conspicuous germ
pore.
- Basidia (13-)
15
-
18
x
5
-
6
urn, 4-spored, hyaline, sub-
ventricose. - Cheilocystidia
17
-
35
x
8
-
12
jim hyaline, clavate or
subfusiform to utriform, occasionally bluntly rostrate. - Pleuro-
cystidia (40-) 50 -
60
x (8-)
9
- 12 um, numerous, hyaline, lageni-
formto fusoid. -Caulocystidia 18-35 x 6- 10 um, scattered, poly-
morphic, similar to cheilocystidia. - Subhymenium composed of
subcellular or cylindrical, hyaline hyphae, 3-8 urn diam. - Hyphae
of
stipe 3-10 urn diam., walls hyaline, smooth or encrusted. - Trama
subregular, composed of hyaline or yellowish hyphae, 2-8 um diam. -
Hyphae of veil 1.5-3 urn diam. - Pileipellis a cutis composed of
cylindrical, non-gelatinized, hyaline hyphae, 3-6 um diam., pigment
encrusting. - Subpellis composed of polymorphic, globose, ovoid or
broadly cylindrical hyphae, 5-20 um diam. Hyphae of veil remnants
on pileus surface cylindrical, hyaline, 2-3 jim diam., terminal cells
not differentiated. -Clamp connections present.
Etymology: largus (Lat.) - large; cystidatus (Lat.) - with
cystidia.
Specimens examined:
INDONESIA:
Java, Mt. Halimun National Park,
Cikaniki Field Station, 8 Jan 2001, leg. E. Horak 8845 (Holotypus. - BO
01
- 34,
isotypes XAL, ZT).
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - Scattered, probably on a
rotten stem of tree fern, in tropical-montane broadleaf rain forest,
1050 m alt.
Distribution: Indonesia: Java (recorded only from type
locality).
Discussion: Because to the thin-walled, oblong spores and
the exceedingly long, thin-walled and numerous pleurocystidia,
Psilocybe largicystidiata is an outstanding species readily accom-
modated in sect. Singerianae (Guzman 1983, 1995). Microscopically,
the Javanese species is reminiscent of Ps. laticystis Guzman &
A.H. Sm. (1978) whose pleurocystidia, however, are 10- 19 urn diam.
and sometimes subglobose to pyriform. In addition, Ps. laticystis,
another species with large pleurocystidia so far only recorded from
27
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
the Northwestern USA (Guzman 1983), is separated from the
Indonesian taxon by the gelatinized pileipellis (ixocutis).
5.
Psilocybe
eximia
E. Horak
&
Desjardin, sp. nov. - Fig. 4:
1
- 5
Pileus 20 - 40 mm, primo conicus dein convexus vel applanatus, semper papilla
acuta instructus, fuscus vel fuliginosus, conspicue radialiter striatosulcatus.
Lamellae adnatae vel subemarginatae, ochraceoferrugineae vel fuliginosae, haud
fimbriatae. Stipes 40 - 50 x
2
- 4 mm, cylindricus, pallide ochraceus vel fuscus,
glaber. Cortina nulla. Odor saporque farinacei. Basidiosporae
5
- 5.5 (-
6) x
4.5 -
5
x
5-4 urn, frontaliter rhomboideae vel mitriformes, lateraliter ovoideae, fuligineae,
crassetunicatae, poro germinativo instructae. Cheilocystidia 22-35 (-40) x 10- 15
(-20) urn, clavata, vesiculosa vel subutriformia, hyalina. Pleurocystidia nulla.
Pileipellis ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis, cutem formantibus, pigmento
brunneo instructis. Fibulae praesentes. Ad terram nudam, in silvis montanis
tropicalibusque. Holotypus. - Indonesia (Java), leg. E. Horak 7326 (BO 99-203,
isotypi XAL, ZT).
