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Revision of Asytesta Pascoe, 1865, with comments on the phylogeny of the Indo-Australian crowned weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae)
Abstract
The Indo-Australian crowned weevil genus Asytesta Pascoe, 1865 is revised. Forty-one species are recognized, including 18 that are new: A. alexandriae, A. alexriedeli, A. allisoni, A. biakana, A. cheesmanae, A. concolora, A. emarginata, A. fayae, A. frontalis, A. gressitti, A. julieae, A. marginalis, A. morobeana, A. sedlaceki, A. thompsoni, A. tuberculata, A. vivienae, and A. woodlarkiana, new species. One subspecies, A. lugubris bidentata Voss is elevated to species status, A. bidentata Voss, new status. Four species are newly synonymized: A. circulifera Lea, 1928 = A. rata Heller, 1910, A. definita Faust, 1898 = A. humeralis Pascoe, 1865, A. granulifera Lea, 1928 = A. aucta Faust, 1898, and A. setipes Lea, 1928 = A. lugubris Heller, 1895 new synonyms. Six new species groups are proposed. Lectotypes are designated for 18 species. Two species are transferred from Asytesta to other genera: A. maura Pascoe to Microporopterus Lea and A. ypsilon Heller to Meroleptus Faust, new combinations. A checklist and key for all crowned weevil genera, key to species groups and species of Asytesta, adult habitus illustrations, distribution maps, and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.
A phylogeny for the genus based on 82 adult morphological characters (187 states) for 41 ingroup taxa is also presented. All genera and species of the crowned weevil group as redefined here (including Cyamomistus Heller, Eudyasmus Pascoe, Glochinorhinus Waterhouse, Nothotragopus Zimmerman, Panopides Pascoe, and Zygara Pascoe), were included in the analysis to test the monophyly of Asytesta. Monophyly of Asytesta was supported only with the synonymy of the monotypic genus Zygara. Accordingly, Zygara is a new junior synonym of Asytesta and Zygara doriae (Kirsch) is returned to its original combination with Asytesta; A. doriae Kirsch resurrected status.
... The subject of this review is the weevil genus Eudyasmus Pascoe, 1885. It is endemic to New Guinea and is poorly known (Setliff 2012) mostly because specimens are rarely collected and are poorly represented in historical collections. For this review, the genus will be redescribed, all previously described species will be diagnosed, and one new species described. ...
... Unfortunately, Eudyasmus was not included in that study. However, the close relationship of Eudyasmus (the type genus of Eudyasmini) with Asytesta and Panopides, the two crowned weevil genera that were included in the Riedel et al. (2016) study was already established by Setliff (2012). Furthermore, our reexamination of all six crowned weevil genera revealed that they all share the feature of a metaventrite that is shorter than the first ventrite and rostrum curved. ...
... This group included the genus Eudyasmus (Setliff, 2008). Setliff subsequently redefined the crowned weevils, provided a key to separate its genera, and hypothesized evolutionary convergence among the following genera that he incorporated into the subtribe Cryptorhynchina: Asytesta, Eudyasmus, Cyamomistus Heller, 1929, Panopides, Nothotragopus Zimmerman, 1994, and Glochinorhinus Waterhouse, 1853(Setliff 2012. The morphological phylogenetic analyses of the crowned weevil genera in that paper revealed a sister-group relationship between two species of Eudyasmus: E. albertisii and E. praecox, while the other two species, E. simplex and E. planidorsis, formed a polytomy with the Australian genus Glochinorhinus. ...
Eudyasmus Pascoe, 1885 (Curculionidae: Molytinae, Eudyasmini), an endemic weevil genus from New Guinea, is reviewed. The genus is redescribed, all previously described species are diagnosed, and lectotypes are designated for three species. Prior to this study, Eudyasmus was only known from Papua New Guinea but is reported here for the first time from the Indonesian part of New Guinea based on the description of Eudyasmus basalis Pancini & Bramanti sp. nov. from Waigeo Island, West Papua Province. A new genus, Protrachyasmus Setliff gen. nov., is described to accommodate Eudyasmus planidorsis Heller, 1908, which is non-congeneric with the four remaining Eudyasmus species. A species level identification key, distribution map, and illustrations are provided for all species of these two closely related genera.