Pileus 20-40 mm diam., at first conical, becoming convex to
expanded, always with prominent, acutely pointed papilla, dark date
brown to fuliginous when moist, ochraceous when dry, hygrophanous,
strongly radially folded-striate from centre to margin, dry, rather
tough-membranaceous, veil remnants absent. - Lamellae 35-50
reaching stipe, lamellulae in
(3
-)5 series, adnate, 2-5 mm wide, at
first rust brown or ochraceous, becoming fuscous to fuliginous with
age,
occasionally with violaceous tinge in old specimens, even edges
concolorous. - Stipe 40 - 50 x
2
-
4
mm, cylindrical, occasionally
gradually enlarged into base, slender, pale ochraceous to dark brown,
smooth, tough, fistulöse. - Veil remnants absent. - Context white
beneath center of pileus, otherwise orange brown, especially in rind of
stipe,
tough, not staining. - Odor and taste farinaceous, raphanoid
or resembling crushed corn.
Spore print fuscous, lilac tint absent. - Basidiospores
5
- 5.5 (-
6) x
4.5 -
5 x
3.5 -
4
urn, rhomboid or mitriform in face view,
oblong in side view, thick-walled (up to
1
um thick), smooth, dark
brown to fuliginous, opaque, with distinctive germ pore. - Basidia
15-25 x4-6 urn, 4-spored, cylindrical to subclavate, often with
median constriction, hyaline. - Cheilocystidia 22-35(-40)x
10
- 15 (-20) |im, polymorphic, broadly clavate, vesiculose, broadly
fusoid or broadly utriform, thin-walled, hyaline. -Pleurocystidia
absent. - Subhymenium composed of globose or subglobose cell,
up to 55 urn diam., thick-walled, walls encrusted with brownish
pigment. - Trama composed of subglobose or subcylindrical, thick-
walled cells,
15
-
37
urn diam. - Hyphae of stipe cylindrical, 4-12 urn
diam., hyaline, encrusted with brownish pigment. -Pileipellis a
cutis composed of cylindrical, non-gelatinized, hyaline, thin-walled
hyphae, 2-3 |am diam. - Subpellis composed of conspicuous, globose
28
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 4. 1-5: Psilocybe eximia (holotype): 1. Basidiomes. - 2. Basidiospores. -
3.
Basidia. - 4. Cheilocystidia. - 5. Pileipellis and subpellis. - Scale bar: 10 mm (1),
5 um (2), 10
\xm
(3,4), 20 ^m (5).
to ovoid cells up to 55 um diam., with brown walls up to
3
-
4
um
thick. - Clamp connections present.
Etymology: eximius (Lat.) - outstanding.
Specimens examinded:
INDONESIA:
Java, Mt. Halimun National Park,
ca. 1000-1100 m, near Cikaniki Field Station, 10 Jan 1999, leg. E. Horak 7326
29
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
(Holotypus. - BO 99-203, isotypes XAL, ZT); same locality, 9 Jan 2001, leg.
D.Desjardin & A.Wilson 7207 (BO, SFSU); same locality, 11 Jan 2001, leg.
D.
Desjardin 7234 (BO, SFSU).
MALAYSIA:
Pahang Province, Fraser's Hill, along Jalan Air Terjun, road to
Jeriau Waterfall, in tropical montane broadleaf forest, 9 Jan 2006, leg. D. Desjardin
(SP^SU).
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - Scattered on bare, muddy
soil among moss, ferns, grasses and litter, in tropical-montane
broadleaf rain forest dominated by Castanopsis-Quercus, 1000-
1100 m alt. (type material).
Distribution: Indonesia: Java (recorded only from type
locality). - Malaysia.
Discussion: Because of the rhomboid, thick-walled basidio-
spores in combination with the peculiar farinaceous or raphanoid
odor of the basidiomes, Psilocybe eximia clearly belongs to sect.
Cordisporae (Guzman 1983). In addition, the globose to vesiculose
cheilocystidia distinctly separate this species from all other described
taxa accommodated in sect. Cordisporae (Guzman 1995).
6. Psilocybe
overeemiiE.
Horak
&
Desjardin, sp. nov. - Fig. 5:1-7
Pileus 5-10 mm, eonvexus dein applanatus, semper papilla acuta instructus,
fuscus, siccitate aurantius vel ochraceus, dense fibrillis concoloribus e velo
obtectus, siccus. Lamellae adnexae, angustae, primo fuscae (lilacino tinctae) dein
lateritiobrunneae. Stipes 6- 12 x 0.5 - 0.8 mm, cylindricus, pileo concolor vel
fuligineofuscus, basim versus subfloccosus velutinusque. Cortina nulla. Odor
saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 4.5 - 5.5 x 4 -
5
x
3
- 3.5 |im, frontaliter rhomboideae
vel mitriformes, lateraliter ovatae, crassetunicatae, opacae, fuscae, poro
germinativo instructae. Cheilocystidia 15-25 x 3.5 -
6
|im, fusoidea, apicaliter
saepe ramosa, hyalina. Pleurocystidia 16-25 x
B
-
11
(am, clavata, rarissime
mucronata, tenui- vel crassetunicata, pigmento luteobrunneo reiractivoque impleta.