... Asytesta Pascoe, 1865 is a genus of cryptorhynchine weevils that is widely distributed throughout the Papuan region. The genus was revised in 2012, and a total of 41 species are currently recognized (Setliff 2012). While preparing the manuscript for that revision, I briefly examined a single specimen of an undescribed Asytesta species collected by Dr. Alexander Riedel (Karlsruhe, Germany) on Salawati Island. ...
... Specimens are deposited in the Naturkundemuseum Erfurt (NME) and the Alexander Riedel collection (ARC) that resides in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Karlsruhe, Germany. Morphological terminology and conventions follow Setliff (2012). ...
Two new species of Asytesta Pascoe, 1865 from the Raja Ampat Islands in West Papua Province, Indonesia are described and illustrated; Asytesta cornuta Setliff, new species from Salawati Island and A. cordis Setliff, new species from Waigeo Island. The two species are very similar but can be distinguished from one another by differences in their dorsal ornamentation and male genitalia. Males of both species have a pair of lateral tooth-like processes on the rostrum and a small denticle situated near the base of the rostrum. The former character occurs in just one other species of Asytesta and the latter character has not been previously observed in the genus.
... The bulk of the > 6000 described cryptorhynchine species are Neotropical (even with exclusion of Conotrachelini), followed closely by very rich Australian and moderately rich Oriental faunas (O'Brien & Wibmer, 1978;Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999;Pullen et al., 2014); the Palearctic and the Nearctic each comprise fewer than 500 species (O'Brien & Wibmer, 1978;Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999;Stüben & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2013); the Afrotropical fauna of Cryptorhynchinae is notably poor with systematic affinities in need of verification (Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999). Recent taxonomic revisions have documented substantial numbers of new species (Eberle et al., 2012;Setliff, 2012;Luna-Cozar et al., 2013) and the world fauna of Cryptorhynchinae may well be above 15 000 species. ...
... The group of 'crowned weevils' of Setliff (2012) is retrieved with high support based on the three representatives of Asytesta Pascoe and Panopides Pascoe. ...
The monophyly of the highly diverse weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is tested with a dataset of 203 taxa representing 159 genera of Curculionoidea, 105 of them Cryptorhynchinae s.l. We construct a phylogeny based on an alignment of 5523 bp, consisting of fragments from two mitochondrial genes (two fragments of COI, 16S) and seven nuclear genes (ArgK, CAD, EF1α, enolase, H4, 18S, 28S). Analyses of maximum likelihood and Bayes inference recovered largely congruent results. Groups with different morphology of the rostral furrow (e.g. Aedemonini, Camptorhinini, Cryptorhynchini, Ithyporini) are not closely related to each other. However, most taxa with a mesosternal receptacle are monophyletic and here defined as Cryptorhynchinae s.s., comprising Cryptorhynchini, Gasterocercini, Torneumatini and Psepholacini, but also Arachnopodini and Idopelma Faust. The genus Phyrdenus LeConte is excluded from Cryptorhynchinae and transferred to Conotrachelini of Molytinae. Thus defined, the group still comprises several thousand species with centres of its diversity in South America and Australia. The early lineages we find in America and the Palearctic, while the extremely diverse faunas of Australia and neighbouring islands mainly belong to a more recent, species-rich radiation. This also includes a clade comprising the majority of litter-inhabiting species of New Zealand and the genus Miocalles Pascoe. Flightlessness was attained repeatedly and resulted in convergent evolution of a similar habitus in different zoogeographic regions, mainly exhibited by the polyphyletic genus Acalles Schoenherr.
... Based on the high percentage of new species added by recent taxonomic revisions, a total of > 15 000 Cryptorhynchinae species can be anticipated (e.g. Eberle et al., 2012;Setliff, 2012;Tänzler et al., 2012;Riedel et al., 2013Riedel et al., , 2014Luna-Cozar et al., 2014;Riedel & Narakusumo, 2019). Recent studies on the Western Palaearctic Cryptorhynchinae of the Acalles group (Astrin & Stüben, 2008;Astrin et al., 2012) and the Indo-Australian genus Trigonopterus Fauvel Toussaint et al., 2017b) provided insights into their evolution, but the systematics and evolution of the highly diverse South American and Indo-Australian faunas remain largely unexplored. ...