Pileipellis ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis cutem formantibus, pigmento
brunneo incrustatis. Subpellis haud cellularis. Fibulae praesentes. Ad frustula.
Holotypus. -Indonesia (Java), leg. E. Horak 7311 (BO 99- 130, isotypi XAL, ZT).
Pileus 5-10 mm diam, at first convex becoming expanded,
centre depressed in old specimens, always with acute, conical papilla,
deep date brown when moist, drying becoming pale ochraceus,
papilla remaining orange-brown, hygrophanous, margin non-striate,
dry, densely covered with concolorous, coarse, non-persisting fibrils
of veil. - Lamellae 32 - 40 reaching stipe, lamellulae in
3
-
5
series,
adnexed, very narrow, up to
1
mm wide, tobacco brown with faint
lilac tint, becoming dark brick brown, concolorous edges fimbriate. -
Stipe
6
- 12 x 0.5 - 0.8 mm, cylindrical, curved, concolorous with
pileus or fuscous, base with white mycelium, apex smooth to
subpruinose, subvelutinous to floccose towards base, solid, tough,
30
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 5. 1-7: Psüocybe overeemii (holotype): 1. Basidiomes. - 2. Basidiospores. -
3.
Basidia. -
4.
Cheilocystidia. - 5. Pleurocystidia. - 6. Caulocystidia. - 7. Pileipellis
and subpellis. - Scale bar: 10 mm (1),
5
\im (2), 10 |im (3, 4, 5), 20 um (6, 7).
dry. - Veil remnants absent on stipe. -Context concolorous with
pileus, tough. - Odor and taste unknown.
Spore print dark brown with faint lilac tint. -Basidiospores
4.5-5.5
x
4-5 x
3
- 3.5 |im, rhomboid or mitriform in face view,
oblong in side view, thick-walled (up to
1
|im diam.), smooth, dark
brown to fuliginous, opaque, germ pore distinctive. - Basidia 15-17
(-
20)
x 5 -
6
(im, 4-spored, subcylindrical, usually with median
constriction, hyaline. - Cheilocystidia
15
-
25
x 3.5 -
6
|im, fusoid
or sublageniform with slender neck, frequently irregularly branched,
hyaline, thin-walled. - Pleurocystidia 16-
26
x
6
- 10 urn, clavate,
with mucro at apex present or absent, thin- or thick-walled (at apex
and/or at base), hyaline, with yellow-brown, strongly refractive
content (chrysocystidia-like). - Caulocystidia scattered, poly-
morphic, not distinctive. - Subhymenium subcellular, with hyaline to
yellowish elements, 3-6 |im diam. - Trama subregular, composed of
hyaline, yellowish or brownish hyphae,
2
-
6
(-
8)
|im diam. - Hyphae
of stipe 2-9 jam diam., strongly encrusted with brown pigment. -
Pileipellis a cutis composed of 2-6|im diam., thin-walled,
31
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
brownish yellow, non-gelatinized hyphae, encrusted with brown
pigment. - Subpellis poorly developed, composed of hyaline or
yellowish, 3-5 urn diam. hyphae. Hyphae of veil remnants on pileus
surface cylindrical, hyaline, 2-3 urn diam., terminal cells not differ-
entiated. -Context composed of subglobose to ovoid cells, 5-12 urn
diam., encrusted with pigment. -Clamp connections present.
Etymology: Named after the Dutch mycologist C. van Overeem.
Specimens examined:
INDONKSIA:
Java, Mt. Halimun National Park, 1200 m,
near Cikaniki Field Station, 8 Jan 1999, leg. E. Horak 7311 (Holotypus. - BO
99 - 130, isotypes XAL, ZT). - Bogor, Botanical Garden (?), leg. Overeem (paintings
only in BO).