The first dated phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is presented within a framework of Curculionoidea. The inferred pattern and timing of weevil family relationships are generally congruent with previous studies, but our data are the first to suggest a highly supported sister‐group relationship between Attelabidae and Belidae. Our biogeographical inferences suggest that Cryptorhynchinae s.s. originated in the Late Cretaceous (c. 86 Ma) in South America. Within the ‘Acalles group’ and the ‘Cryptorhynchus group’, several independent dispersal events to the Western Palaearctic via the Nearctic occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene. A second southern route via Antarctica may have facilitated the colonization of Australia in the Late Cretaceous (c. 82 Ma), where a diverse Indo‐Australian clade probably emerged c. 73 Ma. In the Early Eocene (c. 50–55 Ma), several clades independently dispersed from Australia to proto‐New Guinea, i.e. the tribe Arachnopodini s.l., the ‘Rhynchodes group’ and the genus Trigonopterus. New Zealand was first colonized in the Late Palaeocene (c. 60 Ma). Divergence time estimations and biogeographical reconstructions indicate that the colonization of New Guinea is older than expected from current geological reconstructions of the region. The first dated phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is presented within a framework of Curculionoidea. Cryptorhynchinae originated c. 86 Ma in South America. Dispersal via Antarctica may have facilitated colonization of Australia in the Late Cretaceous, where a diverse Indo‐Australian clade emerged c. 73 Ma. At 50–55 Ma several clades dispersed independently from Australia to proto‐New Guinea, indicating that the colonization of New Guinea is older than expected from current geological reconstructions of the region.
Wallace's Line, located in the heart of the Indo‐Australian archipelago, has historically been hypothesized to strongly inhibit dispersal. Taxa crossing this barrier are confronted with different biota of Asian or Australian origin, respectively, but the extent to which these conditions have affected the evolution of the colonizing lineages remains largely unknown. We examined the potential correlations of body size, lifestyle and biogeographical distribution in the weevil genus Trigonopterus. These beetles are highly diverse both on foliage and in litter east of Wallace's Line but occur exclusively in leaf litter in the west. Based on a comprehensive, dated phylogeny of 303 species, we inferred nine crossing events of Wallace's Line, all from east to west. Five previously foliage‐dwelling lineages changed their lifestyle to leaf litter habitats after crossing this barrier. Our results indicate that dispersal is not more likely in edaphic lineages, but rather that abiotic and/or biotic factors may be responsible for the exclusive leaf litter habitat of Trigonopterus in Sundaland. This includes differences in climate, and the different predatory faunas of Australia‐New Guinea, Wallacea and Sundaland. A mimicry complex in New Guinea with Trigonopterus species as presumable model may be of relevance in this context.
This catalogue presents the first-ever complete inventory of all described taxa of Australian weevils, including both valid and invalid names. The geographical scope spans mainland Australia and its continental islands as well as the subantarctic Heard and McDonald Islands, the Pacific Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands and the Indian-Ocean Christmas Island. 4111 species in 832 genera (including one extinct species and one fossil) are recognised as occurring in this territory, distributed over seven families, 20 subfamilies and 94 tribes. The families and subfamilies are arranged in a currently accepted phylogenetic sequence but the tribes, genera and species in alphabetical order. Introductory chapters outline the discovery and composition of the Australian weevil fauna, the burden of synonymy, the format and conventions of the catalogue and the taxonomic and nomenclatural changes proposed. Sixteen new genera and six new species are described, two new names and 25 new generic and 72 new species synonymies and 189 new combinations are proposed and 46 type species designations are effected. The records of 356 taxa are annotated to justify or explain various taxonomic and nomenclatural acts and issues, covering descriptions of new taxa, new synonymies and generic combinations, artificial taxon concepts, changes in classification and a number of nomenclatural matters. The catalogue of the taxa present in Australia is followed by a list of 19 species incorrectly recorded from Australia or introduced as biocontrol agents but not established, and by one species inquirenda. All these records are also annotated. Two appendices list the 102 species introduced into Australia, both accidental and deliberate (as weed control agents). A bibliography with full references of all original descriptions and pertinent other citations from the literature is provided, and an index to all names concludes the catalogue.
Volume V features the first 304 of the total 632 colour plates of the series, each consisting of 8 photographs and generally illustrating 4 species in dorsal and lateral aspects, respectively. It covers all the primitive families (Orthoceri) from Anthribidae to Apionidae, as well as the Heteromorphi and the subfamilies Amycterinae and Entiminae (Adelognatha) of the Gonatoceri. Two taxonomic indices, one by genus to species and the other by species to genus, conclude the volume.
The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
Omissions from and corrections to Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999) and Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (2002) are given. The following valid taxon described before 2000 was absent and is now included: Oedeuops Zhang, 1989 (fossil) in Attelabidae. A new replacement name is proposed in Brachyceridae: Brotheusini Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, nom. nov., for Brotheini Marshall, 1907, non Simon, 1879 (Scorpiones). New synonymies are: Mecocerini Lacordaire 1866 (= Cappadocini Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999, syn. nov.) and Phloeophilus Schoenherr, 1833 (= Cappadox Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999, syn. nov. = Platynorhynchus Schoenherr, 1839, syn. nov.) in Anthribidae; Cnemoxys Marshall, 1956 (= Lavabrenymus Hoffmann, 1966, syn. nov.) in Curculionidae Conoderinae. Omitted synonymies are: Otiorhynchus (Thalycrynchus) Reitter, 1912 (= Panaphilis Dejean, 1821) (removed from synonymy with Otiorhynchus s. str) and Brachysomus Schoenherr, 1823 (= Pseudoptochus Formanek, 1905) in Curculionidae Entiminae. A new combination is: Cnemoxys armatus (Hoffmann, 1966) comb. nov. from Lavabrenymus Hoffmann, 1966. New placements are: Alloschema Jordan, 1928 to Zygaenodini (from Cappadocini) (Anthribidae). Diastatotropis Lacordaire, 1866, Systellorhynchus Blanchard, 1849 and Perroudius Holloway, 1982 to Anthribinae incertae sedis (from Cappadocini) (Anthribidae). Eczesaris Pascoe, 1859 and Ethneca Pascoe, 1860 to Mecocerini (from Cappadocini) (Anthribidae). Codmius Faust, 1895 to Conoderinae Campyloscelini Corynemerina (from Baridinae Madarini Tonesiina) (Curculionidae). The subgenera Acercomecus Reitter, 1903, Gnathomecus Reitter, 1903 and Hypesamus Reitter, 1903 are wrongly listed under Esamus Chevrolat, 1880 and should be transferred to be under Megamecus Reitter, 1903.
This book provides the means for identification of the larger and more important families of beetles occurring in New Guinea. At least 1 representative of each major family is illustrated. Some of the larger common species are also illustrated or mentioned in text, with species or at least genus names. There is a key to the families of beetles treated, and hints on collecting and care of collections, as well as a glossary and index. The introduction presents pointers on structure and identification characters, as well as other subjects, such as distribution, ecology and importance to agriculture and forestry.
Amino acid sequence data are available for ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, plastocyanin, cytochrome c, and ferredoxin for a number of angiosperm families. Cladistic analysis of the data, including evaluation of all equally or almost equally parsimonious cladograms, shows that much homoplasy (parallelisms and reversals) is present and that few or no well supported monophyletic groups of families can be demonstrated. In one analysis of nine angiosperm families and 40 variable amino acid positions from three proteins, the most parsimonious cladograms were 151 steps long and contained 63 parallelisms and reversals (consistency index = 0.583). In another analysis of six families and 53 variable amino acid positions from four proteins, the most parsimonious cladogram was 161 steps long and contained 50 parallelisms and reversals (consistency index = 0.689). Single changes in both data matrices could yield most parsimonious cladograms with quite different topologies and without common monophyletic groups. Presently, amino acid sequence data are not comprehensive enough for phylogenetic reconstruction among angiosperms. More informative positions are needed, either from sequencing longer parts of the proteins or from sequencing more proteins from the same taxa.
Seitz, V., Ortiz García, S. & Liston, A.: Alternative coding strategies and the inapplicable data coding problem. – Taxon 49: 47‐54. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.
A comprehensive overview of the relationship of alternative coding strategies to the inapplicable data coding problem is presented. In contrast to Pleijel, who argued that the presence/absence coding method (coding each observable feature as a separate character) avoids problems with non‐applicable states, we show that the problem of inapplicable data is the same, no matter whether observable features are coded as separate characters or as two or more states of a character. The inapplicable data problem is concealed in presence/absence coding if the distinction between inapplicable and absent data is not made.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.