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - Scattered, on rotten debris
of dicot trees, in tropical-montane broadleaf rain forest under
Castanopsis-Quercus, about 1200 m alt. (probably also in tropical-
lowland forest).
Distribution: Indonesia: Bali (recorded only from type locality).
Discussion: As pointed out in the key, Psilocybe overeemii is
characterized by the distinctly rhomboid-mitriform, thick-walled
basidiospores and conspicuous, clavate chrysocystidia-like pleuro-
cystidia. Thus this taxon is closely related with the sympatric
Ps.
aureicystidiata (described below). The two species, however, are
readily separated by the size and shape of the basidiomes and by the
presence and distribution of veil remnants on pileus and stipe.
In C. van Overeem's collection of watercolor paintings (kept in
BO),
plate 323 clearly depicts the present species, probably found
in the Botanical Garden of Bogor. Unfortunately, no specimens
are preserved but the well-executed drawings relating to the
macroscopical and microscopical characters support the identity of
this record. Accordingly, the taxon is named in honor of the Dutch
mycologist C. van Overeem
(1893-
1927) who worked as Curator at
the Herbarium Bogoriense for several years.
7.
Psilocybe aureicystidiata E. Horak & Desjardin, spec. nov. - Fig. 6:
1-7
Pileus 15-30 mm, convexus vel campanulatus, papilla acuta instructus,
brunneus, siccitate argillaceus, marginem versus squamulis conspicuis per-
sistentibus e velo obtectus, siccus. Lamellae adnatae vel subdecurrentes, densae,
angustae, pallide argillaceae vel fuscae. Stipes 30-40x5-2 mm, cylindricus,
pileo concolor, apicaliter pruinosus, annulo subpersistenti et zonis fibrillosis
rufobrunneis ochraceis vel albidis e velo dense obtectus. Odor saporque nulli.
Basidiosporae (4.5-) 5-5.5 (-6) x 4-5 x (3-) 3.5-4 jim, frontaliter rhomboideae
vel mitriformes, lateralitcr ovoideae, crassetunicatae, poro germinativo instructae.
32
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Fig. 6. 1-8: Psilocybe aureicystidiata (holotype): 1. Basidiomes. - 2. Basidio-
spores. -
3.
Basidia. - 4. Cheilocystidia. - 5. Pleurocystidia. - 6. Caulocystidia. -
7.
Pileipellis and subpellis. - Scale
bar:
10
mm
(1),
5 \xm
(2),
10
|am
(3,
4,
5),
20 |im
(6,
7).
Cheilocystidia (15-) 20-32 x
4
-
6
um, fusiformia, apicaliter interdum constricta
vel ramosa, hyalina. Pleurocystidia (15 -) 20 -32 x
8
- 12 um, clavata vel late
fusiformia, distincte mucronata, pigmento luteo conspicue impleta. Pileipellis ex
hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis, cutem formantibus. Fibulae praesentes. Ad
frustula, in silvis montanis tropicalibusque. Holotypus. - Indonesia (Java), leg.
E. Horak 7034 (BO 98-92, isotypi XAL, ZT).
Pileus
15
-
30
mm diam, at first hemispherical to convex,
becoming campanulate, apex with sharply pointed papilla, date
brown to pale liver brown when moist, fading to argillaceous, weakly
hygrophanous, smooth or radially wrinkled, innately fibrillose,
33
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
dry, densely covered with appressed, fibrillose to squamulose,
persistent, pale reddish brown, pale ochre or whitish veil remnants
towards the non-striate margin. - Lamellae 40 -
55
reaching stipe,
lamellulae in
7
- 15 series, adnate or subdecurrent, densely crowded,
narrow (-1.5 mm wide), at first pale argillaceous, becoming dark
tobacco brown or chocolate brown with age, occasionally with
reddish tints, edges fimbriate, paler concolorous or whitish. - Stipe
30 - 40 x 1.5 -
2
mm, cylindrical, equal, often curved, concolorous
with pileus, base dark brown, apex pruinose, dry, hollow, solitary. -
Veil remnants as persistent annulus or cortina, towards base densely
covered with girdles of appressed, fibrillose, persistent, reddish
brown or pale ochre zones of veil.-Context concolorous with pileus,
not staining. - Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spore print dark purple brown or fuscous, lilac tint absent. -
Basidiospores (4.5-)
5
-5.5 (-6)
x 4
-
5
x
(3
-) 3.5 -4 urn, rhomboid
or mitriformin face view, oblong in side view, thick-walled (up to
1
urn
diam.),
smooth, dark brown to fuliginous, opaque, with distinct germ
pore.
- Basidia (12-)
15
-
20 x
4.5 -
6
urn, 4-spored, hyaline, sub-
clavate to cylindrical, with median constriction. - Cheilocystidia
(15 -)
20
-
32 x
4-
6
urn, hyaline, fusiform to slender clavale, apex
mucronate or elongated, occasionally constricted. - Pleurocystidia
(15 -)
20
-
32 x 8
- 12 urn, clavate to broadly fusoid, apex distinctly
mucronate-rostrate, thin-walled, hyaline, in KOH or NH,OH with
strongly refractive content, chrysocystidia-like. - Caulocystidia
like cheilocystidia. - Subhymenium subcellular, composed of
5-12 urn diam., yellowish, thin-walled hyphae. - Trama subregular,
composed of hyaline or yellowish hyphae, 3.5 -
13
Jim diam. - Hyphae
of stipe 2-5 urn diam., densely covered with brown encrusting
pigment. - Pileipellis a cutis composed of cylindrical, non-gela-
tinized, hyaline hyphae,
1.5-2.5
urn diam. - Subpellis non-cellular,
composed of short-celled hyphae, 5-10 urn diam., strongly encrusted
with brown pigment. Hyphae of veil remnants on pileus surface
cylindrical, hyaline, 3-4 urn diam., terminal cells not differentiated or
occasionally subfusoid. - Clamp connections present.
Etymology: aureus (Lat.) - golden; cystidiatus (Lat.) - with
cystidia.
Specimens examined:
INDONKSIA:
Java, Cibodas, trail to Mt. Gedeh,
between entrance and waterfalls, 10 Jan 1998, leg. E. Horak 7034 (Holutypus. -
BO 98-92, isotypes XAL, ZT). - Java, Mt. Halimun National Park, Cikaniki Field
Station, 8 Jan 1999, leg. E. & A. Horak 7310 (BO 99-129, ZT, XAL). - Lombok,
Sembalun Bumbung, Puncak, 29 Jan
2001,
leg. E.
&
A. Horak 9189 (ZT, XAL).
Additional material examined: SRI
LANKA:
Psilocybe goniospora (Berk. &
Broome) Singer, Peradeniya, Nov. 1868, Thwaites 835 (holotype, K); Psilocybe
lonchophora (Berk. & Broome) E. Horak ap. Guzman, Peradeniya, Dec. 1868,
Thwaites 835 (holotype, K).
34
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Habitat and Ecology: Saprobic. - Scattered, on rotten logs of
dicot trees, in tropical-montane broadleaf rain forest dominated
by
Castanopsis
javanica-argentea and Quercus sp., between 1100-
1900 malt.
Distribution: Indonesia: Java (type), Lombok.
Discussion: Both macroscopically and microscopically,
Psilocybe aureicystidiata is an outstanding species. In young
specimens, the margin of the pileus is covered with conspicuous,
fibrillose or squamulose veil remnants. In addition, white veil
remnants are densely covering the stipe below the distinctive,
subpersistent cortina. Furthermore, this new species is readily
recognized by the prominent and numerous chrysocystidia-like
pleurocystidia that (in KOH or NH4OH) are filled with a strongly
refractive, yellowish content. Contrary to
Ps.
overeeemii,
the
pleurocystidia of
Ps.
aureicystidiata are mucronate and thus recall
those reported for typical taxa of the genus
Hypholoma
(Fr.) P. Kumm.
(1871).
Because of the presence of the distinctive pleurocystidia,
Ps.
aureicystidia
and the before-listed
Ps.
overeemii
belong to the new
sect. Neocaledonicae, recently proposed by Guzman (2004).
In the field, the Indonesian
Psilocybe
aureicystidiata can readily
mistaken for the Papuan Ps. brunneicystidiata Guzman & E. Horak
(1979).
By comparison the large basidiomes of both species are
characterized by the acutely pointed papilla of the pilei covered with
copious, persistent, fibrillose-squamulose veil remnants and the
rhomboid-mitriform basidiospores which, however, are significantly
larger in Ps. brunneicystidiata as those reported for the confusingly
alike counterpart from Indonesia.
Distinctly mitriform basidiospores in combination with
chrysocystidia-like pleurocystidia have been also reported for the
Sri Lankan
Ps.
goniospora
(Berk. & Broome) Singer (1961) and
Ps.
lonchophora
(Berk. & Broome) E. Horak ap. Guzman (1983). The
re-examination of the type material revealed, however, that the
basidiospores of these two, probably contaxic taxa (Pegler 1986) are
distinctly larger as compared to those of
Ps.
aureicystidata.
Additional, unpublished Indonesian taxa of Psilocybe
The evaluation of the notes and drawings of C. van Overeem's
unpublished color painting (no. 324, kept in Herbarium BO) revealed
that in Psilocybe chrysocystidia-like pleurocystidia are not
exclusively linked to rhomboid and thick-walled basidiospores but
occur also in combination with ovoid, thin-walled basidiospores (cf.
sect. Chrysocystidiatae Singer). To date, specimens of this remarkable,
Javanese representative of Psilocybe were not rediscovered in the
35
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Javanese localities sampled by us. Eventually, fresh material of this
enigmatic species will allow the comparison with the putatively
related
Ps.
ochreata
(Berk.
&
Broome) E. Horak
&
Guzman described
from Sri Lanka (Pegler 1986).
Acknowledgments
E. Horak and D.E. Desjardin thank Atik Retnowati, Almut
Horak and Andy Wilson for their valuable assistance during
numerous collecting trips to Indonesia. The authors are also grateful
to Dr. G. Guzman (Xalapa, Mexico) for his critical comments to an
earlier draft version of this contribution. We also are indebted to the
Curator at Kew Herbarium (K, Great Britain) and the Farlow
Herbarium (FH, Harvard University, USA) for the loan of type
material relating to several taxa of Psilocybe.
This research was funded in part by US National Science
Foundation Grant DEB-9705083 to D.E. Desjardin and E. Horak.
References
Chang, Y.S., Mills,
A.
K.
(1992) Re-examination of Psilocybe subaeruginosa and
related species with comparative morphology, isozymes and mating
compatibility studies. Mycological Research
96:
429 -
441.
Desjardin, D.E., Horak, E. (1999) Agaricales of Indonesia. 1. A new cyphelloid
genus (Lecanocybe lateralis gen. et sp. nov.) from Java and the Hawaiian
Islands. Sydowia
51:
20 - 26.
Desjardin, D.E., Horak, E. (2002) Agaricales of Indonesia. 4. Mycena sect.
Longisetae with comments on allied species. Sydowia 54: 142 - 156.
Desjardin, D.E., Retnowati, A., Horak, E. (2000) Agaricales of Indonesia. 2. A
preliminary monograph of Marasmius from Java and Bali. Sydowia 52 (2):
92-194.
Gerhardt, E. (1996) Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und
Panaeolina (Fungi, Agaricales, Coprinaceae). Bibliotheca Botanica 147:
1-
149.
Guzman, G. (1980) Three new sections in the genus Naematoloma and description of
a new tropical species. Mycotaxon 12: 235 - 240.
Guzman, G. (1983) The genus
Psilocybe.
Beiheft Nova Hedwigia
74:
1
- 439.
Guzman, G. (1995) Supplement to the monograph of the genus
Psilocybe.
In: Petrini,
O., Horak, E. (Eds.): Taxonomic Monograph of Agaricales. Bibliotheca
Mycologica 159: 91 - 141.
Guzman, G. (1999) New combinations in Hypholoma and information on the
distribution and properties of the species. - Documents Mycologiques
29 (114): 65-66.
Guzman, G. (2004) Revision of the classification of the genus
Psilocybe.
1. Section
Neocaledonicae, a new section in
Psilocybe.
Revista Mexicana Micologica 18:
27-29.
Guzman, G., Allen J.W., Gartz, J. (1998) A worldwide geographical distribution of
the neotropical fungi, an analysis and discussion. Annales Mu.seo Civico
Roveretol4: 189-280.
36
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Guzman, G., Bandala, V.M., King, C. (1991) A new species of Psilocybe of section
Zapotecorum from New Zealand. Mycological Research
95:
507 - 508.
Guzman, G., Bandala, V.M., King, C. (1993) Further observations on the genus
Psilocybe from New Zealand. Mycotaxon 46:
161
- 170.
Guzman, G., Bandala, V.M., Allen, J.W. (1993) A new blueing Psilocybe from
Thailand. Mycotaxon
46:
155 - 160.
Guzman, G., Horak, E. (1979) New species of Psilocybe from Papua New Guinea,
New Caledonia and New Zealand. Sydowia
31:
44 - 54.
Guzman, G., Smith, A.H. (1978) Three new species of Psilocybe from the Pacific-
Northwest in North America. Mycotaxon 7:
515
- 520.
Guzman, G., Watling, R. (1978) Studies in Australian agarics and bolets. 1. Some
species of
Psilocybe.
Notes Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh
36:
199 - 210.
Hennings, P. (1900) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vegetation des süd- und
ostasiatischen Monsungebietes. Monsunia 1:
1
-38, 137 - 159.
Heyne, K. (1927) De nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch Indie. Dep. Lanbouw,
Buitenzorg, 1:
1-732.
Höhnel, von F. (1914) Fragmente zur Mykologie.
16.
Mitt., Nr. 826, 827. -
Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlichen Akademie Wissenschaften Wien, Mathem.-
Naturw. Klasse 78: 30.
Horak, E. (1980) New and remarkable Hymenomycetes from tropical forests in
Indonesia (Java) and Australasia. Sydowia
33:
39 - 63.
Horak, E. (2006) Three new species of Psilocybe (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota)
from Papua New Guinea. Sydowia 58:
3
- 14.
Johns,
R.J. (1995) Malesia - an introduction. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12:
52-62.
Johnston, P.R., Buchanan, P.K. (1995) The genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in New
Zealand. New Zealand Journal Botany
33:
379 - 388.
Margot, P., Watling, R. (1981) Studies in Australian agarics and boletes. 2. Further
studies in
Psilocybe.
Transactions British Mycological Society
76:
485 - 489.
Natarajan, K., Raman, N. (1983) South Indian Agaricales. A preliminary study on
some dark spored species. Bibliotheca Mycologica 89:
1
- 203.
Overeem, van C. (1927) Die Nutzpilze Niederländisch Indiens. Bulletin Jardin
Botanique Buitenzorg. Ill: 9: 1-22.
Overeem-Haas,
C.
&
D. (1922) Verzeichnis der in Niederländisch Ost-Indien bis dem
Jahre 1920 gefundenen Myxomycetes, Fungi und Lichenes. Department van
Landbouw. Buitenzorg. pp. 146.
Pegler, D.N. (1986) Agaric Flora of Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin, Add. Ser. 12:
1
- 519.
Singer, R. (1961) Diagnoses fungorum novorum Agaricalium.
3.
Beiheft Sydowia 7:
1-106.
Singer, R., Smith, A.H. (1958) Mycological investigations on Teonanäcatl, the
Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. 2. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe,
section Caerulescentes. Mycologia 50: 262 - 303.
Thomas, K.A., Manimohan, P., Guzmän, G., Tapia, F., Ramirez-Guillen, F. (2002)
The genus Psilocybe in Kerala State, India. Mycotaxon
83:
195 - 207.
Verbeken, A., Horak, E., Desjardin, D.E. (2001) Agaricales of Indonesia. 3. New
records of the genus Lactarius (Basidiomycota, Russulaceae) from Java.
Sydowia
53:
261-289.
Wilson, A.W., Desjardin, D.E., Horak, E. (2004) Agaricales of Indonesia. 5. The
genus Gymnopus from Java and Bali. Sydowia 56(1): 137 - 210.
Zollinger, H. (1854) Systematisches Verzeichnis der im indischen Archipel in den
Jahren 1842-1848 gesammelten sowie aus Japan empfangenen Pflanzen.
Zürich. 160 pp.
(Manuscript accepted
6
Mar
2006;
Corresponding
Editor:
U.
Peintner)
37
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at
Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database
Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature
Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia
Jahr/Year: 2006
Band/Volume: 58
Autor(en)/Author(s): Horak Egon, Desjardin Dennis E.
Artikel/Article: Agaricales of Indonesia. 6. Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from
Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok). 15-37
